Article(id=1251559137390309411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758124800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-18, revisedDate=1772640000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776324551198, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1774627200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776324551198, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776324551198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776324551198, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251559134307500754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774627200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776324550463, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776332259412, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=35, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251559138204004395, articleId=1251559137390309411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Machine learning−driven intelligent evaluation application of grassland health, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Grassland health evaluation is a key technical means to measure the structure and function of grassland ecosystems and to support ecological security and sustainable resource utilization. However, traditional evaluation methods have limitations such as strong subjectivity and insufficient spatio−temporal continuity in index system construction and large−scale dynamic monitoring. This paper proposes an intelligent evaluation method for grassland health based on multi−source spatio−temporal data and machine learning, and constructs an intelligent research framework covering "data collection—feature extraction—index construction—health evaluation—management decision−making." By integrating field sampling data with multi−source remote sensing data, this method introduces expert knowledge to construct the Grassland Health Index (GHI) and utilizes machine learning models to achieve pixel−scale quantitative inversion and dynamic monitoring of long−term sequence grassland health conditions. To verify the effectiveness of this method, Ningxia, which has implemented region−wide grazing exclusion for nearly 20 years, was taken as a typical application scenario. The results show that the machine learning method significantly improved the accuracy of various evaluation indicators, with the R2 of spatial simulation for grass yield reaching 0.88. From 2012 to 2022, the grasslands in Ningxia were generally at a healthy level (GHI>80), remained stable overall, and the ecosystem showed a recovery trend. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in grassland health; due to differences in land use patterns and precipitation gradients in local areas, degradation risks still require continuous attention. The intelligent evaluation method proposed in this study has good operability and extensibility, providing technical support for grassland ecological health diagnosis, degradation risk early warning, and sustainable management in different regions, as well as providing a scientific basis for the optimization of grassland ecological subsidy policies and resource security decision−making.

, authors=null, authorsList=Bingshu ZHU, Jiangwen FAN, Yunbao FAN, Haiyan ZHANG, Hao WANG, Haijing TIAN, Lin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiyan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251559142079541398, articleId=1251559137390309411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=机器学习驱动的草原健康智能评估应用, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

草原健康评估是衡量草原生态系统结构与功能、支撑生态安全与资源可持续利用的关键技术手段。然而,传统评估方法在指标体系构建与大范围动态监测中存在主观性强、时空连续性不足等局限。提出一种基于多源时空数据与机器学习的草原健康智能评估方法,构建了涵盖“数据采集—特征提取—指标构建—健康评估—管理决策”的智能化研究框架。该方法融合野外采样数据与遥感多源数据,引入专家知识构建草原健康指数(grassland health index,GHI),并借助机器学习模型实现像元尺度的长时序草原健康状况定量反演与动态监测。为验证该方法的有效性,以全域实施禁牧封育近20年的宁夏回族自治区为典型应用场景开展为例,结果表明,机器学习方法显著提升了各评估指标精度,其中产草量空间化模拟R2达0.88。2012—2022年宁夏草原总体处于健康水平(GHI>80),整体保持稳定,生态系统呈恢复趋势;草原健康存在显著空间异质性,局部区域因土地利用方式和降水梯度差异,退化风险仍需持续关注。研究提出的智能评估方法具有良好的可操作性与可推广性,可为不同区域草原生态健康诊断、退化风险预警及可持续管理提供技术支撑,也为草原生态补奖政策优化与资源安全决策提供科学依据。

, authors=

朱炳淑,博士研究生,研究方向为草地生态学,电子信箱:zhubingshu4728@igsnrr.ac.cn

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张海燕(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为自然资源可持续利用,电子信箱:
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朱炳淑,博士研究生,研究方向为草地生态学,电子信箱:zhubingshu4728@igsnrr.ac.cn

