Article(id=1284897552566829992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00094, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769356800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-26, revisedDate=1774281600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784273048774, onlineDateStr=2026-07-17, pubDate=1782576000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784273048774, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784273048774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784273048774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284897477333586425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782576000000', pubDateStr='2026-06-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784273030837, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784273069123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284897638025773152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284897638025773153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284897552713630633, articleId=1284897552566829992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=A new research paradigm: Two-dimensional channel confined foaming for dome-celled graphene-based aerogels, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aerogels, characterized by their ultralow density and high porosity, exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties, and have demonstrated broad application potential in thermal protection, catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and composite materials. Owing to these advantages, aerogels were once selected by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry as one of the "Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry". Conventional aerogels are predominantly fabricated via ice−templating and sol–gel routes. However, with the growing demand for large−scale and engineering−oriented applications, the low fabrication efficiency and high energy consumption have become critical bottlenecks. In recent years, two−dimensional confined chemistry foaming has emerged as a promising strategy for the rapid and controllable fabrication of aerogel materials. The intrinsically resulting dome−celled microstructures not only enable efficient processing but also significantly enhance mechanical performance, thereby opening new avenues for expanding the structural and functional design space of traditional aerogels. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in 2D confined foaming of dome−celled aerogels, with a particular focus on fabrication strategies, underlying formation mechanisms, multiscale structural mechanics, and multifunctional applications. Furthermore, the critical challenges facing this class of aerogels in structure−property regulation and industrial production are analyzed, and their application prospects in acoustic regulation, intelligent sensing, and extreme thermal protection are highlighted. This review aims to provide a fundamental theoretical basis for improving aerogel performance and promoting their engineering deployment, thereby accelerating their utilization in extreme environments such as aerospace and specialized industrial applications.

