Article(id=1251559137218342945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765296000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-10, revisedDate=1772208000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776324551157, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1774627200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776324551157, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776324551157, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776324551157, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251559134307500754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774627200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776324550463, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776332259412, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=57, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251559137633579045, articleId=1251559137218342945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Synergistic estimation of shrub aboveground biomass in arid and semi−arid areas based on multi−source UAV remote sensing, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the needs for ecological monitoring in arid and semi−arid areas, this study proposes a synergistic inversion and digital representation framework for shrub aboveground biomass (AGB) driven by the fusion of UAV multispectral and LiDAR features. Leveraging the 3D structural sensing advantages of UAV−LiDAR and the spectral−texture features of UAV−MS, the study establishes a technical workflow of "object segmentation−feature selection−synergistic inversion." This framework enables the automatic identification and precise biomass accounting for typical shrubs such as Artemisia ordosica and Salix psammophila. Taking seven typical shrub communities in the Ordos region as the study area, technical validation was conducted based on ground−truth data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively overcomes the limitations of "same spectrum, different objects" in single optical remote sensing and the lack of spectral information in single LiDAR data. The XGBoost model achieves the best comprehensive performance under multi−source feature synergy (R2 ranging from 0.7615 to 0.8814). It exhibits good generalization capabilities across different plant types and complex backgrounds, realizing the digital representation of shrub ecological assets and significantly improving the data production efficiency and technical reliability of biomass monitoring in arid and semi−arid areas.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yaxin WANG, Jiamin WU, Zhenping HE, Zejiang LI, Yue GUO, Weina SUN, Zhijie MA, Haixia YOU, Wen LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weina SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251559140573786188, articleId=1251559137218342945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=多源无人机遥感协同的干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量反演, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出一种融合无人机多光谱与激光雷达特征的干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量协同反演方法,结合激光雷达三维结构感知优势和多光谱纹理,构建对象分割、特征筛选与协同反演的技术流程,实现了对沙蒿、沙柳等典型灌木对象的识别与生物量精准核算。以鄂尔多斯地区7种典型灌木群落为研究对象,基于地面实测数据开展多源协同反演技术验证。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效弥补光学遥感“异物同谱”问题和激光雷达数据光谱表征不足的局限;XGBoost模型在多源特征协同下综合性能最优(决定系数R2介于0.7615~0.8814),在不同株型和复杂背景下均表现出良好的泛化能力与反演精度,实现了灌木生态资产的数字化表征,显著提升了干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量监测的数据生产效率和技术可靠性。

, authors=

王亚欣,副研究员,研究方向为草原和荒漠化遥感,电子信箱:

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孙维娜(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为荒漠化防治,电子信箱:
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王亚欣,副研究员,研究方向为草原和荒漠化遥感,电子信箱:

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Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1): 6187., articleTitle=Remote sensing estimation of aboveground biomass of different forest types in Xinjiang based on machine learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251567867540488309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=35, issue=11, pageStart=2477, pageEnd=2485, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=马苏, 刘军会, 康玉麟, journalName=环境科学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马苏, 刘军会, 康玉麟, . 鄂尔多斯市防风固沙功能时空变化及驱动因素分析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2022, 35(11): 2477-2485., articleTitle=鄂尔多斯市防风固沙功能时空变化及驱动因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251567867615985783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国气象局. 鄂尔多斯市地理气候特点[EB/OL]. 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监测维度数据源核心指标生态表征