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草原类型植被覆盖度/%裸地(斑)面积比例/%物种丰富度/种产草量/(g·m−2可食牧草比例/%毒害草比例/%
温性草甸草原8010201508010
温性草原5030151009010
温性荒漠草原354010509010
温性草原化荒漠20608509010
温性荒漠20705408515
山地草甸9010201808510
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宁夏草原健康评估指标参考值

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草原类型植被覆盖度/%裸地(斑)面积比例/%物种丰富度/种产草量/(g·m−2可食牧草比例/%毒害草比例/%
温性草甸草原8010201508010
温性草原5030151009010
温性荒漠草原354010509010
温性草原化荒漠20608509010
温性荒漠20705408515
山地草甸9010201808510
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机器学习驱动的草原健康智能评估应用
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朱炳淑 1, 2 , 樊江文 1 , 范云豹 3 , 张海燕 1, * , 王浩 4 , 田海静 3 , 王林 3
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(6): 35-47
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (6) : 35 -47
机器学习驱动的草原健康智能评估应用
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朱炳淑1, 2 , 樊江文1, 范云豹3, 张海燕1, * , 王浩4, 田海静3, 王林3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3国家林业和草原局林草调查规划院(国家林业和草原局草原资源监测中心),北京 100714
  • 4呼伦贝尔林草碳汇科技有限公司, 呼伦贝尔 021000
通讯作者:
张海燕(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为自然资源可持续利用,电子信箱:
Machine learning−driven intelligent evaluation application of grassland health
Bingshu ZHU1, 2 , Jiangwen FAN1, Yunbao FAN3, Haiyan ZHANG1, * , Hao WANG4, Haijing TIAN3, Lin WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3Academy of Forest and Grassland Inventory and Planning (Grassland Monitoring Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration), Beijing 100714, China
  • 4Hulunbuir Forestry and Grassland Carbon Sink Technology Co., Ltd., Hulunbuir 021000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00118
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草原健康评估是衡量草原生态系统结构与功能、支撑生态安全与资源可持续利用的关键技术手段。然而,传统评估方法在指标体系构建与大范围动态监测中存在主观性强、时空连续性不足等局限。提出一种基于多源时空数据与机器学习的草原健康智能评估方法,构建了涵盖“数据采集—特征提取—指标构建—健康评估—管理决策”的智能化研究框架。该方法融合野外采样数据与遥感多源数据,引入专家知识构建草原健康指数(grassland health index,GHI),并借助机器学习模型实现像元尺度的长时序草原健康状况定量反演与动态监测。为验证该方法的有效性,以全域实施禁牧封育近20年的宁夏回族自治区为典型应用场景开展为例,结果表明,机器学习方法显著提升了各评估指标精度,其中产草量空间化模拟R2达0.88。2012—2022年宁夏草原总体处于健康水平(GHI>80),整体保持稳定,生态系统呈恢复趋势;草原健康存在显著空间异质性,局部区域因土地利用方式和降水梯度差异,退化风险仍需持续关注。研究提出的智能评估方法具有良好的可操作性与可推广性,可为不同区域草原生态健康诊断、退化风险预警及可持续管理提供技术支撑,也为草原生态补奖政策优化与资源安全决策提供科学依据。

草原健康  /  机器学习  /  多源时空数据  /  智能评估  /  禁牧封育  /  宁夏回族自治区

Grassland health evaluation is a key technical means to measure the structure and function of grassland ecosystems and to support ecological security and sustainable resource utilization. However, traditional evaluation methods have limitations such as strong subjectivity and insufficient spatio−temporal continuity in index system construction and large−scale dynamic monitoring. This paper proposes an intelligent evaluation method for grassland health based on multi−source spatio−temporal data and machine learning, and constructs an intelligent research framework covering "data collection—feature extraction—index construction—health evaluation—management decision−making." By integrating field sampling data with multi−source remote sensing data, this method introduces expert knowledge to construct the Grassland Health Index (GHI) and utilizes machine learning models to achieve pixel−scale quantitative inversion and dynamic monitoring of long−term sequence grassland health conditions. To verify the effectiveness of this method, Ningxia, which has implemented region−wide grazing exclusion for nearly 20 years, was taken as a typical application scenario. The results show that the machine learning method significantly improved the accuracy of various evaluation indicators, with the R2 of spatial simulation for grass yield reaching 0.88. From 2012 to 2022, the grasslands in Ningxia were generally at a healthy level (GHI>80), remained stable overall, and the ecosystem showed a recovery trend. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in grassland health; due to differences in land use patterns and precipitation gradients in local areas, degradation risks still require continuous attention. The intelligent evaluation method proposed in this study has good operability and extensibility, providing technical support for grassland ecological health diagnosis, degradation risk early warning, and sustainable management in different regions, as well as providing a scientific basis for the optimization of grassland ecological subsidy policies and resource security decision−making.