, authors=Yingbo YAN1, 2, Kai PANG1, *, Chao GAO1, *, authorsList=Yingbo YAN, Kai PANG, Chao GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kai PANG, Chao GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284897557486748626, articleId=1284897552566829992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=基于二维通道受限发泡的微穹顶石墨烯基气凝胶研究新范式, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

气凝胶因其极低密度和高孔隙率等卓越特性,在热防护、催化、能源、传感及复合材料等领域展现出广阔的应用潜力,曾入选国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,IUPAC)“化学领域十大新兴技术”。传统气凝胶多采用冰模板法和溶胶−凝胶法制备,随着应用需求向规模化和工程化拓展,其制备效率与能耗控制逐渐成为关注重点。近年来,二维通道受限化学发泡方法为气凝胶的快速与可控制备提供了一种新的技术路径,其形成的内禀微穹顶几何结构也有助于提升材料的力学性能,为拓展传统气凝胶的性能设计空间提供了新的思路。系统梳理了受限发泡穹顶微结构气凝胶的研究进展,重点围绕制备方法及机制、多尺度结构力学性质及多功能应用展开阐述;进一步分析了该类气凝胶在构效调控及工业化生产面临的关键挑战,并指出其在声学调控、智能传感及极端热防护等领域的应用前景。

, authors=闫英博1, 2, 庞凯1, *, 高超1, *, authorsList=闫英博, 庞凯, 高超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=庞凯, 高超, authorNote=

闫英博,博士,研究方向为高性能石墨烯复合材料,电子信箱:

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庞凯(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为面向极端环境的石墨烯二维通道受限化学宏观组装材料,电子信箱:;
高超(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为石墨烯化学与宏观组装材料,电子信箱:
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策略组分弹性应变/%疲劳循环次数使用温度/K参考文献
溶塑发泡GO(1种)9010万298[30]
热塑发泡GO、氮化硼、蒙脱土、MXene等(8种)901000298[38]
插层杂化—溶塑发泡金属、氧化物、碳化物、高熵等(194种)992万4~2273[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1284897563522351129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1284897552566829992, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GO基二维通道受限化学发泡策略、复合组分及力学性能汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略组分弹性应变/%疲劳循环次数使用温度/K参考文献
溶塑发泡GO(1种)9010万298[30]
热塑发泡GO、氮化硼、蒙脱土、MXene等(8种)901000298[38]
插层杂化—溶塑发泡金属、氧化物、碳化物、高熵等(194种)992万4~2273[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1284897563618820122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1284897552566829992, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胞元类型制备方法干燥工艺参考文献
拱形结构冰模板冷冻干燥[4243]
蜂窝结构冰模板冷冻干燥[24, 38]
穹顶结构溶塑发泡直接干燥[3031]
), ArticleFig(id=1284897565279764507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1284897552566829992, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GA典型单胞结构特征及制备工艺

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胞元类型制备方法干燥工艺参考文献
拱形结构冰模板冷冻干燥[4243]
蜂窝结构冰模板冷冻干燥[24, 38]
穹顶结构溶塑发泡直接干燥[3031]
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基于二维通道受限发泡的微穹顶石墨烯基气凝胶研究新范式
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闫英博 1, 2 , 庞凯 1, * , 高超 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(12): 87-104
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (12) : 87 -104
基于二维通道受限发泡的微穹顶石墨烯基气凝胶研究新范式
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闫英博,博士,研究方向为高性能石墨烯复合材料,电子信箱:

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闫英博1, 2 , 庞凯1, * , 高超1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学高分子科学与工程学系,杭州 310058
