Article(id=1259534378678497482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765382400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-11, revisedDate=1770220800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778225996893, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1777305600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778225996893, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778225996893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778225996893, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259534365424476487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777305600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778225993734, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1779872078796, updator='15210826404', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259534380247167189, articleId=1259534378678497482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Micro−nanostructure design and spectral modulation of radiative cooling materials, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Radiative cooling is an emerging zero−energy cooling technology. It holds significant importance for addressing the energy crisis and global warming through in−depth research and development of radiative cooling energy−saving materials. This paper focuses on the micro−nanostructure design of radiative cooling materials and its pivotal role in spectral regulation. It investigates how material structures modulate light scattering, propagation, and resonance phenomena to achieve multi−band spectral optimization of radiative cooling materials. This paper reviews the design principles, spectral tuning strategies, and breakthroughs in cooling performance for periodic, non−periodic, and biomimetic micro−nanostructure systems in radiative cooling materials. It also summarizes the challenges faced by radiative cooling materials in terms of spectral tuning precision, environmental adaptability, large−scale fabrication, and industry recognition. In future, the development of radiative cooling materials holds significant research value and application potential in the following three areas: multiscale precision coordination and multifunctional integration in micro−nanostructure design; further development of intelligent dynamic control mechanisms; and the development of novel radiative cooling material systems. In addtion, balancing performance and cost, enhancing environmental stability, and standardizing testing protocols are also important. It aims to advance radiative cooling technology from laboratory research to large−scale application.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ruina LIU, Siming ZHAO, Zhenyu GUO, Ya HUANG, Zhuojing ZHAO, Kangkang WANG, Rufan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rufan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259534391458541871, articleId=1259534378678497482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=辐射制冷材料微纳结构设计及光谱调控, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

辐射制冷是一种新兴的零能耗制冷技术,深入研究和开发辐射制冷节能材料对解决能源危机和全球变暖问题具有重要意义。聚焦于辐射制冷材料的微纳结构设计及其对光谱调控的关键作用,研究材料结构对光散射、传播、共振等行为的调控,从而实现辐射制冷材料的多波段光谱优化。同时,梳理了辐射制冷材料的周期性、非周期性和仿生型微纳结构体系的设计原理、光谱调控策略及制冷性能突破,并总结了辐射制冷材料在光谱调控精准性、环境适应性、规模化制备和产业认知等方面面临的挑战。未来,辐射制冷材料的开发在平衡性能与成本、增强环境稳定性和统一测试标准的同时,在以下3个方向具有较大的研究价值和应用潜力:微纳结构设计的多尺度精准协同与多功能集成、智能动态调控机制的深化、新型辐射制冷材料体系的开发,以期推动辐射制冷技术从实验室研究走向规模化应用。

, authors=

刘瑞娜,教授,研究方向为光热调控材料,电子信箱:

赵思名(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为光热调控材料,电子信箱:

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张如范(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为碳纳米管及其功能纤维、高性能光热调控材料,电子信箱:
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(a) P(VdF−HFP)HP的电镜图、顶视图和横截面视图,插图显示其纳米多孔特征;(b~c) 3层分级超织物结构对紫外、可见−近红外和中红外波段的响应及其反射率和发射率光谱;(d~f) POM纳米纤维的SEM图及其粗糙表面(插图),太阳辐射区域内自适应型织物的纳米结构调控,约260 μm厚的POM织物在0.3~25 μm波段范围的光谱响应,包括太阳反射率(黑色),中红外发射率(红色)和透过率(蓝色),插图是在中红外区域发射率、透过率和反射率的比例;(g~i) 超织物正面的电镜图,在夏季户外真实温度测试的照片和人体出汗状态时的温度曲线;(j~l) POM−PTFE膜的电镜图,其具有串珠结构包括POM的纳米纤维和PTFE的微米颗粒,双选择性POM−PTFE发射器的示意及其覆盖在铝箔上的光谱响应,在0.3~25 μm范围内,包括太阳反射率(黑色)和中红外发射率(红色),插图是POM纳米纤维和包裹在内的PTFE微米颗粒的粒径统计分布

