Article(id=1288421780704433091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765987200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-18, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113290238, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113290238, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113290238, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113290238, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421780935119812, articleId=1288421780704433091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress and prospects of ultra−lightweight integrated thermal protection and insulation composites for aerospace vehicles, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The new generation of high−Mach aerospace vehicles faces severe challenges posed by the "new thermal barrier" under extreme thermo−mechanical−chemical multi−field coupling, demanding stringent requirements for thermal protection systems (TPS), including lightweight design, high−efficiency thermal insulation, reusability, and multifunctional integration. Focusing on the core objective of "integrated thermal protection and insulation", this review systematically outlines the evolutionary logic of material technologies—from passive load−bearing to active management, and from single−function to synergistic protection. Four key material systems are critically analyzed: lightweight ablative thermal protection/insulation composites, reusable rigid insulation tiles and their integrated structures, high−temperature resistant aerogel composites, and flexible thermal protection composites. This paper not only summarizes recent advances but also highlights an ongoing paradigm shift from "optimizing individual material properties" to "synergistic material−structure−process co−design". Finally, future research directions are proposed, including multi−scale co−design, deepening understanding of reusable mechanisms, intelligent multifunctional integration, and cost−effective manufacturing, aiming to provide theoretical support and a clear technological roadmap for the systematic innovation and leapfrog development of aerospace TPS.

, authors=Xiangyu JIN1, Rubing ZHANG2, Ruixiang LIU3, Wei WANG1, Hongyan HUANG4, Honghua LIU3, Jiancheng SUN2, Mengmeng WANG3, Wanlin ZHANG4, Wenjing LI4, *, Changqing HONG1, *, Xinghong ZHANG1, Jiecai HAN1, authorsList=Xiangyu JIN, Rubing ZHANG, Ruixiang LIU, Wei WANG, Hongyan HUANG, Honghua LIU, Jiancheng SUN, Mengmeng WANG, Wanlin ZHANG, Wenjing LI, Changqing HONG, Xinghong ZHANG, Jiecai HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjing LI, Changqing HONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421786433852401, articleId=1288421780704433091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=空天飞行器超轻质防隔热一体化复合材料研究进展与展望, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新一代高马赫数空天飞行器正面临“热−力−化”多场耦合作用下极端“新热障”的严峻挑战,对热防护系统提出了轻量化、高效隔热、可重复使用及多功能一体化等严苛要求。聚焦“防隔热一体化”这一核心目标,系统梳理材料技术从被动承载向主动管理、从单一功能向协同防护的演进逻辑。以轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料、可重复使用刚性隔热瓦及其一体化结构、耐高温气凝胶复合材料,以及柔性热防护复合材料4类关键材料体系为主线展开深入分析,不仅总结了相关领域的最新研究进展,更揭示了其正经历从“单一材料性能优化”向“材料−结构−工艺一体化协同设计”的范式转变。最后,提出未来重点突破方向包括多尺度协同设计、可重复使用机理深化、智能化多功能集成及低成本高效制造,旨在为空天飞行器热防护技术的体系化创新与跨越式发展提供系统的理论支撑与清晰的技术路径。

, authors=金翔宇1, 张如炳2, 刘瑞祥3, 王玮1, 黄红岩4, 刘红花3, 孙健程2, 王蒙蒙3, 张晚林4, 李文静4, *, 洪长青1, *, 张幸红1, 韩杰才1, authorsList=金翔宇, 张如炳, 刘瑞祥, 王玮, 黄红岩, 刘红花, 孙健程, 王蒙蒙, 张晚林, 李文静, 洪长青, 张幸红, 韩杰才, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李文静, 洪长青, authorNote=

金翔宇,副研究员,研究方向为轻质微烧蚀热防护复合材料设计,电子信箱:

张如炳(共同第一作者),教授,研究方向为柔性热防护材料与结构,电子信箱:

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李文静(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为先进热防护材料,电子信箱:;
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(a)、(b) 烧蚀前;(c)、(d) 烧蚀后

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材料体系典型代表密度/
(g·cm−3
热导率/
(W·m−1·K−1
最高耐受
热流或温度
优势局限性
蜂窝增强树脂基AVCOAT, H88/H960.36~0.55~0.12~4500 kW/m2 烧蚀维形好,隔热性优,可靠性高 密度偏高,力学强度不足,不可重复使用
短切纤维增强PICA, PICA−X0.22~0.320.05~0.15~1200 W/cm2 超轻质,防热效率高,工艺较成熟 脆性较大,一次性使用
连续纤维/织物增强C−PICA, NF材料0.3~0.8<0.2>3000℃ 力学性能优,抗烧蚀−隔热可设计性强 制备工艺复杂,成本较高
), ArticleFig(id=1288421798907711607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料体系对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料体系典型代表密度/
(g·cm−3
热导率/
(W·m−1·K−1
最高耐受
热流或温度
优势局限性
蜂窝增强树脂基AVCOAT, H88/H960.36~0.55~0.12~4500 kW/m2 烧蚀维形好,隔热性优,可靠性高 密度偏高,力学强度不足,不可重复使用
短切纤维增强PICA, PICA−X0.22~0.320.05~0.15~1200 W/cm2 超轻质,防热效率高,工艺较成熟 脆性较大,一次性使用
连续纤维/织物增强C−PICA, NF材料0.3~0.8<0.2>3000℃ 力学性能优,抗烧蚀−隔热可设计性强 制备工艺复杂,成本较高
), ArticleFig(id=1288421798987403384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目材料体系主要组分密度/(g·cm−3使用温度/℃特点应用代表
第1代LI系列石英纤维0.14~0.35约1260超轻、低强度、高脆性航天飞机
第2代FRCI系列石英纤维+硼硅酸铝纤维约0.20约1315强度提升,自烧结强化航天飞机
第3代AETB/HTP
系列
氧化铝纤维+石英纤维等约0.201400~1600耐温性显著提高,尺寸稳定性好X−37B
增韧型TUFROC碳/陶瓷基复合材料+
隔热基体
可变>1650防隔热一体化,抗冲击,
可重复使用
X−37B鼻锥、翼前缘
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799050317945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各代刚性陶瓷隔热瓦代表性体系对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目材料体系主要组分密度/(g·cm−3使用温度/℃特点应用代表
第1代LI系列石英纤维0.14~0.35约1260超轻、低强度、高脆性航天飞机
第2代FRCI系列石英纤维+硼硅酸铝纤维约0.20约1315强度提升,自烧结强化航天飞机
第3代AETB/HTP
系列
氧化铝纤维+石英纤维等约0.201400~1600耐温性显著提高,尺寸稳定性好X−37B
增韧型TUFROC碳/陶瓷基复合材料+
隔热基体
可变>1650防隔热一体化,抗冲击,
可重复使用
X−37B鼻锥、翼前缘
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799117426810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类别典型体系耐温范围/℃室温热导率/(W·m−1·K−1优势关键技术挑战
氧化物气凝胶SiO2、A2O3≤14000.014~0.030工艺最成熟,隔热性能最优高温相变,疏水失效
非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶SiC、Si3N4≤12000.025~0.050高温强度好,抗氧化潜力制备成本高,有氧易氧化
新型超高温体系高熵/硼化物>1500数据尚少极限耐温潜力,成分可调制备方法不成熟,机理不明
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799176147067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

耐高温气凝胶复合材料主要体系对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类别典型体系耐温范围/℃室温热导率/(W·m−1·K−1优势关键技术挑战
氧化物气凝胶SiO2、A2O3≤14000.014~0.030工艺最成熟,隔热性能最优高温相变,疏水失效
非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶SiC、Si3N4≤12000.025~0.050高温强度好,抗氧化潜力制备成本高,有氧易氧化
新型超高温体系高熵/硼化物>1500数据尚少极限耐温潜力,成分可调制备方法不成熟,机理不明
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799255838844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线典型材料/结构密度/(g·cm−3使用温度/℃特性适用部位
柔性陶瓷纤维毡
复合材料
石英纤维/莫来石
纤维毡+基体
0.3~0.81000~1400柔韧,抗热震,
可缝合/裁剪
大面积曲面,非承力
舱壁
柔性气凝胶
复合材料
有机改性/纳米纤维
增强气凝胶
0.1~0.3500~800(聚合物基)
~1100(陶瓷基)
超低导热,可弯曲/
压缩,超轻质
复杂异形面,活动机构
间隙,极端轻量化部位
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799314559101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

