Article(id=1229061629585846698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1229061621834772825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763308800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-17, revisedDate=1768924800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770960727353, onlineDateStr=2026-02-13, pubDate=1770912000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770825600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770960727353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080690504, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1229061621834772825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770912000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770960725506, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774331256482, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198653456826622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1229061621834772825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198653456826623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1229061621834772825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=81, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1229061630642811316, articleId=1229061629585846698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Scientific opportunities and landscape of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in China—advancing precision high-energy neutrino astronomy with TRIDENT, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-energy neutrinos interact weakly with matter and are not deflected by magnetic fields during their propagation through the Universe, making them unique messengers for probing extreme astrophysical processes, unveiling the origin of high-energy cosmic rays, and advancing multi-messenger astronomy. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has discovered astrophysical high-energy neutrinos and identified compelling evidence for neutrino emission from active galactic nuclei and the Galactic plane, marking the advent of neutrino astronomy. However, owing to limitations in detector volume, angular resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency, the origins of high-energy neutrinos remain largely unresolved. As major developed nations are accelerating the construction of next-generation neutrino telescopes, Chinese scientists have proposed TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), a next-generation neutrino telescope in the South China Sea with significantly enhanced performance. TRIDENT aims to rapidly identify astrophysical neutrino sources and precisely measure neutrino flavor ratios. This initiative seeks to probe origins of high energy cosmic rays and their acceleration mechanisms, and open a new window for probing fundamental physics over astronomical baselines. TRIDENT utilizes an innovative non-uniform detector geometry based on Penrose tiling and hybrid digital optical modules (hDOMs), achieving a large instrumented volume and significantly improving angular resolution, energy resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency. TRIDENT expects to observe the IceCube steady source candidate NGC 1068 with 5σ significance within 1 year of operation, and enable the rapid discovery of multiple astrophysical neutrino sources. The TRIDENT team has successfully completed site selection in the South China Sea, developed core technologies, and established deep-sea deployment strategies, demonstrating readiness for large-scale construction. We recommend initiating the construction of neutrino telescope in South China Sea during China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period. This will allow China to seize a strategic opportunities for major breakthroughs in neutrino astronomy.

, authors=null, authorsList=Donglian XU, Yipeng JING, Xinliang TIAN, Hualin MEI, Xin XIANG, Zhongqin LIN, Jiabiao LI, Meng ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1229061635092967951, articleId=1229061629585846698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=深海中微子望远镜的科学机遇与中国布局, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高能中微子与物质相互作用极弱,且在星际传播过程中不受磁场偏转,是研究宇宙极端物理过程、揭秘宇宙线起源、驱动多信使观天的重要信使。论述了以IceCube为代表的第一代中微子望远镜已首次探测到天体起源的高能中微子,获得了来自活动星系核和银盘的弥散中微子辐射的强力证据;指出了受限于当代望远镜的体量、角分辨率以及中微子味识别能力,绝大多数高能中微子来源仍然未知。当下,国际上正加速推进下一代中微子望远镜的建设,中国科学家提出在南海建设性能大幅提升的二代中微子望远镜——海铃计划,以实现天体中微子源的快速定位及中微子味比的精确测量,确切解答宇宙射线起源之谜、深入研究其加速机制,并在天文尺度基线上研究中微子振荡性质与潜在新物理规律。海铃望远镜创新采用彭罗斯密铺的非等距阵列布局及混合型光电探测球舱(hDOM),在兼顾大体积覆盖的同时显著提升角分辨率、能量测量精度与中微子味道识别能力;建成后有望在1年内以高置信度确认迄今IceCube最显著的点源NGC1068,并快速实现中微子天体源的批量发现。海铃团队已完成南海选址验证、核心技术研发及深海施工策略开发,具备项目规模化推进的条件。建议在“十五五”期间启动南海中微子望远镜的建设,抢占中微子天文学重大突破先机。

, authors=

徐东莲,副教授,研究方向为中微子天文学、实验中微子物理学、多信使天文学等,电子信箱:

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徐东莲,副教授,研究方向为中微子天文学、实验中微子物理学、多信使天文学等,电子信箱:

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灰色和红色数据点为IceCube测到的全味高能弥散天体中微子流

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对于星爆星系等数量众多但单体辐射较弱的源类型,仅依靠现有中微子望远镜的探测能力

难以实现单源识别,需要具备更高灵敏度和更优角分辨率的新一代中微子望远镜

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海铃模拟软件TRIDENTSim生成:从左到右分别为径迹型(tracks)、簇射型(cascades)、双簇射型(double cascades)事件,

可分别对应缪子、电子和陶3种中微子

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项目名称 台址类型 水深埋深 介质光学特性 主要本底来源 视场特性
海铃 深海 ~3500 m  深海水体稳定,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、深海K-40  近赤道低纬,可实现全天区高灵敏度巡天
IceCube 南极深冰 ~2450 m  吸收长度较长,散射长度较短,且随深度变化明显 大气缪子  位于地理南极,最佳灵敏度面向北天区
KM3NeT 深海 ~3500 m  深海水体稳定,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、深海K-40、
发光生物
 北半球中高纬,主要覆盖南天区
P-ONE(规划) 深海 ~2600 m  深海水体稳定,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、深海K-40、
大量发光生物
 北半球中高纬,主要覆盖南天区
Baikal-GVD 深湖 ~1300 m  吸收与散射条件随季节变化显著,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、大量发光生物  北半球中高纬,主要覆盖南天区
), ArticleFig(id=1242147766185567186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1229061629585846698, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全球中微子望远镜选址比较