  • 2浙江大学绍兴研究院,绍兴 312000
通讯作者:
庞凯(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为面向极端环境的石墨烯二维通道受限化学宏观组装材料,电子信箱:;
高超(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为石墨烯化学与宏观组装材料,电子信箱:
作者简介:

闫英博,博士,研究方向为高性能石墨烯复合材料,电子信箱:

A new research paradigm: Two-dimensional channel confined foaming for dome-celled graphene-based aerogels
Yingbo YAN1, 2 , Kai PANG1, * , Chao GAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00094
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气凝胶因其极低密度和高孔隙率等卓越特性,在热防护、催化、能源、传感及复合材料等领域展现出广阔的应用潜力,曾入选国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,IUPAC)“化学领域十大新兴技术”。传统气凝胶多采用冰模板法和溶胶−凝胶法制备,随着应用需求向规模化和工程化拓展,其制备效率与能耗控制逐渐成为关注重点。近年来,二维通道受限化学发泡方法为气凝胶的快速与可控制备提供了一种新的技术路径,其形成的内禀微穹顶几何结构也有助于提升材料的力学性能,为拓展传统气凝胶的性能设计空间提供了新的思路。系统梳理了受限发泡穹顶微结构气凝胶的研究进展,重点围绕制备方法及机制、多尺度结构力学性质及多功能应用展开阐述;进一步分析了该类气凝胶在构效调控及工业化生产面临的关键挑战,并指出其在声学调控、智能传感及极端热防护等领域的应用前景。

气凝胶  /  受限发泡  /  石墨烯  /  烯陶  /  多尺度结构

Aerogels, characterized by their ultralow density and high porosity, exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties, and have demonstrated broad application potential in thermal protection, catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and composite materials. Owing to these advantages, aerogels were once selected by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry as one of the "Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry". Conventional aerogels are predominantly fabricated via ice−templating and sol–gel routes. However, with the growing demand for large−scale and engineering−oriented applications, the low fabrication efficiency and high energy consumption have become critical bottlenecks. In recent years, two−dimensional confined chemistry foaming has emerged as a promising strategy for the rapid and controllable fabrication of aerogel materials. The intrinsically resulting dome−celled microstructures not only enable efficient processing but also significantly enhance mechanical performance, thereby opening new avenues for expanding the structural and functional design space of traditional aerogels. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in 2D confined foaming of dome−celled aerogels, with a particular focus on fabrication strategies, underlying formation mechanisms, multiscale structural mechanics, and multifunctional applications. Furthermore, the critical challenges facing this class of aerogels in structure−property regulation and industrial production are analyzed, and their application prospects in acoustic regulation, intelligent sensing, and extreme thermal protection are highlighted. This review aims to provide a fundamental theoretical basis for improving aerogel performance and promoting their engineering deployment, thereby accelerating their utilization in extreme environments such as aerospace and specialized industrial applications.

aerogels  /  2D confined foaming  /  graphene  /  ceramic  /  multiscale structures
闫英博, 庞凯, 高超. 基于二维通道受限发泡的微穹顶石墨烯基气凝胶研究新范式. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (12) : 87 -104 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00094
