Article(id=1259534380364644414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766419200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-23, revisedDate=1771948800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778225997296, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1777305600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778225997296, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778225997296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778225997296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259534365424476487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777305600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778225993734, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1779872078796, updator='15210826404', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=46, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259534383124496463, articleId=1259534380364644414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Progress in biomimetic thermal management materials, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermal management materials play a critical role in human thermal comfort, building energy efficiency, and heat dissipation of electronic devices. However, conventional materials still suffer from limited environmental adaptability and insufficient multifunctional integration. Through long−term evolution, biological systems have developed efficient and diverse thermal management strategies, providing important inspiration for the design of advanced thermal management materials. In this review, biological thermal management mechanisms are first categorized into three aspects: optical regulation, thermal conduction regulation, and phase−change−based regulation. On this basis, recent advances in biomimetic thermal management materials are systematically summarized, including radiative cooling, infrared camouflage, and photothermal conversion enabled by spectral selectivity; high−performance thermal insulation and anisotropic heat conduction achieved through structural design; and efficient phase−change thermal management based on interfacial evaporation, liquid transport, and latent heat storage. Furthermore, current challenges are identified, including complex fabrication processes, limited scalability, insufficient long−term stability, and difficulties in multifunctional optimization. Finally, future perspectives are proposed, emphasizing multi−mechanism coupling, precise multiscale structural engineering, and application−oriented research, to promote the development of biomimetic thermal management materials toward high performance and practical applications.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wei SHAN, Mingrui WU, Hao BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259534391898980521, articleId=1259534380364644414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=仿生热管理材料研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热管理材料在人体热舒适、建筑节能及电子器件散热等领域具有重要作用,但传统材料在环境适应性与多功能协同调控方面仍存在不足。自然界的生物通过长期进化形成了高效且多样的热管理机制,为新型热管理材料设计提供了重要启示。首先,从光学调控、传导调控与相变调控3个方面归纳生物体系中的热管理机制;在此基础上,系统介绍了近年来仿生热管理材料的进展,包括通过光谱选择性调控实现辐射制冷、红外伪装和光热转换,通过结构调控实现高效隔热与各向异性导热路径构筑,以及基于界面蒸发、液体输运和相变储能实现的高效相变热管理。当前,仿生热管理材料仍面临制备工艺复杂、规模化难度大、长期稳定性不足及多功能协同优化困难等问题。未来,应加强多机制耦合设计、跨尺度结构精准构筑及工程化应用导向研究,推动仿生热管理材料向高性能与实际应用发展。

, authors=

单威,硕士研究生,研究方向为仿生智能热管理材料,电子信箱:

, authorsList=单威, 吴明瑞, 柏浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柏浩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
柏浩(通信作者),教授,研究方向为仿生智能材料,电子信箱:
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仿生热管理材料研究进展
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单威 1 , 吴明瑞 1 , 柏浩 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(8): 46-59
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (8) : 46 -59
仿生热管理材料研究进展
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单威1 , 吴明瑞1, 柏浩1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学化学工程与低碳技术全国重点实验室,杭州 310058
  • 2浙江大学基础交叉研究院,杭州 310058
通讯作者:
柏浩(通信作者),教授,研究方向为仿生智能材料,电子信箱:
Progress in biomimetic thermal management materials
Wei SHAN1 , Mingrui WU1, Hao BAI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low−carbon Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2026-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00115
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热管理材料在人体热舒适、建筑节能及电子器件散热等领域具有重要作用,但传统材料在环境适应性与多功能协同调控方面仍存在不足。自然界的生物通过长期进化形成了高效且多样的热管理机制,为新型热管理材料设计提供了重要启示。首先,从光学调控、传导调控与相变调控3个方面归纳生物体系中的热管理机制;在此基础上,系统介绍了近年来仿生热管理材料的进展,包括通过光谱选择性调控实现辐射制冷、红外伪装和光热转换,通过结构调控实现高效隔热与各向异性导热路径构筑,以及基于界面蒸发、液体输运和相变储能实现的高效相变热管理。当前,仿生热管理材料仍面临制备工艺复杂、规模化难度大、长期稳定性不足及多功能协同优化困难等问题。未来,应加强多机制耦合设计、跨尺度结构精准构筑及工程化应用导向研究,推动仿生热管理材料向高性能与实际应用发展。

仿生  /  热管理  /  智能材料  /  生物策略

Thermal management materials play a critical role in human thermal comfort, building energy efficiency, and heat dissipation of electronic devices. However, conventional materials still suffer from limited environmental adaptability and insufficient multifunctional integration. Through long−term evolution, biological systems have developed efficient and diverse thermal management strategies, providing important inspiration for the design of advanced thermal management materials. In this review, biological thermal management mechanisms are first categorized into three aspects: optical regulation, thermal conduction regulation, and phase−change−based regulation. On this basis, recent advances in biomimetic thermal management materials are systematically summarized, including radiative cooling, infrared camouflage, and photothermal conversion enabled by spectral selectivity; high−performance thermal insulation and anisotropic heat conduction achieved through structural design; and efficient phase−change thermal management based on interfacial evaporation, liquid transport, and latent heat storage. Furthermore, current challenges are identified, including complex fabrication processes, limited scalability, insufficient long−term stability, and difficulties in multifunctional optimization. Finally, future perspectives are proposed, emphasizing multi−mechanism coupling, precise multiscale structural engineering, and application−oriented research, to promote the development of biomimetic thermal management materials toward high performance and practical applications.