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项目名称 台址类型 水深埋深 介质光学特性 主要本底来源 视场特性
海铃 深海 ~3500 m  深海水体稳定,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、深海K-40  近赤道低纬,可实现全天区高灵敏度巡天
IceCube 南极深冰 ~2450 m  吸收长度较长,散射长度较短,且随深度变化明显 大气缪子  位于地理南极,最佳灵敏度面向北天区
KM3NeT 深海 ~3500 m  深海水体稳定,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、深海K-40、
发光生物
 北半球中高纬,主要覆盖南天区
P-ONE(规划) 深海 ~2600 m  深海水体稳定,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、深海K-40、
大量发光生物
 北半球中高纬,主要覆盖南天区
Baikal-GVD 深湖 ~1300 m  吸收与散射条件随季节变化显著,散射弱,吸收较强 大气缪子、大量发光生物  北半球中高纬,主要覆盖南天区
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深海中微子望远镜的科学机遇与中国布局
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徐东莲 1, 2 , 景益鹏 1 , 田新亮 2, 3 , 梅华林 1, 2 , 向昕 1, 2 , 林忠钦 4 , 李家彪 5 , 周朦 6, 7
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(3): 81-94
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (3) : 81 -94
深海中微子望远镜的科学机遇与中国布局
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徐东莲1, 2 , 景益鹏1, 田新亮2, 3, 梅华林1, 2, 向昕1, 2, 林忠钦4, 李家彪5, 周朦6, 7
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学李政道研究所&物理与天文学院,暗物质物理全国重点实验室,上海 201210
  • 2上海交通大学海南研究院,三亚 572024
  • 3上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 4上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,机械系统与振动全国重点实验室,上海市复杂薄板结构数字化制造重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 5自然资源部第二海洋研究所,海底科学与划界全国重点实验室,杭州 310012
  • 6上海交通大学海洋学院,极地生态与气候变化教育部重点实验室,上海市极地生命过程与环境重点实验室,上海市极地前沿科学研究基地,上海 200240
  • 7中国极地研究中心(中国极地研究所),极地科学重点实验室,上海 201209
Scientific opportunities and landscape of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in China—advancing precision high-energy neutrino astronomy with TRIDENT
Donglian XU1, 2 , Yipeng JING1, Xinliang TIAN2, 3, Hualin MEI1, 2, Xin XIANG1, 2, Zhongqin LIN4, Jiabiao LI5, Meng ZHOU6, 7
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
  • 2Hainan Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya 572024, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-walled Structures, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 5Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources; State Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 6MOE Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Polar Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Polar Science, School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 7Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 201209, China
出版时间: 2026-02-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091
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高能中微子与物质相互作用极弱,且在星际传播过程中不受磁场偏转,是研究宇宙极端物理过程、揭秘宇宙线起源、驱动多信使观天的重要信使。论述了以IceCube为代表的第一代中微子望远镜已首次探测到天体起源的高能中微子,获得了来自活动星系核和银盘的弥散中微子辐射的强力证据;指出了受限于当代望远镜的体量、角分辨率以及中微子味识别能力,绝大多数高能中微子来源仍然未知。当下,国际上正加速推进下一代中微子望远镜的建设,中国科学家提出在南海建设性能大幅提升的二代中微子望远镜——海铃计划,以实现天体中微子源的快速定位及中微子味比的精确测量,确切解答宇宙射线起源之谜、深入研究其加速机制,并在天文尺度基线上研究中微子振荡性质与潜在新物理规律。海铃望远镜创新采用彭罗斯密铺的非等距阵列布局及混合型光电探测球舱(hDOM),在兼顾大体积覆盖的同时显著提升角分辨率、能量测量精度与中微子味道识别能力;建成后有望在1年内以高置信度确认迄今IceCube最显著的点源NGC1068,并快速实现中微子天体源的批量发现。海铃团队已完成南海选址验证、核心技术研发及深海施工策略开发,具备项目规模化推进的条件。建议在“十五五”期间启动南海中微子望远镜的建设,抢占中微子天文学重大突破先机。

中微子天文学  /  深海中微子望远镜  /  “海铃计划”(TRIDENT)  /  多信使观测  /  宇宙射线起源  /  天体中微子味比

High-energy neutrinos interact weakly with matter and are not deflected by magnetic fields during their propagation through the Universe, making them unique messengers for probing extreme astrophysical processes, unveiling the origin of high-energy cosmic rays, and advancing multi-messenger astronomy. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has discovered astrophysical high-energy neutrinos and identified compelling evidence for neutrino emission from active galactic nuclei and the Galactic plane, marking the advent of neutrino astronomy. However, owing to limitations in detector volume, angular resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency, the origins of high-energy neutrinos remain largely unresolved. As major developed nations are accelerating the construction of next-generation neutrino telescopes, Chinese scientists have proposed TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), a next-generation neutrino telescope in the South China Sea with significantly enhanced performance. TRIDENT aims to rapidly identify astrophysical neutrino sources and precisely measure neutrino flavor ratios. This initiative seeks to probe origins of high energy cosmic rays and their acceleration mechanisms, and open a new window for probing fundamental physics over astronomical baselines. TRIDENT utilizes an innovative non-uniform detector geometry based on Penrose tiling and hybrid digital optical modules (hDOMs), achieving a large instrumented volume and significantly improving angular resolution, energy resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency. TRIDENT expects to observe the IceCube steady source candidate NGC 1068 with 5σ significance within 1 year of operation, and enable the rapid discovery of multiple astrophysical neutrino sources. The TRIDENT team has successfully completed site selection in the South China Sea, developed core technologies, and established deep-sea deployment strategies, demonstrating readiness for large-scale construction. We recommend initiating the construction of neutrino telescope in South China Sea during China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period. This will allow China to seize a strategic opportunities for major breakthroughs in neutrino astronomy.