三维结构UAV−LiDAR高度分位数、几何参数直接刻画灌木个体的体积、高度与冠层密度
物理属性UAV−LiDAR回波强度反映枝叶密度与木质部材质对激光脉冲的反射差异
生长状况UAV−MS植被指数表征冠层叶绿素含量与光合作用能力
表面纹理UAV−MS灰度共生矩阵(gray−level co−occurrence matrix,
GLCM)纹理
表征冠层表面的粗糙度与空间异质性
), ArticleFig(id=1251567863069360157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区灌木遥感监测指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测维度数据源核心指标生态表征
三维结构UAV−LiDAR高度分位数、几何参数直接刻画灌木个体的体积、高度与冠层密度
物理属性UAV−LiDAR回波强度反映枝叶密度与木质部材质对激光脉冲的反射差异
生长状况UAV−MS植被指数表征冠层叶绿素含量与光合作用能力
表面纹理UAV−MS灰度共生矩阵(gray−level co−occurrence matrix,
GLCM)纹理
表征冠层表面的粗糙度与空间异质性
), ArticleFig(id=1251567863199383588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计量描述
总平均(sum average),Sa反映所有像素对灰度值之和的平均
总方差(sum variance),Sv度量总平均周围的分布变化
差异方差(difference variance),Dv差异方差是差异图像的统计度量
对比度(contrast)衡量图像局部对比度,对比度高的图像在视觉上更为锐利
同质性(homogeneity)衡量图像的均匀性或一致性,高值表明图像纹理较为均匀
方差(variance)测量灰度分布的分散程度
非相似度(dissimilarity)反映像素对之间的对比差异,值越大,不相似性越高
相关性(correlation)度量像素对之间的相关性,反映了图像中灰度级变化的一致性
聚类阴影(cluster shade),Cs度量像素分布的不对称性
惯性(inertia)窗口内灰度分布均匀性的度量,描述局部平稳性
), ArticleFig(id=1251567863291658281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计量描述
总平均(sum average),Sa反映所有像素对灰度值之和的平均
总方差(sum variance),Sv度量总平均周围的分布变化
差异方差(difference variance),Dv差异方差是差异图像的统计度量
对比度(contrast)衡量图像局部对比度,对比度高的图像在视觉上更为锐利
同质性(homogeneity)衡量图像的均匀性或一致性,高值表明图像纹理较为均匀
方差(variance)测量灰度分布的分散程度
非相似度(dissimilarity)反映像素对之间的对比差异,值越大,不相似性越高
相关性(correlation)度量像素对之间的相关性,反映了图像中灰度级变化的一致性
聚类阴影(cluster shade),Cs度量像素分布的不对称性
惯性(inertia)窗口内灰度分布均匀性的度量,描述局部平稳性
), ArticleFig(id=1251567863392321581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量符号名称来源单位
注:CHM为冠层高度模型(canopy height model)。
CWmean冠幅(长轴+短轴)/2m
PH株高CHMm
H1H5H10H20H25H30H40H50H60H70H75H80H90H95H99高度分位数归一化点云高度分位数m
HmeanHsdHskewHkurtHcvHmad高度统计量点云高度统计m
IP1IP5IP10IP20IP25IP30IP40IP50IP60IP70IP75IP80IP90IP95IP99强度分位数回波强度分位数
), ArticleFig(id=1251567863472013361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

灌木垂直结构与体积特征变量表

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变量符号名称来源单位
注:CHM为冠层高度模型(canopy height model)。
CWmean冠幅(长轴+短轴)/2m
PH株高CHMm
H1H5H10H20H25H30H40H50H60H70H75H80H90H95H99高度分位数归一化点云高度分位数m
HmeanHsdHskewHkurtHcvHmad高度统计量点云高度统计m
IP1IP5IP10IP20IP25IP30IP40IP50IP60IP70IP75IP80IP90IP95IP99强度分位数回波强度分位数
), ArticleFig(id=1251567863572676660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559137218342945, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数指标
激光波长/nm905
最大测量距离/m450
水平视场角/°70.4
垂直视场角/°77.2
横滚/俯仰精度/°0.006
航向角精度/°0.03
回波模式三回波
点频/kHz240
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激光雷达模块参数

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参数指标
激光波长/nm905
最大测量距离/m450
水平视场角/°70.4
垂直视场角/°77.2
横滚/俯仰精度/°0.006
航向角精度/°0.03
回波模式三回波
点频/kHz240
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实测数据
类型
分类数据类型实测
总和
用户精度
沙蒿沙柳杨柴小叶锦鸡儿沙棘梭梭沙地柏
沙蒿79031221880.8977
沙柳06824110760.8947
杨柴51481112590.8136
小叶锦鸡儿1421282111390.9209
沙棘03013801430.8837
梭梭20201410460.8913
沙地柏10120130350.8571
分类总和887658137454735486
生产者精度0.89770.89470.82760.93430.84440.87230.8571
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典型灌木分类混淆矩阵

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实测数据
类型
分类数据类型实测
总和
用户精度
沙蒿沙柳杨柴小叶锦鸡儿沙棘梭梭沙地柏
沙蒿79031221880.8977
沙柳06824110760.8947
杨柴51481112590.8136
小叶锦鸡儿1421282111390.9209
沙棘03013801430.8837
梭梭20201410460.8913
沙地柏10120130350.8571
分类总和887658137454735486
生产者精度0.89770.89470.82760.93430.84440.87230.8571
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物种模型验证精度
R2RMSE/kg
沙蒿XGBoost0.82350.1199
RF0.79180.1532
SVR0.74060.1885
杨柴XGBoost0.81290.1013
RF0.78050.1231
SVR0.73120.1396
小叶锦鸡儿XGBoost0.83070.3621
RF0.80210.4063
SVR0.75190.4451
沙柳XGBoost0.88140.4483
RF0.84090.4950
SVR0.79250.5416
沙棘XGBoost0.87030.2699
RF0.83170.2810
SVR0.78160.2928
梭梭XGBoost0.80120.1158
RF0.77080.1214
SVR0.71040.1271
沙地柏XGBoost0.76150.1006
RF0.73020.1053
SVR0.68090.1220