biomimetic  /  thermal management  /  intelligent materials  /  biological strategies
单威, 吴明瑞, 柏浩. 仿生热管理材料研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (8) : 46 -59 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00115
Wei SHAN, Mingrui WU, Hao BAI. Progress in biomimetic thermal management materials[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (8) : 46 -59 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00115
热管理是指通过调控体系内热量的产生、传输、存储与散失,实现预期的温度分布,从而保障系统的功能稳定与环境适应性。该技术在人体热舒适[1]、建筑节能[2]以及电子器件散热[3]等领域至关重要。在人体防护领域,人体与外界环境之间的热量交换直接影响热舒适度与生理健康,尤其在极端气象条件或高强度户外作业中,合理的热调控对于维持体表温度尤为重要[4];在建筑领域,供暖和制冷能耗占建筑运营能耗的50%左右,高性能热管理材料能够显著降低能耗、改善建筑热环境,并推动低碳节能体系的发展[5];在电子器件领域,高集成度与高功率密度引发的局部过热和热失控问题严重限制器件性能与寿命,高效散热材料因此不可或缺[6]。例如,Columbia公司推出的保暖织物Omni−Heat通过在内表面构建高红外反射率的金属微点阵衬里,反射人体自身辐射热量,从而在不显著增加重量的情况下提升寒冷环境下的被动保温能力;Aspen Aerogels公司开发的柔性纳米多孔气凝胶毡状隔热材料Spaceloft,依托SiO2纳米多孔网络实现超低热导率,已被广泛用于建筑隔热;Panasonic等公司的石墨导热片则利用600~1700 W·m−1·K−1的高面内导热系数,使电子器件产生的热量在平面内快速扩散,从而抑制局部过热并改善整体散热性能。尽管如此,传统热管理材料在结构可设计性、极端环境适应性、环境响应能力及能耗控制等方面仍存在不足[68]
传统隔热/散热材料多依赖固定的结构进行被动调控,难以满足多场景切换的需求;而主动制冷与加热系统通常伴随高能耗与高维护成本[78]。因此,亟需开发适应性更强的热管理材料。为突破传统材料的性能瓶颈,有必要在结构设计、材料合成及光学性能调控等方向开展深入研究。
自然界中,大量生物通过长期进化形成了高效且环境适应性强的热管理机制。这些生物凭借独特的多级孔结构、表面微纳尺度形貌,以及相变驱动的生理调控过程,可对热传导、热辐射和水分输运等过程进行高效调控与动态响应,从而实现体温调节或伪装功能[910]。例如,植物可通过叶片开合调控蒸发散热[11];北极熊、企鹅等动物依赖毛发或表皮组织调节体温[12];鱿鱼、变色龙则通过体表光学特性的可逆调节实现伪装[9]。这类策略显著提高了生物在复杂环境中的生存能力,并为仿生热管理材料的结构设计与功能构筑提供了关键启示。
随着材料科学、纳米技术、柔性电子、纺织科学和界面科学等学科的快速发展,仿生智能热管理材料的制备具备了更为成熟的技术基础[7,1315]。研究者可以通过3D打印[1617]、冰模板法[1819]、纳米蚀刻[2021]等多种制备方式,构筑生物原型结构,从而显著提升材料性能。目前仿生智能热管理材料正逐渐从理论探索走向工程应用,在个人服装[18, 22]、可穿戴电子设备[23]、智能建筑[24]及航空航天[25]等领域展现出广泛前景。这些场景的共性在于均涉及体系与外界环境之间的热量交换:个人服装主要调控人体皮肤与环境之间的传热与辐射散热;可穿戴电子设备侧重器件发热源与人体皮肤及环境之间的散热;建筑侧重室内外环境通过围护结构的热交换与辐射调控;航空航天主要涉及航天器与外层空间之间以热辐射为主的能量交换。通过多尺度结构与功能机制设计,仿生热管理材料有望提升体系在复杂极端环境下的适应能力、环境响应性能及能效水平。
本文介绍了不同机制调控的仿生热管理材料的研究进展。首先,从光学调控、传导调控和相变调控3方面概述自然界中生物的热管理机制;随后,总结基于上述策略的仿生材料研究现状;最后,展望仿生热管理材料的未来发展方向,以期为后续研究提供参考与启示。