柔性热防护复合材料主要技术路线对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线典型材料/结构密度/(g·cm−3使用温度/℃特性适用部位
柔性陶瓷纤维毡
复合材料
石英纤维/莫来石
纤维毡+基体
0.3~0.81000~1400柔韧,抗热震,
可缝合/裁剪
大面积曲面,非承力
舱壁
柔性气凝胶
复合材料
有机改性/纳米纤维
增强气凝胶
0.1~0.3500~800(聚合物基)
~1100(陶瓷基)
超低导热,可弯曲/
压缩,超轻质
复杂异形面,活动机构
间隙,极端轻量化部位
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799373279358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料刚性隔热瓦耐高温气凝胶复合材料柔性热防护复合材料
核心功能 一次性极端热流防护 可重复使用大面积高效隔热 轻质、超隔热,具备可重复使用潜力 适应形变,复杂部位热防护
使用温度/℃ >3000 1200~1650 800~1600 600~1400
特点 防热可靠性极高,结构简单 工程验证充分,可靠性高,可重复使用 隔热性能最优,密度极低,可设计性强 柔韧性好,可贴合复杂构型,抗热震
局限性 一次性消耗,密度相对较高,性能预测复杂 脆性大,抗冲击差,维护成本高,安装复杂 高温稳定性/耐久性待验证,环境敏感性高,成本高 高温下柔性易退化,力学强度相对较低
使用场景 载人飞船返回舱、弹头、探测器防热大底等极端热流部位 航天飞机、可重复使用运载器/飞船的大面积舱体 新一代可重复使用飞行器中低温区、火星探测器、对质量敏感部件 飞行器舵面、翼缘、发动机喷管调节片等可动或复杂曲面部位
成熟度 高(成功应用于重大任务) 高(航天飞机等已成熟应用) 中(部分应用) 中−低(研制或验证阶段)
成本 中(多为一次性消耗品) 高(制备、安装、维护成本高) 目前较高(原材料及工艺成本高) 中−高(定制化设计,工艺复杂)
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799444582527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

空天飞行器主要热防护材料体系对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料刚性隔热瓦耐高温气凝胶复合材料柔性热防护复合材料
核心功能 一次性极端热流防护 可重复使用大面积高效隔热 轻质、超隔热,具备可重复使用潜力 适应形变,复杂部位热防护
使用温度/℃ >3000 1200~1650 800~1600 600~1400
特点 防热可靠性极高,结构简单 工程验证充分,可靠性高,可重复使用 隔热性能最优,密度极低,可设计性强 柔韧性好,可贴合复杂构型,抗热震
局限性 一次性消耗,密度相对较高,性能预测复杂 脆性大,抗冲击差,维护成本高,安装复杂 高温稳定性/耐久性待验证,环境敏感性高,成本高 高温下柔性易退化,力学强度相对较低
使用场景 载人飞船返回舱、弹头、探测器防热大底等极端热流部位 航天飞机、可重复使用运载器/飞船的大面积舱体 新一代可重复使用飞行器中低温区、火星探测器、对质量敏感部件 飞行器舵面、翼缘、发动机喷管调节片等可动或复杂曲面部位
成熟度 高(成功应用于重大任务) 高(航天飞机等已成熟应用) 中(部分应用) 中−低(研制或验证阶段)
成本 中(多为一次性消耗品) 高(制备、安装、维护成本高) 目前较高(原材料及工艺成本高) 中−高(定制化设计,工艺复杂)
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空天飞行器超轻质防隔热一体化复合材料研究进展与展望
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金翔宇 1 , 张如炳 2 , 刘瑞祥 3 , 王玮 1 , 黄红岩 4 , 刘红花 3 , 孙健程 2 , 王蒙蒙 3 , 张晚林 4 , 李文静 4, * , 洪长青 1, * , 张幸红 1 , 韩杰才 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(13): 40-63
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (13) : 40 -63
空天飞行器超轻质防隔热一体化复合材料研究进展与展望
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金翔宇,副研究员,研究方向为轻质微烧蚀热防护复合材料设计,电子信箱:

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张如炳(共同第一作者),教授,研究方向为柔性热防护材料与结构,电子信箱:

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金翔宇1 , 张如炳2 , 刘瑞祥3, 王玮1, 黄红岩4, 刘红花3, 孙健程2, 王蒙蒙3, 张晚林4, 李文静4, * , 洪长青1, * , 张幸红1, 韩杰才1
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨工业大学特种环境复合材料技术国家级重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2北京交通大学物理科学与工程学院,北京 100044
  • 3山东工业陶瓷研究设计院有限公司,淄博 255000
  • 4航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所,北京 100074
通讯作者:
李文静(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为先进热防护材料,电子信箱:;
洪长青(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为轻质烧蚀型热防护材料,电子信箱:
作者简介:

金翔宇,副研究员,研究方向为轻质微烧蚀热防护复合材料设计,电子信箱:

张如炳(共同第一作者),教授,研究方向为柔性热防护材料与结构,电子信箱:

Research progress and prospects of ultra−lightweight integrated thermal protection and insulation composites for aerospace vehicles
Xiangyu JIN1 , Rubing ZHANG2 , Ruixiang LIU3, Wei WANG1, Hongyan HUANG4, Honghua LIU3, Jiancheng SUN2, Mengmeng WANG3, Wanlin ZHANG4, Wenjing LI4, * , Changqing HONG1, * , Xinghong ZHANG1, Jiecai HAN1
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
  • 3Shandong Industrial Ceramics Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Zibo 255000, China
  • 4Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
出版时间: 2026-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00092
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新一代高马赫数空天飞行器正面临“热−力−化”多场耦合作用下极端“新热障”的严峻挑战,对热防护系统提出了轻量化、高效隔热、可重复使用及多功能一体化等严苛要求。聚焦“防隔热一体化”这一核心目标,系统梳理材料技术从被动承载向主动管理、从单一功能向协同防护的演进逻辑。以轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料、可重复使用刚性隔热瓦及其一体化结构、耐高温气凝胶复合材料,以及柔性热防护复合材料4类关键材料体系为主线展开深入分析,不仅总结了相关领域的最新研究进展,更揭示了其正经历从“单一材料性能优化”向“材料−结构−工艺一体化协同设计”的范式转变。最后,提出未来重点突破方向包括多尺度协同设计、可重复使用机理深化、智能化多功能集成及低成本高效制造,旨在为空天飞行器热防护技术的体系化创新与跨越式发展提供系统的理论支撑与清晰的技术路径。

空天飞行器  /  热防护系统  /  防隔热一体化  /  轻量化  /  多功能复合材料

The new generation of high−Mach aerospace vehicles faces severe challenges posed by the "new thermal barrier" under extreme thermo−mechanical−chemical multi−field coupling, demanding stringent requirements for thermal protection systems (TPS), including lightweight design, high−efficiency thermal insulation, reusability, and multifunctional integration. Focusing on the core objective of "integrated thermal protection and insulation", this review systematically outlines the evolutionary logic of material technologies—from passive load−bearing to active management, and from single−function to synergistic protection. Four key material systems are critically analyzed: lightweight ablative thermal protection/insulation composites, reusable rigid insulation tiles and their integrated structures, high−temperature resistant aerogel composites, and flexible thermal protection composites. This paper not only summarizes recent advances but also highlights an ongoing paradigm shift from "optimizing individual material properties" to "synergistic material−structure−process co−design". Finally, future research directions are proposed, including multi−scale co−design, deepening understanding of reusable mechanisms, intelligent multifunctional integration, and cost−effective manufacturing, aiming to provide theoretical support and a clear technological roadmap for the systematic innovation and leapfrog development of aerospace TPS.