grassland health  /  machine learning  /  multi−source spatiotemporal data  /  intelligent assessment  /  grazing exclusion  /  Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
朱炳淑, 樊江文, 范云豹, 张海燕, 王浩, 田海静, 王林. 机器学习驱动的草原健康智能评估应用. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (6) : 35 -47 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00118
Bingshu ZHU, Jiangwen FAN, Yunbao FAN, Haiyan ZHANG, Hao WANG, Haijing TIAN, Lin WANG. Machine learning−driven intelligent evaluation application of grassland health[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (6) : 35 -47 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00118
作为重要的陆地生态系统之一,草原提供了水土保持、气候调节、物种生境维持等多重生态功能[12],是中国防治沙漠化、荒漠化的天然绿色生态屏障,也是建设生态文明和美丽中国的重要基础。宁夏回族自治区(以下简称宁夏)全域位于黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展区,在全国生态安全格局中占据重要位置,其生态区位极其重要。宁夏的陆地生态系统以草原生态系统为主,草原面积占比45.3%。为遏制宁夏草原急剧恶化的局面,2002年8月,宁夏在全国率先提出了全域禁牧封育的重大决策。
20世纪90年代起,草原健康状况评估一直备受学界关注[34],评估主要基于野外调查数据与遥感植被指数数据[56]进行。早期的方法主要采用范围模型(如状态−过渡模型[7]),通常更关注草原(或牧场)的经济与土地利用属性,服务于畜牧业生产,对草原健康状况进行定性评估。后期转向采用遥感植被指数[8]或净初级生产力[9]等单一指标作为草原健康的代理变量。为克服单一指标的片面性,近20年来草原健康评估逐步转向综合评价框架,如基况−活力−组织力−恢复力(condition−vigor−organization−resilience,CVOR)、活力−组织力−恢复力−生态系统服务(vigor−organization−resilience−services,VORS)、压力−状态−响应(pressure−state−response,PSR)。陆均等[10]利用CVOR综合指数对2004—2012年新疆巴音布鲁克草原进行健康状况评估;陈春波等[11]以新疆草地生态系统为研究对象,根据CVOR指数构建新疆草地生态系统健康评价总体框架;Mallick等[12]采用Fuzzy−VORS框架预测沙特阿拉伯阿布哈市未来土地利用与生态系统健康状况;张宁等[13]以科尔沁沙地源头巴林右旗为研究对象,运用PSR模型对研究区生态系统健康进行了分级诊断;Wang等[14]基于PSR框架评估了草原健康的时空变化,量化了退耕还草政策对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟生态系统健康的影响;Li等[15]在PSR框架中纳入了评估生态系统基况的指标,评估了甘南地区高寒生态系统健康状况。尽管综合评价方法在提升评估全面性方面取得了重要进展,但仍存在依赖于有限的地面观测数据[16],难以实现大尺度、高精度的空间连续性评估[17]等问题。
机器学习与多源时空数据的融合为突破上述瓶颈提供了技术路径。与传统经验模型和过程模型相比,机器学习方法已被证明优于传统的经验模型和过程模型,整合气象、土壤、地形、植被指数等多源数据的优势[18],有效捕捉草原生态系统的非线性特征与复杂的生态过程[1920],克服传统定位监测的尺度外推问题[2123]。基于这些优势,机器学习方法在草原地上生物量估算[24]、生产力预测[25]等领域已展现出优于传统模型的性能,并逐步拓展至健康评估与退化监测应用。Yan等[26]利用随机森林和神经网络算法预测了中国北方草地近14年来以净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)变化率为代表的草原退化状况。Gao等[27]基于非线性自动回归(nonlinear auto regressive,NAR)神经网络模型预测内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟草原土壤水分为代表的草原健康状况。Liu等[28]通过机器学习方法评估了新疆维吾尔自治区草原的生态系统复原力。整合机器学习方法与多源数据的智能评估框架不仅提高了评估的准确性[29],而且能模拟草原健康状况的时空演变规律,为草原退化早期识别与可持续管理提供坚实的数据支撑和决策依据[3032]
宁夏通过实施禁牧封育等政策,采取自然封育和人工修复相结合的措施,促进了宁夏草原综合植被盖度[3334]、单位面积鲜草产量改善[3537],并对区域乃至全国生态修复政策效益的实现具有重要贡献[38]。然而对于如何构建科学合理的草原健康评价体系,如何科学准确地评价禁牧封育措施下宁夏草原健康状况,如何精确模拟草原健康状况空间格局,至今仍无定论。针对上述研究空白,针对宁夏禁牧封育草原的区域特点与管理需求,综合考虑草原本底状况与政策情境,结合专家经验构建了专门适用于封育草原的健康评估指标体系,弥补了通用评价框架在政策适配性上的不足;将随机森林、人工神经网络等机器学习方法系统集成嵌入“数据采集—特征提取—指标构建—健康评估—管理决策”全流程,实现了从定性分析向像元尺度定量反演的方法跨越,提升了评估精度与空间连续性;以宁夏回族自治区为典型案例区,开展近10年宁夏草原健康状况评估,结果表明该方法可以模拟关键指标空间分布状况,能够有效识别草原退化风险区域,为不同区域草原健康评估与可持续管理提供可量化的技术范式与应用依据。