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生物量反演精度验证表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种模型验证精度
R2RMSE/kg
沙蒿XGBoost0.82350.1199
RF0.79180.1532
SVR0.74060.1885
杨柴XGBoost0.81290.1013
RF0.78050.1231
SVR0.73120.1396
小叶锦鸡儿XGBoost0.83070.3621
RF0.80210.4063
SVR0.75190.4451
沙柳XGBoost0.88140.4483
RF0.84090.4950
SVR0.79250.5416
沙棘XGBoost0.87030.2699
RF0.83170.2810
SVR0.78160.2928
梭梭XGBoost0.80120.1158
RF0.77080.1214
SVR0.71040.1271
沙地柏XGBoost0.76150.1006
RF0.73020.1053
SVR0.68090.1220
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多源无人机遥感协同的干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量反演
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王亚欣 1, 2 , 吴家敏 1, 2, 3 , 贺振平 4 , 李泽江 5 , 郭跃 5 , 孙维娜 5, * , 马志杰 5 , 由海霞 6 , 吕文 7
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(6): 57-67
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多源无人机遥感协同的干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量反演
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王亚欣1, 2 , 吴家敏1, 2, 3, 贺振平4, 李泽江5, 郭跃5, 孙维娜5, * , 马志杰5, 由海霞6, 吕文7
作者信息
  • 1中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所,北京 100091
  • 2林草遥感与监测评估国家林业和草原局重点实验室,北京 100091
  • 3云南师范大学地理学部,昆明 650500
  • 4鄂尔多斯市林业和草原局,鄂尔多斯 017010
  • 5鄂尔多斯市国际荒漠化防治技术创新中心,鄂尔多斯 017010
  • 6鄂尔多斯市农牧技术推广中心,鄂尔多斯 017010
  • 7鄂尔多斯生态环境职业学院,鄂尔多斯 017010
通讯作者:
孙维娜(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为荒漠化防治,电子信箱:
Synergistic estimation of shrub aboveground biomass in arid and semi−arid areas based on multi−source UAV remote sensing
Yaxin WANG1, 2 , Jiamin WU1, 2, 3, Zhenping HE4, Zejiang LI5, Yue GUO5, Weina SUN5, * , Zhijie MA5, Haixia YOU6, Wen LÜ7
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
  • 2Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Forestry and Grassland Monitoring and Evaluation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
  • 3Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
  • 4Ordos Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Ordos 017010, China
  • 5Ordos International Desertification Control Technology Innovation Center, Ordos 017010, China
  • 6Ordos Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Ordos 017010, China
  • 7Ordos Vocational College of Ecological Environment, Ordos 017010, China
出版时间: 2026-03-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00119
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提出一种融合无人机多光谱与激光雷达特征的干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量协同反演方法,结合激光雷达三维结构感知优势和多光谱纹理,构建对象分割、特征筛选与协同反演的技术流程,实现了对沙蒿、沙柳等典型灌木对象的识别与生物量精准核算。以鄂尔多斯地区7种典型灌木群落为研究对象,基于地面实测数据开展多源协同反演技术验证。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效弥补光学遥感“异物同谱”问题和激光雷达数据光谱表征不足的局限;XGBoost模型在多源特征协同下综合性能最优(决定系数R2介于0.7615~0.8814),在不同株型和复杂背景下均表现出良好的泛化能力与反演精度,实现了灌木生态资产的数字化表征,显著提升了干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量监测的数据生产效率和技术可靠性。

灌木地上生物量  /  无人机多光谱  /  无人机激光雷达  /  多源数据协同  /  特征优选算法

To address the needs for ecological monitoring in arid and semi−arid areas, this study proposes a synergistic inversion and digital representation framework for shrub aboveground biomass (AGB) driven by the fusion of UAV multispectral and LiDAR features. Leveraging the 3D structural sensing advantages of UAV−LiDAR and the spectral−texture features of UAV−MS, the study establishes a technical workflow of "object segmentation−feature selection−synergistic inversion." This framework enables the automatic identification and precise biomass accounting for typical shrubs such as Artemisia ordosica and Salix psammophila. Taking seven typical shrub communities in the Ordos region as the study area, technical validation was conducted based on ground−truth data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively overcomes the limitations of "same spectrum, different objects" in single optical remote sensing and the lack of spectral information in single LiDAR data. The XGBoost model achieves the best comprehensive performance under multi−source feature synergy (R2 ranging from 0.7615 to 0.8814). It exhibits good generalization capabilities across different plant types and complex backgrounds, realizing the digital representation of shrub ecological assets and significantly improving the data production efficiency and technical reliability of biomass monitoring in arid and semi−arid areas.