aerospace vehicles  /  thermal protection system  /  integrated thermal protection and insulation  /  lightweight  /  multifunctional composites
金翔宇, 张如炳, 刘瑞祥, 王玮, 黄红岩, 刘红花, 孙健程, 王蒙蒙, 张晚林, 李文静, 洪长青, 张幸红, 韩杰才. 空天飞行器超轻质防隔热一体化复合材料研究进展与展望. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 40 -63 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00092
Xiangyu JIN, Rubing ZHANG, Ruixiang LIU, Wei WANG, Hongyan HUANG, Honghua LIU, Jiancheng SUN, Mengmeng WANG, Wanlin ZHANG, Wenjing LI, Changqing HONG, Xinghong ZHANG, Jiecai HAN. Research progress and prospects of ultra−lightweight integrated thermal protection and insulation composites for aerospace vehicles[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 40 -63 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00092
以可重复使用火箭、新一代载人飞船、空天往返飞行器为代表的新一代高马赫数飞行器是空间战略投送、快速抵达、天地往返等核心能力的物理载体,已成为世界强国竞相角逐的战略制高点。这些飞行器运行轨迹横跨地表、临近空间至深空的广阔空域,速域覆盖亚声速、跨声速、超声速乃至高超声速,服役过程中面临极为严酷且动态变化的“热−力−化”多场耦合极端环境,即所谓的“新热障”[12]
当飞行器以高马赫数再入大气层或在大气中巡航时,剧烈的气动压缩与摩擦效应会将大量的动能转化为热能,导致气动表面温度急剧升高。其中,机翼前缘、舵面及鼻锥等尖锐部位直面气动激波,承受着极高的局部热流密度,温度通常超过1600℃,极端条件下甚至可达2000~3300℃[3]。相比之下,机身大面积区域虽热流密度相对较低,但在长时间气动加热的累积效应下,表面温度仍维持在400~1200℃[4]。此外,发动机进气道、喷管等推进系统因承受内部高温高压燃气的持续冲刷,同样面临着严苛复杂的热环境。更为关键的是,飞行器服役期间需经历起飞、爬升、巡航、再入到着陆的全过程,其热环境始终处于动态演变之中,在此期间,温度、压力、气流剪切力及来流气体化学成分发生复杂变化,致使热−机械载荷呈现显著的交变特征[5]
飞行器不同部位与飞行阶段引起的服役环境差异巨大,使得基于单一材料或单一机制的传统热防护方案已难以为继,对热防护系统(thermal protection system,TPS)的设计与材料选择提出了前所未有的挑战,新一代热防护材料体系必须耐极端高温与抗烧蚀、高效隔热与轻量化、抗热冲击与疲劳、可重复使用与长寿命、多功能一体化。
为满足上述复杂需求,热防护材料与技术正经历一场深刻的变革。本文聚焦轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料、刚性隔热瓦、耐高温气凝胶复合材料及柔性热防护复合材料4大体系,旨在系统梳理从“烧蚀防护”到“可重复使用”,再到“多功能一体化”的技术演进路径。这4类材料分别代表不同服役条件下的最优解,其发展脉络共同映射出热防护技术从单一功能向协同防护、从一次消耗向可重复使用的整体跃升。因此,厘清上述4类关键材料体系的研究现状、性能边界、技术瓶颈与发展趋势,对于推动中国新一代空天飞行器的创新发展具有至关重要的战略意义。
烧蚀防热的本质在于通过消耗自身来实现高效热量耗散。其核心机理可概括为“分解、成炭、气膜”三重协同防护机制。首先,当表面温度升高时,树脂基体发生热解吸收消耗大量热能;随后,热解生成的多孔炭层凭借极低的热导率,构建起有效的热阻屏障;同时,热解释放的小分子气体溢出至材料表面,在边界层形成一层低温气膜,进一步阻断气动加热[6]。烧蚀防热的核心优势在于:一是防热效率高、安全系数与可靠度优异,是高热流密度环境下唯一可行的方案;二是结构设计简洁,通常可直接胶接于承力结构,无需复杂附加组件;三是材料密度较低,能兼顾结构紧凑与轻量化需求,高度契合当前烧蚀型热防护材料的发展方向。从增强体结构形式来看,轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料主要分为蜂窝增强与纤维增强2大类,二者在航天器TPS中的应用场景各有侧重。
蜂窝增强树脂基复合材料以AVCOAT、H88、H96等为典型代表,通过仿生蜂窝结构与树脂基体的协同,实现复杂环境下的轻量化热防护。例如,美国AVCOAT材料以酚醛玻璃钢为蜂窝芯,填充环氧/酚醛树脂基体,并添加二氧化硅纤维及酚醛空心微球等低密度填料。该复合材料密度约为0.55 g/cm3,热导率约为0.12 W/(m·K);其改进型AVCOAT 5029−39H/CG已成功应用于“猎户座”飞船防热大底,并顺利完成首次飞行试验,能够抵御月球返回时高达3000 K的极端高温(图1(a)、(b)[7])。中国神舟系列飞船在迎风面采用高密度的H96材料,在背风面使用较轻的H88材料,通过差异化设计实现了整体减重(图1(c)、(d))[8]。中国天问一号火星探测器采用新一代蜂窝增强烧蚀防热体系,密度突破性地降至0.36 g/cm3,可承受火星再入时高达1.5 MW/m2的热流密度,并适应以CO2为主的特殊气氛,兼顾了轻质化、耐烧蚀性能与承载能力[9]
蜂窝增强轻质烧蚀热防护材料凭借优异的烧蚀维形和高效隔热特性,已成为再入航天器及低轨道飞船TPS的核心防护材料。然而,该类材料仍存在密度偏高、力学强度不足、防热效率有限,以及与飞行器冷结构黏接可靠性不足等问题,严重限制了其应用范围与发展潜力。因此,研发兼具更低密度与更高防热效率的轻质烧蚀树脂基复合材料,是突破临近空间飞行器热防护瓶颈的关键方向。
短切纤维增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料是一种以短切纤维为增强骨架、酚醛树脂气凝胶为基体的新型轻质防热材料。该材料的设计核心在于协同发挥短切纤维优异的力学增强特性与酚醛气凝胶卓越的防隔热功能。酚醛树脂气凝胶基于其特有的纳米级孔隙结构,通过固相传导热阻实现了极低的热导率,确保了基础隔热效能;同时酚醛树脂的“分解−成炭−气膜”三重协同机制,在高温下通过热解吸热、表面多孔炭层阻热以及气膜边界层散热,高效消耗并阻断热流[10]。引入的短切碳纤维通过构建三维网络骨架,不仅实现了对纳米孔隙结构的物理支撑,防止烧结坍塌,更赋予了材料优异的抗冲击能力和抗气流冲刷性能,解决了纯气凝胶材料力学强度低、易脆碎及抗氧化性差等短板。
作为短切纤维增强复合材料领域的杰出代表,酚醛浸渍碳烧蚀材料(phenolic impregnated carbon ablator,PICA)的成功应用充分验证了此类结构的有效性。PICA由短切碳纤维骨架与酚醛树脂复合而成,密度仅0.22~0.32 g/cm3,其作为“猎户座”隔热罩的候选材料,通过了温度高达3500 K(约3227℃)、压力100 kPa的电弧风洞试验验证,并在2006年“星尘号”行星探测器(Stardust)任务中,作为返回舱热防护材料承受了大气再入时高达1200 W/cm2的热流密度,并确保了返回舱罐体温度低于70℃、舱内温度低于250℃的热防护需求(图2[11]。SpaceX公司进一步开发出商用低成本的PICA−X,并应用于“龙”系列飞船[12]
然而,PICA材料中碳纤维骨架和酚醛树脂抗氧化能力极差,在低空域环境中极易发生氧化失效,导致隔热效率下降。针对此瓶颈,研究者开始通过组分改性提升材料的抗氧化能力。哈尔滨工业大学将短切碳纤维分散在Si/PR气凝胶前驱体溶液中,制备了CF/Si/PR复合材料,其密度在0.40~0.46 g/cm3间可调,抗压强度为0.33~2.44 MPa。在热流密度3.7 MW/m2、焓值35 MJ/kg的电弧风洞考核过程中,材料表面温度超过2000℃,内部最大温升(深度40 mm)仅100℃,烧蚀后退率和质量损失率分别仅0.089 mm/s和0.329 g/s,具备优异的抗烧蚀隔热性能[13]。此外,华东理工大学以刚性莫来石陶瓷纤维作为增强相、酚醛树脂气凝胶为基体复合制备的RFC−45在1500℃火焰下考核30 s后背面温度仅38.4℃[14]