宁夏回族自治区(104°17′E~107°39′E,35°14′N~39°23′N)地处中国西北内陆,属于典型温带大陆性气候,年均温5.6~10.1℃,年均降水量167.2~618.3 mm,区域生态系统以草地生态系统为主,草原占比45.3%,区域内草地类型包括温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠、温性荒漠和山地草甸(图1),其中温性荒漠草原面积最大,占全区草原总面积的61.37%,主要分布在区域中部。自2003年以来,宁夏开展了禁牧封育等生态恢复措施。目前,在宁夏已有近3000万亩(1亩=666.67 m2)(含水土保持生态功能区)的退化荒漠(沙)地得到有效治理,生态系统稳定性显著提升[39]
本研究中使用数据时间范围为2012—2022年,其中样地数据2012—2016年以及2022年宁夏草原外业调查结果(调查方法见1.3.7),由国家林草局草原司提供;遥感数据包括2012—2022年历年30 m分辨率年最大归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)数据;环境数据包括数字高程数据(digital elevation model,DEM)提取出的各地形因子数据(如海拔高度、坡度等),分辨率为90 m;2010—2022年宁夏生长季(5—9月)降水量(mean annual growing season precipitation,MAGSP)、年平均气温(mean annual growing season temperature,MAGST)、标准化降水指数(standardized precipitation index,SPI)空间分布数据,分辨率为1 km;中国土壤有机质(soil of matter,SOM)数据集,土壤湿度(soil humidity,SH)空间分布数据,分辨率为1 km。
基于宁夏生态本底条件与草原类型特征,本研究结合国家及行业标准规范,通过模糊层次分析法和专家知识构建草地健康评估指标体系。评估过程中采用历史参照系和统计参照系法确定各指标参照值,并通过机器学习、空间插值、遥感反演等方法将样点尺度上的指标数据转化为空间栅格数据。根据计算方法,分别计算植被群落特征指数(vegetation community characteristic index,VCI)、地表特征指数(land surface characteristic index,LCI)、生物多样性指数(biodiversity index,BDI)、牧草生产性能指数(forage production performance index,FPI)4个分指数,进而综合计算形成草地健康指数(grassland health index,GHI)空间分布。研究通过对比基准期(2012—2016年)与评估期(2022年)草地健康指数的差值(ΔIGHI),评估研究区草地退化与恢复状况(图2)。
依据草原健康的定义,以及独立性、可获取性、易操作性,综合考虑了区域生态系统结构与气候地理特性,结合专家经验、相关文献资料以及《草原健康状况评价标准》(GB/T 21439—2008),构建了包含植被群落特征、地表特征、生物多样性状态以及牧草生产性能共4个一级指标、6个二级指标(图2),适用于宁夏草原健康程度评价的指标体系,为考虑不同草原类型间的差异,分草地类进行评价。指标体系的权重与参考值通过文献循证与专家咨询相结合的方式确定。邀请草地生态学、草原监测与管理领域相关专家,采用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)对各一级指标的相对重要性进行两两比较打分,构建判断矩阵并通过一致性检验,一致性比率(consistency ratio,CR)小于0.10,最终确定各指标权重系数[40]
采用像元二分模型、类型赋值以及集成学习方法将草原健康评估指标进行空间化,以实现草原健康状况在空间尺度上的分析评价(图2)。
1) 植被覆盖度。植被覆盖度为一定区域内由植物所覆盖的土地面积与总土地面积之间的比例。本研究基于30 m分辨率年最大NDVI影像数据,采用5%置信度确定NDVI上下阈值[41],采用像元二分模型反演区域植被覆盖度,实现区域草原植被覆盖度数据的空间化。
2) 裸地(斑)面积比例。裸地(斑)面积比例是指在一定区域内裸地(斑)面积与总土地面积之间的比例关系,表示未被植被覆盖或被植被覆盖较少的地表区域的比例。本研究基于2012—2022年样地调查数据,对宁夏草原各草地类进行赋值,获得裸地(斑)面积比例的空间分布状况。
3) 物种丰富度。物种丰富度是指在特定地区或生态系统中所存在的不同物种数量,反映了该地区或生态系统中物种的多样性程度和丰富程度,与生态系统稳定性有关,本研究基于样地调查获得的植物种数计算物种丰富度,根据宁夏草原各草地类进行赋值,得到物种丰富度空间分布状况。
4) 产草量。产草量指1年中单位面积草原齐地表刈割的植物地上部分的累计总质量。本研究基于集成机器学习方法,将气候、土壤等数据作为协变量,模拟宁夏草原产草量空间分布,并使用样地调查进行结果验证(见1.3.6)。
5) 可食牧草比例。可食牧草比例为样地内可食牧草种数占总植物种数的比例,在样地尺度上统计可食牧草比例数据,根据宁夏草原各草地类对该指标进行赋值,获得宁夏草原可食牧草比例的空间分布数据。
6) 毒害草比例。毒害草比例为样地内毒害草种数占总植物种数的比例,而毒害草指对牲畜采食会引发死亡、伤害或造成原生植被大量消亡引起草原退化的植物。研究区草原毒害草主要包括狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme L.)、披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br.)、蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris L.)、醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians (Hance)Keng)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.)等。本研究在样地尺度上统计毒害草比例数据,按照研究区内各草地类进行赋值,获得宁夏草原毒害草比例的空间分布状况。