shrub aboveground biomass  /  UAV multispectral  /  UAV LiDAR  /  multi−source data synergy  /  feature selection
王亚欣, 吴家敏, 贺振平, 李泽江, 郭跃, 孙维娜, 马志杰, 由海霞, 吕文. 多源无人机遥感协同的干旱半干旱区灌木地上生物量反演. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (6) : 57 -67 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00119
Yaxin WANG, Jiamin WU, Zhenping HE, Zejiang LI, Yue GUO, Weina SUN, Zhijie MA, Haixia YOU, Wen LÜ. Synergistic estimation of shrub aboveground biomass in arid and semi−arid areas based on multi−source UAV remote sensing[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (6) : 57 -67 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00119
荒漠生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,也是构筑北方生态安全屏障与维持区域碳平衡的重要载体。灌木林作为干旱半干旱地区的主要植被类型,凭借其独特的形态结构与致密的根系网络,在防风固沙、水土保持及生物多样性保护等方面发挥着不可替代的作用[1],具有重要的生态价值。在国家“双碳”目标背景下,构建以科技创新为驱动的生态系统碳汇精准监测体系是实现碳中和愿景的关键路径[2]。精准量化灌木地上生物量(above−ground biomass,AGB),不仅是评估区域生态修复工程成效的核心指标,也是实现荒漠生态系统数字化表征与空间认知的重要基础[3]
当前干旱区灌木生态资产的精细化监测仍面临严峻挑战。长期以来,受限于灌木物种多样、株型破碎且个体尺度较小等因素,其AGB监测主要依赖地面破坏性采样,耗时费力且难以满足大尺度连续监测的需求[4]。随着遥感技术发展,基于中低分辨率卫星数据的灌木AGB反演在干旱区得到广泛应用[5]。然而,在植被覆盖度较低的干旱半干旱区,受土壤背景强反射与混合像元效应干扰,单一数据源难以捕捉灌木个体的细微结构差异[68]。因此,亟需发展一种面向对象尺度、能够有效剔除背景噪声的高精度AGB近地面遥感估算方法。
无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)低空遥感技术为解决上述问题提供了新路径[9]。Xie等[10]利用机载LiDAR成功预测干旱区灌木群落的地上生物量,证实了结构参数在荒漠植被监测中的潜力。Harrison等[6]进一步比较了基于无人机影像点云的灌木体积估算方法,为低成本高精度的灌木监测提供了新思路。无人机多光谱(UAV−multispectral,UAV−MS)可提供高分辨率的光谱与纹理信息[11],但在处理“异物同谱”现象时识别能力不足。无人机激光雷达(UAV−light detection and ranging,UAV−LiDAR)则能穿透冠层,直接获取植被的三维垂直结构参数[12],但缺乏光谱语义信息,难以实现物种的精准分类。因此,构建融合结构特征、光谱特征与纹理特征的多源协同框架,充分发挥不同模态数据的互补优势,是实现复杂环境下灌木生态资产精准反演的有效途径。
本文提出一种融合无人机多光谱与激光雷达特征的灌木地上生物量协同反演方法,并以鄂尔多斯地区7种典型灌木为研究对象,基于高分辨率无人机多源遥感数据,构建融合对象分割、特征筛选与协同反演的技术流程,实现了对干旱半干旱区复杂环境下灌木对象的精准识别与地上生物量的高效估算。该方法有效克服了单一遥感数据源的感知局限,在减少对大量地面破坏性采样依赖的同时,显著提升了灌木地上生物量监测的数据生产效率和技术可靠性,能有效满足干旱半干旱区生态资产数字化管理的实际需求,展现出良好的工程实用价值与推广应用潜力。
鄂尔多斯地区处于干旱半干旱过渡带,其荒漠生态系统的核心植被主要由耐旱、耐盐碱的灌木群落构成。依据野外实地调查与物种形态结构差异,本研究参考林草生态监测标准,构建了涵盖7种典型优势灌木的监测对象分类体系。
1) 高大灌木类。以沙柳(Salix psammophila)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)为代表,具有株型高大、冠层规整和显著的垂直结构特征。
