Article(id=1296828826726716067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766678400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-26, revisedDate=1776700800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787117686206, onlineDateStr=2026-08-19, pubDate=1785168000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787117686206, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787117686206, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787117686206, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1296827250129784977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785168000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787117310316, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787117721595, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=173, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1296828826957402788, articleId=1296828826726716067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=A comparative study of AI policies, technologies, and scientific research in China and the United States: Based on a three−dimensional analytical framework of "policy, technology, and scientific research", columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Artificial intelligence has become a strategic commanding height in global technological competition, with China and the United States exhibiting significant differences in development pathways, institutional design, and technological innovation. This paper constructs a three−dimensional analytical framework of "policy, technology, and scientific research" to systematically compare the similarities and differences in AI development between China and the United States, and for the first time incorporates the token economy as a comparative dimension, revealing new forms of AI commercialization. The study draws on the latest policy texts, including China's Opinions on Deepening the Implementation of the "AI+" Initiative, the 15th Five−Year Plan, and the U.S. Winning the Race: America's Action Plan for Artificial Intelligence, combined with frontier model technological breakthroughs since 2025 and data from Stanford's 2026 AI Index Report. The findings indicate that China has formed a development model dominated by industrial implementation and scenario−driven feedback, with policies characterized by vertical, phased planning; whereas the United States has formed a development model led by breakthroughs in artificial general intelligence, with policies characterized by itemized, horizontal execution. In terms of scientific research output, the two countries exhibit a pattern where "China leads in quantity, while the United States leads in quality," while the gap in frontier model performance has significantly narrowed. On this basis, the paper proposes three systematic recommendations for improving China's AI governance system, namely, constructing executable policy mechanisms, establishing a multi−dimensional quantitative evaluation system, and improving mechanisms for incorporating technical experts into decision−making. It also advocates maintaining the strength of an "application−oriented" approach while strengthening forward−looking deployments in artificial general intelligence (AGI) and embodied intelligence, so as to form a dual−wheel driven development paradigm characterized by "application advantages+foundational breakthroughs".

, authors=Yong SHI1, Biao LI2, *, Kun GUO1, Daji ERGU3, Gang KOU2, authorsList=Yong SHI, Biao LI, Kun GUO, Daji ERGU, Gang KOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Biao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1296828828240859817, articleId=1296828826726716067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中美人工智能政策、技术与科研对比——基于“政策、技术、科研”三维分析框架, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人工智能已成为全球科技竞争的战略制高点,中国、美国在发展路径、制度设计与技术创新方面呈现显著差异。本文构建了“政策、技术、科研”三维分析框架,系统比较了中美两国人工智能发展的异同,并首次将词元(token)经济纳入对比维度,揭示人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)商业化新形态。研究基于中国《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》、“十五五”规划与美国《赢得竞赛:美国人工智能行动计划》等最新政策文本,结合2025年以来前沿模型技术突破和斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》数据进行分析。研究表明,中国形成了以产业落地与场景反哺为主导的发展模式,政策呈纵向阶段规划特征;美国形成了以通用人工智能突破为主导的发展模式,政策呈清单化横向执行特征;两国在科研产出方面呈现“中国数量领先、美国质量领先”格局,而在前沿模型性能方面,中国和美国之间差距已显著收窄。在此基础上,提出完善中国人工智能治理体系的3方面系统性建议,即构建可执行政策机制、建立多维量化评估体系、完善技术专家参与决策机制,并倡议在保持“应用导向”优势的同时加强通用人工智能(artificial general intelligence,AGI)与具身智能前瞻布局,形成“应用优势+基础突破”双轮驱动发展格局。

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石勇,讲席教授,研究方向为大数据、知识管理、人工智能,电子信箱:

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李彪(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为人工智能、“AI+”文化,电子信箱:
