Article(id=1228347015734690696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766160000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-20, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770790350135, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1769529600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770393600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770790350135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080608513, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1228347007518048984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769529600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770790348176, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774331262404, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198678287102659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198678287102660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=69, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228347016066040731, articleId=1228347015734690696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Review of the hot topics on the interaction of emerging contaminants in water−solid environmental media in 2025, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study systematically reviews recent progress in emerging pollutants in water−solid environmental media. It focuses on the migration and transformation of emerging pollutants at key interfaces, such as wastewater−sludge, river−deposit, livestock manure treatment systems, heterogeneous Fenton systems, and wastewater pipelines. The environmental fate of these pollutants is governed by adsorption, distribution, and degradation processes. These processes are strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the pollutants and the characteristics of the surrounding media. Non−targeted analysis, molecular networking, and microfluidic−based detection technologies are essential for identifying and monitoring emerging pollutants. However, current research has limitations in understanding cross−media transport mechanisms, multi−pollutant interactions, and the linkage between detection methods and toxicity assessment. Future work should strengthen mechanistic studies and develop predictive models. This will support a shift from passive responses to proactive early warning and precise control. Ultimately, it can provide a solid scientific basis for environmental risk assessment and management.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ning LI, Lan LIANG, Tianhao WANG, Haixiao GUO, Yanshan WANG, Junyu TAO, Jiang LI, Bin WANG, Guanyi CHEN, Li' an HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li' an HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228347017634710502, articleId=1228347015734690696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2025年新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用规律研究热点回眸, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

系统综述新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用的研究进展,重点关注其在污水−污泥、河流−沉积物、畜禽粪污处理、非均相类芬顿体系及污水管网等界面中的迁移转化行为。新污染物的环境行为受吸附、分配及降解等过程调控,并与其物化性质及介质特性密切相关;非靶向分析、分子网络与微流控等检测技术为识别与监测提供了重要手段。然而,目前的研究在跨介质迁移机制、多污染物复合效应和检测−毒性评估衔接等方面仍存在不足。未来需加强机理研究与模型构建,推动治理模式从被动应对到主动预警、精准调控的治理模式转变,为环境风险防控提供科学依据。

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李宁,特聘研究员,研究方向为人工智能与低碳水处理技术,电子信箱:

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侯立安(通信作者),正高级工程师,中国工程院院士,研究方向为饮用水安全保障、分散点源生活污水处理和人居环境空气净化等,电子信箱:
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(a) 氮空位和氟掺杂示意;(b) Nv−NC−2(左)和Nv−NFC−2(右)的静电势分布;(c) Nv−NFC−2活化过一硫酸氢盐示意;不掺杂(d)和掺杂(e)氟时过一硫酸氢盐在不同氮空位上活化的自由能;(f) 过一硫酸氢盐吸附在Nv−NC−2(左)和Nv−NFC−2(右)上的电荷密度差异;(g) 掺杂氟和不掺杂氟时不同氮空位上过一硫酸氢盐吸附和苯酚吸附的自由能

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2025年新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用规律研究热点回眸
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李宁 1 , 梁澜 1 , 王天昊 2 , 郭海晓 3 , 王燕杉 3 , 陶俊宇 4 , 李江 5 , 王斌 5 , 陈冠益 3 , 侯立安 6, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(2): 69-78
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (2) : 69 -78
2025年新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用规律研究热点回眸
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李宁1 , 梁澜1, 王天昊2, 郭海晓3, 王燕杉3, 陶俊宇4, 李江5, 王斌5, 陈冠益3, 侯立安6, *
作者信息
  • 1天津大学环境科学与工程学院,天津 300072
  • 2天津泰达环保有限公司,天津 300457
  • 3天津商业大学机械工程学院,天津 300134
  • 4南开大学环境科学与工程学院,天津 300071
  • 5贵州大学资源与环境工程学院,贵阳 550025
  • 6中国人民解放军 96911部队,北京 100011
通讯作者:
侯立安(通信作者),正高级工程师,中国工程院院士,研究方向为饮用水安全保障、分散点源生活污水处理和人居环境空气净化等,电子信箱:
Review of the hot topics on the interaction of emerging contaminants in water−solid environmental media in 2025
Ning LI1 , Lan LIANG1, Tianhao WANG2, Haixiao GUO3, Yanshan WANG3, Junyu TAO4, Jiang LI5, Bin WANG5, Guanyi CHEN3, Li' an HOU6, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2Tianjin TEDA Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
  • 4School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  • 5College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 696911 Unit, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100011, China