2) 半灌木/球状灌木类。以沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)及梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)为代表,多呈球状或半球状分布,冠层纹理细腻。
3) 匍匐型灌木类。以沙地柏(Juniperus sabina)为代表,其形态特殊,冠层低矮致密且贴地生长,呈不规则斑块状格局。
针对干旱区灌木群落“异物同谱”及结构复杂的特点,本研究融合UAV−MS与UAV−LiDAR的感知优势,构建了融合结构特征、光谱特征与纹理特征的灌木生态资产监测指标体系(表1)。
在多光谱感知层面,充分利用传感器获取的蓝、绿、红、红边及近红外5个特征波段作为物理基础。其中,构建植被指数,以克服传统宽波段指数在干旱区稀疏植被监测中的背景噪声干扰与信号饱和问题;同时,基于多波段主成分变换提取冠层纹理细节,以弥补单纯光谱信息在物种识别中的局限性。结合激光雷达的三维结构探测能力,形成从体积、枝叶组织特征、绿度和纹理等方面表征灌木个体特征的指标体系。
植被指数通过波段间的代数运算,能够增强植被信号并抑制土壤背景噪声,是表征植被生产力与生物量积累的重要指标[13]。本研究选取了对叶绿素含量及冠层结构敏感的5种典型植被指数参与分析,包括归一化差异植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、归一化差异红边植被指数(normalized difference red edge index,NDRE)、绿色归一化差异植被指数(green normalized difference vegetation index,GNDVI)、优化土壤调节植被指数(optimized soil−adjusted vegetation index,OSAVI)、叶面叶绿素指数(leaf chlorophyll index,LCI),各指数的表达式为
$ {NDVI} = \frac{{{B}}_{\text{NIR}}-{{B}}_{\text{Red}}}{{{B}}_{\text{NIR}}+{{B}}_{\text{Red}}} $
$ {NDRE} = \frac{{{B}}_{\text{NIR}}-{{B}}_{\mathrm{RedEdge}}}{{{B}}_{\text{NIR}}+{{B}}_{\mathrm{RedEdge}}} $
$ {GNDVI} = \frac{{{B}}_{\text{NIR}}-{{B}}_{\text{Green}}}{{{B}}_{\text{NIR}}+{{B}}_{\text{Green}}} $
$ {OSAVI}= \frac{{B}_{\mathrm{NIR}}-{B}_{\mathrm{Red}}}{{B}_{\mathrm{NIR}}+{B}_{\mathrm{Red}}+L}\cdot \left(1+L\right) $
$ {LCI} = \frac{{B}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}}-{B}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}}}{{B}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}}+{B}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}}} $
式中,BNIR表示近红外波段的反射率,BRed表示红光波段的反射率,BRedEdge表示红边波段的反射率,BGreen表示绿光波段的反射率。
为表征高分辨率影像的空间异质性,在对多光谱波段与植被指数进行主成分分析后,选取第一主成分(方差贡献率>0.89)计算GLCM纹理特征[14]。最终选取10个常用统计量作为纹理特征变量(表2)。
对归一化后的点云数据进行对象尺度的特征统计,提取能够反映灌木垂直结构与体积特征的关键变量(表3)。其中,几何参数(株高(plant height,PH)、冠幅(crown width,CW))定义了三维空间边界与体积约束;高度分位数与相关统计量精细刻画了冠层内部的垂直分布格局与表面复杂度;回波强度特征则有效反映了枝叶结构的致密程度。
为解决多源数据引入的高维特征冗余及多重共线性问题,本研究采用基于随机森林的递归特征消除与交叉验证(RF−RFECV)方法,利用随机森林处理非线性关系的优势,在保证模型精度的同时,显著降低模型复杂度。
本研究选取3种代表性的机器学习回归算法进行AGB反演建模。
1) 随机森林(random forest,RF)。一种基于Bagging策略的集成算法,具有较强的抗噪性和泛化能力。本研究中决策树数量(n_estimators)设为200,最大特征数设为$ \sqrt{p} $$ p $为特征总数)[15]