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[2026−04−06]. https://hellochinatech.com/p/china-token-economy-140-trillion., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828834385515264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China's AI boom: Blazing IPOs, an AI agent craze, and a new 'token economy'[EB/OL]. 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[2026−04−06]. https://www.tldl.io/resources/llm-api-pricing-2026., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828834540704514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DeepSeek−V3.2−Exp release Note and API pricing update[EB/OL]. [2025−09−29]. https://api-docs.deepseek.com/updates., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828834603619075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fishbein B. US−China Competition for AI markets[R]. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2026., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828834670727940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=How China overtook the US in AI token usage—and why it matters[EB/OL]. [2026−04−06]. https://www.ceibs.edu/new-papers-columns/28826., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828834729448197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=How China overtook the US in AI token usage—and why it matters[EB/OL]. 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资料来源:斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》;LMSys Chatbot Arena排行榜

, figureFileSmall=hF7+ErNfO+IOVaRHlTlObw==, figureFileBig=z0Udp8ulQZAUKqKkcqa0Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1296828831365616348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=At5mJXESLXXZYCnIV1mNeQ==, figureFileBig=MU2iil1YsbBurA0mjxMxag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1296828831571137245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国日均AI token消耗量变化(2024年1月—2026年3月)

资料来源:中国国家数据局(2026年3月)[10];中国国家统计局(2026年4月)[24]

, figureFileSmall=At5mJXESLXXZYCnIV1mNeQ==, figureFileBig=MU2iil1YsbBurA0mjxMxag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1296828831646634718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比维度
中国美国
注:作者根据文献[1241113]整理。
战略取向“人工智能+”应用落地,追求“有用的AI”AGI技术突破,追求“强大的AI”
规划方式纵向规划:2027/2030/2035三阶段递进目标横向执行:90余项具体政策行动清单
核心文件《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》(2025−08);
“十五五”规划纲要(2026−03)
EO 14179(2025−01)+《赢得竞赛:
美国AI行动计划》(2025−07)
核心关键词场景融合、开源生态、具身智能、数据要素加速创新、基础设施、国际领导、AGI
关键量化目标2027年智能终端普及率>70%;2030年>90%2035年数据中心电力123 GW(2024年的30倍)
专家参与机制侧重人才培养体系建设,未明确首席AI官制度首席AI官委员会(CAIOC),各机构须设CAIO
监管创新机制“十五五”规划首次提出“沙盒监管”与“触发式监管”AI监管沙盒、AI−ISAC威胁共享、OMB采购规则
新纳入战略议题具身智能列为新兴赛道;AGI首次写入五年规划USCC建议设立AGI“曼哈顿计划”;AI出口推广
), ArticleFig(id=1296828831734715103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中美AI政策框架关键维度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比维度
中国美国
注:作者根据文献[1241113]整理。
战略取向“人工智能+”应用落地,追求“有用的AI”AGI技术突破,追求“强大的AI”
规划方式纵向规划:2027/2030/2035三阶段递进目标横向执行:90余项具体政策行动清单
核心文件《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》(2025−08);
“十五五”规划纲要(2026−03)
EO 14179(2025−01)+《赢得竞赛:
美国AI行动计划》(2025−07)
核心关键词场景融合、开源生态、具身智能、数据要素加速创新、基础设施、国际领导、AGI
关键量化目标2027年智能终端普及率>70%;2030年>90%2035年数据中心电力123 GW(2024年的30倍)
专家参与机制侧重人才培养体系建设,未明确首席AI官制度首席AI官委员会(CAIOC),各机构须设CAIO
监管创新机制“十五五”规划首次提出“沙盒监管”与“触发式监管”AI监管沙盒、AI−ISAC威胁共享、OMB采购规则
新纳入战略议题具身智能列为新兴赛道;AGI首次写入五年规划USCC建议设立AGI“曼哈顿计划”;AI出口推广
), ArticleFig(id=1296828831806018272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型开发机构/国家Arena Elo上下文窗口核心特点
注:资料来源于斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》[9];LMSys Chatbot Arena排行榜(2026年3月);各厂商技术报告[1820]
Dola−Seed−2.0−Preview字节跳动/中国146420万 tokens中国最强模型;多模态见长
GLM−5(开源)智谱AI/中国145412.8万 tokens中国最佳开源模型;国产芯片训练
DeepSeek V3.2(开源)深度求索/中国约142412.8万 tokensDSA稀疏注意力;成本革命代表
Claude Opus 4.6Anthropic/美国1503100万 tokensArena全球第一;HLE(human−level evaluation)得分>50%
Gemini 3.0 ProGoogle/美国约1494100万+tokens原生多模态;Deep Think推理模式
OpenAI o3 系列OpenAI/美国约148120万 tokens推理合成引擎;ARC−AGI测试领先
), ArticleFig(id=1296828831885710049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中美代表性前沿AI模型性能与特征对比(2026年3月)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型开发机构/国家Arena Elo上下文窗口核心特点
注:资料来源于斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》[9];LMSys Chatbot Arena排行榜(2026年3月);各厂商技术报告[1820]
Dola−Seed−2.0−Preview字节跳动/中国146420万 tokens中国最强模型;多模态见长
GLM−5(开源)智谱AI/中国145412.8万 tokens中国最佳开源模型;国产芯片训练
DeepSeek V3.2(开源)深度求索/中国约142412.8万 tokensDSA稀疏注意力;成本革命代表
Claude Opus 4.6Anthropic/美国1503100万 tokensArena全球第一;HLE(human−level evaluation)得分>50%
Gemini 3.0 ProGoogle/美国约1494100万+tokens原生多模态;Deep Think推理模式
OpenAI o3 系列OpenAI/美国约148120万 tokens推理合成引擎;ARC−AGI测试领先
), ArticleFig(id=1296828831986373346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型国家输入定价/
美元·(百万token)-1
输出定价/
美元·(百万token)-1
相对DeepSeek V3.2倍数
(输入/输出)
注:资料来源于各厂商API官方定价页面(2026年4月);TLDL平台 LLM API定价追踪报告[27]
Gemini 2.5 Flash−Lite美国0.1000.400.36x / 0.95x
DeepSeek V3.2中国0.2800.421x(基准)