neutrino astronomy  /  deep-sea neutrino telescope  /  TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT)  /  multi-messenger observations  /  origin of high-energy cosmic rays  /  astrophysical neutrino flavor ratio
徐东莲, 景益鹏, 田新亮, 梅华林, 向昕, 林忠钦, 李家彪, 周朦. 深海中微子望远镜的科学机遇与中国布局. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (3) : 81 -94 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091
Donglian XU, Yipeng JING, Xinliang TIAN, Hualin MEI, Xin XIANG, Zhongqin LIN, Jiabiao LI, Meng ZHOU. Scientific opportunities and landscape of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in China—advancing precision high-energy neutrino astronomy with TRIDENT[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (3) : 81 -94 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091
中微子是构成物质世界最基本的粒子之一,其概念最早由泡利(Wolfgang Ernst Pauli)于1930年提出,并在1956年的核反应堆实验中首次被实验证实。此后,中微子物理的发展多次推动基础物理的重大突破,并屡次获得诺贝尔物理学奖。早期人类探测到的中微子主要集中在MeV−GeV及以下能区,包括反应堆中微子的发现(1995年诺贝尔物理学奖)、缪子中微子的发现(1988年诺贝尔物理学奖)、大麦哲伦云内超新星1987A爆发中微子的探测(2002年诺贝尔物理学奖),以及太阳与大气中微子振荡现象的发现(2015年诺贝尔物理学奖)。这些成果为中微子存在质量及其振荡机制等基本性质提供了关键证据。然而,真正来自宇宙高能加速器的TeV−PeV高能天体中微子,直到位于南极极点的冰立方中微子望远镜(IceCube)于2010年建成之后才得以观测。2013年,IceCube首次探测到来自地外的高能弥散中微子[1],标志着中微子天文学的新纪元[2]。自此,人类在依赖传统电磁波观测宇宙的方式之外,进一步拓展引入了高能天体中微子这一独特信使,其与物质作用极其微弱,且在星际传播不受磁场偏转,为研究极端宇宙规律提供了全新的窗口。随后,2015年激光干涉引力波天文台(Laser Interferometer Gravitational−Wave Observatory,LIGO)首次直接探测到由双黑洞并合产生的引力波信号[3],中微子与引力波共同加入了宇宙信使的行列,与光子和宇宙射线共同构成了多信使天文学的观测体系,使人类获得前所未有的观天能力,得以重建宇宙中最极端物理过程的“全息”图景。
过去10余年里,IceCube在探寻高能中微子天体源方面取得了一系列里程碑式成果。除了持续精确测量来自地外的弥散高能中微子流,IceCube在最近几年又确认了来自银盘的弥散中微子流[45]。2017年,通过多信使协同观测,IceCube找到了首个中微子源的证据——耀变体TXS 0506+056(3.0σ)[6]。IceCube探测到一个来自该源方向的高能中微子事件IC170922A(能量约290 TeV),当时该源正处于伽马辐射增强阶段。随后对历史数据的回溯分析发现,该源在2014—2015年曾发生1次未伴随伽马辐射的中微子爆发(3.5σ)[7],进一步揭示其辐射机制的复杂性。2022年,IceCube找到第2个中微子源的强力证据——塞佛特星系NGC1068(4.2σ)[8]。该源主要产生能量在1.5~15 TeV的中微子,且未观测到对应的TeV伽马射线,暗示高能伽马辐射在致密环境中被强烈吸收。最近的理论研究指出,其辐射区可能位于黑洞附近约几至数十个施瓦西半径以内[910],对传统喷流加速模型提出了直接挑战。迄今为止,高能中微子信号最为显著的2个天体源均表现出明显的伽马射线强吸收特征。这一事实表明,从观测者的角度来看,中微子与伽马射线信使在同一源中往往难以兼得。其根本原因在于,中微子的产生通常要求源区存在充足的靶物质,以驱动高能宇宙射线发生强子相互作用;而这些致密的靶物质环境会对伴生的高能伽马射线产生强烈吸收,使其难以逃逸源区,而中微子由于与物质相互作用极弱,能够直接从致密环境中逃逸出来。因此,依赖伽马射线观测来驱动高能中微子天体源的寻找,将不可避免地遗漏一批最具物理价值的宇宙加速器,这表明了中微子信使的独特作用以及发展下一代中微子望远镜的必要性。
在基础物理方面,高能中微子同样展现出独特价值。2021年,IceCube公布了一个能量约6.05±0.72 PeV的簇射事件,其特征与理论预言的格拉肖共振相符,这不仅表明天体中微子流量中存在电子反中微子成分,同时也为在PeV能区进一步检验粒子物理标准模型提供了新的实验依据和窗口[11]。此外,随着对南极冰川中波形读出的精细分析逐步成熟[1213],IceCube已进入可识别陶中微子的阶段,为未来利用“味比”探测新物理奠定了重要基础。然而,由于南极冰层中存在明显的尘埃结构,其光学性质在空间上具有明显的不均匀性,对切伦科夫光的散射和吸收过程产生重要影响,从而影响事件波形重建并增加陶中微子鉴别中的系统不确定性。相比之下,深海水体在光学性质上的均匀性更高、光散射效应更弱,这使得基于深海环境的中微子望远镜在角分辨率以及陶中微子鉴别和味比测量等关键能力上具备显著优势。