, figureFileSmall=U0nz4OBIZdZYmTyp6LRbPQ==, figureFileBig=kJclqw7kvRZMFsaW0iF6hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534418075595269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378678497482, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+vxrU+gBcxySz7hW6cG+rw==, figureFileBig=aseBXDF8N30b1cV3rNkJ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534418327253512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378678497482, language=CN, label=图4, caption=仿生型结构和性能

(a~b) 撒哈拉银蚁头部正面的扫描电镜图,毛发密集覆盖,示意图展示可见光与近红外光在不同入射角下与毛发的相互作用及在可见光和近红外光波段测得的半球反射率;(c~d) 天然木材制备的制冷木材结构强烈散射太阳光,两者在太阳光谱的吸收率对比;(e~f) 雄性长角甲虫个体照片,不同方向可见光–近红外光穿透绒毛模型横截面示意及垂直入射条件下可见光–近红外波段测得的半球反射率光谱

, figureFileSmall=+vxrU+gBcxySz7hW6cG+rw==, figureFileBig=aseBXDF8N30b1cV3rNkJ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534418641826315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378678497482, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BkNT9ASM1/tNhuLqmx2ytQ==, figureFileBig=e9nRTN9ulD0bdzlH8/kQDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534418868318735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378678497482, language=CN, label=图5, caption=辐射制冷材料的精准化设计和多功能集成

(a) 由OPV模块和2个EC单元组装的OETC系统照片,温控装置示意图包含皮肤层、测量皮肤温度的热电偶,以及覆盖皮肤的OETC材料及展示人类穿着OETC进行个人太空旅行前景的照片;(b) 由多层介质堆叠构成的光子冷却器示意;(c) PDRC装置在水收集中的应用

, figureFileSmall=BkNT9ASM1/tNhuLqmx2ytQ==, figureFileBig=e9nRTN9ulD0bdzlH8/kQDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534419031896593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378678497482, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9xsdP1oMoPwxX5cXN9wqfg==, figureFileBig=O0Ctfv4ozvwfmLUJQSr/AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534419405189655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378678497482, language=CN, label=图6, caption=智能动态光谱调控

(a~b) 基于温度依赖分子振动工程的动态红外辐射冷却器的动态光谱调节机制,以及具有选择性和宽带发射模式的动态红外辐射冷却器的太阳反射率和中红外发射率;(c~d) 液流电致变色智能窗的结构示意图及其在2种切换模式下的光谱性能;(e~f) 3种模式之间的转换,以及电驱动动态辐射热调节材料在不同模式下的太阳反射率和MIR反射率;(g~h) 动态光热调控窗的概念图和结构组成,以及其在各种模式下的光谱性能

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辐射制冷材料微纳结构设计及光谱调控
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刘瑞娜 1, 2 , 赵思名 1 , 郭震宇 1 , 黄娅 1 , 赵卓菁 1 , 王康康 1 , 张如范 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(8): 60-74
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(8): 60-74
辐射制冷材料微纳结构设计及光谱调控
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刘瑞娜1, 2 , 赵思名1 , 郭震宇1, 黄娅1, 赵卓菁1, 王康康1, 张如范1, *
作者信息
  • 1清华大学化学工程系,北京 100084
  • 2廊坊师范学院化学与材料科学学院,廊坊 065000
  • 刘瑞娜,教授,研究方向为光热调控材料,电子信箱:

    赵思名(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为光热调控材料,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

张如范(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为碳纳米管及其功能纤维、高性能光热调控材料,电子信箱:
Micro−nanostructure design and spectral modulation of radiative cooling materials
Ruina LIU1, 2 , Siming ZHAO1 , Zhenyu GUO1, Ya HUANG1, Zhuojing ZHAO1, Kangkang WANG1, Rufan ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00059
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辐射制冷是一种新兴的零能耗制冷技术,深入研究和开发辐射制冷节能材料对解决能源危机和全球变暖问题具有重要意义。聚焦于辐射制冷材料的微纳结构设计及其对光谱调控的关键作用,研究材料结构对光散射、传播、共振等行为的调控,从而实现辐射制冷材料的多波段光谱优化。同时,梳理了辐射制冷材料的周期性、非周期性和仿生型微纳结构体系的设计原理、光谱调控策略及制冷性能突破,并总结了辐射制冷材料在光谱调控精准性、环境适应性、规模化制备和产业认知等方面面临的挑战。未来,辐射制冷材料的开发在平衡性能与成本、增强环境稳定性和统一测试标准的同时,在以下3个方向具有较大的研究价值和应用潜力:微纳结构设计的多尺度精准协同与多功能集成、智能动态调控机制的深化、新型辐射制冷材料体系的开发,以期推动辐射制冷技术从实验室研究走向规模化应用。