DeepSeek V3.2(缓存命中)中国0.0280.420.1x/1x
GPT−5 Nano美国0.0500.400.18x/0.95x
GPT−5.4美国2.50010.008.9x/23.8x
Claude Sonnet 4.6美国3.00015.0010.7x/35.7x
Claude Opus 4.6美国5.00025.0017.9x/59.5x
), ArticleFig(id=1296828832066065123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828826726716067, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

代表性LLM API token定价对比(2026年4月)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型国家输入定价/
美元·(百万token)-1
输出定价/
美元·(百万token)-1
相对DeepSeek V3.2倍数
(输入/输出)
注:资料来源于各厂商API官方定价页面(2026年4月);TLDL平台 LLM API定价追踪报告[27]
Gemini 2.5 Flash−Lite美国0.1000.400.36x / 0.95x
DeepSeek V3.2中国0.2800.421x(基准)
DeepSeek V3.2(缓存命中)中国0.0280.420.1x/1x
GPT−5 Nano美国0.0500.400.18x/0.95x
GPT−5.4美国2.50010.008.9x/23.8x
Claude Sonnet 4.6美国3.00015.0010.7x/35.7x
Claude Opus 4.6美国5.00025.0017.9x/59.5x
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石勇 1 , 李彪 2, * , 郭琨 1 , 尔古打机 3 , 寇纲 2
科技导报 | 政策建议 2026,44(14): 173-181
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科技导报 |政策建议 2026 , 44 (14) : 173 -181
中美人工智能政策、技术与科研对比——基于“政策、技术、科研”三维分析框架
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石勇1 , 李彪2, * , 郭琨1, 尔古打机3, 寇纲2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院大学经济与管理学院,北京 100190
  • 2西南财经大学工商管理学院,成都 610074
  • 3西南民族大学国家安全学院,成都 610041
通讯作者:
李彪(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为人工智能、“AI+”文化,电子信箱:
作者简介:

石勇,讲席教授,研究方向为大数据、知识管理、人工智能,电子信箱:

A comparative study of AI policies, technologies, and scientific research in China and the United States: Based on a three−dimensional analytical framework of "policy, technology, and scientific research"
Yong SHI1 , Biao LI2, * , Kun GUO1, Daji ERGU3, Gang KOU2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Business Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China
  • 3School of National Security, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00136
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人工智能已成为全球科技竞争的战略制高点,中国、美国在发展路径、制度设计与技术创新方面呈现显著差异。本文构建了“政策、技术、科研”三维分析框架,系统比较了中美两国人工智能发展的异同,并首次将词元(token)经济纳入对比维度,揭示人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)商业化新形态。研究基于中国《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》、“十五五”规划与美国《赢得竞赛:美国人工智能行动计划》等最新政策文本,结合2025年以来前沿模型技术突破和斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》数据进行分析。研究表明,中国形成了以产业落地与场景反哺为主导的发展模式,政策呈纵向阶段规划特征;美国形成了以通用人工智能突破为主导的发展模式,政策呈清单化横向执行特征;两国在科研产出方面呈现“中国数量领先、美国质量领先”格局,而在前沿模型性能方面,中国和美国之间差距已显著收窄。在此基础上,提出完善中国人工智能治理体系的3方面系统性建议,即构建可执行政策机制、建立多维量化评估体系、完善技术专家参与决策机制,并倡议在保持“应用导向”优势的同时加强通用人工智能(artificial general intelligence,AGI)与具身智能前瞻布局,形成“应用优势+基础突破”双轮驱动发展格局。

人工智能治理  /  中美政策对比  /  人工智能+  /  “十五五”规划  /  token经济

Artificial intelligence has become a strategic commanding height in global technological competition, with China and the United States exhibiting significant differences in development pathways, institutional design, and technological innovation. This paper constructs a three−dimensional analytical framework of "policy, technology, and scientific research" to systematically compare the similarities and differences in AI development between China and the United States, and for the first time incorporates the token economy as a comparative dimension, revealing new forms of AI commercialization. The study draws on the latest policy texts, including China's Opinions on Deepening the Implementation of the "AI+" Initiative, the 15th Five−Year Plan, and the U.S. Winning the Race: America's Action Plan for Artificial Intelligence, combined with frontier model technological breakthroughs since 2025 and data from Stanford's 2026 AI Index Report. The findings indicate that China has formed a development model dominated by industrial implementation and scenario−driven feedback, with policies characterized by vertical, phased planning; whereas the United States has formed a development model led by breakthroughs in artificial general intelligence, with policies characterized by itemized, horizontal execution. In terms of scientific research output, the two countries exhibit a pattern where "China leads in quantity, while the United States leads in quality," while the gap in frontier model performance has significantly narrowed. On this basis, the paper proposes three systematic recommendations for improving China's AI governance system, namely, constructing executable policy mechanisms, establishing a multi−dimensional quantitative evaluation system, and improving mechanisms for incorporating technical experts into decision−making. It also advocates maintaining the strength of an "application−oriented" approach while strengthening forward−looking deployments in artificial general intelligence (AGI) and embodied intelligence, so as to form a dual−wheel driven development paradigm characterized by "application advantages+foundational breakthroughs".