尽管已取得重要突破,现有观测同时揭示出宇宙高能中微子分布的复杂性。根据IceCube的测量,银盘贡献的中微子不足其观测到的总弥散流量的10%。理论研究进一步指出,银河系更像一个“中微子沙漠”:银河系的中微子亮度比遥远星系的平均亮度暗10~100倍(低1~2个数量级)。这意味着在过去的几百万年里,银河系没有出现过产生大量高能中微子的源[14]。在目前已探测到的河外候选天体源中,至少存在2种性质迥异的源(图1[5]):如NGC1068这类离地球较近(~14.4 Mpc),其产生的中微子能谱较软(E−3.2)的源,能量主要集中在1.5~15 TeV;以及TXS 0506+056这类离地球很遥远(z=0.3365,~1774 Mpc),能谱较硬(E−2)的源,主要产生约40~400 TeV的高能中微子。对于这2类源,理论研究表明其辐射区域可能位于黑洞附近几至数十个施瓦西半径以内;但也有研究提出,TXS 0506+056的中微子及多波段辐射可能起源于其相对论喷流内。这些结果暗示宇宙中可能存在多种截然不同的粒子加速机制,其背后涉及的吸积流结构、磁重联、极端等离子体过程仍是当前天体物理研究的前沿热点。高能中微子的观测将为揭示黑洞附近等离子体耗散、粒子加速的物理过程、暗物质与宇宙射线作用等新物理规律提供全新视角和关键线索。
目前,除了最显著的中微子点源候选体——活动星系核(NGC1068和TXS 0506+056这2个点源贡献约1%的IceCube中微子弥散流量),以及银盘弥散中微子(贡献约10%)之外,IceCube所观测到的大部分高能弥散中微子流的起源仍然未知。现有研究普遍认为,IceCube探测到的大部分高能中微子应来自遥远的天体弱源,如星爆星系(starburst galaxies)。而要分辨这些天体弱源,中微子望远镜需要达到0.1度的角度分辨率[15],及更高的探测灵敏度(图2[16])。
除稳恒源以外,宇宙中剧烈的高能活动还可能产生具有瞬态性质的中微子源,如潮汐瓦解事件、活动星系核耀发(包括耀变体耀发)等。这类暂现事件通常伴随瞬时增强的电磁辐射,并可能同步产生中微子,因此,需要联合中微子与其他宇宙信使开展协同观测。然而,目前IceCube空间上的定位误差较大,使得精确识别暂现中微子源仍具有挑战性。未来建设具有更高角分辨率和更大体量的中微子望远镜,将显著提升对暂现源的实时探测能力,并推动多信使天文学的进一步发展。
中微子天文学正站在新的历史起点上,面临前所未有的科学机遇。通过探测器的巧妙设计与望远镜整体的精密布局,有望在2个前沿方向产生重大突破。首先,需要确认一批高能中微子天体源,以确切解答高能宇宙线起源之谜,并深入研究这些宇宙加速器中粒子的加速机制。其次,需要通过精确的中微子味比测量,在天文尺度基线上检验中微子振荡性质并寻找超越粒子物理标准模型的新物理规律,例如中微子与暗物质的相互作用、中微子衰变、量子引力效应或洛伦兹不变性破缺等现象。任何偏离理论预期的味比结果都可能意味着新的物理机制的存在,而实现这一目标依赖于未来对3种味道(电子、缪子及陶)中微子的高精度测量。
然而,这一科学机遇具有明确且有限的时间窗口,其紧迫性集中体现在未来5~10年。美国2020年发布的最新天文与天体物理10年规划(US Decadal Survey)将多信使天文学,尤其是以高能中微子和引力波为代表的新信使与新物理规律寻找[17],列为未来10年的核心发展方向之一,并明确支持建设下一代中微子望远镜IceCube−Gen2,预计在2035年前后建成[16]。中国科学家自2018年开始在南海探索建设下一代中微子望远镜——“海铃计划”,迄今已在台址海域验证、核心探测器研制、中微子与本底信号模拟等方面取得扎实进展,并已实现了望远镜深海精密布放与组网等工程技术的攻坚,全面具备了启动建设的条件。若中国在“十五五”期间启动深海中微子望远镜的建设,将有望抢占中微子天文学重大突破的先机,填补中国实测中微子天文学的空白,实现从起跑到跟跑,甚至领跑的跨越。
为了角逐这些重大科学机遇,欧美主要发达国家正密锣紧鼓推进下一代中微子望远镜的建设,包括IceCube−Gen2、KM3NeT、Baikal−GVD、P−ONE等。中国也在推动建设下一代中微子望远镜,包括海铃望远镜(TRopIcal DEep−sea Neutrino Telescope,TRIDENT,以下简称“海铃”),以及高能水下中微子望远镜(High−energy Underwater Neutrino Telescope,HUNT)、南海中微子天文台(NEutrino Observatory in the Nanhai,NEON)等。未来的探测器需要在更大探测体积与更低能阈之间取得平衡,使其既能够探测超过百TeV的高能中微子,又能对NGC1068这类TeV级源保持高灵敏度。同时,更高的方向与能量分辨率、改进的波形读出技术以及对水/冰介质差异的深入理解,将有助于实现天体陶中微子的高精度鉴别,推动中微子天文学迈入“精确时代”。这些努力将最终帮助人类识别一批宇宙深处的高能加速器、揭示黑洞附近的极端物理过程,并借助中微子这一独特信使探索可能超越标准模型的新物理图景。