GHI是草原健康状况的体现。本研究基于宁夏草原健康评估指标体系,构建草原健康指数以反映宁夏草原整体状况。草原健康指数由植被群落特征指数VCI、LCI、BDI、FPI 4个分指数构成,分别表征植被生长状态、草原地表基况状态、生态系统稳定性和牧草实际生产能力。
$\begin{aligned} {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}}= & (0.3\times {I}_{\mathrm{V}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}}+0.2\times {I}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}}+ 0.25\times {I}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}}+\\ & 0.25\times {I}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{I}}) \times 100 \end{aligned}$
式中,$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}} $为草原健康指数;$ {I}_{\mathrm{V}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}} $为植被群落状况指数;$ {I}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}} $为地表特征指数;$ {I}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}} $为生物多样性指数;$ {I}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{I}} $为牧草生产性能指数。
$ {I}_{\mathrm{V}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}}=\frac{V}{{V}_{\mathrm{r}}} $
式中,$ V $是植被覆盖度(%);$ {V}_{\mathrm{r}} $是植被覆盖度的参照值(%);$ {I}_{\mathrm{V}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}} $>1时取1。
$ \left\{\begin{aligned} & I_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}}=\dfrac{B_{\mathrm{r}}}{B}\ \ (B > 0) \\ & I_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}}=1\ \ \ \ \ \ (B=0)\end{aligned}\right. $
式中,$ B $是裸斑面积比例(%);$ {B}_{\mathrm{r}} $是裸斑面积比例的参照值(%);$ {I}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}} $>1时取1。
$ {I}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}}=\frac{S}{{S}_{\mathrm{r}}} $
式中,$ S $是物种丰富度;$ {S}_{\mathrm{r}} $是物种丰富度的参照值;$ {I}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}} $>1时取1。
$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & I_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{I}}=\frac{F}{F_{\mathrm{r}}}\times0.5+\frac{E}{E_{\mathrm{r}}}\times0.25+\frac{P_{\mathrm{r}}}{P}\times0.25\ \ (P > 0) \\ & I_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{I}}=\frac{F}{F_{\mathrm{r}}}\times0.5+\frac{E}{E_{\mathrm{r}}}\times0.25+0.25\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (P=0)\end{aligned}\right. $
式中,$ F $是产草量(g/m2);$ {F}_{\mathrm{r}} $是产草量的参照值(g/m2);$ E $是可食牧草比例(%);$ {E}_{\mathrm{r}} $是可食牧草比例的参照值(%);$ P $是毒害草比例(%);$ {P}_{\mathrm{r}} $是毒害草比例的参照值(%);$ {I}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{I}} $>1时取1。
草地退化与恢复是根据评估期与基准期$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}} $的变化情况(Δ$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}} $),判断草地是否退化或恢复,并逐栅格计算退化或恢复程度。