生物体栖息环境遍布全球,从南极和北极等极寒地区到沙漠等极端炎热区域。不同物种在长期进化过程中逐渐形成了高效的热管理特性[15]。这些特性通常依托于从整体形态、组织结构到微观与纳米尺度结构的精细构筑,并与特定的生理调节过程协同,从而实现对体内外热量传递与交换的有效调控[26]。从能量获取、传输与调节机理出发,生物热管理过程主要涉及光–热相互作用调节、热量传输路径调节以及相变潜热调节等物理过程。因此,如图1所示,本文依据主导热调控机制的差异,将仿生热管理策略划分为光学调控主导、传导调控主导和相变调控主导3类。其中,光学调控主要通过调节材料对可见光及红外波段的吸收、反射与发射特性;传导调控侧重于通过结构设计调控热流传输路径与有效热导率;相变调控则依托相态转变过程中潜热的吸收与释放实现温度缓冲与热量调节。该分类方式有助于从物理本质层面系统梳理仿生热管理材料设计思路。
在光学调控方面,生物主要通过调节可见光反射/吸收以及红外辐射发射特性来实现体温维持[2730]。许多动物依靠体表颜色和结构的变化调节太阳辐射的吸收程度。例如,在寒冷环境中,一些动物的深色皮毛具有更高的可见光吸收能力,有助于获取太阳辐射热;而在强太阳辐照环境中,浅色体表通过提高反射率减少吸热,从而降低热负荷[3134]。暹罗猫与体温相关的毛色变化是一个典型实例:在较高温度条件下,其毛发整体颜色偏浅,而在低温条件下四肢及脸部等区域毛色加深,从而改变局部太阳能–热能转换效率,有助于体温平衡[35]。部分昆虫则演化出减少太阳辐射吸收、增强中红外波段辐射散热的策略,以避免体温过度升高[3638]。撒哈拉银蚁体表的波纹状三角截面毛发在可见光与近红外区域具有高反射率,并在中红外区域具有高发射率,使其在极端高温沙漠环境中能够有效降低辐射吸收并增强辐射散热[27,3940]。此外,变色龙和头足类动物皮肤中由色素细胞与虹彩细胞协同作用形成的可调谐光子晶体结构,能够快速调节反射光谱,实现动态伪装与信号调节,并对其体表热平衡产生影响[10,4142]。这些生物光学响应机制为辐射制冷、光热材料及红外伪装技术的设计提供了重要启示。
在传导调控方面,自然界生物的隔热机制主要源于毛发或羽毛形成的多孔结构[18,43];而贝壳等生物硬组织中的取向层状结构虽并不承担热管理功能,但其取向特征也为高导热材料的设计提供了借鉴[4446]。生活在寒冷地区的生物通常需要尽可能减少体内热量散失,因此演化出富含静止空气的隔热系统。由于空气导热率低,静止空气可同时抑制热传导和热对流。例如,北极熊皮下脂肪层与中空多孔的毛发层共同构成隔热屏障:脂肪层提供热阻和能量缓冲,高孔隙率的中空核层通过滞留空气增强隔热性能,而致密的外壳则提供机械保护,使其能抵御风寒[18]。帝企鹅羽毛的分枝结构同样具有显著的隔热作用:主羽轴上分布羽枝,羽枝上再生长羽小枝,形成分层纤维网络以困住大量空气并形成稳定隔热层,使其在南极低温和强风条件下仍能保持体温稳定[18,47]。贝壳珍珠层典型的“砖–泥”以及取向长程有序的文石片层结构使其具有优异的力学性能,也为可控导热路径的构筑提供参考。模仿贝壳层状结构,将氮化硼纳米片[46]、石墨烯[48]等高导热填料组装成取向有序的层状网络,可形成连续的导热通路并降低界面热阻,从而在保持柔性或强度的同时提高材料在特定方向上的导热性能。这类取向结构已被证明对柔性电子散热、热界面材料以及高导热膜材料的开发具有重要意义[49]
相变调控利用相态转变过程中的潜热吸收或释放,实现体温调节与环境热交换调控[5051]。植物蒸腾和哺乳动物出汗是典型的相变散热方式[5253]。植物将根系吸收的水分运输至叶片,经气孔蒸发以吸收汽化潜热,从而降温并调节水热平衡[54]。人类及其他哺乳动物出汗时,汗液在皮肤表面蒸发吸收体表热量,降低体温并维持稳态[55]。生活在极端干旱高温地区的骆驼则在相变调控基础上实现了热储存与蒸发散热的结合[56]:驼峰由表皮与大量脂肪组织组成,脂肪在白天吸收并储存部分热量,同时表皮减少水分损失;当体温升高到一定程度时,骆驼仍可通过激活汗腺进行蒸发散热,从而在昼夜温差极大的沙漠环境中维持适宜体温[57]