辐射制冷  /  微纳结构设计  /  周期性  /  非周期性  /  仿生型  /  光谱调控

Radiative cooling is an emerging zero−energy cooling technology. It holds significant importance for addressing the energy crisis and global warming through in−depth research and development of radiative cooling energy−saving materials. This paper focuses on the micro−nanostructure design of radiative cooling materials and its pivotal role in spectral regulation. It investigates how material structures modulate light scattering, propagation, and resonance phenomena to achieve multi−band spectral optimization of radiative cooling materials. This paper reviews the design principles, spectral tuning strategies, and breakthroughs in cooling performance for periodic, non−periodic, and biomimetic micro−nanostructure systems in radiative cooling materials. It also summarizes the challenges faced by radiative cooling materials in terms of spectral tuning precision, environmental adaptability, large−scale fabrication, and industry recognition. In future, the development of radiative cooling materials holds significant research value and application potential in the following three areas: multiscale precision coordination and multifunctional integration in micro−nanostructure design; further development of intelligent dynamic control mechanisms; and the development of novel radiative cooling material systems. In addtion, balancing performance and cost, enhancing environmental stability, and standardizing testing protocols are also important. It aims to advance radiative cooling technology from laboratory research to large−scale application.

radiative cooling  /  micro−nanostructure design  /  spectral modulation  /  development trends  /  energy conservation and environmental protection  /  aaa
刘瑞娜, 赵思名, 郭震宇, 黄娅, 赵卓菁, 王康康, 张如范. 辐射制冷材料微纳结构设计及光谱调控. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (8) : 60 -74 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00059