artificial intelligence governance  /  China−US policy comparison  /  AI+  /  15th Five−Year Plan  /  token economy
石勇, 李彪, 郭琨, 尔古打机, 寇纲. 中美人工智能政策、技术与科研对比——基于“政策、技术、科研”三维分析框架. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (14) : 173 -181 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00136
Yong SHI, Biao LI, Kun GUO, Daji ERGU, Gang KOU. A comparative study of AI policies, technologies, and scientific research in China and the United States: Based on a three−dimensional analytical framework of "policy, technology, and scientific research"[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (14) : 173 -181 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00136
近3年来,以通用大模型为代表的人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术正在引发与蒸汽机、电力、互联网相提并论的技术革命,其影响已超越单一产业范畴,深刻重塑生产方式、社会结构和国际秩序。中国共产党第二十届中央委员会第四次全体会议明确指出,要“加快高水平科技自立自强,引领发展新质生产力”。在此背景下,人工智能成为构建新质生产力、实现高质量发展的核心驱动力。
从全球战略格局看,中美两国已将AI上升至国家战略高度,但选择了差异化的发展路径。中国方面,国务院于2025年8月印发《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》(简称《意见》)[1],确立了2027、2030、2035年三阶段目标;2026年3月通过的“十五五”规划(2026—2030年)进一步将“人工智能+”和具身智能列为跨部门国家级战略[2]。美国方面,2025年1月特朗普总统签署第14179号行政命令[3],标志着AI政策从“安全优先”转向“创新优先”;2025年7月白宫发布《赢得竞赛:美国人工智能行动计划》(《Winning the race: America's AI action plan》,简称《行动计划》)[4],包含90余项具体政策行动。
已有研究主要从3个视角探讨中美AI竞争与合作:一是政策文本分析视角,关注战略文件、法规标准的对比[56];二是技术创新视角,聚焦模型能力、算力基础、开源生态的差异[7];三是产业应用视角,研究AI与制造业、医疗、教育等领域的融合模式[8]。然而,现有研究存在若干不足:第一,多数研究仅聚焦单一维度,缺乏将政策设计、技术突破、科研产出纳入统一分析框架的系统性比较;第二,现有比较多以2024年以前数据为基础,而2025年以来前沿模型密集发布、斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》(《Artificial intelligence index report 2026》)揭示的中美AI格局演变[9],以及中国日均词元(token)消耗量突破140万亿[10]的新现象,均亟须纳入更新的分析;第三,对于中美“应用导向”与“通用人工智能(artificial general intelligence,AGI)导向”分野所带来的治理范式差异,以及token经济作为AI商业化核心指标的新格局,缺乏制度经济学层面的深入解读。
针对上述不足,本文重点关注3个方面:第一,构建“政策—技术—科研”三维分析框架,并将token经济作为新型量化维度纳入其中,系统揭示中美AI发展的内在逻辑差异;第二,整合2025—2026年最新政策文本、前沿模型数据与权威报告,反映AI竞争前沿格局;第三,基于比较制度分析与创新政策理论,为完善中国人工智能治理体系提供系统性政策建议。
基于政策文本分析、技术指标评估、科研数据统计三重方法,从政策设计范式、评估标准体系、科研与技术发展水平、技术创新路径、决策支撑机制、token经济格局6个维度,对中美AI发展进行系统比较。
中美AI政策体现了截然不同的设计逻辑。中国政策呈现“AI+产业应用”的落地导向和“战略愿景与阶段目标”的纵向规划特征。《意见》[1]采用典型的五年规划思维,设定2027、2030、2035年3个时间节点的递进目标:到2027年实现AI与6大重点领域深度融合、智能终端普及率超70%;到2030年智能经济成为重要增长极;到2035年全面步入智能经济和智能社会新阶段。2026年3月通过的“十五五”规划进一步将“人工智能+”行动提升为跨部门国家战略,并将“具身智能”列为与集成电路、生物制造、商业航天并列的新兴产业赛道之一[2, 11]。工业和信息化部同步于2025年12月成立具身智能和人形机器人标准化技术委员会,并于2026年3月发布首个覆盖人形机器人全生命周期的国家标准体系[11]