然而,短切纤维增强体系仍受限于纤维随机分布的“准各向同性”网络结构。该结构虽在厚度方向提供一定的隔热与力学支撑,但面内方向的破坏应变与断裂韧性较低,难以满足剪切、剥离等复杂应力环境下的防隔热一体化需求。
为突破短切纤维骨架“准各向同性”网络结构导致的力学性能瓶颈,研究者采用连续纤维织物或毡体作为增强体,从而提升材料的断裂韧性及抗复杂载荷能力。美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)最早开发了保形酚醛树脂浸渍碳烧蚀材料(C−PICA),其采用柔性连续碳/陶瓷纤维毡为增强体,酚醛气凝胶为基体,在冷壁热流密度3.8 MW/m2、驻点压力22.4 kPa、剪切力175 Pa的严苛环境中,材料表面温度稳定在2700℃左右,30 s内背面温度仅190℃,烧蚀后退量3.5~4.2 mm [15]
针对深空探测极端热环境下的轻量化防热需求,哈尔滨工业大学提出纤维织物−基体−界面协同设计,开发出石英纤维、碳纤维及碳/石英混杂纤维增强SiOC改性酚醛气凝胶复合材料体系(NQF/SiOC−PR、NCF/SiOC−PR、QCF/SiOC−PR),突破了传统单一纤维体系的性能局限,可分别满足中低温(<1800℃)、高温(<2200℃)和超高温(>2500℃)服役环境的防/隔热需求(图3(a)~(d)[16])。中国空间技术研究院联合哈尔滨工业大学研制出一种轻质高效的热防护材料,密度仅0.3 g/cm3,烧蚀热效率超过100 MJ/kg。在热流密度7 MW/m2、焓值30 MJ/kg、压力240 kPa的驻点风洞试验中,材料表面温度达2730℃,距驻点69 mm处背温在停火10 min后才开始上升,最终温升仅37℃[17]。此外,哈尔滨工业大学与北京卫星制造厂通过溶胶−凝胶法研制的NF新型轻质烧蚀防热材料,密度0.3~0.8 g/cm3、热导率低于0.06 W/(m·K)、抗压强度≥2.5 MPa(图3(e)[18]),可承受超过3000℃的热流冲击。在超过8 MW/m2的风洞考核中,表面温度达到3300℃,背温低于150℃。该材料已应用于中国新一代载人飞船试验船,并于2020年5月8日完成飞行试验验证(图3(f)、(g)[1819])。
除纤维织物结构设计外,界面改性与可陶瓷化改性也是提升连续纤维体系抗烧蚀性能的重要途径。南京工业大学制备了硅改性酚醛气凝胶复合材料PSZ−PR/CF,在热流密度4.18 MW/m2的氧乙炔火焰考核20 s后,背面温度仅为30℃(图4[20])。北京理工大学通过表面修饰ZrB2−SiC颗粒改善碳纤维/酚醛复合材料的界面相容性,使质量烧蚀率降低25%[21]。武汉理工大学率先提出碳基聚合物可陶瓷化理论,采用瓷粉改性使复合材料在烧蚀过程中发生陶瓷转变:800℃开始形成致密陶瓷层阻隔氧气,1300℃时陶瓷转化率达67.14%。在此基础上加入空心微球等轻质填料,可在降低密度的同时实现防隔热一体化。在1200℃、1000 W/cm2条件下考核500 s,线烧蚀率≤0.01 mm/s,背面温度≤420℃[22]
针对“抗烧蚀性能与低密度需求难兼容”的核心矛盾,梯度化结构设计成为关键解决路径。通过在材料表层构筑高密度抗烧蚀屏障、内部保留轻质多孔隔热区,可实现“防热−隔热−承载”功能的协同优化。航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所采用2.5D针刺编织等工艺制备出非均匀密度的功能梯度纤维增强体,制备了密度0.36 g/cm3、导热系数0.034 W/(m·K)的酚醛气凝胶复合材料,在1200℃/100 s考核环境下,线烧蚀率0.0256 mm/s、质量烧蚀率0.0073 g/s[23]。哈尔滨工业大学采用甲基苯基硅树脂与ZrB2、SiC陶瓷填料配制陶瓷化改性硅树脂,构筑表面抗氧化树脂耐烧蚀层,制备的抗氧化石英/酚醛气凝胶复合材料在近1700℃和超2000℃环境下均表现出优异的烧蚀热防护能力(图5[24])。华东理工大学采用3D编织碳/石英双层织物为增强体,酚醛树脂为基体,制备的纳米多孔酚醛复合材料密度约0.9 g/cm3,导热系数0.081~0.120 W/(m·K),拉伸强度70~120 MPa,兼具优异的抗氧化和隔热性能,在TPS中具有广阔的应用前景[25]
为清晰对比烧蚀型防隔热复合材料的主要技术路线,其典型体系与核心性能对比列于表1
轻质烧蚀材料在极端环境应用中不可替代,但其技术发展仍面临若干根本性挑战。首先,轻量化与抗烧蚀性之间存在固有矛盾。追求更低密度往往伴随强度与抗冲刷能力的牺牲,如何在极低密度下兼顾结构完整性与烧蚀维形能力,是轻质烧蚀材料设计的核心难题。其次,烧蚀的“消耗性”本质限制了重复使用场景。对于可重复使用空天飞行器,烧蚀材料的一次性特性构成明显短板。通过设计可剥离的“烧蚀层”或发展“有限烧蚀”复合材料是潜在出路,但距离真正可预测的重复使用仍有较大差距。此外,烧蚀过程的精确建模与性能预测极具挑战。烧蚀涉及热−力−化多场耦合及相变反应,材料响应呈现高度非线性,导致地面试验结果与真实飞行环境差异较大,对TPS的可靠性设计提出了更高要求。
此外,轻质烧蚀材料面临严峻的产业化瓶颈。首先是复杂成型工艺与高成本。蜂窝增强或纤维编织预制体的制备、树脂浸渍与固化过程耗时冗长,且对温度、压力等工艺参数极为敏感,导致生产周期长、效率低、成本高昂。其次是性能一致性与可靠性控制困难。烧蚀过程涉及复杂的物理化学变化,原料差异及工艺波动均会影响产品烧蚀隔热性能的均匀性。最后是定制化设计与快速响应能力不足。当前材料体系相对固定,难以针对新型号、新任务的热环境实现性能的快速适配与优化,尚未形成全产业链的快速研发与制造体系。
刚性隔热瓦是典型的被动防热材料,其隔热性能依赖“低热导率纤维骨架”与“高辐射表面涂层”的协同作用。一方面,由石英、氧化铝等陶瓷纤维构成的三维多孔骨架极大限制了固体传热路径,显著降低固相传热;同时,丰富的微米−亚微米孔隙能够有效抑制对流传热与气相热传导。另一方面,多孔骨架表面制备的高发射率涂层在提升骨架的抗冲刷与抗冲击性能的同时,还可通过吸收−再辐射机制大幅减少热量向骨架内部的传递,从而实现隔热与防热的双重功能。
刚性隔热瓦作为可重复使用航天器TPS的核心材料,最早应用于“哥伦比亚”航天飞机。针对大面积、高可靠性热防护需求,隔热瓦体系经历了从单一石英纤维向石英纤维、硼硅酸铝纤维、氧化铝纤维等多体系复合的迭代升级。其技术演进的核心方向是在轻量化、耐温极限、力学可靠性及尺寸稳定性等关键性能参数之间实现最优匹配,以满足航天器重复使用严苛防隔热要求。
石英纤维隔热瓦作为第1代刚性隔热瓦材料,为航天器TPS的轻量化奠定了基础。其最早的代表是Lockheed公司1972年开发的LI-900系列,该系列采用高纯度无定形石英纤维,通过结构调控实现了 0.14 g/cm3的超低密度[26]。为了进一步提高力学强度和高温隔热性能,发展了改进型LI−2200,引入2%~3%的SiC作为反红外遮光剂,密度提升至0.35 g/cm3,耐温达1260℃,抗压强度提高至0.53 MPa。NASA进一步研制了AIM隔热瓦,采用硅溶胶为黏结剂,制备周期比LI系列的更短且使用寿命更长,密度为0.11~0.45 g/cm3,可以在超过1100℃的温度下长期使用。国内研究方面,国防科技大学[27]针对隔热瓦高温烧结过程中石英纤维损伤严重的问题,公开了一种新型热响应自陶瓷化玻璃纤维刚性隔热瓦,成型温度仅150℃,密度0.44 g/cm3,压缩强度高达1.58 MPa,室温导热系数0.055 W/(m·K),在1300℃下加热600 s后无后退,背面温度仅216℃。
硼硅酸铝纤维的引入标志着第2代隔热瓦的诞生,代表性材料为纤维耐火复合隔热瓦(fibrous refractory composite insulation tiles,FRCI),由78%的石英纤维和22%的硼硅酸铝纤维组成[28]。硼硅酸铝纤维在高温下释放出B2O3,与石英纤维表面的SiO2反应,原位生成硅硼酸盐玻璃相。这不仅填充了纤维间隙、强化了界面结合,还抑制了方石英晶相的析出,实现“自烧结”强化。该材料由NASA于1978年研制,1981年首次应用于“发现号”航天飞机,逐步替代了早期的石英纤维隔热瓦。研发团队在FRCI中加入了2%~3%的SiC作为遮光剂,表现出更加优异的高强度、低密度以及优异的耐高温性能,密度可降至约0.2 g/cm3,仅为LI−2200密度的55%,强度成倍提高,长期耐受温度也提升至1315℃[29]。然而,硼硅酸铝纤维的引入也导致FRCI的热膨胀系数增大,限制了其在大面积防热结构中的应用。