$ \Delta {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}}={I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{a}}-{I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{r}} $
式中,$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{a}} $为评估期GHI,$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{r}} $是基准期GHI。若Δ$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}} $为负值,判断为草地退化;若Δ$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}} $为正值,判断为未退化或恢复。因此,依据Δ$ {I}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}} $将草地健康变化划分为3个草地退化等级、3个草地恢复等级以及1个稳定状态类型(图2)。
参考值基于20世纪80年代宁夏历史草原调查监测数据,按草原类型分类整理,并经专家核验后确定,以保证评估基准的区域代表性与历史可比性。20世纪80年代草原生态质量是中国最好的一段时期,此后草原过度放牧以及人为破坏现象开始显现且程度不断加深[42],尤其在2000年后,草原生态环境恶化情况已十分严重。因此本研究基于20世纪80年代以来的宁夏历史草原调查监测结果与宁夏草原类、型、等级,结合专家经验,按草原类型确定了6项指标的参考值(表1),以作为评估宁夏草原健康状况的基准。通过计算参考值与实测值之间的比值,可以对宁夏草原的健康状况进行定量评估,各分指数加权求和得出GHI,从而反映出草原整体的健康状况,有利于监测和评估草原生态系统的变化趋势,及时采取有效的管理措施,保护和恢复草原的健康状况。
结合实际草原管理需求,并参考国内相关文献的分类,依据研究区实际情况与专家经验设定相应分类阈值,将草原健康指数值分为极不健康、不健康、亚健康、健康4个等级,分别将其标为I、II、III和IV级(图2)。
以产草量为例,本研究采用基于集成机器学习的产草量空间模拟方法,以野外样地实测数据为建模基础,融合多源遥感与环境数据,在100 m分辨率像元尺度上实现宁夏草原产草量的高精度空间化模拟。
将对应年份和位置的海拔、坡度、NDVI、生长季平均降水、生长季平均气温、土壤有机质含量、标准化降水指数以及土壤湿度作为候选协变量进行模拟,计算候选协变量与产草量的相关系数矩阵,选取相关系数r>0.5的变量参与后续建模,最终选入NDVI、生长季平均降水量、坡度及土壤湿度作为核心协变量。
使用的集成学习模型包括以下算法:随机森林(random forests,RF)、人工神经网络(artificial neural networks,ANN)以及支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)、多元自适应回归样条(multivariate adaptive regression splines,MARS)共4种算法。其中RF是一种用于分类、回归的集成学习方法,通过在训练模型时构建大量决策树来实现,模拟结果将返回各个树的平均值[43];ANN是一种受生物神经网络启发的计算系统,模仿动物大脑的结构和功能,由于人工神经网络能够再现和模拟非线性过程,目前也被广泛运用于生态学建模之中[44];SVM在小样本高维数据中具有较好的泛化能力[45];MARS是一种用于复杂非线性回归问题的算法。可自动对非线性和变量之间的相互作用进行建模[46]
模型训练过程中,采用10折交叉验证(k=10)评估各基础模型性能,以各基础模型预测结果为输入,采用L−BFGS−B优化算法通过最小残差平方和(residual sum of squares,RSS)确定各模型最佳权重组合,将4种机器学习算法组合为集成学习模型,集成学习模型中的每个算法均具有权重(范围0~100)。集成模型$ f\mathrm{_e}\left(x\right) $表示为:
$ \begin{split}f\mathrm{_e}\left(x\right)= & k_1\times f\mathrm{_{ANN}}(x)+k_2\times f\mathrm{_{RF}}\left(x\right)+ \\ &k_3\times f\mathrm{_{SVM}}\left(x\right)+k_4\times f\mathrm{_{MARS}}\left(x\right)\end{split} $
$ {k}_{1}+{k}_{2}+{k}_{3}+{k}_{4}=100 $
式中,$ f\mathrm{_{ANN}}\left(x\right) $为人工神经网络模型拟合结果,其权重为$ {k}_{1} $$ f\mathrm{_{RF}}\left(x\right)\mathrm{为} $随机森林模型拟合结果,其权重为$ {k}_{2} $$ f\mathrm{_{SVM}}\left(x\right) $为支持向量机模型拟合结果,其权重为$ {k}_{3} $$ f\mathrm{_{MARS}}\left(x\right) $为多元自适应回归样条模型拟合结果,其权重为$ {k}_{4} $
根据研究区草原植被分布特征,综合考虑草原类、亚类、型等因素,采用分层抽样和随机抽样相结合的方法,于2012—2016年以及2022年,在温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠、温性荒漠和山地草甸共6种草原类型设置样地,调查指标包括草原类、草原型、植被盖度(%)、草群平均高度(cm)、植物种数(种)、总产草量鲜重/风干重(g/m2)、可食产草量鲜重/干重(g/m2)、优势草种、砾石覆盖面积比例(%)等。