Ruina LIU, Siming ZHAO, Zhenyu GUO, Ya HUANG, Zhuojing ZHAO, Kangkang WANG, Rufan ZHANG. Micro−nanostructure design and spectral modulation of radiative cooling materials[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (8) : 60 -74 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00059
在全球变暖与极端高温事件频发的背景下,建筑降温、户外热管理和个人热舒适对制冷技术提出了更高要求。自2018年至今的国际能源署报告显示,目前的建筑能耗已占全球总能耗的25%以上,而制冷能耗又占据了建筑能耗的15%以上[1]。传统空调设备依赖压缩机制冷,不但能耗高,还可能带来额外环境负担。因此,发展低能耗、可持续的新型制冷技术,已成为应对能源危机和全球变暖的重要研究方向。辐射制冷技术通过大气透明窗口(8~13 μm波段)将热量以电磁辐射形式直接传输至外太空,有望成为应对能源和环境双重危机的突破性选择[2]
辐射制冷的关键难点在于处理“吸热”与“散热”之间的矛盾。夜间亚环境辐射制冷现象已被广泛观察与利用,例如清晨露水的产生,古人在沙漠环境中制冰等。然而,日间亚环境辐射制冷的实现还面临诸多挑战,主要是因为太阳光热量的输入(夏季晴朗天气,太阳辐照功率约1000 W/m2)要远远超过辐射制冷量(理想情况下约100~150 W/m2),太阳辐射(尤其在可见光和近红外波段)会导致材料吸热升温,抵消制冷效果。因此,材料只有在太阳光波段尽可能少吸收、在中红外大气透明窗口波段尽可能强发射,才有可能实现亚环境辐射制冷。
材料科学、光学工程和计算模拟的交叉融合,尤其是光学设计的理论优化和纳米材料及涂层技术的革新,推动了辐射制冷技术的发展。从20世纪辐射制冷概念的提出以来,该领域长期停留在原理探索阶段。直到2013年,斯坦福大学范汕洄等提出超宽带光子结构能够实现高性能日间辐射冷却,这一研究推动了日间辐射制冷技术的快速发展[3]。研究人员结合有机聚合物[4]、无机氧化物[5]等材料的特性,相继开发了一系列具有应用前景的日间亚环境辐射制冷材料,推动这一领域从原理验证走向多场景探索。不过,现有材料在制冷效率、环境适应性、机械稳定性、规模化制造和应用成本等方面仍存在明显瓶颈,其根本原因往往与材料的微纳结构设计密切相关。
从机理上看,辐射制冷材料的性能并不单纯受化学组成影响,更取决于微纳结构对光传播、散射、干涉、共振和热辐射行为的调控能力。材料的尺寸、形貌、孔隙、排列方式及界面特征,决定了其在太阳光波段的反射能力以及在8~13 μm大气透明窗口内的发射能力[6]。在太阳波段,理想的微纳结构需要充当高效漫反射体,通过引入与紫外−可见−近红外波长尺度相匹配的强烈散射中心(如随机分布的介质颗粒、分级多孔结构或光子晶体),将绝大部分太阳光反射,从而实现太阳能量吸收的最小化。同时,在大气透明窗口波段,材料的微纳结构通过激发与红外波长共振的声子−极化激元、表面电磁波发射等效应,实现高效热辐射发射。这种在光谱上“一低一高”(低太阳吸收率、高红外发射率)的理想特性,正是通过精巧的材料微纳结构设计来实现的。例如,随机分布的多孔结构能有效散射太阳光,而其本体材料的分子振动吸收则负责红外发射;光子晶体或超材料能通过光子禁带和辐射模式的精确设计,实现近乎完美的光谱选择性。对于太阳辐射波段和大气透明窗口之外的其他波段,材料应根据其是否会带来额外热增益来选择高反射、高吸收或高透过设计。中红外非8~13 m波段可优先设计为低发射率,即高反射:这些波段辐射会被大气(CO2、H2O)吸收并重新辐射回地面,形成热增益,因此需高反射来减少无效辐射导致的能量损失。但对于面向人体热管理的辐射制冷材料,因人体本身是热源,在非大气透明窗口波段采用高透过设计,更利于人体热量的散出[7]。在极干燥的环境,如沙漠地区,可将材料设计为在第二大气窗口(16~25 μm)同为高发射率,增强热辐射制冷[8]。因此,对材料微纳结构的深入理解和精准构筑,是推动下一代高效、耐久和可持续辐射制冷技术发展的关键。