依托更优的角分辨率和更高的灵敏度,海铃将与中国现有及在建的多波段、多信使观测设施形成协同体系,包括500米口径球面射电望远镜(Five−hundred−meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST)、光学望远镜(如运行中的丽江望远镜、未来的地面交通大学光谱望远镜(Jiao−tong University Spectroscopic Telescope,JUST)与地面宽视场光谱巡天望远镜(MUltiplexed Survey Telescope,MUST)、光谱望远镜及中国空间站巡天空间望远镜(China Space Station Telescope,CSST)等),X射线卫星如在轨运行的硬X射线调制望远镜(Hard X−ray Modulation Telescope,HXMT)、爱因斯坦探针(Einstein Probe,EP)及未来的增强型X射线时变与偏振空间天文台(enhanced X−ray Timing and Polarimetry mission,eXTP),高海拔宇宙线观测站(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory,LHAASO),未来空间站上的高能宇宙辐射探测设施(High Energy cosmic−Radiation Detection,HERD),以及MeV能段的江门中微子观测站(Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory,JUNO)和EeV能段的大型中微子探测阵列(Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection,GRAND)。海铃凭借其低纬台址和高角分辨率优势,可在全天区范围内提供高置信度的中微子预警与源定位信息,支持多波段望远镜开展快速跟踪观测,从而在时间域与能谱域上联合刻画极端宇宙中粒子加速与能量释放过程,构建中国完备、自主的多信使观测网络。在国际层面,海铃将作为低纬深海中微子望远镜,与现有北半球和高纬装置共同构成覆盖全天区的全球多信使观测体系。其近赤道台址能够有效填补现有中微子望远镜在南天区的灵敏度与视场空缺,在瞬变源快速定位、跨波段联合触发以及长时标巡天统计研究中发挥关键作用。
中微子望远镜的探测机制基于捕捉中微子与介质相互作用产生的切伦科夫辐射光信号,这一物理特性决定了台址环境的优劣,直接制约着装置的探测效能。构建深海中微子望远镜,首要前提在于通过大深度的水体屏蔽宇宙线缪子本底,同时保障介质具有极佳的光学透明度,以确保微弱的光信号在长距离传输中保持足够的强度与方向信息,进而确保可收集到充足的光子,并实现对中微子能量与方向的精准重建。此外,海水中的放射性同位素和生物发光是深海中微子望远镜的主要噪声来源之一,因此选择深海环境的稳定性与低本底特性同样关键,需要尽量避开生物活跃区域并对深海中放射性本底进行精确测量和评估,以免环境噪声湮灭有效信号。
为对南海选址进行定量评估,2021年9月,海铃团队在南海北部海域成功实施了深海原位勘测任务(图3[18]),在水深3420 m处开展了针对海水光学性质、流场性质及放射性本底的系统性测量。结果显示,该海域深层海水的平均吸收长度约为27 m,散射长度约为63 m,其光学属性与国际同类装置的选址标准相当,具备实现优于0.1°角分辨率的物理条件。同时,实测数据证实,在3000 m深度以下,海流流速保持在10 cm/s以下的低流速状态,且未监测到显著的生物发光活动。这些实测数据,为在中国低纬度深海建设大型中微子望远镜提供了确凿的依据,验证了海铃台址(海铃盆地)的可行性。
海铃探测器的总体设计主要由2个核心物理目标所驱动:一是迅速定位高能天体中微子源,二是精确测量到达地球的中微子味道比例。为迅速准确定位天体源,探测器需在缪子中微子产生的径迹型事件(tracks)中具备极高的角分辨率;而为实现中微子味比的精确测量,则须对电子中微子产生的局域簇射(cascades)事件保持高探测灵敏度,并且能够可靠识别陶中微子所特有的双簇射(double cascades)特征。由于不同类型中微子事件产生的光信号分布范围差别很大(如图4[19]所示,缪子中微子产生光信号分布可达千米级,电子中微子10 m级,而陶中微子几十到千米级),它们对潜标阵列间距布局提出了截然不同的要求,因此,海铃的阵列布局采用彭罗斯密铺的非等距串列布局,如图5所示。该布局具有2方面关键优势:一方面,非均匀的串列间距可兼顾不同能量阈值需求,实现探测器在TeV至EeV超宽能区内的有效观测;另一方面,由于阵列不具平移或旋转对称性,可更高效抑制直线穿行的大气缪子噪声。模拟结果表明,该布局既满足高能径迹事件的大尺度重建需求,又提升局域簇射事件的能量测量精度,使探测器在有效探测面积、角分辨率等关键性能上保持均衡表现,从而覆盖超宽能段物理目标[19]
除阵列整体布局外,单个探测球舱的性能同样决定着海铃在方向重建、能量测量与中微子味识别方面的能力。相较于IceCube与Baikal−GVD所采用的“单个光电探测器件”方案,海铃团队原创提出并成功研制了新一代混合型光电球舱(hybrid digital optical module,hDOM),该方案在第31届国际中微子物理与天体物理大会(Neutrino 2024)的探测器大会特邀报告中,被作为中微子探测新型光学传感器(novel concepts of light sensors and light detection techniques for neutrino physics)方案之一高亮介绍[20]。海铃hDOM在多支小型光电倍增管(photomultiplier tube,PMT)的基础上,进一步整合了具备百皮秒级时间响应的硅基光电倍增器,从而能够充分发挥海水介质散射低的优势,显著提升对切伦科夫光到达时间的测量精度。球舱表面布置有数十个独立光电探测单元,形成类似“复眼”的分布式收光结构,可从多个方向同时记录光信号,为中微子事件重建提供更充分的信息支撑。首先,hDOM具备优良的时间测量精度和方向分辨能力,能够更准确地还原切伦科夫光的到达时间和传播方向,从而提高径迹型事件的指向精度,并改善簇射型事件的能量重建效果。其次,hDOM多通道分布式探测避免了强信号集中在单一探测单元上,使球舱在极高能量事件中不易饱和,能够稳定记录从TeV到EeV能区的能量沉积。另外,依托多通道结构,hDOM能在单球舱尺度上识别多个探测单元的同时响应,有效抑制深海天然放射性(如钾40衰变)等引起的随机噪声,在不降低触发效率的前提下,显著降低探测能阈。