为了追求更高的耐温极限与尺寸稳定性,氧化铝纤维被引入隔热瓦体系中,代表性材料为NASA研发的氧化铝增强热障材料(alumina-enhanced thermal barrier,AETB)。相较FRCI,AETB密度约0.20 g/cm3,最高使用温度从1320℃提升至1597℃,热导率0.064 W/(m·K)(300℃),抗压强度0.837 MPa。性能提升源于氧化铝纤维的高温稳定性和纤维间硼硅酸铝玻璃相的强化黏结。另一代表是NASA于20世纪80—90年代研制的高温特性材料(high thermal performance,HTP),其核心材料组成为二氧化硅纤维、氧化铝纤维与玻璃黏结剂。HTP中引入的BN在高温下能与SiO2反应生成B—O—Si键,有效延缓方石英析晶,赋予了材料更优的抗析晶能力,应用范围更广。然而热膨胀系数随氧化铝含量增加而增大的问题仍需关注。此外,NASA开发了以氧化铝纤维替代硼硅酸铝纤维的BRI系列隔热瓦,其耐温高达1540℃,高温尺寸稳定性优于FRCI,并成功应用于X−37B等飞行器[30]
国内研究方面,天津大学基于Al2O3纤维和SiO2黏结剂,采用抽滤法制得多孔陶瓷纤维隔热材料。材料密度0.37~0.57 g/cm3,导热系数0.20~0.27 W/(m·K),抗压强度0.56~1.54 MPa[31]。哈尔滨工业大学以高纯度超细直径的石英纤维和高纯氧化铝纤维为主要原料,硼硅玻璃为高温黏结剂,通过纤维短切处理、有效分散、湿法成型及高温热处理等工艺,制备了氧化硅−氧化铝复合高温隔热瓦。材料的常温热导率低于0.05 W/(m·K),密度在0.2~0.5 g/cm3之间可控,厚度方向压缩强度0.2~2.0 MPa,拉伸强度0.1~1.0 MPa。多次重复试验结果表明,该隔热瓦可在1200℃条件下循环使用10次,综合性能稳定[32]
氧化铝纤维虽能显著提升石英隔热瓦的耐温性能,但在1200℃以上长期使用时仍易因析晶和烧结导致收缩,稳定性受限。莫来石纤维(3Al2O3·2SiO2)作为一种稳定的晶体化合物,从根本上解决了这一问题,其长期使用温度超过1400℃,高温收缩率极低,尺寸稳定性提升。因此,莫来石纤维隔热瓦凭借其本质性的高温稳定性和更优异的热耐久性,成为适用于高温热防护部位更可靠的选择。
山东工业陶瓷研究设计院[33]以短切石英纤维和莫来石纤维为骨架,BN粉和硅溶胶为黏结剂,通过负压抽滤水基料浆的方法制备了密度0.21~0.34 g/cm3的莫来石纤维隔热瓦,700℃的导热系数为0.057~0.078 W/(m·K),压缩强度达2.73 MPa。天津大学[34]提出了一种使用莫来石纳米纤维代替莫来石微米纤维的方法,所制陶瓷材料密度仅为微米纤维体系的3/4,压缩强度更高。航天材料及工艺研究所[35]以莫来石纤维(直径2~5 μm)和玄武岩纤维(直径1~3 μm)为原料制备了三维交织骨架,结合纳米硅溶胶黏结体系与SiO2气凝胶填充技术,制备了新型纤维隔热瓦。600℃石英灯热考核中,15 min持续辐照后背温仅117℃,较传统纤维隔热瓦(背温230℃以上)热阻提升50%。哈尔滨工业大学[36]报道了一种可在高温环境中长期使用的多孔有机−无机复合热防护材料,其以莫来石纤维为骨架,酚醛树脂为气凝胶前驱体,复合材料压缩强度可达到4.56 MPa,室温热导率仅为0.041 W/(m·K),经过1300℃/270 s和800℃/180 s 2阶段风洞烧蚀试验考核后,背温仅为242℃(图6[36])。
为满足“超高温耐受(>2000℃)、防隔热一体化、可重复使用(≥10次)、轻质低成本(密度<0.3 g/cm3,制造成本降低30%以上)”等核心需求,刚性隔热瓦技术持续迭代。其中,增韧型单片纤维增强抗氧化复合材料(TUFROC)代表了从传统多层结构向一体化协同防护的重要突破。
2010年,NASA基于“哥伦比亚号”事故教训,提出并设计了轻质非烧蚀TPS,其核心为TUFROC,并成功应用于X−37B空天飞机关键部位[37]。TUFROC TPS采用“外层抗烧蚀−内层隔热”的双层协同结构:外层为耐熔抗氧化碳基陶瓷(ROCCI),耐温极限达1697℃;内层为低密度纤维隔热层(AETB或FRCI),具体结构示意如图7所示。该材料密度仅为增强C/C复合材料的1/4,制造周期缩短至传统航天飞机TPS的1/6~1/3,成本仅为增强C/C的1/10,同时解决了传统刚性陶瓷隔热瓦“脆性大、抗冲击弱、维修周期长、成本高”的痛点,成为轻质非烧蚀热防护的标杆方案[38]
在可重复使用航天器的工程实践中,SpaceX星舰进一步推动了隔热瓦向“更轻量、更可靠、更低成本”方向演进。星舰表面使用了约20000块新型六边形隔热瓦[39],主体由超细玻璃纤维与氧化铝纤维复合而成,表面涂覆耐高温涂层,轻质性(密度降低约15%)与韧性(抗冲击强度提升>20%)优于航天飞机隔热瓦,耐温极限达1650℃(图8[39]。针对隔热瓦与不锈钢箭体间显著的温差及热膨胀系数差异(间隙变化幅度达10%~20%),SpaceX创新性地在隔热瓦缝隙间填充了一种名为“Crunch Wrap”的柔性隔热毡,该材料可有效阻断缝隙处的热渗透,并缓冲热膨胀引起的机械应力。底部敷设毡状二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料,兼具减震与界面强化功能;卡扣式连接替代传统胶接或螺栓连接,降低脱落风险并提升装配维护效率。2025年,星舰完成“发射—在轨飞行—受控落水”完整闭环,为可重复使用TPS的规模化应用提供了关键实践支撑[40]。根据纤维骨架体系的演进,各代刚性隔热瓦的代表性材料与性能对比如表2所示。
刚性隔热瓦作为可重复使用TPS的基石,其应用与提升受以下关键因素制约。一是本征脆性与抗冲击能力不足。陶瓷多孔骨架对机械冲击、冰雹及碎片高度敏感,易产生裂纹或破碎,威胁飞行安全并推高维护成本。二是热应力匹配与连接可靠性问题。隔热瓦与金属结构的热膨胀系数差异巨大,热循环中产生显著界面应力,导致黏接失效或瓦片翘曲。Crunch Wrap等边缘缓冲设计虽有所缓解,但根本解决仍需新材料或新结构。三是长期高温环境下的性能退化。石英纤维瓦易因析晶和烧结导致隔热衰减与尺寸变化;莫来石或氧化铝纤维瓦在长期服役后的相变与晶粒生长同样影响寿命。四是制造成本高昂且安装维护复杂,限制了其在低成本、高频率发射任务中的大规模应用。
在产业化与工程应用层面,主要面临3方面挑战。一是全生命周期成本高昂。这不仅体现于纤维成型、高温烧结等制备环节,更体现在精密切割、人工密集型安装以及每次飞行后的繁琐检测维修。二是大规模生产的质量均一性与稳定性控制困难。低密度、高孔隙度特性导致力学性能离散度大,对原料、工艺与检测提出极高要求。三是与飞行器结构的集成效率低下。传统胶接或机械连接方式安装耗时费力且不可逆,不利于快速更换与维护。发展模块化、快拆装的标准化集成技术,是降低使用成本、提升维修效率的关键。
气凝胶凭借其纳米多孔网络结构,室温热导率最低可达0.010 W/(m·K),为目前隔热最优的固体材料,兼具轻量化和耐高温等优势。其超低热导率是由于材料孔隙直径小于空气分子平均自由程(~70 nm),气体对流传热被抑制,气态热导率趋近于零;固态骨架由纳米颗粒或纤维构成,高密度界面与曲折路径大幅增强声子散射,降低固相传热。然而,多次重复与长时高温飞行中,气凝胶面临结构稳定性与性能衰减挑战,尤其是高温下疏水失效会破坏纳米骨架,导致隔热性能骤降。因此,发展耐高温气凝胶复合材料体系,提升高温服役后的耐水性,是实现气凝胶在可重复使用飞行器TPS中应用的关键技术难题。
按化学成分分类适用于可重复使用场景的气凝胶可分为氧化物气凝胶与非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶。氧化物气凝胶最早由Kistler于1931年制备,其中以氧化硅和氧化铝气凝胶为主,工程应用成熟。非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶(如碳化物、氮化物、硼化物)耐高温、超轻质、耐腐蚀,其中Zr、Hf基超高温陶瓷气凝胶可耐受2000℃以上高温,是面向未来超高速飞行器的前瞻性材料。此外,通过多组元设计形成的高熵陶瓷气凝胶及具有特定晶体结构的镁铝尖晶石气凝胶等新型体系,也在不断提升气凝胶的综合高温性能。气凝胶的制备包含凝胶成型(溶胶−凝胶、模板法、组装法、纺丝法等)与干燥(超临界干燥、常压干燥、冷冻干燥)2大核心步骤。
二氧化硅气凝胶是研究历史最长、应用范围最广的气凝胶材料。国外以美国阿斯彭和卡博特公司为代表,已形成覆盖−200~650℃温域的系列化产品(图9[41]),密度为0.20 g/cm3,室温热导率为0.014 W/(m·K),广泛应用于助推滑翔飞行器、航天飞机及运载火箭低温贮箱等航空航天场景[41]。中国自2000年以来在二氧化硅气凝胶基础研究和工程化应用上开展了大量工作,但是二氧化硅气凝胶的耐温性不足(≤800℃),制约了其在高马赫数空天飞行器TPS的应用。