2) 支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)。适合小样本的高维回归问题。采用径向基核函数(radial basis function,RBF),通过网格搜索确定惩罚系数$ C $=2与核参数$ \gamma $=0.01[16]
3) 极端梯度提升(eXtreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)。在模型结构中引入正则化项,优化损失函数与特征拆分策略、并行处理等措施提高训练效率[17]。经贝叶斯优化,关键参数设定为:学习率learning_rate = 0.3,最大深度max_depth = 6,子采样率subsample = 0.8[18]
所有模型均基于Python Scikit−learn与XGBoost库实现。样本集按照7∶3的比例随机划分为训练集与独立测试集。
采用决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)2个指标对模型性能进行综合评价。计算公式如下:
$ {R}^{2}=1-\frac{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\widehat{{y}_{i}}\right)}^{2}}{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\bar{y}\right)}^{2}} $
$ RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}-\widehat{{y}_{i}}\right)}^{2}}{n}} $
式中,$ {{y}}_{{i}} $表示实测AGB;$ \widehat{{{y}}_{{i}}} $表示模型预测值;$ \bar{y} $表示实测均值;$ n $为样本数量。
鄂尔多斯(37°35′N~40°51′N,106°42′E~111°27′E)位于内蒙古自治区西南部,地处中国北方农牧交错带与干旱半干旱气候过渡区,是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的关键区域,也是构筑北方生态安全屏障的重要组成区域。研究区内地貌空间分异显著,总体呈现“西高东低、三面环河”的地势格局:北部为库布其沙漠,南部为毛乌素沙地,东部为黄土丘陵沟壑区,西部为波状高原硬梁区[19]。该区属典型的温带大陆性气候,年均降水量150~500 mm、蒸发量2000~3000 mm,年均气温约5.3~8.7℃[20]。独特的水热条件孕育了以沙生、旱生灌木为主的植被群落。遵循地貌类型与植被群落相结合的采样原则,在乌审旗、鄂托克旗等5个旗县内选取9个典型样区(图1)。样区涵盖了流动沙地、半固定沙丘、丘陵及硬梁地等主要生境类型,确保了样本在物种组成、覆盖度及立地条件等方面的多样性与代表性。
数据采集工作于2023年7月植被生长旺季开展,采用无人机低空遥感与地面样地调查结合的同步观测方式,以最大限度减少时相差异带来的不确定性。
1) 无人机多光谱影像。采用大疆Phantom 4 Multispectral平台,飞行高度设定为100 m,航向与旁向重叠度分别设置为80%和70%,以确保影像拼接质量。传感器集成1个可见光波段与5个窄波段(蓝、绿、红、红边、近红外)相机,获取地面分辨率(ground sampling distance,GSD)优于5.2 cm的高分辨率影像。利用DJI Terra软件进行辐射校正与正射镶嵌处理,生成数字正射影像图(digital orthophoto map,DOM),并据此计算植被指数,以增强对灌木叶绿素含量及生长状况的表征能力。
2) 无人机激光雷达数据。采用D2000s多旋翼飞行平台搭载D−LiDAR 2200激光雷达模块进行采集,主要技术指标见表4。原始点云数据经轨迹解算、航带平差与去噪处理后,利用渐进加密三角网(triangulated irregular network,TIN)算法分离地面点与非地面点。基于分类后的点云构建数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)与数字表面模型(digital surface model,DSM),通过差值运算(CHM = DSM − DEM)生成冠层高度模型(canopy height model,CHM)。为消除低矮杂草与地形起伏的干扰,对归一化点云进行形态学滤波,为后续单株灌木的精细分割与结构参数提取奠定基础。
3) 地面样地调查数据。在无人机作业覆盖范围内,同步开展地面样地调查。在每个样区内按“中心+四角”模式布设5个10 m×10 m的标准样方,利用实时动态差分定位技术(real−time kinematic,RTK)记录样方中心及角点的高精度坐标(水平误差<±1 cm),并详细记录海拔、坡度、覆盖度及主要伴生草本信息。