Yingbo YAN, Kai PANG, Chao GAO. A new research paradigm: Two-dimensional channel confined foaming for dome-celled graphene-based aerogels[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (12) : 87 -104 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00094
气凝胶是一类具有独特三维纳米网络结构的多孔材料,被吉尼斯世界纪录认证为目前已知密度最低的固态物质,最低密度可达约 0.16 mg/cm3,孔隙率则可超过99%[1]。凭借其在空间探测[2]、航空航天防护[34]、阻燃隔热[56]、能源存储与转化[7]、催化[8]以及传感器[911]等领域展现出的广泛应用潜力,气凝胶曾被国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,IUPAC)列为 2022 年十大新兴化学技术之一[12],因此在学术界与产业界均受到广泛关注,显示出显著的科研与应用影响力。气凝胶最早由美国Steven S. Kistler于1931年提出[13],他通过溶剂置换结合超临界干燥技术首次制备出二氧化硅气凝胶,该工艺为气凝胶材料的发展奠定了基础,但在制备周期与工艺效率方面仍存在一定改进空间。1968年,法国Teichner等[14]提出溶胶−凝胶法,以有机醇盐为前驱体实现氧化硅气凝胶的高效合成,显著缩短了制备时间。20世纪80年代,为降低超临界干燥带来的高成本与安全风险,研究者逐步引入冷冻干燥技术[15],该方法通过冰晶模板的形成与升华实现溶剂去除,在一定程度上缩短了气凝胶的制备周期,通常可控制在 12~24 h范围内。进入21世纪,化学气相沉积技术[16]被引入气凝胶制备体系,实现了结构的纳米级精细调控与多功能复合,进一步提升了材料的力学性能与热稳定性。总的说来,现有技术存在周期较长、能耗较高,制备大尺寸受限等问题,需要在制备方法和原理上寻求突破。
除了制备工艺方面的限制,气凝胶材料在力学性能上同样面临一定挑战。其纳米多孔网络结构赋予材料优异热学、电学等功能特性,但高孔隙率及薄弱孔壁结构降低了结构稳定性,使材料在外力作用下容易发生局部结构失稳,并表现出典型的力学脆性。近年来,随着材料科学与先进制造技术的进步,多尺度结构设计逐渐成为提升气凝胶力学性能的重要方向。通过对孔隙结构构筑方式与几何特征的精确调控,可在保持材料低密度的同时显著提高其弹性性能。例如,采用卷曲纤维[1722]或折叠胞元结构[6,23]可使陶瓷气凝胶的可逆弹性变形提升至95%;另外,通过二维纳米片层的定向组装,不仅可以进一步降低材料密度,同时仍能保持其优异的弹性变形性能[2428]。需要注意的是,上述方法制备的气凝胶中,胞元之间通常以点状或线的形式连接。虽然该类结构在单次大变形条件下展现出显著优势,但在循环载荷或复杂应力状态下容易产生局部应力集中,进而影响材料的疲劳耐受性与弹性稳定性[29]。此外,受限于点、线连接在结构连续性方面的不足,上述气凝胶在热、电及物质传导等性能上的优化仍有待进一步探索。
针对制备工艺与力学性能的双重瓶颈,二维通道受限发泡法于2021年被首次提出[30]。采用二维通道受限化学发泡方法,氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)及其复合材料固体可直接转化为气凝胶。该方法实现了类似工业热塑性聚合物海绵的直接发泡制备过程[3031],显著缩短了气凝胶的制备周期(图1)。同时,该方法构建了具有面面连接特征的穹顶气凝胶结构,使得超轻薄壁多孔材料可以兼具优异的热力学稳定性、化学可复合性及功能拓展性(图2),从而为高性能气凝胶的规模化制备与应用提供了新的解决思路。
本文系统揭示了二维通道受限发泡的微观机理,阐释了穹顶微结构气凝胶宏微观多尺度结构特性及力学性能,总结了基于受限发泡制备不同体系气凝胶的应用场景,并进一步探讨了受限发泡当前面临的挑战。通过对相关研究的梳理,旨在为领域研究者提供系统参考,推动高性能气凝胶材料的制备与应用取得新的突破,并为其工业化应用,尤其是在航空航天等极端环境中的使用奠定基础。
固体直接发泡法是制备高孔隙材料的理想方法,在聚合物海绵的工业化制备上得到了普遍应用,如热塑性发泡法制备聚苯乙烯泡沫[32]。相较于传统的石墨烯气凝胶(graphene aerogel,GA)制备方法,固体直接发泡法不需要干燥成本及特定的模板,具有低能耗、工艺简单高效的特点,可以达到每年数百万吨量级的生产。因此,将上述方法引入GA的制备过程,有望显著提升其制备效率,为GA的规模化与工业化制备提供新的技术途径。然而,固体直接发泡法要求材料内部的分子或微结构单元有足够的流动与重排能力,以适应气泡生长并形成连续通道,从而避免因脆性破裂导致的结构坍塌[32]。这一塑性特征在聚合物中普遍存在。但是对于二维石墨烯片构筑的固体材料而言,其层间相互作用力较强,片层移动受限,因而采用发泡法制备结构完整的GA材料时仍面临一定挑战[33]。二维通道受限化学发泡方法主要分为溶剂插层塑化发泡及低分子聚合物插层热致塑化发泡2类方法,通过在GO二维通道内部引入溶剂分子或低分子聚合物,可为气泡的成核与生长提供足够的自由空间,最快可在几分钟内实现多孔GA骨架的构筑。此外,在GO层间通过离子插层引入陶瓷前驱体,结合受限发泡可实现多组分气凝胶材料的快速制备,为开发新型气凝胶材料提供了一种普适性方法。
二维通道受限化学发泡的方法为GO薄膜转化为GA提供了一种新的技术路径。这一方法主要是在受限的二维片层之间进行水分子插层以降低层间作用,并使化学发泡产生的气体在层间实现受限扩散,从而完成多孔气凝胶的制备。该过程整体上包括3个环节:首先通过水分子插层削弱石墨烯片层间作用力并赋予材料可塑性;随后在层间原位生成气体,驱动片层滑移与变形并实现连续发泡;最终利用干燥过程中蒸发产生的界面张力进一步稳定并固化网络,构筑出完整的三维气凝胶骨架,如图3(a)[30]所示。
在上述过程的初始阶段,溶剂分子快速插层使刚性的GO薄膜转变为具有一定塑性的状态,同时将发泡剂引入层间,扩大片层间距,为后续气体生成创造条件,如图3(b)[30]所示。由于GO本身具有较强的亲水性,水分子能够在毫秒内完成插层[34],使薄膜表现出显著的柔韧性与可逆折叠特征。力学测试结果显示,插层后GO层间剥离强度下降约92%,弹性模量亦显著降低,表明层间作用力明显减弱。由于该过程类似于聚合物的热塑化处理,因而可以将其称为“溶剂塑化”。
在第2阶段,发泡剂在层间发生反应或分解时,生成的气体会推动片层局部分离并膨胀形成气泡(图3(c)[30])。典型机制包括:水合肼(N2H4)与GO含氧官能团反应释放气体,或硼氢化钠(NaBH4)、NaHCO3等在加热条件下分解生成CO2、CO、H2和水蒸气[35]。由于经塑化处理后的GO片层具备一定流动性和滑移能力,气泡成核能垒降低,同时层间强氢键网络的约束减弱,从而有利于连续气泡网络的形成。上述过程与热塑性聚合物海绵的发泡机制类似,即材料在链段或片层可动性增强时能够顺应气泡生长而不致脆裂[32]