出版时间: 2026-01-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00073
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系统综述新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用的研究进展,重点关注其在污水−污泥、河流−沉积物、畜禽粪污处理、非均相类芬顿体系及污水管网等界面中的迁移转化行为。新污染物的环境行为受吸附、分配及降解等过程调控,并与其物化性质及介质特性密切相关;非靶向分析、分子网络与微流控等检测技术为识别与监测提供了重要手段。然而,目前的研究在跨介质迁移机制、多污染物复合效应和检测−毒性评估衔接等方面仍存在不足。未来需加强机理研究与模型构建,推动治理模式从被动应对到主动预警、精准调控的治理模式转变,为环境风险防控提供科学依据。

新污染物  /  水−固环境介质  /  交互作用  /  检测

This study systematically reviews recent progress in emerging pollutants in water−solid environmental media. It focuses on the migration and transformation of emerging pollutants at key interfaces, such as wastewater−sludge, river−deposit, livestock manure treatment systems, heterogeneous Fenton systems, and wastewater pipelines. The environmental fate of these pollutants is governed by adsorption, distribution, and degradation processes. These processes are strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the pollutants and the characteristics of the surrounding media. Non−targeted analysis, molecular networking, and microfluidic−based detection technologies are essential for identifying and monitoring emerging pollutants. However, current research has limitations in understanding cross−media transport mechanisms, multi−pollutant interactions, and the linkage between detection methods and toxicity assessment. Future work should strengthen mechanistic studies and develop predictive models. This will support a shift from passive responses to proactive early warning and precise control. Ultimately, it can provide a solid scientific basis for environmental risk assessment and management.

emerging contaminants  /  water−solid environmental medium  /  interaction  /  detection
李宁, 梁澜, 王天昊, 郭海晓, 王燕杉, 陶俊宇, 李江, 王斌, 陈冠益, 侯立安. 2025年新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用规律研究热点回眸. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (2) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00073
Ning LI, Lan LIANG, Tianhao WANG, Haixiao GUO, Yanshan WANG, Junyu TAO, Jiang LI, Bin WANG, Guanyi CHEN, Li' an HOU. Review of the hot topics on the interaction of emerging contaminants in water−solid environmental media in 2025[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (2) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00073
新污染物是一类存在于环境中,但尚未被广泛检测或纳入现行监管体系的污染物[1]。常见的新污染物包括内分泌干扰物、药品及个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)、持久性污染物,如全氟和多氟烷基物质(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFAS)、微塑料(microplastics,MPs)等,引发多种健康问题[2]。“十四五”规划中,“重视新污染物治理”已明确成为国家未来发展的重大战略需求。识别并筛查环境中潜在的新污染物是开展新污染物治理的基础。