美国政策则体现“AGI技术突破”的前瞻导向和“行动导向与机制创新”的横向执行逻辑。《行动计划》[4]按“加速AI创新、建设AI基础设施、推动AI国际合作”3大支柱,部署了90余项具体政策行动。该计划预计到2035年数据中心电力需求将从2024年的4 GW增至123 GW(增长30倍),为此配套了简化联邦土地审批、加快输电线路建设、推动核能小型反应堆商业化等机制创新。2025年11月,白宫管理和预算办公室(Office of Management and Budget,OMB)进一步发布备忘录,要求联邦机构在2026年3月11日前修订AI采购程序[12]。此外,美中经济安全审查委员会(US−China Economic and Security Review Commission,USCC)在2024年11月年度报告中,将“建立曼哈顿计划式AGI研发项目”列为对国会的首要政策建议[13],进一步体现了美国AGI战略的国家安全导向。中国和美国政策框架关键维度对比如表1所示。
政策设计差异的根源在于战略目标的本质分野。中国已在多领域实现AI深度应用:据工业和信息化部2026年3月数据,2025年中国核心AI产业规模突破1.2万亿元人民币(约1739亿美元),AI相关企业超过6200家,超过30%规模以上制造业企业已采用AI技术,中国企业发布了超过300款人形机器人产品,并在全球开源AI模型下载量中排名第1[14]。这些数据充分体现了“场景反哺技术”模式的实效。美国方面则将AGI研发作为战略核心:OpenAI首席执行官Sam Altman 多次公开表达对近期实现AGI的信心,Anthropic首席执行官Dario Amodei预计AGI可能在未来数年内实现。这种战略分野反映了两国的AI发展哲学:中国追求“用的AI”,强调技术对经济社会的实际改造能力;美国追求“强大的AI”,强调技术的认知边界突破和未来控制力。值得关注的是,中国“十五五”规划以“探索通用人工智能发展路径”的表述[15],首次将AGI正式纳入国家政策议程,显示出应用导向与前沿探索并重的战略调整。
中美AI政策在评估体系设计上存在显著差距。中国AI政策设定了宏观时间线的定量目标,但在经济社会效益的测度方面多采用定性表述。《意见》[1]明确提出智能终端普及率的量化指标(2027年超70%、2030年超90%),但在更关键的经济指标方面,如“智能经济核心产业规模快速增长”“成为经济发展的重要增长极”等表述,缺乏国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)占比、产值增长率等可用于跨国比较的精确指标。“十五五”规划虽对AI核心目标(如“模−芯−云−用”协调、国家AI数据语料、多模态模型推进等)给出了明确方向,但对应的可考核指标仍待进一步细化[15]
美国AI政策注重建立可测度、可比较、可调整的评估反馈机制。《行动计划》[4]提出由国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)牵头,在医疗、能源、农业、制造业等特定领域建立AI生产力测量框架,包括任务完成时间、错误率、成本节约、质量改进等可量化指标。此外,计划要求各联邦机构建立AI使用案例清单(AI Use Case Inventory),OMB定期开展跨机构对标,形成“指标—数据—评估—改进”的闭环[12]。评估体系的差异会直接影响政策执行效果:缺乏量化指标,政策评估易陷入“宏观叙事”而缺少可对标的微观数据,难以在中美AI竞合的动态格局中精准判断政策成效。
AI科研与技术产出是政策实施效果和技术竞争力的直接体现。从论文产出、人才储备与模型性能3个维度,系统分析中美AI科研实力的动态演变。
1) 论文产出与专利申请:数量优势确立但影响力差距犹存。根据斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》[9],中国在AI论文数量上已建立明显优势:2024年中国AI论文引用份额达20.6%,超过美国的12.6%。专利方面,中国占2023年全球AI专利申请量的约69.7%,美国占约14.2%。然而,质量指标仍存在差距:2025年美国发布了50款“值得关注”(notable)的前沿AI模型,中国发布30款。此外,据联合国工业发展组织投资和技术促进办公室与东壁科技数据联合发布的《全球人工智能科研态势报告(2015—2024)》[16],中国在计算机视觉、智能金融、自动驾驶等应用导向领域表现突出,但在智能算法、边缘计算等基础性新兴方向起步相对较晚。
2) 人才储备:规模扩张与结构性矛盾并存。斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》[9]显示,进入美国的AI研究人员数量自2017年以来下降89%,2025年1年内降幅达80%。胡佛战争、革命与和平研究所2025年4月发布的研究[17]对DeepSeek的5篇基础性论文的223名作者进行分析发现:其中171名(约85%)在中国机构任职,仅15名在美国机构任职;在49名有美国求学经历的研究人员中,多数仅在美国工作1年左右即返回中国。该报告指出,DeepSeek现象反映出“美国在AI人才方面的传统优势正在被侵蚀”。此外,DigiChina 2025年研究分析也指出,中国AI人才呈现“重应用轻基础”的结构性特征[15],这一矛盾在长远发展中仍须破解。