在最后干燥阶段,气凝胶内部残余水分可通过加热直接去除,无需采用冷冻干燥等特殊工艺。根据 Plateau定律,水分蒸发时的表面毛细张力会驱动相邻气泡壁的GO片层发生结合,最终成型为连续的三维网络骨架[36]。由此获得的GA在微观结构上与肥皂泡簇类似,包含球形胞壁、Plateau边界和连接点,如图3(d)[30]所示。
溶塑发泡法在制备过程中可以有效消除GO本身的结构缺陷,并形成紧密堆叠的穹顶结构;同时,通过连续发泡工艺还可以实现大面积卷材的制备,使材料表现出良好的结构完整性与规模应用潜力。
通过水分子插层改善层间作用及化学反应提供气体,溶塑发泡方法有效实现了固体GO薄膜或块体向GA的直接转换。相比于传统GA的制备方法,其不仅降低了制备时长及能源消耗,而且还具有简单高效的工艺特点。然而,由于发泡过程中涉及还原剂与溶剂体系的使用,其在安全性与环境友好性方面仍存在进一步优化空间。因此,围绕GO固体发泡过程的工艺简化与体系绿色化,仍有必要开展更深入的探索。
聚合物插层能够在无溶剂的条件下将刚性二维片状固体转化为塑性状态。基于此,热塑发泡方法通过聚合物插层调节GO片层间作用力,为热膨胀微球的层间受限膨胀提供必要条件,从而实现多孔气凝胶的有效构筑。如图4(a)[37]所示,热塑发泡实现GO固体直接发泡制备GA主要经过复合膜制备、微球膨胀成型以及热处理3个步骤[38]
将GO溶液与聚合物增塑剂进行复合,并通过湿化学组装制备可以用于发泡的GO插层复合膜。此处,为了降低GO的层间范德华力,聚合物增塑剂可以选用玻璃化转变温度低且和GO亲和性良好的聚乙二醇(PEG)。发泡剂通常选择具有高发泡效率的热膨胀微球,如Expancel微球[39]。原位观测显示,在100℃的加热条件下,Expancel微球可以在极短的时间(约1 min)内完成膨胀。
在高于起始发泡温度的条件下,发泡剂开始膨胀并相互挤压。由于插层聚合物提供了GO片层移动所需的塑性,片层和层间插层的聚合物在膨胀应力下受到拉伸并逐渐发生取向排列。根据Young−Laplace方程,随着微球的持续膨胀,相似的气泡接触后,会在接触区域之间形成三角形的Plateau边界结构,类似于肥皂泡团簇,最终形成多边形孔状的气凝胶结构,如图4(b)[37]所示。
在热塑发泡过程中,微球的膨胀能力和其分布密度会影响最终气凝胶的结构。通过控制加工温度和微球的含量,可以实现气凝胶壁厚和孔径的精确调控,这为基于热塑发泡气凝胶性能的改进提供了优化方案。
鉴于可膨胀微球为高分子基材,其本征阻燃性缺失且耐温阈值偏低,显著制约了材料的应用广度。为此,本研究采用热处理工艺诱导微球完全碳化,同步实现阻燃性能提升、耐热温度提高及力学性能强化,从而有效拓展材料的功能维度与适用场景。
进一步的研究证明,热塑发泡的制备方式不仅适用于石墨烯体系,也适用于绝缘氮化硼、蒙脱土以及半导体MXene等二维材料。整体而言,热塑发泡为高性能和多基材料气凝胶的制备提供了一条简便、通用的新工艺路径。
二维通道受限发泡方法具有高度普适性。水分子插层进入GO层间通道后,可以形成距离为0.97~2.14 nm的二维纳米通道,这种可控的二维通道为离子插层杂化提供了前提条件。基于离子前驱体调控,受限发泡法可实现金属、氧化物、碳化物等多种组分气凝胶材料的普适性制备,元素涵盖30多种,产生了一个丰富的二维通道受限化学发泡气凝胶材料数据库[31]。其中包括121种氧化物(20种一元氧化物、30种二元氧化物、30种三元氧化物和41种高熵氧化物)、38种碳化物(8种一元碳化物、10种二元碳化物、10种三元碳化物和10种高熵碳化物)以及35种金属体系(5种一元金属、10种二元金属、10种三元金属和10种高熵金属)。虽然复合材料的体系不同,多组分气凝胶的密度却基本处于0.35~13.78 mg/cm3,其中大多数种类的气凝胶密度低于10 mg/cm3,属于超轻气凝胶,部分气凝胶密度低于空气(1.29 mg/cm3),可以被称为极轻气凝胶。
离子杂化后的GO基薄膜可以通过溶塑发泡进行气凝胶制备,其微观上仍保持连续的穹顶胞元结构。不同的热处理工艺可以将杂化气凝胶转化为不同类型的气凝胶材料(图5(a)[31])。具体而言,杂化气凝胶在600℃空气中热处理4 h后,GO被有效去除,而原子级分散在二维受限通道中的离子逐渐形成相互连接的纳米晶体,并进一步转变为多晶氧化物片层,从而生成氧化物气凝胶。所得氧化物气凝胶在450℃下通过H2还原2 h后,可获得相应的金属气凝胶;在2000℃Ar氛围中热处理2 h后,可以激活氧化物与石墨烯之间的反应,从而获得碳化物气凝胶。
值得一提的是,通过控制GO/离子比和热处理气氛,可以有效地将石墨烯骨架保留在所制备的气凝胶中,其中当陶瓷相与石墨烯相同时存在时,定义其为石墨烯陶瓷二维杂化气凝胶,简称为烯陶气凝胶。该类材料为石墨烯与陶瓷组分在纳米尺度上通过二维原子杂化协同构筑而成的三维多孔固体材料。
图5(b)[31]展示了代表性GO基多组分气凝胶实物光学照片,包括氧化物、碳化物、金属及高熵气凝胶。由于密度极低,这些气凝胶甚至可以漂浮在花蕾上。扫描电子显微镜分析显示,上述气凝胶均呈现穹顶胞元结构,由二维弯曲薄壁和微米级孔(70~140 μm)组成。其中,薄壁由纳米级晶粒平面互连而成,厚度小于10 nm,这是晶体在受限环境中生长的结果。进一步分析表明,氧化物、碳化物和金属气凝胶在结构和组成上高度均一,高熵气凝胶可实现30种以上元素充分混合。需要注意的是,在高熵气凝胶中,需要选择至少3种性质相似的元素以最小化混合焓,同时引入其他附加元素以进一步增加混合熵。
整体而言,二维通道受限发泡法在受限通道下原位生成气泡,并在常温或低温、常压下实现气泡的可控生长,进而构筑孔隙结构,并最终实现气凝胶的制备。该方法无需复杂的溶剂置换、特殊干燥或模板去除过程,在降低能耗、提升效率及保障工艺安全方面产生了明显效果。更为重要的是,该方法可直接将固体纳米材料转化为具有有序多孔结构的气凝胶,并通过调控发泡条件实现对孔径、壁厚及曲率等结构参数的定量控制。这一结构调控能力有效改善了气凝胶胞元结构的均一性与骨架完整性,进而提升了其综合力学性能(表1)。总体来看,受限发泡法为GA微结构设计与性能优化提供了高效、低成本且可控的制备途径,显著拓展了其在力学、热学和声学等领域的多功能应用潜力。
多尺度结构设计是一种通过微观、介观及宏观3个层面对材料结构进行精确调控的方法,能够有效控制和优化材料的整体性能[40]。气凝胶是典型的分级多孔材料,其力学性能由宏观三维骨架、微观孔隙结构以及纳米尺度片层作用力共同决定。受限发泡制备气凝胶时,在二维通道的限制作用下,独特的孔隙成型方式赋予了材料特有的微观胞元结构以及三维骨架,而高度可调的发泡参数则为其在不同层级上的结构调控提供了丰富的设计空间。
受限发泡制备气凝胶时,水分子、聚合物或离子的插层可以有效调节GO的片层间距,精准调节层间作用力,从而显著提升片层间的滑移能力,增强结构的可逆变形能力。