总体而言,光学调控、传导调控与相变调控形成了生物体系应对不同环境温度与能量需求的核心热管理策略,使生物得以在极寒至酷热的多种环境中高效维持正常生理平衡。这些自然界中的结构与机制不仅展现了热管理过程的多尺度耦合,也为人工热管理材料提供了丰富的仿生设计与制备思路。需要指出的是,自然界的热管理通常并非由单一机制主导,而是多路径、多尺度协同作用的结果。本文将相关策略归纳为3类,旨在突出主导机制并便于梳理研究进展。
光学主导的生物热管理策略可分为辐射制冷、红外伪装和光热调控,但三者在调控目标波段与能量流向方面存在本质差异。辐射制冷通过提高太阳光谱反射率并增强大气窗口波段的红外发射,实现净辐射散热以降低材料温度;红外伪装的核心在于调节材料在中红外波段的发射率,使其辐射特征与背景环境相匹配,从而降低红外探测对比度;光热调控则通过增强对可见光及近红外光的吸收,提高光热转换效率以实现升温或保温。三者虽然均涉及光谱调控,但其热管理目标与作用机制并不相同。
辐射制冷是指在不消耗能量的情况下,将自身的热量以中红外辐射形式向外太空发射,同时最大限度减少对太阳光的吸收,进而实现被动降温。生物在高温环境中演化出精巧的表面微结构以实现有效散热,也启发了仿生辐射制冷材料的设计。
受撒哈拉银蚁体表波纹状三角截面毛发光谱调控特性的启发[58]图2(a)[58]),Jeong等[59]构筑棱柱形聚合物基被动辐射冷却器(PDMS−SiO2−Ag 3层结构),其中聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)为8~13 μm红外发射层、Ag为太阳反射。通过时域有限差分法(finite−difference time−domain,FDTD)优化几何结构,该器件实现了高太阳反射和高大气窗口发射;用于建筑热管理中,在亚热带户外条件下可获得约6.2℃的峰值降温,为提升辐射制冷性能提供了仿生路径(图2(b)[58])。Zhang等[60]受金吉丁虫的双尺度绒毛结构启发,将含有随机分布Al2O3微球的PDMS前体溶液旋涂到带有倒金字塔阵列的晶圆锥形模板上,后经真空热固化,进而复制了一种双尺度三角形结构。其中,PDMS为红外发射基质、Al2O3微球为太阳散射增强相,并经FDTD方法优化三维几何结构与颗粒参数,实现了高太阳光谱反射和高大气窗口红外发射。该材料应用于电子器件、个人热管理领域时,在直射阳光下可获得约5.1℃的降温效果,平均辐射冷却功率达90.8 W·m−2
在提升建筑热管理中制冷性能的基础上,外观可接受性和城市应用适配性也逐渐受到关注。高性能辐射制冷材料往往依赖宽可见光谱的强散射,因此呈现刺眼的高白外观。Fu等[61]受珊瑚虫利用色素细胞中光致发光色素适应光照的特性启发,引入稀土掺杂荧光粉构建光致发光辐射冷却复合材料,摆脱单纯散射型“超白”设计,获得绿、黄、红等可见色外观(图2(c)~(d)[61])。虽整体太阳反射率为90.2%~93.2%,但发光区域有效光谱反射率超过100%、峰值可达141%,可实现比环境低约3℃、较非光致发光材料额外降低约7℃,从而在一定程度上兼顾辐射制冷性能与城市环境的视觉舒适性。
红外伪装旨在削弱目标与背景的红外热辐射差异,其实现依赖于对材料红外发射率与表面温度分布的协同调控,从而实现目标红外热特征与环境相匹配。有效的红外调控对于智能体温调节、自适应热伪装和节能建筑等领域具有至关重要的作用。近年来,受自然界生物启发,研究者广泛探索了包括头足类动物[62]、变色龙[63]在内的众多物种操控光线并进行动态伪装的能力。这类动态策略能够帮助生物在复杂背景中快速实现伪装以躲避捕食者(图3(a)~(b)[6263])。
受头足类动物的启发,Liu等[62]成功制备了一种MXene(二维过渡金属碳/氮化物)集成的胆甾相液晶弹性体,实现了多光谱伪装功能(图3(c)[62])。该材料通过机械拉伸,可实现动态结构色变化、可调红外发射率和微波屏蔽等多重功能:未拉伸时红外发射率为29%,拉伸至120%时升至57%。发射率的变化归因于材料表面裂纹的形成,裂纹增强了红外辐射的透射和吸收,充分展现了其作为多功能自适应伪装系统的巨大潜力。除变色龙和头足类伪装外,动物毛发(或羽毛)在直立与倾斜状态下分别表现出保温与散热差异,也为自适应热调控提供了仿生思路。受此启发,Wang等[64]制备出集成柔性可重构导线超材料薄膜与可编程无线控制模块的自适应红外伪装系统,可实现环境热检测、类脑识别与闭环驱动。该系统通过拉伸应变连续调制红外发射率,并可调控结构色实现可见光兼容;其表观温度调制范围可达27℃(14~41℃),同时将热成像对比度降至1℃以内。