为获取灌木生物量真值,本研究采用全收获法进行野外实测,共采集7种典型优势灌木样本486株,包括沙蒿(88株)、沙柳(76株)、杨柴(59株)、小叶锦鸡儿(139株)、沙棘(43株)、梭梭(46株)及沙地柏(35株)。对每株样本进行人工收割,并在野外现场分器官(茎、枝、叶)称取鲜重;随后抽取部分样品带回实验室,在65℃恒温烘箱中烘干至恒重(约48 h),测定含水率并推算单株干重生物量。最后,基于ArcGIS平台将实测样木的形态参数(株高、冠幅等)、生物量数据与高精度地理坐标进行空间匹配,构建地面样木空间属性数据库。
基于构建的对象级多维特征集,利用随机森林算法对研究区486个灌木对象进行分类识别,结果如图2所示。混淆矩阵统计结果(表5)表明该方法在复杂荒漠背景下取得了较好的识别效果,总体分类精度(overall accuracy,OA)达到0.8889,Kappa系数为0.865,为后续分物种地上生物量反演模型的构建提供了可靠的数据基础。
从物种层面看,小叶锦鸡儿的识别精度最高,其生产者精度与用户精度分别达到0.9343和0.9209,这主要归因于其独特的冠层纹理结构与光谱特征,易于与其他物种区分。相比之下,杨柴的分类精度相对较低(用户精度0.8136),主要表现为与沙蒿、小叶锦鸡儿的混淆。究其原因,一方面在于杨柴与沙蒿在生长季具有相似的光谱反射特性;另一方面,在植被覆盖度较低的区域,裸土背景的强反射干扰了冠层边缘的像元信号,导致分类器对形态相近的灌木产生误判。
综合光谱、植被指数、纹理及点云结构特征,共提取58个候选变量,采用RF−RFECV特征优选策略,筛选出各物种对应的最优特征子集(图3图4)。结果表明,不同灌木物种对特征维度的依赖程度存在显著差异:沙柳的模型复杂度最高(需37个特征),而小叶锦鸡儿的模型最为精简(仅需25个特征)。
进一步分析特征重要性排序(图3)发现,三维结构特征在AGB估算中占据主导地位。其中,点云高度分位数H95H90及几何参数CHCWmean在绝大多数物种中均作为核心变量入选。这表明在个体尺度上,灌木生物量主要受其空间体积与垂直结构的物理约束,激光雷达的穿透性优势在此得到了充分体现。NDRE和LCI在沙柳、沙棘等叶面积指数较高的物种中贡献显著,反映了叶绿素含量与生物量积累的强相关性。纹理特征Homogeneity、Contrast虽然总体贡献度低于结构参数,但在背景异质性较强的样区发挥了关键的信息补充与误差修正作用,有效提高了模型对冠层表面粗糙度的敏感性。
基于优选特征子集,对比分析了XGBoost、RF与SVR这3种机器学习模型在7种典型灌木AGB反演中的性能(表6)。总体而言,XGBoost模型在所有物种中均表现出最优的拟合精度与泛化稳定性,其R2分布于0.7615~0.8814,RMSE与RF和SVR相比显著降低。这一优势主要归因于XGBoost引入的正则化项有效抑制了过拟合现象,且对非线性特征关系具有更强的捕捉能力。RF模型次之,而SVR在处理高维特征时的泛化能力相对较弱,反演精度最低。
不同灌木物种的AGB反演精度呈现显著分异,其中沙柳与沙棘的估算效果最佳。在XGBoost模型下,沙柳的R2达到0.8814(RMSE=0.4483 kg),沙棘的R2达到0.8703(RMSE=0.2699 kg)。这2种灌木株型高大、冠层规整,点云数据能高质量地重构其三维形态特征。小叶锦鸡儿、沙蒿、杨柴与梭梭的R2介于0.80~0.83之间,模型表现稳健,能够满足区域尺度生态监测的实际需求。沙地柏的估算难度最大,其最优R2仅为0.7615(RMSE=0.1006 kg)。这主要是由于沙地柏属于匍匐型灌木,冠层低矮且呈致密贴地生长态势,导致激光雷达点云在地面点与植被点分离时易产生误差,进而影响株高及冠层体积等关键参数的提取精度。
基于性能最优的XGBoost模型,生成了灌木AGB空间分布图(图5)。结果表明,该方法能够精细刻画不同生境下灌木生物量的空间异质性特征,为鄂尔多斯地区生态系统碳储量的精准核算与动态监测提供了高精度的基础数据支撑。
本研究证实,在个体尺度灌木AGB反演中,激光雷达提供的三维结构特征贡献度显著高于光谱及纹理特征,这一发现与Xie等[10]在干旱区的研究结论一致。其内在机理在于:灌木生物量的积累本质上是体积与密度的函数,点云高度分位数(H95H90)及冠幅CW直接刻画了植被的三维空间“体量”,这种物理参数对生物量的表征具有直接性与鲁棒性,不易受光照条件与土壤背景噪声的干扰。相比之下,光谱指数NDRE、LCI虽然对叶绿素含量敏感,但在荒漠灌丛中,受“绿度”饱和效应及非光合作用组织(枯枝、树干)比例较高的影响,其对总生物量的解释力相对有限。
然而,本研究同时发现,在沙柳等叶面积指数较高的物种中,红边指数与纹理特征仍可作为关键补充变量,修正单纯依靠几何体积进行估算时产生的偏差,充分体现了“结构为主、图谱为辅”的多源协同反演优势。
尽管XGBoost模型整体反演精度较高,但不同物种间的估算效果仍存在显著分异,其误差主要源于以下2个环节的级联效应。