在原子及纳米尺度上,GO片层的滑移、局部缺陷以及官能团分布为气泡的成核与扩张提供了结构基础,而气泡的膨胀则进一步诱导材料内部生成纳米级胞壁与细颈结构(图6(a)[30])。在微观尺度上,成核气泡间的相互挤压促使生成曲率均匀,形貌类似于圆顶结构的穹顶胞元(图6(b)[31])。在宏观尺度上,胞元之间的相互挤压使得不同胞壁发生接触,融合或交错,进而形成具有面面连接特征的三维连续骨架结构(图6(c)[31])。
GA的力学性能高度依赖于其多尺度结构。纳米尺度的分子动力学研究表明,在单轴拉伸条件下,多层堆叠石墨烯在面内方向表现为脆性断裂,而在层间方向则通过皱褶结构将拉伸应力转化为剪切应力,诱发片层间的连续“黏滑”行为,呈现延展性破坏特征,如图7(a)[41]所示。面内与层间的这种力学各向异性,以及交联密度、片层尺寸等结构参数,均会显著影响GA内部的应力分布和最终失效机制。
传统GA通常采用冷冻干燥等方法制备(表2),微观胞元以拱形和蜂窝为主,胞元间通过点或线等形式连接(图7(b)[41])。有限元分析表明,传统蜂窝状GA的压缩失效行为主要集中于胞元连接节点,加载过程中节点附近胞壁会发生相对旋转,进而导致不可逆塑性变形。进一步量化分析显示(图7(c)[41]),随着压缩应变增大,面内应力主要沿胞壁分布,积累较缓慢,不易产生破坏节点。相比之下,节点区域会出现显著的层间应力集中,并迅速达到断裂应变,从而触发整体结构失效。
溶塑发泡制备的气凝胶在微观上呈现穹顶状胞元结构,该结构具有连续不可展开曲面特征,且胞元之间通过面−面接触实现连接。与传统蜂窝结构中以胞壁弯曲和节点转动为主的变形机制不同,穹顶胞元在受压过程中更接近薄壳结构的受力模式,其变形主要表现为曲面膜应力分布与局部屈曲协同作用。连续曲面结构使外载荷能够沿壳体表面分散传递,从而有效避免应力在局部连接区域的集中。与此同时,穹顶结构在压缩过程中更容易发生可逆的局部屈曲并形成多尺度褶皱,外部输入能量主要以弹性应变能的形式储存在曲面褶皱结构中,而非通过节点断裂的不可逆损伤形式耗散。因此,该结构在较大压缩应变下仍能够保持整体结构完整性,并表现出优异的弹性回复能力。
原位压缩对比实验表明,穹顶胞元在面外载荷下会产生多尺度微观褶皱形貌(图8(a)[31]),其微观褶皱在压缩过程中会储存大量的弹性应变能,当载荷释放后,可实现快速弹性回复。而蜂窝胞元在压缩过程中,片层与片层间的线−面接触节点产生弯折,并随压缩程度增加产生节点断裂(图8(b)[31])。因此在载荷释放后,难以恢复到原始状态。
图8(c)、(d)[31]中的有限元分析进一步揭示了上述实验现象的力学机理。穹顶胞元通过可恢复褶皱使压缩载荷均匀分布于胞壁大部分区域,有效提升抗疲劳性与承载能力;而蜂窝与拱形胞元受力集中于局部区域或节点,在大变形下更易发生断裂。定量结果显示,在90%压缩应变、壁厚1~5000 nm时,穹顶单胞的弹性应变能存储能力较蜂窝和拱形单胞提升2个数量级以上[31,41]。当胞壁厚度为10 nm时,蜂窝与拱形胞元的能量密度仅为10−2~10−1 MJ/m3,而穹顶胞元可达102 MJ/m3量级,性能提升逾千倍[31]
整体而言,穹顶几何的胞元设计为超轻气凝胶提供了一种高效的结构优化策略,可在保证超轻质量的同时实现卓越的力学稳定性和大变形弹性。研究表明,溶塑发泡GA在体积压缩70%的情况下,可以通过复杂管道环境,而且不会发生破裂(图9(a)[30])。进一步的力学测试显示(图9(b)[30]),具有连续穹顶结构的气凝胶可以承受105次的90%循环压缩应变,能量损失系数仅约0.05,在99%应变下压缩15天后,无明显松弛发生,残余应变和应力分别可以保持100%和99%。与相同密度下(5 mg/cm3)基于冷冻干燥法制备的GA相比,受限发泡法制备的GA在断裂强度、伸长率、剪切强度和撕裂强度等方面均表现出显著提升,如图9(c)~(f)[30]所示。
受限发泡制备的多组分气凝胶可有效保持GA的多尺度结构特征,从而使其优异的力学性能得以延续[31]。如图10(a)[31]所示,常温下不同组分的气凝胶堆叠体,从上到下依次为Al2O3、TaC、Cu、(TiZr)C、(AlTiCrCoNi)O、(AlTiCrCuZnNdSmDyHfTa)O气凝胶,可以在99%压缩应变下实现2万次的循环加载测试。
通过与已有文献报道的气凝胶材料进行对比分析可以发现,基于受限发泡策略构筑的气凝胶不仅在可承受应变范围方面表现较为突出,其密度水平相较于多数已报道材料也处于较低区间[44],如图10(b)[31]所示。值得关注的是,采用该策略制备的烯陶气凝胶展现出超宽温域条件下的优异压缩回弹性能:液氦温度(4.2 K)下可经受上百次99%应变循环压缩并完全恢复;室温及真空高温(2273 K)下历经100次同等循环后,其应力−应变曲线仍与初始状态几乎重合。进一步的丁烷火焰烧蚀实验表明,烯陶气凝胶在有氧高温环境下仍展现出色的抗烧蚀性能和优异的压缩弹性(图10(c)[31])。
二维通道受限发泡法通过在二维材料层间原位生成气泡,成功构建出连续的三维穹顶结构,为GA及其复合材料的性能优化提供了新的结构设计思路。该方法制备的气凝胶具有微穹顶胞元、胞元面面连接以及多尺度孔隙网络等结构特征。基于上述结构优势,结合石墨烯材料本征的导热导电性能或陶瓷组分的隔热与抗烧蚀特性,所得气凝胶在力学、热学、电学及声学等方面均展现出优异的物理性能。因此,该类气凝胶在热管理、高温隔热、电磁屏蔽、电极材料、传感、减震缓冲、吸声以及导电导热复合材料等领域展现出广阔的应用前景。
受限发泡气凝胶通过构筑均匀且稳定的连续多级孔隙结构,不仅拥有高效热传导与低热阻特性,还兼具优异的结构稳定性和界面适配性,在先进热管理材料领域展现出显著优势。Zhao等[45]将GA和石蜡复合制备了相变复合膜,其热导率高达46.7 W/(m·K),可以实现89.4%的高太阳能热转换和储能效率。所组装的太阳能响应式热电发电机在500 mW/cm2的光强度下可达到1033.8 mV的输出电压,可用于夜间的持续供电,在清洁能源的高效利用方面展现出了巨大的前景。Chen等[46]使用溶塑发泡和界面增强方法制备了一种可应用于柔性热界面材料的石墨烯泡沫卷材(图11[46])。实验结果表明,该材料不仅拥有极高的结构稳定性,在1万次压缩循环(60%应变)后仍能保持机械稳定,并能承受500℃的高温,而且其热导率约17.42 W/(m·K),优于大多数商业材料[5~10 W/(m·K)],为先进的石墨烯基热界面材料提供了一种兼具环境适应性和抗疲劳性的解决方案,有效拓展了其在高超音速飞行器、高通量卫星和高功率雷达系统等极端环境中的应用前景。
热管理材料除了提高导热性以应用于各种电子设备和其他需要热管理的行业外,还可以用于改善阻燃性能。Yang等[47]通过构建具有磷元素官能团表面修饰的硼氮化物/GO复合穹顶胞元气凝胶,开发了一种导热复合材料。将体积分数为4.04%的气凝胶填料掺入环氧树脂后,所得复合材料的导热率达到0.95 W/(m·K),相比纯环氧树脂提升了377%,有效缓解了工业应用中的热量积聚问题。此外,复合材料的拉伸强度被提高至45.3 MPa,并表现出优异的阻燃性能。研究结果表明,混合填料策略在改善材料的导热性和力学性能方面具有显著效果,所开发的复合材料在需兼具高效导热与增强力学性能的多种应用中展现出良好的应用前景。散热器广泛用于电池组以有效散热,而热管理材料则用于防止过热导致电子设备故障。Zhang等[48]将受限发泡GA与石蜡进行复合后,材料的有效能量密度可达1003 W·h/kg,功率密度为2927 W/kg,是纯石蜡的3倍。由于高效的热传输网络有效加速了石蜡的受热熔化,因而可以抑制电池组的热失控,所制备的复合材料在1万次循环快速充放电后,仍然可以维持42℃的安全工作温度(图12[48])。