相比于传统靶向分析法,基于液相色谱−高分辨质谱的非靶向分析法不依赖标准品,能够全面覆盖环境中未知或者未被关注的新污染物,已逐渐成为环境污染物分析的重要手段[3, 4]。丹麦奥胡斯大学Nnusha等[5]利用高分辨纳流液相色谱−高分辨质谱对污水−污泥中的有机物进行半定量非靶向筛选,发现污水−污泥中存在120余种具有不同化学结构和应用的有机微污染物,包括药品、农药和阻燃剂等新污染物,其中药品占比最大。
如何从错综复杂的质谱信息中获取必要的特征,解析复杂基质中新污染物的转化规律需要进一步分析。南京大学研究团队通过简化网络分析法揭示了全国15个污水处理厂中不同结构新污染物的转化途径[6]。结果表明去甲基化和脱水反应频率最高,苯类化合物最难去除,三唑类药物作为副产物被检出。华南理工大学研究团队采用高分辨液相色谱−质谱结合分子网络策略的非靶向分析方法,表征了广州某污水处理厂中新污染物的存在及其转化过程[7]。在进水中,共鉴定出510余种化学物质,药物是新污染物中最大的类别,占146种化合物。此外,通过分子网络分析初步鉴定了新污染物的转化产物,发现超过20000对化合物具有共同片段,其中191种化合物可能与47种一级化合物相关联,表明它们可能是新污染物的转化产物。因此,引入分子网络策略有利于阐明新污染物的结构变化及相应的转化过程,便于选择合适的处理技术。
传感器和在线系统等的创新对实时水质评估、有效检测和响应新污染物至关重要。表面增强拉曼光谱传感器由于痕量分析的指纹识别能力、低操作成本和适于现场应用等优点成为一种有前景的新污染物在线检测方法[8]。完善的拉曼库是促进拉曼光谱法广泛应用的关键。美国威斯康星大学Cho等[8]提出一种简单的滴涂沉积拉曼光谱方法,有效用于浓缩PFAS并建立光谱库。该方法为表面增强拉曼光谱传感器在PFAS的在线检测方面提供应用潜力。微流控技术具有高通量、低成本、便于携带和响应快等特点,成为检测环境中新污染物的有利工具[9]。此外,研发可同时检测环境中多种新污染物并进行快速定性和定量分析的技术将推动新污染物在线监测研究的进展。北京工商大学研究团队[10]利用3D打印结合聚二甲基硅氧烷十字形狭缝和免疫层析条,开发了一种集成微流控装置(图1[10])。10 min内可同时检测牛奶中磺胺嘧啶、氨苄西林、链霉素和四环素(tetracycline,TC),进一步利用手机拍照和手机应用分析可对4类抗生素进行快速定性定量分析。该研究为新污染物的实时、在线监测提供新思路。
综上,非靶向分析、分子网络、表面增强拉曼光谱与微流控等技术在新污染物识别与监测中展现出良好的应用前景,但其在实际环境监测中的推广仍面临挑战:(1) 基于液相色谱−高分辨质谱的非靶向分析方法虽可全面筛查未知污染物,但数据解析过程复杂;(2) 表面增强拉曼光谱等光谱技术在实际应用中受限于现有拉曼光谱数据库的覆盖范围,尤其是针对新污染物的光谱数据缺失,制约了其快速识别与现场检测能力;(3) 微流控技术虽具高通量、便携等优势,但在复杂环境基质中易受颗粒物堵塞、生物膜附着及非特异性吸附的影响,长期在线监测的稳定性与重现性仍需进一步提高;(4) 当前检测方法多针对单类或少数几类污染物,难以实现多种结构、性质差异显著的新污染物(如抗生素、微塑料、PFAS等)的高通量同步检测,限制了复合污染状况的全面评估。
在污水处理过程中,PPCPs主要通过吸附于悬浮固体并随后沉淀的方式从废水转移到污泥中。尽管部分PPCPs可被微生物降解,但大部分最终进入污泥。据估计,约90%的抗生素最终进入污水处理厂,因此提升抗生素去除效率,是限制抗生素及其抗性基因(antibiotics resistance genes,ARGs)向环境扩散的关键策略。受抗生素分子本身固有的抗菌活性影响,传统活性污泥处理技术无法有效缓解抗生素和ARGs在环境中的传播。南开大学刘东方团队[11]采用好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge,AGS)成功降低了污水中的抗生素和ARGs水平,特别是中等粒径(1~2 mm)的AGS,因其胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)中蛋白质含量最高,尤其是α−螺旋结构的蛋白质,展现出最强的抗生素防御能力。华南师范大学应光国团队[12]揭示了污水中抗生素的去除途径,这一过程与抗生素的物理化学性质密切相关。生物降解去除率从高到低依次为磺胺类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类,而污泥吸附去除顺序则为氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、磺胺类。污泥吸附的PPCPs进入厌氧污泥处理系统后会在迁移转化过程中影响发酵微生物代谢行为。湘潭大学伍艳馨团队[13]的研究表明,污泥中蓄积的氧氟沙星(ofloxacin,OFL)会与污泥有机物特别是蛋白质发生交互作用,干扰关键酶的活性导致厌氧消化过程甲烷产量降低。当OFL浓度从0提高至300 mg/L,最大甲烷产量从277.7 mL/g VSS降至164.7 mL/g VSS,而OFL的生物降解对甲烷产生的贡献可以忽略。湖南大学王冬波团队[14]利用磷酸三(2−氯乙基)酯(tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP)分析发现,有机磷酸酯阻燃剂在污泥厌氧消化中与EPS中的酪氨酸样蛋白结合,导致污泥细胞膜完整性受损,抑制酸化、乙酸化和甲烷化生物过程,并可能将主要甲烷生成途径从乙酸转变为氢营养型。这些研究结果表明,污水−污泥系统中的蛋白质成分是影响PPCPs迁移转化及生物毒性的关键因素。污泥中的其他物质如腐殖质,也对新污染物在污泥中的转化产生影响。Long等[15]首次研究了微生物电解细胞辅助厌氧消化在减轻抗生素(如三氯卡班)对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷抑制作用方面的有效性,发现微生物电解细胞辅助厌氧消化系统中的三氯卡班被腐殖质吸附并分解为1,3−双(4−氯苯基)尿素(1,3-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)urea,DCC),从而产生一定的解毒效果(图2[15])。