基于上述设计,海铃将在径迹型事件中获得相较现有探测器显著改进的角分辨率,从而有效提升对点源的探测灵敏度。模拟结果表明,海铃建成并投入运行后,有望在1年内以5σ置信度发现NGC1068[18],并快速实现中微子天体源的批量发现,推动高能中微子天文学研究进入精确时代。在确认天体中微子源后,结合中微子观测得到的能谱斜率与能量覆盖范围及多波段电磁辐射等开展多信使联合分析,海铃不仅有望在强子加速模型与轻子辐射模型之间实现物理排除或优选,还可对中微子辐射区的空间尺度给出更严格的约束,并为区分激波加速(一阶费米机制)、随机加速(二阶费米机制)以及相对论性磁重联等不同粒子加速路径提供关键观测依据[21]
在中微子味比精确测量方面,陶中微子的识别是长期存在的技术难点,hDOM的全波形读出能力为该探测提供了关键技术支撑。高能陶中微子在探测介质中发生相互作用并产生次级陶轻子,由于陶轻子寿命极短,其在传播极短距离后即发生衰变,从而在探测器中形成2个在时间上紧密相邻、具有明确先后顺序的光信号脉冲(双脉冲),如图6[22]所示。全波形读出能够清晰识别这一特征信号,并利用多通道获取的时间与空间信息,有效区分真实物理事件与噪声,从而降低陶中微子的探测能阈,提高识别效率,最终提升中微子味道比例测量的灵敏度[22]。精度显著提升的味比测量不仅可用于区分源区内中微子的不同产生机制,还可作为跨越天文尺度检验中微子振荡规律的关键探针。若观测结果与标准预期有系统性偏差,将昭示新的中微子相互作用规律[2325]
此外,hDOM可利用在单个球舱上多PMT击中时间成协的局域符合判据,实现对MeV级超新星中微子信号的甄别:反电子中微子在海水中发生逆贝塔衰变(inverse beta decay,IBD),释放正电子与中子,利用天然氯核对中子的高效俘获能力,海铃首次创新地在海水中应用IBD的瞬时信号与中子氯核俘获延迟信号的成协性,高效抑制了海水放射性本底的干扰,比同类深海望远镜超新星预警距离提升了近3倍[26]图7[26])。基于上述对MeV中微子信号的高效甄别与本底抑制能力,海铃预计可获得数十千吨量级的有效探测体量,从而对银河系内超新星中微子信号随时间的演化进行精确测量,并结合电磁波段与引力波观测数据,深入研究超新星爆发机制[27]。同时,这类高统计、高时间分辨的观测也有望为中微子质量序等基本物理问题提供新的观测约束[28]
在成功研制3英寸PMT的hDOM(图8[29](a))后,海铃团队开展了面向部署大规模阵列降低成本与功耗的系统研究。模拟结果表明,通过采用4英寸PMT以减少通道数,并将硅光电倍增管(silicon photomultiplier,SiPM)探测单元优化部署于球舱下半球(图8(b)),可在不削弱海铃核心科学目标的前提下,使单个hDOM的总体造价和功耗降低约40%。这一优化方案在保持探测器关键物理性能的同时,显著提升了大规模阵列建设的经济性与可扩展性[29]
总体而言,海铃团队原创提出的hDOM混合型光电探测球舱方案在深海放射性噪声抑制、时间与角度分辨率、能量重建、动态范围与味道识别等方面均全面优于上一代光学球舱,为海铃实现“快速定位天体中微子源”与“精确味道测量”的2个核心科学目标奠定了关键技术基础。
要将如此密集的大型柔性潜标阵列精准部署在深海环境中,对深海施工、光电传输以及海底精密组网提出了一系列工程挑战。传统深水潜标常采用“自上而下自由下沉”,即“抛放式”的布放方式。而这种方式中略微的海水洋流扰动就会使最终落点水平偏移几十米量级,这对于线距仅百米、单根串列安装误差需控制在米级的中微子望远镜来说,难以满足需求。更重要的是,望远镜串列是包含若干hDOM、光电复合缆和承力缆的复杂柔性结构,传统方式难以在下沉过程中避免光学球舱之间的碰撞及线缆之间的缠绕,而部署过程中任何结构性损伤都有可能直接转化为探测单元的永久失效。
围绕上述工程瓶颈,2020年以来,海铃团队在如何进行深海精准布放方面进行了大量设计和设备迭代工作。经过多年研发,海铃团队提出并实现了以“蜘蛛”系统(SPIDER−subsea precision instrument deployer with elastic releasing,深海精密仪器柔性布放装置,图9)为核心的整体布放技术路径。“蜘蛛”系统利用可扩展的卷筒结构,以“水车式”集成方式对光学球舱和线缆进行集装,使得在具体施工时可以将整个卷筒结构先放置于海床预定位置后,再对串列进行释放展开,以实现望远镜串列在深海精准布放的目的[30]
2025年8月,海铃团队成功在南海完成了“蜘蛛”多次全流程海试(图10)。海试结果表明,搭载20只hDOM模型的全尺寸“蜘蛛”样机在近底悬停、释放、上浮展开及整缆张力控制等关键环节均运行稳定,实测上浮速度与模型预测一致,球舱姿态保持良好,动态加速度处于精密仪器安全范围内,首次验证了该系统能够在真实深海环境下实现高几何精度、低风险的整体布放。这一技术的突破,成功解决了超长柔性潜标在深海复杂水动力环境下的姿态控制难题,确保了中微子望远镜串列在布放、展开过程中的安全与精准,也为深海中微子望远镜从设计蓝图走向现实奠定了坚实的工程基础。
“蜘蛛”成功研制确保了海铃在望远镜深海组网方面得以采用以海底接驳盒为核心的分布式组网方案。方案计划每根垂直探测串列在完成精准布放并稳定展开后,在水下机器人的牵引下通过水下湿插拔与指定接驳盒实现连接,并由水下接驳盒完成供电分配、信号汇聚与链路管理,再通过主干海底电缆接入整体水下供电与通信网络,并最终与岸基站点相连。这种分层式组网结构,有效避免了长距离点对点直连所带来的布线复杂性和施工风险,使阵列在百米量级的间距下仍能保持清晰、可控的网络结构(图11)。