航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所在中温型(650℃)二氧化硅气凝胶基础上,发展了耐高温纳米结构构筑策略,率先研制出使用温度达1200℃的高温型二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料,经1200℃/0.5 h考核后线收缩率仅3%,室温热导率≤0.024 W/(m·K)(图10[42]。基于三明治防隔热一体化设计,该所进一步开发了以耐高温气凝胶为芯层、纤维面板为内外防热层的缝合一体化成型技术,制备出兼具耐高温、高效隔热、抗冲刷与应变协调性的整体式材料[43],已应用于10余型高速飞行器大面积TPS及天问一号火星探测器反冲发动机隔热屏。国防科技大学等单位也发展了耐温650℃/1200℃的二氧化硅气凝胶体系并成功应用[44]。近年来,东华大学等利用静电纺丝技术制备了纳米纤维二氧化硅气凝胶材料,区别于传统纳米颗粒堆积结构,一维纳米纤维堆积赋予材料1100℃高弹性,有望用于飞行器特殊部位热防护[45]
国内多家单位对二氧化硅气凝胶的可重复使用性进行了摸底研究。国防科技大学以硅酯为硅源制备的中温型二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料,经400℃/1800 s的10次单面石英灯循环加热后,仍保持初始纳米多孔结构,室温热导率维持在0.018 W/(m·K)(图11[46]。航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所对耐高温气凝胶进行了长时重复使用性能研究,750℃/3600 s加热工况处理30次后,微观结构和隔热性能无明显变化,力学强度增加15%。中国航空制造技术研究院对耐温800℃的二氧化硅气凝胶交替进行650℃单面热处理与95%湿度潮湿试验,证实疏水层高温失效后湿度环境对重复使用性能造成不利影响[47]。因此,开发新型疏水技术对气凝胶复合材料可重复使用方面的意义重大,主要包括以下3个方面。
1) 气凝胶耐高温疏水层构建技术。传统气凝胶疏水改性(如硅烷化)依赖的有机基团在高温下易氧化失效。为此,研究者通过设计更高键能的疏水分子或引入无机疏水成分来提升耐温极限。例如,采用特定结构的硅氧烷试剂可将有效疏水温度提升至450℃以上;而通过构筑由氮化硼纳米片等无机成分构成的疏水结构,则有望在更高温度(如600℃量级)下维持材料的疏水与隔热性能。
2) 气凝胶骨架结构强健化技术。气凝胶纳米颗粒间连接不充分,遇水时毛细管力可达4.2 MPa(乙醇中仅为1.3 MPa),易导致孔结构坍塌与开裂。为此,航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所将氧化铝纳米颗粒与硅溶胶组装,构筑了结构可控的三维网络纳米Al2O3−SiO2复合气凝胶,利用组分耐温性差异通过热处理实现结构强韧化,在湿气、遇水或冷冻环境下仍保持原有微观结构与隔热性能(图12[48])。经10次800℃/1800 s隔热模拟实验后,热导率维持在0.029 W/(m·K)。国防科技大学通过水热辅助干燥工艺制备二氧化硅气凝胶,延长水热保温时间使颗粒间由不充分点接触转变为紧密面接触,提升了骨架强度;室温热导率为0.076 W/(m·K),经5个周期750℃加热—泡水—烘干处理后仍保持良好的骨架结构[49]
3) 气凝胶疏水层快速修复技术。对于服役温度超过疏水层极限的场景,发展可快速实施的“事后修复”技术是保障重复使用的另一思路。其理念是借鉴航天飞机隔热瓦的维护经验,在材料服役后、性能下降前,通过气相沉积或表面喷涂等方式,对失效的局部疏水层进行原位、快速的功能恢复。该方向目前仍处于概念验证与早期研究阶段,其核心挑战在于修复剂的高效输送、与纳米多孔结构的兼容性以及修复效果的均匀性。
氧化铝气凝胶熔点高达2054℃,是潜在的耐高温轻质隔热材料。然而,传统纳米颗粒随机堆积结构在1200℃以上面临显著的α相变、颗粒烧结及结构坍塌问题。针对此,航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所提出“稳定纳米结构单元”设计理念,以勃姆石纳米棒为基元,通过正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)构建Al—O—Si共价桥接网络,首次实现从“颗粒堆积”到“单元构筑”的转变,所制气凝胶在1400℃结构完整[50]。国防科技大学进一步构建了纤维/纳米棒多级增强体系[51],天津大学发展了界面键合增强策略[52]。山东大学采用α−Al2O3纳米片为结构单元,与硅溶胶复合制备的气凝胶在1600℃煅烧30 min后线收缩率仅2.7%~3.6%(图13[5051,5354])。
针对氧化铝气凝胶中未饱和配位Al原子易吸湿导致湿热环境下的结构损伤问题,表面疏水改性成为主要对策。国防科技大学进一步发展出碳包覆Al2O3纳米棒气凝胶(CANAs),通过碳层与微观粗糙结构实现超疏水状态(接触角168°),千次磨损后仍保持156°,展现出优异的环境耐久性与机械耐磨性[54]。土耳其托布经济技术大学采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)处理粉煤灰基硅铝气凝胶,获得接触角140°、冰黏附强度1.21 kPa的疏水表面[55]。厦门大学引入甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)共前驱体制备杂化气凝胶,接触角达152.6°,90%湿度下存放1个月后热导率仅上升5.0%[56]
随着新一代空天飞行器向更高马赫数发展,非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶(碳化物、氮化物、硼化物)因其耐高温、超轻质、耐腐蚀等优势受到广泛关注。
碳气凝胶凭借轻质、低热导率及优异热稳定性成为热防护的理想材料。近年来,通过复合材料策略,其力学性能差、易氧化及难成型等瓶颈正得到系统解决。一是力学性能强化,如引入聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维并构建类“榫卯”梯度界面,使复合材料在获得高损伤容限的同时,压缩强度提升至约90 MPa[57];二是隔热性能优化,采用“低温碳化−高温使用”新思路,将碳化温度控制在约700℃,室温热导率显著降低至约0.085 W/(m·K)[58];三是抗氧化改性,包括表面涂层(陶瓷防护层或致密微晶玻璃层)和本体改性(引入陶瓷相)2条技术路线[59]
碳化物陶瓷气凝胶中,SiC气凝胶在空气中可耐受1200℃,惰性气氛下达1500℃。常见方法有碳热还原法、聚合物前驱体裂解法、化学气相沉积法、高温气相渗硅法和SiC纳米线自组装法等。采用碳热还原法制备的SiC气凝胶密度低且具有丰富的纳米孔结构。为进一步提升柔性,发展了基于化学气相沉积技术的SiC纳米线气凝胶(图14[60]),但其长时抗氧化能力仍是亟待解决的关键问题。
SiOC、SiCN等复合气凝胶在柔性复合与功能化方面取得了一定进展。其中,SiOC气凝胶通常由聚硅氧烷经水解交联后高温热解制得,但其力学性能不足,与柔性陶瓷纤维复合是有效的增强途径。SiCN气凝胶则以聚硅氮烷与二乙烯基苯通过氢化硅烷化反应及热解制备,具有低密度、高孔隙率和高比表面积,结构稳定性好、耐温性较高,但目前尚缺乏系统的力学性能评价[61]
氮化硅(Si3N4)气凝胶因其优良的抗热震性、耐腐蚀性和介电性能,在高马赫数飞行器透波隔热部件中具有应用潜力。它通常以有机硅烷气凝胶为前驱体,通过碳热还原氮化法制备。为提高制备效率,可借助干凝胶粉末碳热合成技术(图15[62])。该方法制备的气凝胶骨架强健,在高温氧气环境中的热稳定性优于SiC[62]
与碳化物气凝胶相比,硼化物气凝胶的研究尚不充分,但其出色的化学稳定性预示着巨大的应用潜力。以石墨烯气凝胶为模板构建的层状双壁结构BN气凝胶(图16[63]),通过独特的微观结构有效抑制了热传导,展现出卓越的隔热性能(0.02 W/(m·K))。该材料同时具备超弹性和优异的高温稳定性,在航空航天隔热领域具有应用前景。
上述氧化物与非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶仍存在高温烧结、晶相转变等导致的性能不可逆衰减问题。为满足新一代空天飞行器热防护需求,研究者正不断发展新型超高温气凝胶,主要包括高熵陶瓷气凝胶、镁铝尖晶石气凝胶和超高温陶瓷气凝胶。