污泥是MPs赋存的热点区域,在处理过程中必须同时考虑它们的迁移转化和潜在影响。厌氧消化条件会改变MPs对污泥处理的影响。Simaek等[16]发现聚酰胺6(PA6)MPs颗粒在嗜温消化中不影响CH4产生;而在嗜热消化中,CH4产量随PA6增加而提高。适当的预处理也可能是改变MPs对污泥处理影响的重要途径,湘潭大学陈洪波团队[17]采用热水解减轻了聚乙烯在污泥厌氧消化中的胁迫作用。Lessa Belone团队[18]研究了嗜温(35oC)和嗜热(55oC)厌氧消化条件下污泥中MPs的降解潜力,结果表明尽管有聚合物降解的迹象,但厌氧消化在消除MPs方面效果不佳。此外MPs可影响污水污泥中ARGs的积累和转移。熊炜平等[19]的研究发现污泥中MPs(聚酰胺)和抗生素(OFL)的共存可能进一步加剧ARGs传播的风险。河海大学研究团队[20]研究发现PP和PE显著降低了ARGs的丰度和多样性。关于MPs−抗生素共存的污水−污泥介质中MPs对ARGs传播的影响,不同研究结果缺乏一致性,MPs类型可能是关键原因。
在河流和湖泊中,有机污染物的数量不断攀升,其中大部分会转移到沉积物中。Ducrocq等[21]在陆域水体(河流、河口湿地、湖泊)的沉积物中至少检测到1204种化合物,并将它们分为11类,即碳氢化合物、阻燃剂、多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCB)、增塑剂、PFAS、有机氯(organochlorine pesticides,OCP)和其他杀虫剂、激素、PPCPs以及其他污染物(图3[21])。这些化合物的浓度范围为每千克干沉积物几纳克到几毫克不等。新污染物在水体和悬浮颗粒物(suspended particulate matter,SPM)以及沉积物之间分布平衡,取决于它们的化学特性,通常在固相中监测的优先清单主要关注辛醇/水分配系数(log Kow)大于5的物质[21]。在洪水等极端事件发生时,这些污染物被扰动,并可能重新迁移至水体中。MPs污染是全球环境治理的关键问题之一,河流沉积物可能是MPs在河流环境中的最终汇。MPs在沉积物中的积累、转移和分布受多种因素影响,包括气象条件、水流和水生生物。马艳等[22]报道了中国镇江古运河河流沉积物中MPs的组成、空间分布和丰度与季节相关,并且受季节影响的MPs特性影响对重金属的吸附。特别在夏季,MPs的丰度与吸附重金属的相关性最高。沉积物中MPs的老化降解相比在水环境中更为显著,这增加了MPs的表面积,从而提高MPs对水相中污染物的吸附能力,加剧了MPs对水生生态系统的毒性。MPs中的增塑剂会释放到水体−沉积物交互系统,Panthi[23]研究了邻苯二甲酸酯和非邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂从聚氯乙烯中浸出到沉积物中的过程,发现35%~79%的增塑剂从MPs中释放到沉积物中,在30 d内发生非生物和生物过程,实现降解率高于99.9%,其中生物过程占主导。已有研究表明,沉积物是PFASs的重要汇。武汉理工大学研究团队[24]在长江全流域设置了38个采样点,沉积物中共检测到15种PFASs中的13种,总浓度范围为0.058~0.89 ng/g干重,主要污染物为全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)和全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA),而且人类活动因素和沉积物的物理化学性质影响了PFASs的分布。环境风险评价表明,PFOS对长江具有低至中等风险,需要持续关注。中国科学院广州地球化学研究所研究团队[25]监测了173个中国黑臭河流表层沉积物中的有机磷酸酯三酯(organophosphate triesters,tri−OPEs),发现tri−OPEs总浓度与地区的工业和经济发展水平有关,中国东北和东部地区的浓度高于中部和西部地区。这些tri−OPEs可不断从沉积物中解吸,重新迁移到水中,并通过食物链转移在水生和陆地生物中积累。这意味着沉积物中的tri−OPE可能比污水处理厂中的tri−OPE构成更严重的生态风险。
抗生素耐药基因的积累和传播是畜禽粪污处理领域的研究焦点,据估计,畜禽养殖业中使用的抗生素量约占全球抗生素总使用量的70%~75%,这些抗生素在畜禽粪便中残留,使之成为ARGs增殖和扩增的热点区域。农业农村部成都沼气科学研究所余萍等[26]从微观层面和环境行为角度系统分析了ARGs传播的2大途径:一是在微生物间通过基因转移实现,包括水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer,HGT)和垂直基因转移(vertical gene transfer,VGT);二是通过环境行为实现的空间传播(图4[26])。好氧堆肥作为一种处理手段,能在一定程度上降低抗生素水平和ARGs含量。添加剂调节是目前改善传统堆肥过程、降低ARGs丰度的主流研究方向。