1) 分类误差的传播。分类精度直接决定了分物种回归模型的调用准确性。杨柴与沙蒿在生长季存在显著的“异物同谱”现象,且两者株型尺度相近,导致分类混淆(用户精度81.36%)。这种误分类将导致错误的异速生长关系被引入AGB估算,是制约杨柴反演精度的主要因素。
2) 点云结构提取的局限性。沙地柏在所有模型中反演精度均最低(R2<0.77)。这一结果主要归因于其特殊的“匍匐−贴地”生长形态:一方面,低矮致密的冠层使得激光雷达难以准确分离地面点与植被点,导致CH提取普遍偏低;另一方面,沙地柏样本量相对较少(35株),导致机器学习模型在训练过程中没有充分捕捉其复杂的非线性特征,泛化能力受到小样本效果的显著制约。
本研究提出的对象分割、特征筛选与协同反演方法,有效解决了传统卫星遥感在离散灌丛监测中面临的混合像元问题。该方法无需依赖大量地面破坏性采样,仅基于无人机低空遥感数据即可实现区域尺度灌木碳储量的高效估算,具有较高的工程化应用价值。
针对当前研究存在的局限,未来工作可聚焦于以下3个方面:一是增强时相维度信息,引入物候关键期影像数据,利用物种间物候差异特征解决杨柴与沙蒿的光谱混淆问题;二是优化小样本建模策略,针对沙地柏等稀少物种,探索迁移学习或小样本生成技术(generative adversarial networks,GAN)以提升模型的鲁棒性;三是深化机理模型融合,尝试将灌木异速生长方程的先验知识嵌入机器学习模型,以提升模型在复杂生境下的物理可解释性与外推能力。
本研究针对干旱半干旱区典型灌木生态资产监测需求,构建了融合无人机多光谱与激光雷达特征的对象分割、特征筛选与协同反演的技术方法,主要结论如下。
1) 构建了高精度的灌木对象数字化识别体系。针对荒漠背景下“异物同谱”的分类难题,提出的多源协同分类方法在地形破碎、植被覆盖度低的荒漠生境中表现出良好的鲁棒性,总体分类精度(overall accuracy,OA)达到0.8889(Kappa = 0.865),实现了对沙蒿、沙柳等7种典型灌木对象的精准识别,能够有效抑制“异物同谱”现象及背景噪声干扰,为区域尺度灌木精细化管理与碳储量估算提供了可靠的数据支撑。
2) 揭示了三维结构特征在灌木生物量反演中的主导机制。特征优选结果表明,灌木个体生物量的积累主要受其几何体量约束。UAV−LiDAR提取的高度分位数与冠层参数是生物量估算的核心解释变量,而UAV−MS的光谱纹理特征在沙柳等叶面积指数较高的物种中起到了重要的补充作用,验证了融合三维结构特征、光谱特征与纹理特征的多源协同反演优势。
3) 明确了XGBoost模型在小样本、高维特征条件下的反演优势。在3种机器学习模型对比中,XGBoost综合性能最优,其对7种典型灌木AGB的反演R2介于0.7615~0.8814之间,显著优于RF与SVR模型。分物种来看,株型高大规整的沙柳与沙棘估算精度最高(R2>0.87),而冠层低矮贴地的沙地柏受点云离散化误差影响,反演精度相对较低(R2 = 0.7615)。本研究所构建的方法体系具有较强的泛化能力,能够满足干旱区主要灌木类型生态监测的实际需求。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3905803)
  • 鄂尔多斯市财政项目
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2026年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00119
  • 接收时间:2025-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-10
  • 修回日期:2026-02-28
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3905803)
鄂尔多斯市财政项目
作者信息
    1中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所,北京 100091
    2林草遥感与监测评估国家林业和草原局重点实验室,北京 100091
    3云南师范大学地理学部,昆明 650500
    4鄂尔多斯市林业和草原局,鄂尔多斯 017010
    5鄂尔多斯市国际荒漠化防治技术创新中心,鄂尔多斯 017010
    6鄂尔多斯市农牧技术推广中心,鄂尔多斯 017010
    7鄂尔多斯生态环境职业学院,鄂尔多斯 017010

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孙维娜(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为荒漠化防治,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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