3) 前沿模型性能:中美差距大幅收窄但尚未反超。2024年12月至2026年4月,中美AI技术竞争进入白热化阶段。根据斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》[9],中美顶级模型在LMSys Arena基准测试的Elo得分差距从2023年5月的17.5~31.6个百分点,收窄至2026年3月的仅2.7%:Anthropic的Claude Opus 4.6得分1503分,字节跳动Dola−Seed−2.0−Preview得分1464分,差距仅39分。报告还指出,2025年2月DeepSeek−R1曾短暂追平美国顶级模型,中美模型在2025—2026年间多次交替领先(图1[9])。在MMLU、MATH、HumanEval 3项主要基准上,2023年中美差距分别为17.5、31.6、18.0个百分点,至2024年底已分别收窄至0.3、1.6、3.7个百分点[9]
图1显示,中美顶级模型性能差距已进入单次模型发布即可反转的近距离阶段。这一数据反映出:美国在私人AI投资和前沿模型数量上仍具优势(2025年美国私人AI投资为中国的约23倍[9]),但性能差距已大幅收窄,竞争正从能力比拼转向成本、可靠性、场景落地等综合要素的竞争。中美代表性前沿AI模型性能与特征对比见表2[9,1820]
在前述数量、质量指标基础上,进一步分析中美AI技术创新的路径差异。中国以“应用场景驱动技术创新”为主线,聚焦解决实际问题的“有用AI”;美国以“技术突破引领产业变革”为核心,追求认知边界拓展的“通用AI”。
1) 整体技术竞争格局:从参数竞赛到能力竞赛的范式转变。AI技术竞争正在经历从参数规模竞赛到综合能力竞赛的范式转变。2024年以来,技术创新重心转向架构创新(MoE、稀疏注意力)、训练范式创新(强化学习占比提升)、推理优化(多词元预测、量化技术)、应用生态创新(智能体、RAG、多模态融合)[7]。斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》[9]指出,当前前沿模型在SWE−bench Verified编程基准上的表现1年内从60%跃升至接近80%~94%,在Humanity's Last Exam上的得分也从2025年初的8.8%提升至2026年3月的50%以上。截至2025年底,中国在制造业建成超3.5万家智能工厂[14],AI在钢铁、汽车、医疗、教育、城市治理等领域的深度应用持续推动技术迭代。
2) 中国技术代表:DeepSeek V3.2的应用驱动与成本革命。DeepSeek模型采取“快速迭代+技术开源+成本优化”的差异化竞争策略。2025年9月,公司发布V3.2−Exp实验版,首次引入DeepSeek稀疏注意力(DeepSeek sparse attention,DSA)机制,实现细粒度稀疏注意力,大幅降低长上下文训练和推理的计算资源消耗[18];2025年12月1日,V3.2正式版和V3.2−Speciale发布,在公开推理测试中V3.2达到GPT−5水平,V3.2−Speciale在IMO 2025、CMO 2025、ICPC World Finals 2025、IOI 2025四项顶级竞赛中获得金牌级成绩[1819]。V3.2−Exp发布时同步将应用程序接口(application program interface,API)价格下调超过50%,进一步推动行业价格“地板塌陷”。2025年12月,Microsoft宣布将DeepSeek−V3.2集成到Foundry平台[21],标志中国开源模型首次进入美国主流云服务生态。据USCC2026年3月报告[22],2022—2025年中国开源模型数量从32个增至337个,美国从213个增至622个;2023年中国开源模型数量首次超过闭源模型。
3) 美国技术代表:Claude Opus 4.6、Gemini 3.0 Pro与OpenAI o3的通用智能探索。Anthropic的Claude Opus 4.6于2026年3月以1503 Elo登顶LMSys Arena排行榜[9],在Humanity's Last Exam上得分突破50%,支持100万tokens上下文窗口。Google公司于2025年11月发布Gemini 3.0 Pro,采用原生多模态架构、支持长上下文、具备Deep Think推理模式,在IMO中斩获金牌[9]。OpenAI的o3模型则代表了AGI探索的另一条路径,通过推理合成引擎在ARC−AGI等基准测试中展现了较强能力[9]。总体来看,美国模型凭借闭源生态的平台整合优势在Arena顶级排名中占据主导,形成了与中国低成本开源路径的显著对照。
4) 技术路径对比:互补性竞争与战略分化风险。中美技术路径分化带来三重深层影响:第一,技术标准竞争的实质是发展模式之争。中国主张“以应用促创新、以创新带应用”的螺旋上升;美国主张“先突破再应用”的线性逻辑。第二,AGI竞赛加剧技术军备化和安全风险。USCC在2024年11月年度报告中明确将AGI研发与国家安全、军事优势挂钩,并将其列为对国会的首要政策建议[13]。第三,发展路径分化可能导致全球AI生态撕裂。卡内基国际和平基金会(Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)研究指出[23],中美AI竞合已进入“crossroads era”(十字路口时代),DeepSeek的突破使中国在AI治理中获得了更大国际话语权,两国在开源生态、技术标准、全球市场等方面的竞争将深刻影响未来全球AI治理秩序。
中美AI政策在决策支撑机制上存在显著差距。中国AI政策强调人才培养体系建设[1],提出“健全人才培养体系”“强化AI+教育”“推动新工科建设”“深化产教融合”等举措。然而,政策文件中未明确提出将AI技术专家纳入政策制定核心决策层的制度性安排。