高熵陶瓷气凝胶由5种及以上金属元素构筑多组元固溶体相,主要通过溶胶−凝胶法与静电纺丝技术制备。南京工业大学采用多组分稀土离子凝胶化制备的高熵气凝胶[6465],在1400℃仍保持完整的三维网络结构,兼具良好的强度(图17[6465])。静电纺丝法可直接获得连续陶瓷纳米纤维,哈尔滨工业大学[66]、西北工业大学[67]分别结合超临界与冷冻干燥方法,均制备出高强度、高柔韧性和高耐温的高熵陶瓷纤维气凝胶。此外,表面改性能够有效抑制高温烧结和结构坍塌,引入疏水基团能够大幅提升材料的耐温性和环境耐久性。
镁铝尖晶石(MgAl2O4)因高熔点及优异的热化学稳定性,是理想的高温隔热材料。然而,传统高温固相合成伴随体积收缩与颗粒团聚,难以获得高孔隙率、低热导率的气凝胶结构。南京工业大学以无机盐为前驱体,成功制备出耐温1200℃的纳米棒状MgAl2O4气凝胶[68]。武汉科技大学则以碱式硫酸镁晶须与勃姆石为原料,利用路易斯酸碱反应实现快速凝胶化,结合冷冻干燥方法获得了具有独特“层柱”结构的MgAl2O4气凝胶[69],1500℃仍表现出卓越的热稳定性,兼具优异的力学性能与隔热性能,为极端高温环境下可重复使用隔热材料提供了新的选材方案。
超高温陶瓷在2000℃及以上的热稳定性使其成为发展超高温隔热材料的理想体系,主要包括Zr、Hf的硼化物、碳化物陶瓷等。美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室利用硼热还原法制备出HfB2和ZrB2气凝胶[70]。硼化物气凝胶具有远超传统气凝胶的强度与耐温性能,2000℃热处理后仍能保持其孔隙结构,但粒径大、比表面积低、热导率高。北京航空材料研究院通过碳热还原法制备的ZrC气凝胶相比ZrB2气凝胶具有更低的热导率和更高的抗压强度[71]。不同化学成分的气凝胶复合材料,其耐温性能与核心挑战各异,主要体系对比如表3所示。
气凝胶在可重复使用飞行器上的可靠应用面临3大核心瓶颈。一是疏水层的长效耐温性与快速修复。现有有机疏水层通常在450℃以上失效,无机策略尚不成熟,发展耐受>600℃多次热循环的疏水技术或建立高效在线修复流程是前提。二是纳米多孔骨架的湿热稳定性。遇水或高湿环境时,巨大毛细管力易导致骨架坍塌,现有强健化设计虽有所改善,但如何在保持超低热导率的同时根本解决“惧水”问题仍是重大挑战。三是高温下的结构烧结与辐射传热激增。氧化物气凝胶高温烧结导致孔隙闭合,非氧化物气凝胶氧化问题突出。同时,大于1000℃时辐射传热占主导,要求材料具备高效红外遮光能力,这与高孔隙率、低密度形成设计矛盾。
然而,最大挑战在于产业化推广。首先,核心工艺装备与成本是主要壁垒。超临界干燥设备昂贵、能耗高、产能低,常压干燥在大尺寸构件完整性上仍不稳定。高纯硅源、铝源及有机硅前驱体成本高昂。其次,大型、异形、功能一体化构件制造技术匮乏,难以制备尺寸稳定、性能均匀的薄板或复杂曲面构件,更难以与传感器等集成。最后,工程应用标准与长周期考核数据空白。可重复使用次数、寿命衰减规律、维修维护规程等尚未建立行业公认的测试标准与数据库,严重阻碍了其在关键型号上的规范化应用与推广。
随着航空航天和深空探测等先进技术的发展,飞行器对TPS的要求越来越高。传统的刚性隔热瓦存在许多限制,例如材料较脆、抗冲击能力弱、接缝结构复杂等,难以满足复杂气动载荷和热应力条件下的结构可靠性。由此柔性热防护复合材料应运而生。其能够在承受极端高温的同时,通过自身的弯曲、压缩等形变有效适应结构位移与振动,为下一代飞行器的轻量化、高可靠热防护设计提供了新方案。其中,2大研究方向最具潜力:一是柔性陶瓷纤维毡,利用超细纤维三维网络,通过纤维弯曲与滑移吸收应变能实现柔性,并依靠复杂孔隙抑制对流与传导、散射辐射实现隔热;二是柔性气凝胶,通过引入柔性分子链段或构筑纳米纤维/纳米带交织网络获得本征弹性,同时继承纳米多孔结构抑制气固相传热,实现高效隔热。
柔性陶瓷纤维毡复合材料的性能优势主要源于超细陶瓷纤维交织形成的三维多孔结构。该结构不仅使材料在宏观上保持柔软并具备良好的恢复能力,还能有效阻挡气体流动、减少辐射传热,从而实现高效隔热。纤维骨架的化学成分和微观结构直接影响材料的耐温能力、力学性能和环境稳定性,是材料发展的核心。目前主要有2条技术路线:一类是以石英纤维为基础的隔热纤维毡复合材料,具有高纯度、良好的耐热性和优异的介电性能;另一类是以莫来石纤维为基础的隔热纤维毡复合材料,其特点是使用温度更高,并具备更好的高温稳定性和抗蠕变能力。2种材料共同支撑中高温领域柔性热防护技术的发展。
1) 石英纤维隔热毡复合材料。石英纤维(主要成分为无定形SiO2)因其高纯度、低热导率、优异的热稳定性(长期1000℃)、良好的介电性能及相对成熟的制备工艺,成为柔性热防护领域应用最广泛的纤维材料之一。然而,纯纤维毡的力学强度和抗冲刷能力有限,需要与基体复合。当前研究重点在于保持材料柔性、低密度和低热导率的同时提升力学性能与抗烧蚀/抗氧化能力。
早期的复合方式主要是浸渍酚醛树脂等有机前驱体,经固化、炭化后形成碳或碳−硅化合物基体。近年来,更具成本效益的无机陶瓷基体路线受到青睐。一种创新的策略是采用梯度结构设计,将抗烧蚀与高效隔热功能分区集成。南京航空航天大学报道了一种3层梯度针刺石英纤维毡增强SiO2陶瓷/气凝胶(QF–SA)复合材料(图18[72])。高温热防护层通过热解硅溶胶在纤维表面原位生成致密SiO2陶瓷层,赋予抗烧蚀与抗冲刷能力;中间过渡层同时含少量陶瓷和气凝胶,实现性能平稳过渡;内侧隔热层填充高孔隙率SiO2气凝胶,提供极致隔热。该“刚−柔−多孔”构型在保持整体柔性的同时可抵抗高温气流冲刷,实现了抗烧蚀、高效隔热与力学性能的一体化。
机械性能与轻量化的平衡是另一挑战。山东工业陶瓷研究设计院[73]通过浸涂和原位固化工艺制备的SiO2纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料,拉伸强度35.5 MPa,弯曲强度79.00 MPa,但其密度较高,不符合高超声速飞行器的轻量化要求。未来研究需进一步聚焦于通过纤维预制体架构优化(如二维编织、三维针刺)、纳米基体强化以及更精细的孔隙结构调控,在保障必要力学性能和热防护可靠性的前提下,持续降低材料密度,并推动低成本、规模化制备工艺的发展。
2) 莫来石纤维隔热毡复合材料。石英纤维在高温下会因析晶和黏性流动而导致性能衰退,使其耐温性较差(<1200℃)。莫来石(3Al2O3·2SiO2)纤维因其更高的熔点(约1850℃)、出色的抗热震性、耐化学腐蚀性、较低的高温蠕变性和适中的热导率,成为应对更高温环境的理想选择。然而,商业莫来石纤维性能各异,且单纯纤维毡的强度和韧性仍需提升。
天津大学[74]针对商业纤维组成偏差问题,选用可在高温下转化为莫来石相的氧化铝−二氧化硅纤维为原料,通过模压成型与真空抽滤相结合的工艺(图19[74]),成功制备出具有三维连通孔隙的弹性莫来石纤维多孔材料。该材料展现出优异的高温稳定性:1500℃热处理后纤维结构仍保持完整;室温抗压回弹率高达92.9%,1100℃热处理后仍保持在84.5%。在1500℃高温考核中,材料背面温度可稳定在361.6℃的较低水平。
为进一步提升力学强度以满足结构−功能一体化需求,引入纳米/微米尺度的第二相增强体是有效途径。天津工业大学采用溶胶−凝胶法结合冷冻干燥技术,成功制备连续莫来石纤维增强的3Al2O3·2SiO2层状多孔复合材料[75]。冷冻干燥形成的层状陶瓷基体致密包裹纤维,显著增强界面结合。与常压干燥样品相比,该材料保持低密度(0.32~0.86 g/cm3)和低热导率(0.117 W/(m·K)),抗压强度提升至4.25 MPa,约为后者的4倍。尽管1500℃以上因基体相变和纤维晶粒长大性能下降,但其1400℃以下的热稳定性与力热综合性能优异,是极端高温柔性隔热部件的有力候选。
气凝胶具有极高孔隙率(>90%)与纳米孔结构,热导率可低至0.015 W/(m·K)以下,是高效隔热基体,但其“珍珠链”式纳米颗粒堆积网络导致本征脆性。柔性气凝胶复合材料通过化学设计与结构调控,在保持超低导热的同时,赋予其可弯曲、可压缩甚至超弹性,为飞行器异形曲面、活动机构及对质量极其敏感的部位提供合适的隔热解决方案。根据基体材料体系主要分为陶瓷基、聚合物基和有机−无机杂化3类。
1) 陶瓷基柔性气凝胶复合材料。陶瓷基柔性气凝胶以其耐高温和化学稳定性,成为极端温度环境下热防护的首选材料。为克服传统陶瓷气凝胶的脆性问题,研究者开发了微观结构设计和纳米纤维增强等策略[7677]。其中,二氧化硅气凝胶是研究最广泛的陶瓷气凝胶体系,其柔性化改性主要围绕前驱体改性、微观结构调控和复合增强3条路径。