光能是自然界中最常见的能源之一,通过吸收光能进行加热保暖是生物重要的热管理方式。以北极熊为例,除依赖厚实皮下脂肪隔热外,其中空多孔结构的毛发可有效抑制热量散失,而下方黑色皮肤具有较高的太阳辐射吸收能力,从而在极寒环境中实现光热获取与隔热保温的协同调控[18]
受生物体温调节过程中光谱响应可调特性的启发,研究者开发了多种温度自适应光热调控材料。受暹罗猫体温响应型变色机制启发(图4(a)[65]),Xiang等[65]开发了一种温度自适应热管理膜。该膜由聚偏二氟乙烯−六氟丙烯共聚物(poly(vinylidene fluoride−hexafluoropropylene),P(VDF−HFP))与可逆热致变色相变材料构成,能够随温度变化在黑白2种状态之间转换,从而显著改变光学性能。在高温下,薄膜呈白色,太阳反射率超过90%、热发射率接近95%,实现高效辐射冷却;当温度低于阈值时,薄膜转为黑色,使太阳吸收量提高约30%,进入光热加热模式(图4(b)[65])。实测表明,在夏季38℃环境下,该膜温度可比环境低3℃;在冬季20℃条件下则高出环境温度约2℃,展现了其在人体防护与建筑智能热管理场景的应用潜力。纳米比亚变色龙可通过调控肤色,改变太阳辐射吸收能力以调节体温。受此启发,Dong等[66]研发出兼具光热调控与辐射冷却的温度自适应涂层,实现温敏型光谱动态调控。低温时,涂层呈深色以高效吸收太阳能,光热升温4.3 ℃;高温下,该涂层则呈现高太阳反射(≈93%)、高热发射(≈94%),使温度比环境温度低6.5 ℃。应用于中纬度建筑时,该涂层可年节能20%,为建筑智能热管理提供了新方案。
此外,一些生物体表微纳结构还能够通过增强光捕获效应提高光热转换效率。黑蝴蝶翅膀能够高效地将吸收的太阳辐射转化为热能,用于飞行前快速提升肌肉温度[67]。其翅色可分为色素色与结构色(图4(c)[67]),其中结构色源于光与翅鳞纳米结构的相互作用,翅膀表面的周期性脊状纳米结构通过多次散射与光捕获显著增强光吸收(图4(d)[67])。受该机制启发,Ying等[67]构建了仿生双层MXene@还原氧化石墨烯(reduced graphene oxide,rGO)光热膜用于太阳能界面蒸发。顶层以MXene构建平行/楔形纳米结构以降低反射、提高光热转换效率;底层则由具有宽带光吸收能力的rGO纳米片构成(图4(e)[67])。该材料在1个太阳光照(1 sun,标准太阳辐照强度为1000 W·m−2)下可实现1.33 kg·m−2·h−1蒸发速率与85.2%能量效率,为高性能光热材料设计提供了重要依据。
多孔隔热的物理本质在于通过构筑复杂的热流障碍,实现对传导、对流与辐射3种传热途径的协同抑制。在微观尺度上,高孔隙率设计大幅降低了固体骨架的体积分数,迫使热流必须沿迂回曲折的骨架路径传递,显著增大了传导热阻;与此同时,被分割在微纳米孔道内的空气因受到空间限域而无法形成自然对流,其极低的热导率反而转化为天然的隔热屏障。此外,多级孔壁界面构筑了密集的光学散射中心,能够有效阻断红外辐射的热交换。这种“以空代实”的结构范式在极地生物身上得到了完美体现。
一些生物结构通过构建分级多孔骨架,在保证力学强度的同时实现高效隔热。例如,受北极熊毛发核壳结构的启发(图5(a)~(b)[68]),Wu等[68]通过结合冷冻纺丝与壳层封装技术,首次制备出核壳结构封装的气凝胶纤维(图5(c)[68])。该方法有效解决了气凝胶材料因力学性能差而难以应用于织物的难题。通过优化核层与壳层的比例,该纤维成功实现了隔热性能与机械性能的协同。在核层孔隙率超过90%的情况下,该纤维仍可被拉伸至1000%应变,断裂应力超过6 MPa。同时,由该纤维编织的织物在同等隔热效果下,厚度仅为羽绒的1/5。墨鱼骨呈现出坚固的多孔分级结构,既凭借多孔构造实现轻质特性,又依托分级结构赋予自身优异的力学强度,能在海洋环境中兼顾结构支撑与轻量化需求。Du等[69]受此启发,通过硅酸钙铝水合物纳米颗粒(水泥主要成分)在聚合物溶液中通过冰模板法自组装,制备出仿墨鱼骨结构的水泥气凝胶,破解了建筑材料隔热与力学性能难以兼顾的难题。该气凝胶孔隙率90.43%,导热率低至0.025 W·m−1·K−1,刚度却达315.65 MPa,为高性能建筑隔热材料的开发提供了新途径。