广西大学研究团队[27]在堆肥过程中加入生物炭负载纳米零价铁材料,显著降低ARGs丰度,改变了移动遗传元件(MGEs)携带ARGs和金属抗性基因(MRGs)的偏好,削弱ARGs、MRGs与宿主细菌之间的结合。西北工业大学研究团队[28]研究了厌氧消化处理有效降低猪粪中的ARGs,但同时指出,消化获得的最终产品作为有机肥料应用于农田时,可能会引入新的ARGs亚型,提高土壤中ARGs丰度。塑料物品在农业活动中的广泛使用导致在动物粪便中检测到MPs,西北农林科技大学王权团队[29]在中国28个省的畜禽粪便和农作物秸秆堆肥中检测到MPs的数量在8.88×103~2.88×105个/kg之间。MPs不仅无法通过堆肥去除,还可作为其他新污染物如ARGs的载体,影响其生物降解转化。巴利亚多利德大学研究发现多种新污染物在粪肥液相中的浓度高于固体相,这可能是由于这些污染物的极性或适度极性特性,使得它们更容易在液体相中溶解[30]。这也意味着在处理和净化粪污时,需要特别关注液相中新污染物的去除。
非均相类芬顿体系中,催化剂吸附中心和反应位点对新污染物和氧化剂的吸附及氧化剂活化至关重要。研究表明,催化剂表面多种作用协同有利于类芬顿体系中新污染物的高效降解与转化[31]。且新污染物在催化剂表面的不同行为影响其在类芬顿氧化过程的迁移转化规律。东北师范大学研究团队[31]基于多孔生物炭负载多金属氧酸盐,构建了一种大孔催化材料(HPMoV(44)/生物炭),高效活化氧气(O2),降解水中的邻苯二甲酸酯。该材料耦合强Brønsted酸性、氧化还原能力、微米级孔径和高比表面积,提出吸附、酸解、氧化去除邻苯二甲酸酯的路线。研究表明,该催化材料对长链邻苯二甲酸酯具有较强的吸附性能。在HPMoV(44)/生物炭/O2体系中,惰性、具有长链的邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯(DAP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2−乙基己基)酯(DEHP)吸附在催化剂孔隙中,然后在Brønsted酸性位点的作用下水解或者在大孔限域中氧化降解,生成的产物(乳酸和二氧化碳)从催化剂表面解吸。
增强催化剂对新污染物的富集有利于提高相邻活性氧物种的利用效率。中国科学技术大学研究团队[32]设计了一种以氮空位为反应位点,氟−碳路易斯酸位点为吸附中心的无金属双位点催化剂(图5[32])。催化剂表面的氮空位活化过一硫酸氢盐选择性产生单线态氧,并通过氟−碳路易斯酸位点富集双酚A,提高了单线态氧的传质效率,从而加速双酚A降解。在此过程中双酚A从溶液中迁移至催化剂表面,在催化剂表面吸附并氧化降解,产生的副产物解吸重新迁移至溶液中。
药物和个人护理品在日常生活中无处不在,由于制药厂、医院等排放或人体摄入后不完全代谢,大量的PPCPs随污水进入管道系统,其浓度范围从μg/L到mg/L不等。在坡度较缓的重力流污水管道中形成沉积物以及管道管壁的生物膜,对这些新污染物迁移转化起着重要作用。北京师范大学余刚团队评估了140种典型的PPCPs、农药及其代谢物在污水管网中的稳定性,发现沉积物对这些污染物稳定性的影响通常比生物膜更显著,这可能是由于沉积物中更强的微生物活性和更明显的扩散或吸附过程[33]。相较于生物降解和扩散,吸附是导致污染物从污水中去除的主要因素。西安建筑科技大学卢金锁团队揭示了3种PPCPs(TC、磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMX)和三氯卡班(3,4,4-trichlorocarbanilide,TCC))在管道沉积物中的吸附富集和ARGs的传播(图6[34])。污水中的PPCPs在沉积物中显著富集,不同物理化学性质的PPCPs显示出不同的吸附量。对TC和TCC的吸附系数较高,吸附量分别达到13200.32和1458.40 ng/g,而吸附系数较低的磺胺甲恶唑在沉积物中的吸附量仅为257.05 ng/g。PPCPs的存在促进了沉积物中ARGs的增殖,与TC相关的ARGs增加了1.30~2.24个数量级;与SMX相关的ARGs,如sul1和sul2分别增加了0.88和1.29个数量级。在TCC胁迫下,Tetssuls基因增加了1.68~2.26个数量级。与污水−污泥交互系统类似,在污水−管道沉积物交互环境中的微生物EPS在PPCPs的吸附和ARGs的传播过程起关键作用,EPS的增加和结构变化促进了PPCPs的吸附和ARGs的增殖。西安交通大学研究团队[35]验证了6种PPCPs,包括抗生素类:TC和SMX,非抗生素药物:咖啡因(caffeine,CAF)和四乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP),以及PPCPs:TCC和二乙基甲苯酰胺(diethylmethylbenzamide,DEET)在污水管道系统中显示出不同的降解趋势。其中,TC表现出最高的降解效率,而DEET的降解率最低。PPCPs的转化可能产生有毒代谢物,这些代谢物影响管道微生物群落的代谢功能,对污水中碳、氮、磷污染物的生物代谢产生限制,改变了进入下游污水处理厂的水质,并且PPCPs的转化导致ARGs增加。这些ARGs在污水管网系统中积累,并通过污水传输至下游或溢流事件进入外部环境,对污水处理系统或生态系统构成风险。
新污染物治理与当前中国建设“美丽中国”和“健康中国”2大目标息息相关。新污染物识别与溯源、环境迁移与转化、毒性效应与机制、环境风险和健康危害评估与预警以及新污染物风险管控是新污染物防治要解决的关键科学问题。新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用规律是新污染物环境迁移与转化的重要环节。研究新污染物在水−固环境介质中的迁移转化,有助于深入理解其环境行为和生态风险,为污染防治与修复技术优化、政策法规的制定以及可持续环境保护提供关键支持。为此,本研究为应对新污染物在水−固环境介质中交互作用发展提出建议。