目前,已有研究主要集中于报道辐射制冷材料的设计和制备方法,缺乏对微纳结构与光学性能构效关系的深入研究。本文聚焦辐射制冷材料的微纳结构设计及其光谱调控机制,围绕周期性、非周期性和仿生型3类典型结构,综述其设计原理、性能特点与应用进展。辐射制冷的基本原理、光谱调控目标及材料微纳结构设计如图1[9]所示。同时,对该领域面临的问题、挑战以及未来的发展方向进行了总结和展望,以期为高性能辐射制冷材料的研究与工程应用提供参考。
辐射制冷材料的微纳结构可分为周期性结构、非周期性结构和仿生型结构。三者的差异主要体现在光谱调控机制、制备方式及应用场景上。周期性结构通过精确设计微纳构型,实现高太阳反射率和选择性红外发射,因而具有优异的制冷性能;但其制备依赖精密加工,成本较高,难以实现大面积应用,且结构稳定性易受机械磨损影响。非周期性结构依赖多尺度孔隙、粒子和纤维等增强光散射,能够实现太阳光高反射,制备简单,适合规模化生产,但光学调控精度低于周期性结构。仿生型结构能够为周期性与非周期性设计提供优化思路,模仿自然生物的分级孔隙和表面形貌,实现高制冷效率与环境适应性。
在辐射制冷材料的结构设计中,周期性结构展现出独特的设计与制备优势,通过精确设计的周期性微纳结构,利用光子带隙和共振效应,实现在太阳光谱区的高效反射和大气透明窗口区的选择性热辐射[10]。这种基于物理结构而非化学组成的方式,为突破传统材料性能极限,实现接近理论值的制冷效果提供了一条可靠路径。周期性微纳结构材料主要包括光子晶体与金属微单元2种材料,并以其周期性结构为基础,通过带隙工程实现光谱的选择性调控。周期性结构类型主要包括一维层状、二维阵列及三维球体结构,其核心设计思路是利用周期性排布产生的光程差匹配效应,从而构建特定波段的光子带隙。
当光在2种不同折射率材料的交替层中传播时,会在每一个界面发生反射,通过精确控制每层的光学厚度(通常为入射光波长的1/4),可以使所有反射光在特定波长处相位相同,发生相长干涉,从而实现对于特定波长光的反射调控[11]。一维周期性结构就是利用2种或多种不同折射率材料(如SiO2、TiO2、Si3N4)交替堆叠而成的多层结构(图2(a)[12]),实现对于特定波段(太阳光反射)的调控。目前,其主要通过交替沉积或自组装等方式构建。斯坦福大学的范汕洄等制备的光子薄膜辐射制冷材料,为一维周期性微纳结构的光谱调控应用提供了经典范例[12]。该材料以200 μm厚硅晶圆为衬底,沉积200 nm银层作为高反射基底,并设计了7层交替沉积的HfO2与SiO2,这种类一维光子晶体的周期性结构强化了可见光与近红外波段的反射(图2(b)[12])。但是由于薄膜平面的角度限制,一维结构光子薄膜的角度依赖性较强,一般只适用于直接面向天空的辐射制冷场景。
相比太阳光波段,热辐射波段的调控对结构设计与制备精度提出了更高要求。二维周期性结构在平面上周期性排列(图2(c)[13]),能产生面内的光子带隙,从而控制光在平面方向的传播。同时,每个结构单元(如纳米柱、孔洞)本身可以作为一个共振器,激发相应等离子激元共振[8]。当入射光的频率与这些单元的固有频率匹配时,光会被强烈地局限在结构单元内部或周围,进而增强能量吸收,并对应提升热发射能力。此类发射对偏振不敏感,更有利于实际场景中的应用。另一方面,SiO2在8~13 μm范围内具有高消光系数(图2(d)[13])。根据基尔霍夫定律,高消光系数通常对应着高吸收率,即高发射特性,有助于实现辐射制冷。吴林松等[13]通过设计合理的二维光栅结构可以使材料发射率得到增强。如图2(e)[13]所示,相较于普通的SiO2,具有光栅结构表面的SiO2在8~13 μm的发射率得到了显著提高,并且具有良好的角度不敏感性。
三维结构指的是空间3个维度上都呈现周期性排列的结构,能够产生全方位的光子带隙,是实现宽带和全角度反射太阳光的理想结构,同时还可以结合材料本身特性和结构设计实现高效的红外辐射[14]。常见的三维光子结构主要包括微加工木堆结构,以及由胶体晶体小球构成的蛋白石或反蛋白石结构。其中,以SiO2小球为代表的光子晶体结构在不需要长程有序的情况下,就可以实现高太阳光反射率与中红外发射率,从而具有良好的应用潜力。基于微球结构的光子晶体还能高效地将表面声子−极化激元向外耦合至自由空间,从而显著提升中红外发射率,在大气透明窗口内实现强烈的热辐射。Kim等[15]采用300 nm的SiO2纳米球自组装形成的面心立方结构蛋白石(图2(f)[15]),在可见光波段产生布拉格散射并呈现结构色,同时作为等效介质实现强辐射制冷功能。