海铃的建设采用分阶段实施、边运行边扩展的发展路径。在早期阶段即具备完整的探测与运行能力,并同步开展科学观测与关键技术验证。这一发展模式符合国际大型中微子望远镜的普遍建设经验,即通过分期实施,在持续产出科学成果的同时逐步提升探测规模与整体性能。如图12所示,全球同类中微子望远镜聚焦于TeV–PeV能区,以天体中微子源的系统搜寻与批量发现为核心目标,旨在确切解答宇宙射线起源等重大科学问题。
在上海交通大学支持下,海铃一期项目已于2022年12月启动,旨在完成核心技术研发攻坚。迄今,已逐步开展并突破hDOM、望远镜串列集成、多节点时钟同步、多节点声学定位、数据采集系统、柔性串列布放载具及深海组网策略等关键技术,具备全面工程化推进条件。当下,团队正在推进海铃二期项目,拟于“十五五”期间在海铃盆地部署百根望远镜串列,监控水体约1 km3,探测灵敏度达到国际先进水平。科学上以发现天体中微子源、确切解答宇宙射线起源为目标(对南天点源灵敏度较IceCube提升3个数量级以上,有望率先发现南天中微子源);同时,二期将显著提升对3种味道中微子的探测效率,在宇宙尺度上精确检验中微子振荡性质并寻找超越粒子物理标准模型的新物理信号;利用大气中微子测量地球内部结构;开展核塌缩超新星监测。二期还将与全球多个望远镜形成协同网络,开展多信使联合观测,深入探索极端宇宙。在工程与技术方面,二期将完成海底密集阵列精准布放与组网的关键技术攻坚,掌握深海远程大功率供电与大带宽通信等核心技术,形成在中国海域建设和长期运行立方千米级深海中微子望远镜的完整工程技术体系,完成在中国海域建设、运行深海中微子望远镜的全链条技术验证。未来的海铃三期将布局千根串列,覆盖水体约10 km3,探测灵敏度达国际领先水平,在角度与能量分辨率、中微子探测效率等方面实现数量级提升,在全天区点源搜寻和中微子味道分辨能力上形成国际引领优势,持续产出重大原创科学成果。在推进建设海铃中微子望远镜过程中,同步发起国际大科学计划,显著提升中国在中微子多信使天文学领域的国际影响力。
中微子望远镜通过探测中微子相互作用产生的切伦科夫光重建事例能量与方向,对探测介质的体积和光学性质有严格要求。在自然环境中,能够支撑立方千米级中微子望远镜的介质主要限于2类:极地深冰和深水水体。目前已建成或主要规划中的大型中微子望远镜在全球的空间分布如图13所示,不同台址方案的环境条件与观测特性对比如表1所示。
在深冰方案中,IceCube在南极冰盖1450~2450 m深度范围内部署了86根探测串列、共5160个光学球舱,是目前世界上体量最大的中微子望远镜[31]。南极深冰在可见光波段具有较长的吸收长度,但散射长度较短,且随深度变化显著;冰体内部的层状结构和各向异性进一步增加了光子传播的不确定性,对角分辨率的持续提升形成制约[32]。此外,受地理位置限制,IceCube对南天区的观测需在强宇宙线缪子本底下进行,其灵敏度相较北天区降低约2~3个数量级[33]
深水方案包括深湖和深海2类台址。深湖环境中,贝加尔湖是目前唯一具备建设大体积中微子望远镜条件的淡水湖泊,其最大水深约1642 m,Baikal−GVD的探测单元布设在700~1300 m深度[34]。然而,深湖水体中由季节性生物活动引起的自发发光噪声可达100 kHz量级,对低能信号探测构成显著限制[35]。相比之下,深海虽然有放射性同位素K40成为主要本底,但其在可利用水深和空间可拓展性方面更具优势。KM3NeT−ARCA正在地中海约3500 m深度部署,P−ONE计划在北太平洋Cascadia盆地约2660 m深度建设立方千米级阵列[3637]
海铃盆地不仅满足大体积、介质透明等基本环境要求,还由于其近赤道的独特地理特征,使得海铃望远镜能够实现全灵敏度巡天,有效覆盖IceCube在南天区的观测弱区,并与北半球中高纬望远镜形成互补,在全球中微子观测网络布局中具有不可替代的视场价值。
尽管在工程实现和建设成本上相较上一代单PMT方案更为复杂,近年来国际上新一代中微子望远镜在基本核心探测球舱的设计上,仍普遍由单一大PMT转向多PMT结构[16,3637]。这一技术路线的转变源于对探测器性能持续提升的需求。相较于单一探测器件,多PMT球舱能够从多个方向同时记录光信号,在时间精度、方向判断和信号可靠性等方面具有明显优势。
在阵列规模的设计方面,单纯追求几何体量的扩大存在明显局限。在探测球舱数量固定的前提下,仅通过拉大串列间距来“做大体积”,并不能等比例提升探测器的有效探测能力。模拟研究表明,过于稀疏的阵列布局会削弱对中、低能中微子的探测效率,并显著抬高探测能阈,同时也会因采样信息不足而降低高能事件的重建精度[19]
为缓解上述问题,Baikal−GVD、P−ONE等项目采用了在局部区域内提高探测球舱密度,在整体尺度上保持较大间距的簇状布局。该方案在工程实施上具有一定的便利性,其模块化布局有利于深海环境中分步建设与维护。然而,模拟结果显示,簇间大尺度空隙会导致部分中微子事件无法被有效触发,不连续的空间采样也会显著削弱对高能事件的重建能力和精度。同时,分散的簇结构增加了阵列边缘区域的占比,使得发生在簇边界附近的事件更易受到采样不完整的影响,从而降低重建质量,大幅削弱径迹型与簇射型事件的区分能力。总体来看,尽管簇状布局在几何上覆盖更大空间,其综合探测能力反而大打折扣。相比之下,更均匀的阵列布局在空间采样连续性和整体重建稳定性方面表现更为稳健,更有利于在宽能区范围内同时实现高精度定位、能量测量和中微子味识别等多样化物理目标[19]
作为一项面向前沿基础科学问题的大型、长期稳定运行的深海精密观测设施,海铃中微子望远镜阵列除核心光电探测器件外,还集成高精度声学定位、温盐深、流速流向、姿态与张力监测以及环境噪声与背景光监测等多类传感器,用于实时标定与保障动态望远镜综合性能相关的物理参数,并同步获取深海环境与工程运行的长期连续观测数据。依托上述多传感器协同观测数据,海铃在支撑高能中微子天文学和粒子物理研究的同时,也面向海洋科学、地球物理、地球化学及信息科学等相关学科开放,提供覆盖光学、声学与环境参数的高精度、长时标深海原位观测数据,为深海环境长期连续监测、地震与声场结构、生物发光特性及相关工程过程研究,以及“透明海洋”和“智慧海洋”体系建设提供关键数据支撑。