美国AI政策强调技术专家在决策中的核心作用。《行动计划》[4]建议设立首席AI官委员会(Chief AI Officer Council,CAIOC),要求各联邦机构指定首席AI官(Chief AI Officer),并明确规定“各机构的首席AI官应具备AI技术背景或相关专业知识”。这一机制保障了技术专家能实质性参与政策设计与评估,实现“技术—政策”双向赋能。这种制度化差距对决策科学化具有重要影响:当AI技术快速迭代(如从GPT−4到Claude Opus 4.6仅2年时间),技术专家深度参与决策能够显著提升政策的前瞻性、精准性和可执行性。
Token作为大语言模型处理信息的最小单位,正在成为AI时代继算力、数据、模型之后的第4类核心要素。中国国家数据局局长刘烈宏在2026年3月中国发展高层论坛上明确指出:“Token既是智能时代的价值锚定,也是链接技术供给与商业需求的结算单位”[10]。Token经济已成为衡量AI商业化深度与产业成熟度的关键指标,本文将其作为第6维度纳入中美对比分析。
1) Token消耗规模:中国实现千倍增长并在全球模型调用中反超美国。据中国国家数据局披露[10],中国日均token消耗量从2024年初的1000亿增至2025年底的100万亿,2026年3月进一步突破140万亿,2年间实现逾千倍增长(图2[24]。据报道,字节跳动公司的Doubao模型通过火山引擎平台的日token消耗达120万亿[25]。据《每日经济新闻》根据OpenRouter数据测算,2026年4月13—19日1周内,DeepSeek V3.2在该平台周调用量达1.28万亿token,位列全球第2[19]。这一增长动力来自2方面:一是模型能力提升带动应用场景扩张,例如,字节Seedance 2.0生成一分钟视频消耗逾100万token;二是智能体(agent)技术兴起使单次任务token消耗比传统对话高出一个数量级[26]
2) Token定价:开源“成本革命”倒逼全球大语言模型(large language model,LLM)行业降价。中国以DeepSeek为代表的开源模型触发了全球LLM API价格的“地板塌陷”。据行业追踪数据[2728],DeepSeek V3.2当前定价为每百万输入token 0.28美元、每百万输出token 0.42美元,启用90%缓存折扣后输入成本可低至0.028美元/百万token。与OpenAI GPT−5.4(输入2.50美元、输出10美元)相比,DeepSeek V3.2输入价格便宜约9倍、输出便宜约24倍;与Claude Opus 4.6(输入5美元、输出25美元)相比,便宜约18~60倍。各主要LLM API的代表性定价汇总见表3
3) Token经济的战略含义:从“模型竞争”到“生态竞争”的范式转变。Token经济揭示了中美AI竞争的深层变化。第一,AI价值评估从模型参数转向token流量,大厂资本开支竞相向token服务基础设施倾斜[26]。第二,token成为中国AI出海的新业态。“低价开源+高调用量”策略使中国模型在发展中国家获得规模优势。据RAND公司2026年1月研究[29],2025年初DeepSeek R1发布后,中国模型在全球LLM网站访问量中的份额从3%跃升至13%,仅用2个月实现460%增长,在30多个国家渗透率超过10%。但研究同时指出,美国模型凭借先发优势仍占据全球LLM访问量的约93%。第三,中国AI企业商业化压力依然突出[26],token规模扩张与盈利模式构建仍存在显著张力,“用最少token解决最关键业务问题”正成为衡量AI能力的新标准[30]
本文基于“政策—技术—科研”三维分析框架,结合token经济新维度,系统比较了中国《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》[1]、“十五五”规划[2]与美国《赢得竞赛:美国人工智能行动计划》[4]的政策设计范式,结合前沿模型技术突破[91819]与斯坦福大学《2026年人工智能指数报告》[9]等权威数据,揭示了两国在6个维度的显著差异。
研究主要发现可概括为3点。第一,政策设计方面,中国体现“AI+产业应用”的落地导向,以纵向阶段规划为主要特征,“十五五”规划进一步确立了具身智能等新兴赛道战略地位,但在量化评估体系、专家决策参与机制方面仍有完善空间;美国展现出“AGI技术突破”的前瞻导向,通过90余项政策行动和首席AI官制度保障执行效率,并将AGI研发与国家安全深度绑定。第二,技术与科研方面,中美模型性能差距已大幅收窄至个位数百分点[9],前沿竞争已进入单次模型发布即可反转的近距离阶段;但美国在私人投资、前沿模型产出、技术商业化率等方面的优势仍将在较长时期内延续。第三,token经济方面,中国凭借“低价+开源+场景”组合形成了新型“token出海”产业形态,日均token消耗量实现千倍增长并在全球开源模型调用份额中与美国形成持续竞争格局,但中国AI企业的盈利模式与规模扩张之间的张力仍待破解。
1) 构建“目标分解、责任锚定、评估闭环”的可执行政策机制。第一,建立政策目标的层级分解和责任锚定机制。建议将《意见》[1]和“十五五”规划[2]中的宏观目标分解为可量化、可考核的部门目标和地方目标。由国家发展改革委牵头,会同工业和信息化部、科技部、教育部等部门,制定《“人工智能+”行动目标分解方案》,明确各部门、各地区的具体任务、时间节点、考核指标。
第二,建立政策障碍清除的系统化机制。借鉴美国清除繁文缛节做法[4],由国务院办公厅牵头,开展“AI发展障碍清单”调研。借鉴“十五五”规划提出的沙盒监管与触发式监管理念[2, 15],实施AI监管沙盒制度;修订不适应AI发展的法律法规。