类似地,极地鸟类羽毛结构也通过多级纤维网络实现空气锁定与隔热。帝企鹅羽毛除多级分枝结构特点外[70],还具有吸光、反射红外线等高效保温特性(图5(d)[70])。受此启发,Ran等[71]制备出多层耦合隔热可穿戴纺织品。其外层为碳纳米管−纤维素,模仿企鹅羽毛黑尖,在光照下可快速升温5℃;中层为聚乳酸,仿羽毛中段锁闭空气隔热;内层为MnO2−纤维素膜,仿羽毛绒毛反射人体红外以减小热损失(图5(e)[71])。该纺织品经疏水改性后接触角高达118.8°,并兼具抗紫外和主动除冰等优异特性。
传统的导热复合材料通常呈现各向同性,由于导热填料在基体中随机分布,导致声子散射严重,限制了热传输效率。取向导热是指通过特定的制备工艺(如剪切诱导、电磁场辅助或冰模板法等),驱动高长径比的导热填料(如一维纳米纤维或二维纳米片)在基体中沿特定方向有序排列,从而构筑连续的声子传输通道。这种各向异性的结构设计能够显著降低界面热阻,在较低的填料载荷下实现特定方向(面内或跨面)热导率的跨越式提升。自然界中的贝壳珍珠层等生物组织,为高性能导热材料的构筑提供了关键启示。
贝壳珍珠层以其独特的“砖−泥”结构闻名,由坚硬碳酸钙“砖”与柔韧有机“泥”交替堆叠而成,赋予其卓越的强韧性(图6(a)[72])。这种有序微观结构为导热材料开发提供了重要参考,即可通过将氮化硼、石墨烯等高导热片状填料进行层层叠砌并取向排列,构建连续的面内导热通路。Wang等[72]受鲍鱼壳启发,利用六方氮化硼(hexagonal boron nitride,h−BN)与聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)制备了具有高度取向层状结构的仿生复合膜。该膜热导率高达23.6 W·m−1·K−1,分别是h−BN随机排列及纯PVA膜的2倍和131倍(图6(b)[72])。红外成像证实其表面热扩散速率显著增强(图6(c)[72])。结合96.5%的太阳反射率与95%中红外发射率,应用于电子器件热管理中,该膜在户外高辐照下使器件运行温度降低了13.49℃,展现了导热与辐射制冷的协同优势。同样地,Li等[73]受贝壳珍珠层结构启发,通过逐层刮涂法制备了高度取向的MXene导热薄膜,实现了连续高效的热传导通道。该薄膜面内热导率达到63.4 W·m−1·K−1,显著高于无序堆叠结构。应用于电子器件散热中,该薄膜可快速铺展热点热量并降低器件工作温度,表现出优异的散热性能,体现了仿生取向结构在电子器件热管理中的重要应用价值。
除层状取向结构外,自然界中的蜂窝状多孔结构同样能够在保证结构稳定性的同时提供高效热传输通道。例如,蜂窝结构具有稳定的六边形单元,可在较低材料用量下实现高强度与高效热传输。受此启发,Ding等[74]提出了一种简便的薄膜涂覆策略,通过精确调节黏度和表面张力,构建了集传导、辐射和蒸发功能于一体的蜂窝状多孔超材料织物(all−in−one cooling metafabric,ACM)(图6(e)~(f)[74])。该结构促使高导热氮化硼纳米片在孔壁聚集形成高效散热通道,实现了协同热湿管理。在36℃热台对比分析中(图6(f)[74]),ACM展现出显著优于商用织物的导热性能,验证了仿生多孔结构网络在增强导热方面的有效性。
与依赖比热容升降的显热储热不同,相变调控策略以相变潜热为核心,涵盖了固−液相变的储/释热过程及液−气相变的蒸发散热机制,能在近乎恒温的状态下吸收或释放巨大的能量。这种高储能密度和“热缓冲区”特性,在生物体应对环境温差波动与仿生热管理体系中均具有重要作用。
人类及其他哺乳动物出汗时的高效散热机制,本质上是基于水蒸发相变过程吸收皮肤表面潜热,使体温得以降低并维持稳态。高效利用此机制来设计织物,可显著提升织物的热管理能力。
针对传统纺织品在出汗场景下蒸发能力与冷却效率受限的问题,Peng等[75]制备出集成导热与汗液传输功能的i−Cool纺织品(图7(a)~(b)[75])。该纺织品通过静电纺丝尼龙6 nm纤维,并将其转移至激光切割的导热铜基体上,最终层压制备得到i−Cool(Cu)织物。这种结构设计赋予了织物单向导汗性,使其热阻较传统纺织品低14~20倍,蒸发速率提升约为传统纺织品的2倍,每单位汗液蒸发的散热功率密度增量高3倍(图7(c)[75])。在人工出汗测试中,该织物较棉织物降温约3℃,且能大幅减少出汗量,为仿生汗液蒸发热管理材料设计提供了新思路。