2012—2022年,宁夏草原的GHI均处在健康水平,且状况稳定(图3),其中2012年的GHI最高,达到了87.24;而2016年的GHI最低,为79.60;从2012—2016年,GHI略有下降,并在2016年达到最低值;到2022年,GHI开始回升,达到了85.04,10年间GHI并未呈现显著差异(P>0.05)。草原健康指数的变化趋势反映了宁夏草原健康状况的动态演变。2012—2016年GHI的下降可能与气候变化以及人类活动因素有关。随着近年来生态工程的逐步开展,GHI在2022年开始显示出回升的趋势,草原健康状况有望进一步提高。
从草原各类组分看(图4),2012年山地草甸类GHI均值最高,为91.74,温性草原化荒漠GHI均值最低,为82.83,温性草甸草原GHI均值为91.70,温性荒漠类GHI均值为89.20,温性草原类GHI均值为89.03,温性荒漠草原GHI均值为84.05,各草原类型GHI均值都达到了健康水平。2022年与2012年数值分布趋势相同,山地草甸类GHI均值最高,为88.18,温性荒漠草原GHI均值最低,为84.46,其他类型草原GHI均值介于2者之间,各草原类型GHI均值同样都达到了健康水平。
10年间,宁夏草原健康状况的空间分布表现出明显变化(图5),研究区的草地健康在2012年至2014年间整体处于健康和亚健康状况,亚健康区域主要零星分布在中西部和中北部的石嘴山市、银川市和吴忠市。2016年,草地健康状况经历了一次明显下降,不健康和亚健康面积增加,不健康状况集中出现在最北部,同时亚健康区域在中西部和中部大面积扩展,取代了原有的健康草地。但健康水平下降的趋势在2016年后得到了有效遏制和逆转。到2022年,草地健康状况实现了恢复,不健康区域已完全消失,亚健康区域也大幅缩减,仅在中西部的中卫市有少量集中分布。在未来的草原保护和管理中,应重点关注中部和西南部地区的草原健康状况。
2012年宁夏草原GHI全区均值为85.22;而在2022年宁夏草原GHI全区均值为84.77,范围在58.03~97.41之间。从健康程度各等级看,2012年处于健康水平的草原面积最大,为1388.33 m2,亚健康水平的草原面积其次,为425.27 m2;2022年处于健康水平的草原面积最大,为1468.29 m2,占宁夏草原总面积的80.96%;处于亚健康水平的草原面积占比次之,面积345.31 m2,约占宁夏草原总面积的19.04%。2022年处于健康水平的草原面积比例略高于2012年,亚健康水平的面积占比有所下降,各等级面积占比趋于稳定。
对宁夏各市的GHI进行分析(图6),2012年固原市GHI均值最高,为95.19,石嘴山市GHI均值最低,为75.42;2022年固原市GHI均值仍是各市中的最高值,为87.29;而中卫市GHI均值最低,为80.92,各市草原健康状况均处在健康与亚健康状态。2022年与2012年相比,石嘴山市、吴忠市、银川市草原健康有所改善,石嘴山市改善幅度最大;固原市和中卫市草原健康状况有所下降。
通过基准期(2012年)与评估期(2022年)草原健康指数的变化情况(∆GHI)判断草原是否退化(图7),2012—2022年宁夏草原整体呈现稳定恢复状况。空间分布方面,草原退化区域(中度退化和轻度退化)集中分布在宁夏西南部的中卫市,其余地区均保持未退化或呈现恢复状况。处于退化状况的草原面积比例为32.60%,而保持稳定或呈现恢复状况的草原面积比例为67.40%,其中,中度退化的草原面积占比2.37%,轻度退化的草原面积占比30.23%,稳定状态的草原面积占比为38.77%,轻度恢复的面积占比为28.63%。
关键指标以产草量为例,通过集成多源数据,提高了数据处理的灵活性与可靠性。输入数据包括遥感图像、地面监测数据和气象数据,输出则为精细化的草地产量分布图,提升了模拟产草量空间分布的精度和可操作性。保证了输入数据的多样性和代表性,也提高了输出结果的实用性和可视化水平。模型中各算法权重分别为MARS(13.9)、RF(63.3)、SVM(20.2)、ANN(2.6),模型整体的精度为:均方根误差RMSE=16.35 g/m2、平均绝对误差MAE=9.11 g/m2R2=0.88,较以往类似研究产草量模拟精度有较大提升。将模型预测值与样地实测值进行对比分析,结果如图8所示,模型的拟合线接近1:1线,表明模拟值与实测值高度一致,模型能够很好地对关键指标进行模拟,具有较强的泛化能力。
近半个世纪以来,受超载过牧和气候变化等因素的影响,宁夏草原发生了不同程度的退化、沙化和盐渍化。自2003年以来,宁夏开展了禁牧封育等生态恢复措施,已有近3000万亩(含水土保持生态功能区)的退化荒漠(沙)地得到有效治理。禁牧封育可以在较短时间内提高草地生产力与土壤质量[4748],促进植被盖度增加[49],提高多年生牧草比例[50],一定程度上可以减缓或降低气候变化对草原生态系统的影响。
通过分析历年地面调查监测数据,2012—2022年宁夏草原植被覆盖度、植物种数以及产草量指标均呈上升趋势,草原综合植被盖度上升至52.65%,较禁牧前增加17.65%;单位面积鲜草产量较禁牧前增加了70.07%,草原生产力明显增强。全区禁牧封育有效防止了放牧对原生植被的破坏,在促进原生植被自然恢复的同时,也提升了人工治理区植被的成活率与保有率。
2012—2022年宁夏草原生态系统健康状况总体健康,各年草原健康指数值均在健康范围内,健康和亚健康等级的草原总面积超过90%,表明封育措施下的草原得到了休养生息,已度过了恢复初期的快速响应阶段,进入相对稳定的演替阶段。通过基准期与评估期草原健康指数变化的空间分析发现,局部区域仍存在退化现象,处于退化状况的草原面积比例为32.60%,主要集中分布在宁夏西南部。“整体向好、局部退化”的格局反映了草原生态系统恢复的空间异质性特征[51]。一方面,禁牧封育政策在大部分区域取得了显著成效,使退化草原得到有效恢复;另一方面,部分区域由于气候条件变化、生态本底差异以及恢复措施针对性不足等因素[52],在研究时段内仍呈现动态变化的趋势。草原生态系统恢复是一个长期的、复杂的过程,需要因地制宜地制定分区管理策略。
宁夏草原呈现出退化与当前恢复并存的特征。研究结果表明,区域草地健康状况总体向好,稳定与恢复状态的草地占比达67.40%,动态变化过程主要受人类活动和气候变化的双重影响。宁夏全面实施禁牧封育政策,是推动草原恢复的关键因素[53]。禁牧封育减轻了放牧压力,使植被得以自然更新[54]。同时,退化草原修复工程的实施,包括补播改良等措施,加速了退化草原的恢复进程[55]。局部区域的持续退化也与人类活动密切相关,中卫市等退化区域历史上草畜矛盾突出,长期超载过牧导致草地承载力透支[56],由于生态系统退化的滞后效应[57],该区域在研究时段内仍表现为健康指数下降。