在开放运行与国际合作方面,海铃在建设与运行阶段同步建立规范化的数据管理与共享体系,逐步向国内外科研团队提供标准化观测数据与分析接口,支撑围绕宇宙线起源、瞬态中微子源及暗物质相关信号的联合观测与协同分析。在国际层面,海铃作为低纬深海中微子望远镜,融入以IceCube、KM3NeT、Baikal−GVD和P−ONE等为代表的全球中微子观测网络,通过观测策略协调、事件触发共享和联合统计分析,构建覆盖全天区的多信使观测体系,为宇宙线起源研究、新型辐射/产能机制判别以及极端宇宙深层规律探索提供全球尺度的数据支撑。
深海中微子望远镜作为面向基础前沿的重大科学装置,其建设与运行不仅服务于中微子天文学和基础物理研究本身,也将在科技创新体系建设、深海工程能力提升以及国际科技合作等方面产生显著的综合效益。
从科学前沿看,深海中微子望远镜的核心科学目标紧紧围绕《国家空间科学中长期发展规划(2024—2050年)》中“极端宇宙”主题下关于宇宙高能辐射来源、暗物质本质及暂现源物理机制等重大科学问题[38]。海铃以高能中微子为核心观测信使,能够在黑洞环境、强子加速过程与宇宙高能粒子起源等研究中提供区别于电磁和引力波观测的独立物理约束,是中国构建多信使天文学观测体系的关键基础设施。
从科技层面看,该装置对高灵敏光电探测、深海供能与通信、精密布放与长期稳定运行等关键技术提出了系统性需求,将直接带动深海光电器件、耐压材料、海底连接器、智能化数据采集与处理等相关技术的发展,促进科研成果向工程应用和产业转化,形成持续的技术外溢效应。
在社会效益与国家战略层面,深海中微子望远镜依托中国低纬深海海域建设,具有鲜明的开放性和国际合作属性。习近平总书记指出,要“共同维护南海稳定,把南海建成和平之海、友谊之海、合作之海”[39]。以开放共享的大科学装置为载体,在南海开展国际前沿基础科学研究,有助于以科学合作的方式增进国际互信,拓展中国在海洋科技领域的国际合作空间,为南海区域的长期稳定与合作注入新的科技内涵。同时,深海中微子望远镜作为长期稳定运行的深海综合观测基础设施,可持续获取海水光学性质、声学背景、环境本底辐射与生物发光等多参量数据,为深海环境演化、声场结构、地震活动与工程稳定性研究提供连续原位观测支撑,是“透明海洋”和“智慧海洋”体系中面向深海空间的重要数据来源。
高能中微子天文学正处在由“首次发现”迈向“精确测量与系统研究”的关键转折阶段。IceCube成功探测到了高能天体中微子,开辟了中微子天文学的新纪元,然而当代中微子望远镜的有限探测能力还难以实现对中微子天体源的批量确认、对复杂辐射机制的深入刻画,以及对新物理效应的精密检验。未来中微子天文学的发展迫切需要在角分辨率、味道鉴别能力,以及全天区覆盖等方面实现探测灵敏度系统性提升。
海铃深海中微子望远镜正是在这一科学背景下提出的。依托低纬深海台址在观测视场上的天然优势,以及深海水体在光学均匀性和散射特性方面相较南极冰川的显著优越性,海铃在高角分辨率、陶中微子识别和精确味比测量等关键能力上具有清晰而独特的技术定位,在全球多信使观测网络中形成不可替代的互补作用。
从科学目标到技术路线,海铃强调以物理问题牵引探测器设计,在阵列布局、探测球舱和深海工程实现等方面形成了一整套具有原创性的解决方案。其建设不仅有望显著提升中国在高能中微子天文学和多信使天文学中的国际影响力,也将在深海探测、精密光电、海底组网等关键技术方向上形成持续的能力积累,为相关领域的长期发展奠定坚实基础。
总体而言,海铃中微子望远镜是一项兼具明确科学指向与现实可行性的深海大科学装置。其实施将使中国在全球中微子天文学格局中占据一个具有独特物理价值的位置,并为揭示宇宙中最极端天体过程、探索超越粒子物理标准模型的新物理提供长期而稳定的观测平台。在中微子天文学迈入精确时代的关键节点,建议国家在“十五五”期间启动并稳步推进“海铃计划”,抢占中微子天文学重大突破的先机,填补中国实测中微子天文学的空白,实现从起跑到跟跑,甚至领跑的跨越。
致谢:本文资料来源于海铃团队;感谢上海交通大学李文莲、张符雨笛、黄惊涛对本文的贡献。

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091
  • 接收时间:2025-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-13
  • 出版时间:2026-02-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-17
  • 修回日期:2026-01-21
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    1上海交通大学李政道研究所&物理与天文学院,暗物质物理全国重点实验室,上海 201210
    2上海交通大学海南研究院,三亚 572024
    3上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
    4上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,机械系统与振动全国重点实验室,上海市复杂薄板结构数字化制造重点实验室,上海 200240
    5自然资源部第二海洋研究所,海底科学与划界全国重点实验室,杭州 310012
    6上海交通大学海洋学院,极地生态与气候变化教育部重点实验室,上海市极地生命过程与环境重点实验室,上海市极地前沿科学研究基地,上海 200240
    7中国极地研究中心(中国极地研究所),极地科学重点实验室,上海 201209
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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