Ding等[76]开发出一种结合了三维导热网络与Janus润湿结构的双冷却纺织品(dual−cooling textile,DCT)(图7(d)[76])。在三维多级导热网络的作用下,DCT获得了显著的平面内和平面外导热系数(分别为8.57和0.70 W·m−1·K−1)。此外,得益于其Janus润湿结构,DCT展现出单向吸湿排汗能力,这种水分传输性能类似于二极管,能够有效地排出汗液,保持皮肤干爽(图7(e)[76])。人体实际穿着实验表明,无论是静止站立还是在跑步机上运动出汗后,DCT面料比棉质面料可分别降低2.1和3.7℃(图7(f)[76]),这也为高效个人冷却纺织品研究提供了新方向。
除个人可穿戴热管理外,蒸发相变机制也被应用于建筑热管理领域。受生物出汗行为启发,Rotzetter等[77]设计了基于温敏水凝胶的仿生建筑热管理材料,实现了建筑的高效蒸发冷却。该水凝胶在高于临界温度(32℃)时发生相变,蒸发释放储存的水分,在1000 W·m−2辐照60 min下,其表面温度较裸露表面可降低25℃,预计该材料可使中等规模独栋住宅的电能消耗降低约60%。
植物的蒸腾作用本质上类似于汗液蒸发,均基于水蒸发的相变过程实现热量管理。在植物中,叶脉不仅输送水分和养分,还深度参与热能的分配和调节。
Huang等[78]通过模拟自然界中植物叶脉的微流控系统和蒸腾过程,设计了一种光伏叶片(PV−leaf)。该系统利用竹纤维束和水凝胶单元模拟植物叶脉中的微流控结构,以输送和蒸发水分,实现被动式热管理(图8(a)[78])。PV−leaf通过其仿生蒸腾结构,能够从光伏电池中带走约590 W·m−2的热量,在1000 W·m−2的太阳辐照度下,使其温度降低约26℃(图8(b)[78])。这种设计还在同一组件内协同产生额外的热能和淡水。该创新仿生设计将光伏叶片的整体太阳能利用率从单个光伏电池的13.2%提高到74.5%以上,且无需外部泵或控制系统,实现了高效的光伏电子器件热管理性能。
受植物叶片叶脉分级输运结构及蒸腾机制启发,Sun等[79]以木质素为前驱体构筑了类叶脉状多孔碳(lignin porous carbon,LPC),并与聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)复合制备相变材料。LPC独特的孔道结构可实现75%的高PEG负载与无泄漏封装,并且在17.5~27.5℃区间展现出高效的潜热调温能力,为建筑被动式热管理提供了基于生物质仿生的新方案。
受维管植物蒸腾作用中定向水分传输和叶脉高效散热功能的启发(图8(c)[80]),Miao等[80]以静电纺丝制备聚氨酯/氮化硼纳米片(polyurethane/boron nitride nanosheets,PU/BNNS)多层纤维膜,经亲水性处理后,制备了一种具有分级多孔结构和互连BNNS网络的仿生纺织品(图8(d)[80])。由最粗纤维和最大毛细孔构成的内层作为皮肤接触层,可自发排出多余汗液。增强的单向水分传输指数(1072%)和蒸发速率(0.36 g·h−1)以及BNNS网络优异的面内(0.182 W·m−1·K−1)和面外(1.137 W·m−1·K−1)热导率,共同促进了高效的干燥和冷却。
骆驼驼峰由表皮和大量脂肪组织构成(图9(a)~(b)[57,81])。表皮有助于减少水分损失,而脂肪则具备热缓冲功能,能在白天吸收并储存部分热量,当环境温度过低时,骆驼可通过提高代谢率和产热来增加体温[82]。此外,当体温升高到一定阈值时,骆驼仍能通过汗液蒸发进行散热。得益于这种热调节策略,骆驼得以在昼夜温差极大的沙漠环境中维持适宜的体温。
相变材料(phase change material,PCM)是一类利用物理状态转变过程中的潜热交换来实现能量存储与温度调控的功能材料。Fallahi等[83]在研究中发现骆驼脂肪可作为天然相变材料,其在约10℃和50℃处具有2个显著的相变吸热峰。后续工作中[84],他们将骆驼脂肪直接用作相变芯材制备微胶囊,并将其涂覆于织物上,证实其在高温环境下能有效延缓织物温度升高。
受驼峰的储能特性启发,Ji等[85]制备了MXene@聚乙烯醇/相变胶囊(phase change capsules,PCC)气凝胶复合材料(图9(c)[85])。他们首先通过原位聚合法制得正二十二烷为芯材的相变胶囊,随后与聚乙烯醇混合并经冷冻干燥形成控温层,最后在表面喷涂MXene形成低发射率层。该复合材料具有较高的压缩模量(772.6 kPa)及155.2 J·g−1的潜热,并且表面发射率低至24.9%。通过融合相变吸热、隔热和低发射率三重特性,最终实现了优异的红外隐身性能,使其难以从背景中识别,证明了驼峰储能仿生策略在相变智能热管理设计中的有效性。