从气候变化角度看,2012—2016年宁夏草原健康指数的下降与该时期的气候波动密切相关[58]。在长期禁牧条件下,人为放牧干扰已基本消除,此时气候因子成为影响草原健康状况的主导因素[59],草原植被对气候变化的响应更加敏感和直接。干旱事件的发生使得植被生长受到抑制,特别是在生态脆弱区域,气候胁迫的影响更为显著[6061]。2016年后草原健康指数的回升,则得益于降水条件的改善以及温度的适度升高。在水热条件相对优越的地区,适宜的气候条件促进了草原持续恢复;而在水热条件较差的区域,气候变化可能加剧水分胁迫,即使在长期禁牧条件下,仍导致局部出现草原健康状况的变化[62]
因此,宁夏草原退化与恢复的空间格局是人类活动和气候变化共同作用的结果[63]。未来的草原保护与管理应充分考虑区域差异性,对恢复良好的区域继续巩固禁牧成果,对持续退化的区域则需要加强主动修复措施,实施更具针对性的生态治理工程,以实现草原生态系统的全面恢复与可持续管理[64]
在指标权重确定方面,本研究遵循“文献循证与专家知识相结合”的基本原则,通过系统梳理相关文献确定指标候选集,并依据AHP邀请草地生态学、草原监测与管理领域专家进行两两比较打分,构建判断矩阵,经一致性检验(CR<0.10)后确定最终权重。专家遴选标准包括:从事草原生态领域研究或管理工作10年以上、熟悉宁夏及类似干旱/半干旱区草原特征,以确保权重赋值具有区域代表性和实践可靠性。参考值则基于20世纪80年代宁夏历史草原调查监测数据,按草原类型分类整理,并经专家核验后确定,保证了评估基准的历史可比性。AHP方法本身具有一定主观性,不同专家团队的判断差异可能对权重结果产生影响;后续研究可探索引入数据驱动的客观赋权方法与专家赋权相结合,进一步提升指标体系的客观性与稳定性。
本研究构建的草原健康智能评估框架具有明确的应用前提与边界条件。就适用情境而言,该框架设计之初即针对宁夏禁牧封育草原的区域特点与管理政策背景,在具有类似干旱/半干旱气候条件、实施全域或大范围禁牧封育管理的温性草原区域(如内蒙古自治区、甘肃省、青海省北部等)具有较好的参考价值和推广潜力。就局限性而言,本研究所采用的参考值体系基于宁夏特定草原类型,在生态背景差异较大的湿润草甸或高寒草原区直接套用时,需对指标参考值进行重新率定;指标空间化模型选取的协变量在局部区域或特殊年份的模拟精度可能存在不确定性,应结合当地实测数据开展区域适应性验证后再用于决策支撑。本研究以宁夏为典型案例,旨在提供一套可操作、可量化的技术范式,供其他地区在实际应用中结合本地生态条件进行合理调整与优化。
机器学习驱动的草原健康智能评估框架可以精准量化禁牧封育成效并识别退化风险区。未来应依托此技术优势,构建草原健康智能监测预警平台,实现从静态评估向动态预警、从宏观管理向精准施策的转变,为草原管理提供高时效、高精度的决策支持。同时,草原可持续管理需健全的政策与科技支撑[65-66],建议将智能评估结果纳入生态补偿与成效考核体系[67],并持续研发与推广相关智能技术和装备,形成“监测—评估—决策—管理”的闭环,最终实现草原生态系统的长效稳定与永续利用[68]
本研究基于生态系统健康理论,综合考虑宁夏区域特点,结合专家经验,构建了适用于宁夏草原健康评价的指标体系,评估了2012—2022年宁夏草原健康状况及其时空动态变化特征,主要得出以下结论。
1) 2012—2022年宁夏草原健康状况良好稳定。2012—2022年,宁夏草原的草原健康指数均处在健康水平,且状况稳定,各年草原健康指数值变化差异不显著。2012—2016年,草原健康指数略有下降,并在2016年达到最低值;然而到2022年,草原健康指数开始回升,随着近年来生态工程的逐步开展,草原健康指数在2022年开始显示出回升的趋势,草原健康状况有望进一步提高。
2) 2012—2022年宁夏草原健康状况存在明显空间差异。对比2012年与2022年草原健康空间分布,2012年,宁夏中部地区银川市和吴忠市的草原健康指数较低,而西部和南部地区中卫市和固原市的草原健康状况较好;2022年,宁夏西南部地区中卫市的草原健康指数相对较低。草原退化区域(中度退化和轻度退化)集中分布在宁夏西南部的中卫市,在未来的草原保护和管理中,应重点关注宁夏西南部地区的草原健康状况。
3) 基于机器学习与多源时空数据的草原健康智能评估技术体系能够有效提升禁牧封育成效的精准量化与动态预警。基于评估结果提出的“分区治理、智慧管理”对策,形成了“监测−评估−决策”一体化管理闭环,为推进草原生态修复与可持续利用提供了可靠的技术路径和决策范式。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1300501)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42571497)
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2026年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00118
  • 接收时间:2025-09-18
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-18
  • 修回日期:2026-03-05
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1300501)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42571497)
作者信息
    1中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3国家林业和草原局林草调查规划院(国家林业和草原局草原资源监测中心),北京 100714
    4呼伦贝尔林草碳汇科技有限公司, 呼伦贝尔 021000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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