前驱体改性是通过在合成过程中引入柔性分子链段,如采用含甲基的甲基三甲氧基硅烷(Methyltrimethoxysilane,MTMS)部分替代TEOS,形成韧性的Si—CH3结构。优化MTMS比例制备的SiO2气凝胶,在保持0.015~0.025 W/(m·K)超低热导率的同时,压缩回弹率可达80%[78]。微观结构设计方面,利用定向冷冻干燥引导基元定向排列,形成各向异性结构,在垂直方向可承受>90%压缩应变并完全回弹。纤维复合增强是提升宏观力学性能效果显著和具工程可行性的直接手段。将石英纤维毡、碳化硅纤维编织体等作为增强骨架,将气凝胶填充于纤维网络孔隙中。纤维骨架承担载荷、抑制裂纹,气凝胶提供隔热。研究表明,添加5%~10%体积分数的陶瓷纤维即可使拉伸强度提高3~5倍,导热系数仍低于0.025 W/(m·K),在1000℃下隔热稳定,有望用于轨道试验飞行器TPS(图20[79])。
2) 聚合物基柔性气凝胶复合材料。聚合物基柔性气凝胶以聚酰亚胺(PI)气凝胶为代表,其在中等温度范围(通常小于500℃)展现出独特的综合优势:出色的柔韧性、高比强度、超低热导率(约0.025 W/(m·K))及耐热性设计。其在航空航天、武器装备、微电子工业等高技术领域经历快速发展并具有强劲的需求[80]
PI的柔性化主要通过分子链结构设计实现。美国NASA在此领域开展了系统性工作[81],他们通过使用多功能交联剂(如八氨基苯基倍半硅氧烷OAPS、三胺TAB)或在聚合物主链中引入长柔性链段(如长亚甲基链、醚键),增加分子链的柔顺性和纠缠度,从而制备出低密度(约0.1 g/cm3)、高回弹的柔性PI气凝胶(图21(a)、(b)[81])。国内研究也取得了重要进展,例如,北京交通大学[82]通过改变单体的对称性,成功制备出兼具柔韧性和高透明度的PI气凝胶膜(图21(c)[82]),拓展了其在光热管理领域的应用。中国科学技术大学[83]则通过与柔性有机硅烷交联,改善了PI气凝胶的柔韧性,并将其成功用作耐高温锂电池隔膜(图21(d)[83])。然而,过度引入柔性链段通常会牺牲部分耐热性和隔热性能,因此需要在分子尺度上进行精准的权衡设计。
3) 有机−无机杂化气凝胶复合材料。有机−无机杂化气凝胶旨在通过分子/纳米尺度的复合,协同发挥有机相的柔韧性与无机相的耐温性,创造性能超越单一组分的新型材料。
在聚酰亚胺−二氧化硅(PI−SiO2)杂化气凝胶的研究中,研究者提出了一种受限收缩策略,通过引入微米级二氧化硅气凝胶粉末作为收缩抑制剂,显著提升了材料的高温稳定性与疏水性。该设计使气凝胶在400℃处理1 h后线性收缩率仅6.2%,比表面积损失仅2.7%,并在300℃时呈现超疏水特性(水接触角157.4°)。其导热系数低至0.027 W/(m·K),在250℃加热30 min后背面温度仅86℃,展现了优异的隔热性能(图22[84])。
另一种策略是以柔性高分子为模板,引导构筑连续的无机纳米结构。同济大学[85]利用水溶性聚酰胺酸离子盐链上的官能团与金属离子(如Al3+)配位,通过冰模板法引导金属氧化物沿高分子链方向缩合生长,经高温去除模板后获得由连续金属氧化物纳米带(MNB)交织构成的超轻气凝胶[85]。Al−MNB气凝胶可承受80%的压缩应变而不碎裂;在1300℃火焰下燃烧300 s后,背面平均温度仅68.6℃,隔热性能远超商用氧化硅气凝胶;经1300℃煅烧后仍保持高比表面积和孔体积,线性收缩率仅18%,展现出非凡的超高温稳定性。
柔性热防护复合材料的2大技术路线在性能与应用上各有侧重,其对比总结如表4所示。
柔性热防护材料为复杂形变部位隔热提供了创新方案,但仍面临严峻挑战。一是高温下柔韧性难以保持。多数材料的柔性源于有机组分或特殊微观结构,在持续高温(>800℃)下有机物分解或结构烧结导致变脆,开发本征柔性无机材料是前沿方向。二是轻量化、力学强度与隔热性能难以兼顾。力学强度的提升往往依赖于致密基体或增强体含量的增加,然而这一举措不可避免地会降低孔隙率并升高热导率。三是复杂服役环境下的耐久性考验。材料需同时承受热循环、振动、气流剪切及湿度、氧化等侵蚀,界面结合与抗疲劳性能亟待系统评估。四是制备工艺复杂、成本高,难以满足大面积应用需求。
产业化瓶颈同样突出。首先,规模化制备工艺不成熟。柔性气凝胶的常压干燥放大及高性能陶瓷纤维毡的连续化生产大多停留于实验室或小试阶段,难以满足数量、尺寸与形状要求。然后,性能稳定性与批次再现性差。柔韧性、隔热性能及热循环后的保持率易受前驱体来源和工艺细节影响,需建立严格的过程质量控制体系。最后,缺乏标准化测试评价方法与应用数据库。柔性材料在复杂应力−热耦合状态下的寿命预测模型与地面考核标准尚不完善,设计选型缺乏充分数据支撑,增大了工程应用风险与成本。
新一代空天飞行器极端、动态且耦合的“新热障”环境,对热防护材料提出了前所未有的挑战。本文系统综述了轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料、刚性隔热瓦、耐高温气凝胶复合材料及柔性热防护复合材料4大体系的研究进展(表5)。烧蚀材料通过轻量化、纳米化及多尺度复合,正从“一次消耗”向“性能可设计”与“有限重复使用”演进;刚性隔热瓦历经从一元到三元的组分迭代,结合TUFROC等防隔热一体化结构创新,实现高效、可靠与可重复使用能力的跨越;可重复使用气凝胶复合材料凭借纳米多孔结构的极致隔热潜力,成为轻质高效热防护的突破口;柔性热防护材料通过纤维毡复合与气凝胶本征柔性化设计,为复杂曲面和活动部位提供应变协调性优异的解决方案。
展望未来,单一材料的性能优化已接近瓶颈。热防护技术的发展必然走向“材料−结构−工艺”一体化设计与“主动−被动”协同防护的新范式。具体而言:(1) 多尺度协同设计。需在原子/分子尺度调控组分,在纳米/微米尺度构筑增强与隔热单元,在宏观尺度实现功能梯度与智能集成,从本源上突破性能极限。(2) 深化可重复使用机理。必须建立力、热、湿、化学等多物理场耦合及交变载荷下的材料性能退化评价体系,发展寿命预测模型,重点攻克疏水层长效耐温与快速修复、骨架强健化等关键技术。(3) 智能化与多功能集成。发展集成传感、自诊断甚至自适应调节能力的智能TPS是重要方向。(4) 低成本高效制造。推动增材制造、原位成型等先进工艺发展,实现复杂构件的高质量、规模化制备,是技术成果工程化与应用转化的关键。最终,通过多学科深度交叉融合,推动防隔热一体化复合材料实现从“满足设计约束”到“引领飞行器构型与任务能力创新”的根本性变革。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51872066)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52032003)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U20B2017)
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2026年第44卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00092
  • 接收时间:2025-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-07-27
  • 出版时间:2026-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-18
  • 修回日期:2026-01-15
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51872066)
国家自然科学基金项目(52032003)
国家自然科学基金项目(U20B2017)
作者信息
    1哈尔滨工业大学特种环境复合材料技术国家级重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
    2北京交通大学物理科学与工程学院,北京 100044
    3山东工业陶瓷研究设计院有限公司,淄博 255000
    4航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所,北京 100074

通讯作者:

李文静(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为先进热防护材料,电子信箱:;
洪长青(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为轻质烧蚀型热防护材料,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00092
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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