总体而言,现有仿生热管理材料通过借鉴生物体系在光学调控、传导调控与相变调控方面的结构特征与功能机制,在提升热调控效率、增强环境适应性及实现多功能集成等方面展现出显著优势。例如,光谱选择性调控结构可有效实现辐射制冷与光热转换,取向与多孔结构有助于构建高效传热或隔热通道,相变体系则能够实现温度波动缓冲与能量调节。然而,当前相关材料仍普遍面临制备工艺复杂、规模化难度较大、长期稳定性不足以及综合性能协同优化困难等问题,部分体系在复杂服役环境下的可靠性与耐久性仍有待提升[86]。因此,未来仍需在结构设计优化、材料体系稳定性提升及工程化应用等方面开展进一步研究,以推动仿生热管理技术的实用化发展。
动物和植物通过优化毛发和叶片等器官的化学组成与多尺度结构,协同调控多种传热通路,实现了极端冷热环境的高效温度调控,为热管理材料的设计提供了全新路径。本文综述了光学调控、传导调控和相变调控3类生物启发热管理策略下的仿生热管理材料进展。尽管现有研究已取得显著进展,但该领域仍面临一些亟待解决的关键科学挑战和技术瓶颈。
1) 探索多样的生物热管理机制。目前研究主要集中于少数典型生物(如沙漠银蚁、鱿鱼、北极熊等),但广阔的自然界中仍有大量多机制耦合的热管理策略尚未被深入揭示。未来需持续从根本上探索多样的生物热管理机制,阐明其特殊化学组成和复杂动态多尺度结构与热管理效能之间的关系,并指导开发更为先进、高效且多功能集成的新型热管理材料。
2) 发展精准的跨尺度构筑技术。生物结构涵盖分子、微观、介观和宏观等跨尺度的复杂层级,如何利用人工材料以可控的方式精确复制这些复杂的生物结构,仍然是仿生功能材料领域面临的重大挑战。需要进一步优化3D打印、纳米蚀刻和冰模板法等仿生材料精密组装构筑技术,以实现结构与功能在微观至宏观层面的精准调控。
3) 克服规模化制备的挑战。尽管实验室研究取得了显著进展,但大多数仿生热管理材料和技术仍处于概念验证阶段。实际大规模应用对材料的力学、化学,尤其是热稳定性提出了更为严苛的要求,并要求材料具备快速、可扩展且低成本的大规模制造能力。未来研究应更加关注材料制备工艺的简化与稳定性评估,推动仿生热管理材料由实验室研究向工程化应用转化。
4) 融合前沿技术与智能化设计。将仿生热管理材料设计与机器学习等人工智能技术结合,通过数据驱动模型来预测和优化复杂仿生结构的热管理性能,可显著提升材料结构设计与功能优化的效率,加速新材料的研发周期。同时,结合柔性电子技术,有望制备具有环境自适应性和动态响应的智能可穿戴热管理材料。
5) 实现多机制的协同耦合设计。生物体的热管理策略通常是多机制协同作用的结果。未来研究应着眼于通过改进仿生材料设计,将光学调控、传导调控、相变调控等不同热管理机制与功能进行高效集成。这种多功能热管理材料的协同耦合设计将有望进一步拓展其在复杂环境和极端条件下的应用范围和提升热管理效能。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U25A20576)
  • 国家杰出青年科学基金项目(T2425008)
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2026年第44卷第8期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00115
  • 接收时间:2025-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-23
  • 修回日期:2026-02-25
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国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U25A20576)
国家杰出青年科学基金项目(T2425008)
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    1浙江大学化学工程与低碳技术全国重点实验室,杭州 310058
    2浙江大学基础交叉研究院,杭州 310058

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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