第三,建立政策执行的动态评估和纠偏机制。建议由国家统计局牵头,会同第三方评估机构,每季度发布《“人工智能+”行动执行情况报告》,评估各部门、各地区的进展情况。
2) 建立“技术—经济—社会—token”四维量化评估体系。第一,构建AI发展的综合评估指标体系。建议参考美国NIST做法[4],由国家市场监督管理总局(标准委)牵头,制定《人工智能发展评估指标体系(国家标准)》,涵盖技术维度(模型性能、算力规模、开源数量)、经济维度(产业规模、投资额、就业贡献)、应用维度(智能终端普及率、AI+渗透率)、社会维度(公众信任、伦理合规、安全事件),并新增token维度(日均token消耗、跨境token调用量、token−GDP弹性)。
第二,建立AI经济核算的统计制度。建议由国家统计局牵头,研究制定《人工智能经济核算方法》,在工业和信息化部2025年1.2万亿元核心AI产业规模基础上[14],进一步细化产业链各环节(芯片、模型、应用、token服务)的分类统计。参照国家数据局对token消耗量的公开披露机制[10],建立月度/季度token经济数据发布制度。
第三,建立AI发展的国际对标机制。建议由科技部牵头,每年发布《中国人工智能发展国际对标报告》,系统比较中国与美国、欧盟等AI强国的差距和优势[9, 23]
3) 建立技术专家深度参与决策的常态化制度化机制。第一,设立国家层面的AI技术委员会。建议在国务院设立“国家人工智能技术委员会”,借鉴美国首席AI官机制[4],委员会主任由国务院分管副总理担任,委员包括顶尖AI科学家、领军企业技术负责人、行业专家。
第二,建立部门和地方的AI技术顾问制度。建议在各部委和省级政府设立“AI技术顾问”岗位,由具有AI技术背景的专家担任,任期3~5年,可连任。
第三,完善技术专家参政议政的激励机制。建议在国家科技奖励中增设“AI政策贡献奖”;在院士评选、人才计划评审中,将AI政策咨询和社会服务作为重要考量因素。
4) 加强AGI与具身智能前瞻布局,培育token经济新增长点。面向AGI已进入实质性突破阶段的新形势,中国应在保持“人工智能+”应用导向优势的同时,加强前沿技术布局和token经济生态建设:(1) 承接“十五五”规划、“探索通用人工智能发展路径”的战略部署[15],设立国家AGI研究计划,聚焦认知智能、具身智能、世界模型等前沿方向;(2) 建立“应用牵引+基础研究”双轮驱动机制,形成“场景—数据—算法—场景”的正向循环,充分发挥中国在具身智能和智能工厂领域的规模化优势[11,14];(3) 制定token经济国家战略,支持开源模型出海、token跨境结算、AI+token贸易新业态,将token产业转化为中国AI的战略性出口;(4) 加大对中小企业AI应用扶持力度,利用DeepSeek等开源生态的成本革命优势,扩大AI的普惠性覆盖;(5) 在国际AI治理中坚持“发展优先、安全兼顾”的中国方案[5],推动构建公平合理的全球AI治理秩序,避免AGI竞赛演化为新的军备竞赛。
人工智能正在重塑全球经济社会发展格局,中美两国在AI领域的竞合关系深刻影响着世界科技发展方向和国际秩序演进。面向未来,中国应在保持战略定力、发挥制度优势基础上,学习借鉴国际先进经验[9,23,29],着力构建可执行的政策落地机制、建立四维量化评估体系、完善专家参与的决策支撑机制,并加强AGI与token经济前瞻性布局,避免陷入“应用有余、突破不足”的困境,在全球AI竞合中赢得主动。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(72231010)
  • 国家自然科学基金应急管理项目(72541024)
  • 中华民族语言文字数字化与智能化研究项目(GGT2025ZDWT02)
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2026年第44卷第14期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00136
  • 接收时间:2025-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-08-19
  • 出版时间:2026-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-26
  • 修回日期:2026-04-21
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(72231010)
国家自然科学基金应急管理项目(72541024)
中华民族语言文字数字化与智能化研究项目(GGT2025ZDWT02)
作者信息
    1中国科学院大学经济与管理学院,北京 100190
    2西南财经大学工商管理学院,成都 610074
    3西南民族大学国家安全学院,成都 610041

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李彪(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为人工智能、“AI+”文化,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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