受限发泡制备的烯陶气凝胶凭借优异的高温稳定性,在极端环境下展现出卓越的隔热性能。由于超低密度与纳米晶界显著削弱了固体热传导,约30 nm的纳米孔结构有效抑制了气体传热,二维各向异性结构进一步阻碍横向热扩散,所制备的碳化物气凝胶在173~2273 K范围内始终保持低热导率(图13(a)[31])。在多元的烯陶气凝胶体系中,高熵碳化物气凝胶(ZrTaNbTiHfC)表现最为突出,在1273和2273 K下的导热率分别为53.4和171 mW/(m·K)。类似的高熵效应同样出现在氧化物气凝胶中,例如由YTiLaCeNdSmGdDyEuHf氧化物组成的气凝胶,其垂直方向导热率低至13.4 mW/(m·K),远低于二氧化硅及大多数绝缘气凝胶。上述气凝胶即使在经历室温下1万次疲劳压缩或298~2273 K的热冲击循环后,依旧保持着稳定的超低热导率(图13(b)、(c)[31])。图13(d)[31]中实验测试显示,得益于极低的热导率,碳化物烯陶气凝胶在超过1573 K的丁烷火焰下经受 5 min灼烧后,仍可有效保护新鲜玫瑰。整体而言,受限发泡法制备的多组分气凝胶可在宽温度范围内表现出良好的隔热性能,即使在1273和2273 K条件下,其热导率水平相较于多类高温隔热材料仍可处于较低范围(图13(e)、(f)[31]),显示出良好的高温隔热潜力与服役稳定性。
GA具有高度互联的导电网络骨架和极高的比表面积,可有效增强电磁波在其内部表面的反射与损耗。得益于受限发泡GA水平方向面面连接提供的较大接触面积,经过化学还原及1600℃退火处理的气凝胶在密度3.7 mg/cm3、高度1 mm时,电磁屏蔽效能可达64.1 dB,比电磁屏蔽效能达到173243 dB·cm2/g,远超常规碳基材料。同时,由于具有优异的环境适应性,该GA在机械形变、极端温度、烧蚀以及水下环境中均可保持性能稳定[49]。利用 GA丰富的孔隙结构、二维片层间的导电损耗及多重极化效应,Lu等[50]将GO浸渍于芳纶蜂窝骨架后进行原位受限发泡,通过精确控制发泡工艺调节电磁参数,可实现超宽带微波吸收与超轻量化的协同效果(图14[50])。所制备的复合材料质量仅增加3%,当厚度为5.2 mm时,在14.80 GHz处实现最小反射损耗−48.38 dB;当厚度为9.0 mm时,宽频吸收带可达13.84 GHz。该材料兼具极高微波吸收效率和超宽频吸收能力,为航空航天隐身技术提供了高性能解决方案。
受限发泡GA微观孔隙结构呈现开放的互联结构,这种丰富的孔隙和网络骨架结构可以为物质交换及传输提供充分的物理空间,又由于热处理后石墨烯框架本身具有优异的导电性能,因而其也在电极及电容器材料领域得到广泛关注。Tian等[51]报道了一种由还原GO与聚吡咯纳米颗粒(reduced graphene oxides/polypyrrole,rGO/PPy)构成的水伏材料(图15[51])。溶塑发泡处理赋予rGO丰富的孔隙结构,一方面形成毛细通道以驱动水分迁移,另一方面显著扩大了rGO与PPy纳米颗粒的接触面积与界面位点,从而有效促进了离子/分子在界面处的吸附与电子耦合,进而增强了水伏电能转换性能。基于该材料制备的器件在自然蒸发条件下可产生约6 μA的短路电流及超过1 μW/cm的最大功率密度,测试显示可以为LED灯泡和LCD屏幕等商业设备供电。针对传统电极材料由于缺乏电解质扩散通道导致锂离子传输缓慢的问题,Hamza等[52]对层压GO/硅颗粒复合膜进行了受限发泡和退火处理,成功构建了导电石墨烯层与高效锂传输通道,并利用石墨烯网络为硅颗粒提供了稳固框架以缓冲体积膨胀。所得石墨烯/微硅复合泡沫材料由于具备优异的电子与离子传输能力,能够最大化微米级硅颗粒的利用效率,在1 A/g的电流密度下可提供2836 mA·h/g的优异可逆容量,在10 A/g下仍能保持1522 mA·h/g的高倍率性能。
针对赝电容材料的电容性能受到缓慢扩散动力学和较差循环稳定性的限制,Yu等[53]制备了一种GO/聚苯胺复合材料,通过对黏附在碳布上的GO进行原位受限发泡,成功实现了电化学反应中电子和离子的快速传输,所制备的电极在1.5 A/g的电流密度下表现出高达871.5 F/g的比电容并具有优异的倍率性能。基于不同负载质量制备的对称全固态超级电容器可达到最大能量密度39.1 W·h/kg(按质量计)、425.3 μW·h/cm2(按面积计)和4.0 mW·h/cm3(按体积计),为石墨烯基超级电容电极及其他功能薄膜材料的制备提供了新的思路。
由超薄石墨烯片层构成的GA多孔网络在外力作用下易发生形变,其微观结构重构会引起导电通路的重排。依托石墨烯材料本征的高导电性[54],结构形变能够被有效转化为可测的电学信号变化,从而赋予GA对应力与应变的敏感响应能力。而原位发泡的工艺优势,则使基于受限发泡制备的微型GA在高精度传感器领域得到广泛青睐。
Pang等[30]将受限发泡方法与油墨印刷技术相结合,实现了高尺寸精度GA微阵列应变传感器的大规模连续制备。所制备的GA应变传感器仅为100 μm厚,具有高灵敏度和宽应变范围,填补了传统压阻式传感器的性能空白。通过与人工智能结合,GA触觉传感器在识别方面实现了高达80%的准确率,显示出对人类手指的压倒性优势(图16[30])。此外,通过使用GO纳米纤维毡进行受限发泡,其还成功构筑出跨越纳米至毫米6个尺度的高柔性、超弹性石墨烯纳米纤维气凝胶[55]。得益于多尺度孔隙结构的协同作用,该气凝胶有效降低了面外拉伸变形带来的结构损伤,同时解决了传统纤维气凝胶难以实现大变形及承受疲劳加载的问题。实验显示,该气凝胶在60%折叠应变下可承受上千次循环加载,且在90%压缩应变下经过上万次疲劳测试后仍能保持优异的结构完整性。所拥有的柔韧性和机械弹性使其能够同时检测张力与屈曲变形,进而实现手语的高精度智能识别,达到了99.23%的准确率,在可穿戴人机界面应用中展示了很大的潜力。Fan等[56]则提出一种批量化制造高性能压阻式压力传感器的完整印刷技术。使用经过热处理的GO胶体作为印刷油墨,结合原位化学发泡策略,实现了压阻层的微结构工程。最终获得的分层穹顶结构不仅赋予了传感器0~550 kPa的宽传感范围,还实现了18 μm的超薄厚度,可应用于人体运动检测和压力映射。
噪声广泛存在于日常生活中,已严重威胁人类健康,因此开发高性能吸声材料意义重大。GA因其超轻密度和高孔隙率,在吸声领域展现出巨大应用潜力。溶塑发泡GA的连续开放三维骨架可以通过自身振动实现声波能量的持续耗散,同时孔隙内空气的振动与摩擦阻尼也可进一步增强声能衰减效果。