1) 融合多学科优势,构建高水平合作平台。
新污染物在水−固环境介质中的迁移转化研究涉及环境化学、生态学、分子生物学、环境毒理学和水文学等多个学科。通过依托重点科研机构或区域创新中心,建立实体化的“新污染物环境行为与管控联合实验室”,或组建跨机构的虚拟研究中心,实行“任务导向、资源共用、成果共享”的运行机制。针对特定优先污染物(如全氟化合物或耐药基因)或关键界面过程,设立专项跨学科研究任务组,整合环境化学、微生物生态、材料科学、数据科学与环境管理等多领域专家,开展从精准识别、迁移转化机理到风险管控策略的全链条协同攻关。同时,应定期组织交叉学科论坛、暑期学校及青年学者培训计划,促进知识融合与后备人才培养。
2) 加大政府支持力度,夯实科研保障基础。
建议国家及地方科技计划设立新污染物专项,资金投入应聚焦以下重点领域。(1) 检测与溯源技术创新:支持研发高灵敏、高选择性、适用于原位/在线监测的新型传感器、便携式设备及配套试剂盒。(2) 跨介质界面过程与机制研究:重点资助利用同位素示踪、原位谱学表征(如同步辐射、高分辨质谱成像)及多尺度计算模拟(如分子动力学、机器学习)等手段,揭示新污染物在水−固界面的微观吸附、转化与生物可利用性过程。(3) 减污降碳协同治理技术研发:鼓励开发能在污水处理、污泥资源化等过程中高效去除新污染物且兼具低碳特性的工艺与材料。(4) 风险评价与管控支撑研究:支持开展新污染物在多介质环境中的累积效应、复合毒性及对生态系统与人体健康的长期风险研究,为环境标准制定与管控决策提供科学依据。同时,通过税收优惠、绿色信贷等政策,激励企业参与相关技术的研发与产业化。
3) 整合数据信息,加强新污染物特性研究。
新污染物特性决定其在水相和固相中的迁移和转化过程,为跨介质转化机制的探究奠定基础。亟需推动标准化新污染物数据库的建设与共享。数据库内容应涵盖污染物的规范标识信息、基础物化参数、环境浓度水平、毒性数据、检测方法以及迁移转化参数等,并制定统一的数据录入与质量审核标准。建议构建国家级新污染物数据平台,实施分级共享机制:基础物化与毒性数据公开;详细的区域环境监测数据对科研机构开放;涉及企业排放的敏感数据经脱敏后受限访问。建立数据贡献的激励机制,将高质量数据汇交纳入科研评价体系。
4) 创新技术,促进新污染物跨介质削减与去除。
在实验与模拟研究方面,应设计更系统化的受控环境模拟实验,精确解析pH值、温度、氧化还原电位及共存物质等关键因子对新污染物跨介质行为的影响。同时,加强多尺度模型耦合,将污染物在水相与固相间的迁移转化数学模型,与地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感技术结合,实现区域尺度上新污染物归趋模拟与预测预警。在微观机制层面,大力推动计算化学方法(如量子化学计算、分子动力学模拟)在界面吸附、催化降解等过程中的应用,从分子水平揭示作用机制,为定向开发高效阻断或去除技术提供理论基础。
新污染物在水−固环境介质中的交互作用规律研究已经取得了丰硕的科研成果。全球科研工作者分别从宏观表象、微观机制、材料开发、设备开发等方面考察新污染物的迁移转化。本文涵盖新污染物识别与检测手段、新污染物在污水−污泥介质及污泥处理过程、河流−沉积物介质、畜禽粪污处理过程、非均相类芬顿氧化过程、污水管网沉积物−污水介质中的迁移转化等全球范围内的科技热点和亮点。
然而,目前研究仍存在局限性:首先,新污染物在不同环境介质间的跨界面迁移机制尚未得到系统性阐释;其次,真实复杂环境中多污染物共存时的协同或拮抗效应研究仍较为缺乏;此外,从污染物识别检测到生态毒理效应评估之间尚未形成有效衔接;最后,基于过程机理的预测模型与调控策略仍显薄弱,制约了风险精准防控与治理技术的开发。我们期待在未来研究中可突破上述空白,推动新污染物治理从“被动应对”向“主动预警、精准调控”转变,为保障水环境安全与生态健康提供坚实的科学基础。
  • 中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023−JB−05)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52570170)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00073
  • 接收时间:2025-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2026-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-20
  • 修回日期:2026-01-08
基金
中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023−JB−05)
国家自然科学基金项目(52570170)
作者信息
    1天津大学环境科学与工程学院,天津 300072
    2天津泰达环保有限公司,天津 300457
    3天津商业大学机械工程学院,天津 300134
    4南开大学环境科学与工程学院,天津 300071
    5贵州大学资源与环境工程学院,贵阳 550025
    6中国人民解放军 96911部队,北京 100011

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侯立安(通信作者),正高级工程师,中国工程院院士,研究方向为饮用水安全保障、分散点源生活污水处理和人居环境空气净化等,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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