基于此,通过对涂敷于聚合物骨架上的GO进行原位发泡,可制备厚度约20 nm的自支撑超薄石墨烯鼓(图17(a)[57]),该结构可将商业泡沫转化为高性能吸声器件。得益于超薄石墨烯鼓与多孔腔的协同耗散作用(图17(b))[57],当鼓壁厚度为30 nm时,复合材料在200~6000 Hz的宽频范围内的最大平均吸声系数超过0.8,相比于聚合物骨架提升约320%,比降噪系数可达51.3。此外,通过在石墨烯鼓上负载无机纳米颗粒[58],可进一步调控二维共振模态,显著增强吸声性能。该方法为噪声防护、建筑设计及各类声学设备提供了广阔的应用前景。
二维受限发泡法的原位发泡特性使其能够与其他气凝胶制备方法有效结合,实现不同孔隙结构的高效耦合,从而进一步提升材料性能。例如,GO冷冻干燥后制备的气凝胶呈现蜂窝状三维结构,由于冷冻干燥过程不会改变材料的化学性质,Xia等[43]通过受限发泡进行处理,将蜂窝胞元的厚实胞壁转化为更小尺度的波纹孔隙结构,从而实现跨尺度分层拓扑结构设计(图18[43])。得益于不同孔隙结构在变形下的协同作用,制作的分层拓扑胞元GA同时具备超硬和超弹特性,其刚度可达12 MPa,压缩弹性应变可达90%。此外,该材料表现出优异的抗疲劳和抗冲击性能。在经过上万次60%压缩应变循环加载后,应变和应力损失仅为约20%;落锤冲击测试显示能量吸收率可达约90%。进一步的弹道冲击试验表明,该材料在工程应用中具有显著潜力,可作为高性能防护和缓冲材料使用。
由于石墨烯具有优异的电学和热学传输性能,其作为二维纳米填料被广泛用于聚合物导电复合材料中以构建导电网络。近年来,三维GA因其天然三维导电骨架结构而被认为是一种高效导电填料体系。然而,尽管三维GA能够形成宏观连续的导电网络,其导电性能仍受限于网络拓扑结构、片层连接方式以及有效导电路径密度等因素,导致石墨烯的导电效率尚未得到充分发挥。在传统GA中,片层之间多以局部边缘接触或点接触为主,导电通路依赖于片层间的接触导电,网络连通性和结构有序性较低,限制了电子传输效率。因此,如何通过结构设计优化三维导电网络拓扑结构、提高片层连接效率与有效导电路径密度,成为提升二维填料导电效率的关键问题。
Liu等[59]将连续穹顶网络结构作为几何填料制备了高导电性聚合物复合材料,穹顶微结构的引入产生了紧密的面对面连接,并增加了石墨烯片层之间的接触面积,为声子和电子的传输提供了有效路径。连续穹顶微结构GA在增强导电性和导热性方面表现出超高的效率,并打破了纳米填料之前的效率极限。采用真空浸渍法将聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)渗入经2800℃石墨化处理的穹顶微结构GA,随后热固化成型。仅需1.6%体积分数的气凝胶填充量,复合材料便可达到31.6 W/(m·K)的导热率与13911 S/m的电导率,分别比3D GA、2D石墨烯、1D碳纳米管和0D炭黑增强材料高出5倍、40倍、60倍和150倍(图19[59])。
本文系统综述了基于GO二维通道受限化学发泡制备气凝胶的新策略。该方法通过揭示GO的溶致/热致塑性发泡行为,不仅有效克服了传统气凝胶制备中高能耗、工艺繁琐等技术瓶颈,更为气凝胶的连续化、低成本生产开辟了新路径。研究证实层间塑性滑移是实现气泡受限生长的物理基础,通过溶剂表面张力驱动形成的“微穹顶”几何网络,使材料摆脱了对超临界流体干燥或冷冻干燥等苛刻工艺的依赖。通过引入“非欧曲率”作为材料成型的新参量,成功实现了壁厚、孔径及曲率等微观结构要素的独立精确解耦,打破了传统物理模型对气凝胶设计的结构局限。凭借二维通道优异的插层特性,该体系展现出极强的通用性。目前已成功引入近200种前驱体(涵盖氧化物、碳化物、高熵合金等),构建了丰富的功能气凝胶数据库。同时,实现了从薄膜、纤维到3D打印微阵列的多元化形态拓展,极大提升了气凝胶在多尺度工程环境中的适用性。理论模拟与实验研究共同揭示了微穹顶胞元的“不可展屈曲”与“多尺度节点强化”机制。这种独特的几何结构显著增强了声、光、电、热及力学性能,典型应用包括高效宽频吸声、高灵敏触觉感知阵列等。特别是“石墨烯−陶瓷”杂化气凝胶的开发,使其在4.2~2273 K的超宽温域内表现出极佳的力热稳定性,为航空航天等极端热防护领域提供了理想的新材料方案。
尽管受限发泡法在微观调控与功能化设计方面取得了显著进展,但要实现其大规模工业应用与科学理论的全面完善,仍需重点关注以下方向。
1) 低成本原材料开发:目前的研究仍高度依赖高品质GO。未来需探索基于低成本氧化石墨、工业级石墨烯或其他低维纳米材料的受限发泡路线,以降低生产成本,推动该技术的商业化进程。
2) 多尺度微纳跨级研究:目前的研究重心多集中于几何结构的宏观功能贡献,而对内部组分设计、晶体结构演变、多元异质界面行为等微纳尺度机制的研究尚显不足。尤其需要深入探究非石墨烯组分在受限空间内的物理化学演变规律。
3) 构效关系的系统化整合:需进一步整合“微观组成单元—几何结构—宏观综合性能”的研究体系,利用大数据分析与机器学习手段,加速针对特定应用场景的定制化气凝胶设计。
相较于发展已近百年的传统溶胶−凝胶法,二维通道受限化学发泡气凝胶作为一种新兴的研究范式,在5年间已成为气凝胶领域一个新的研究方向。随着制备科学的深入与跨学科交叉的推进,该体系有望在极端热防护、高功率电子器件热管理及能源催化等战略性新兴领域提供关键材料解决方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52502120)
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2026年第44卷第12期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00094
  • 接收时间:2026-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-07-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-26
  • 修回日期:2026-03-24
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国家自然科学基金项目(52502120)
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    1浙江大学高分子科学与工程学系,杭州 310058
    2浙江大学绍兴研究院,绍兴 312000

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庞凯(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为面向极端环境的石墨烯二维通道受限化学宏观组装材料,电子信箱:;
高超(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为石墨烯化学与宏观组装材料,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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