总体而言,周期性微纳结构可以实现辐射制冷材料光谱性质的精准调控。一维周期性结构具有设计简单、易于制备等优势,但是存在角度依赖性强等问题。二维和三维周期结构可以增强红外发射、具有非角度敏感性(二维光栅、二维光子晶体等结构具有角度敏感性),但是会涉及光刻和激光刻蚀等相关加工技术,大大增加了制造成本。因此,进一步平衡辐射制冷性能和制造成本之间的关系,是推动周期性微纳结构材料发展的关键。
早期研究对于一维光子晶体的设计是基于固定厚度金属/介电薄膜进行周期性堆叠,以形成光子禁带。但是,近期的研究表明通过人工智能算法的逆向优化设计,非周期性结构(多种不同厚度材料无需周期性堆叠)在光谱匹配精度、宽频带调控、多目标协同优化等维度上显著优于传统周期性结构,更具应用前景[16]。目前,非周期性微纳结构凭借结构设计灵活、制备成本可控及规模化制备潜力突出等优势,成为辐射制冷材料的结构设计方法中一类具有代表性的路径。该结构的核心设计逻辑是通过多尺度结构构建与组分协同优化,实现太阳波段的高效反射与中红外波段的高效发射,并调控不同波段光谱的协同或解耦,主要涵盖多孔微纳结构、微纳颗粒复合结构和微纳纤维结构体系。
多孔微纳结构以孔隙参数与基体特性的协同优化为核心,通过多重散射机制增强太阳光反射,同时利用材料本征性能与结构改性提升红外发射性能。孔隙率、孔径分布及孔洞取向是调控的关键参数,高孔隙率(如达到50%)可显著提升光散射效率,而多尺度孔径设计能实现全太阳光谱反射覆盖。2018年报道的多孔聚合物(poly(vinylidene fluoride−co−hexafluoropropene),P(VdF−HFP)HP)中,微米级孔洞(约5.5 μm)能散射近红外波段(0.7~2.5 μm),纳米级孔洞(约0.2 μm)则聚焦紫外与可见光(0.3~0.7 μm)散射(图3(a)[17])。无取向的孔洞分布可以减弱太阳反射率的角度依赖性,开孔表面结构通过折射率渐变减少热辐射反射损失,进一步优化辐射效率。2024年报道的纤维素研磨异质拓扑结构[18],通过湿法球磨调控纤维素微晶(microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)的塑性变形与重组,形成3级尺度异质结构。其凭借受限散射效应,突破纤维素固有低折射率(约1.56)的限制,为天然材料基辐射制冷器件提供了新路径。
微纳颗粒复合结构通过颗粒类型、分散浓度及形貌设计实现光学性质的优化。颗粒类型的选择需匹配调控需求:基于等离子体共振的金属颗粒、依托声子振动的介电颗粒、基于能带跃迁的半导体颗粒,分别可以实现不同波段的光谱响应优化。颗粒的分散浓度与基体的适配性会直接影响调控效果,如杨荣贵团队设计将随机分布的SiO2微球(直径约8 μm)以6%的体积分数分散于聚甲基戊烯(polymethylpentene,TPX)基体中[19],SiO2微球的声子−极化激元共振(9.7 μm处强共振)与TPX的高太阳光透过率(大于90%)、低红外吸收特性3者协同,首次实现了太阳光反射与红外发射的解耦控制。陶光明团队研发的辐射制冷超织物(metafabric)采用分层形态学设计(图3(b)[20]),实现了跨波段精准调控:太阳光谱区间通过TiO2宽粒径分布(200~1600 nm)的米氏共振散射与聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)纳米珠反射协同,达到92.4%的平均反射率;在大气透明窗口波段(8~13 μm),依托聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA)纤维的化学键振动与30 μm纤维尺寸的多重散射,实现了94.5%的平均发射率。PLA的C=O、C—O键进一步拓宽了中红外(4~25 μm)发射带宽,增强超环境温度散热能力(图3(c)[20])。结构改性可进一步拓展调控潜力,如核壳结构颗粒通过核壳间的协同效应优化光谱响应[21]
纤维的微纳结构通过精准调控纤维的直径、形貌和组分来实现光学响应特性,从而显著提升辐射制冷性能。清华大学张如范团队通过协同利用聚甲醛(polyformaldehyde,POM)分子振动限制效应与纳米纤维结构散射调控[7],制备出一种适用于多场景的环境自适应型人体辐射制冷纳米纤维织物。该织物采用静电纺丝制备,POM纳米纤维直径为0.3~1.0 μm,与太阳光波长匹配;单根纤维表面存在多孔结构(图3(d)~(e)[7]),可通过多级米氏散射显著提升太阳光反射,在太阳波段(0.3~2.5 μm)反射率达94.6%,大幅减少太阳能吸收。与此同时,POM的C—O—C键振动吸收频率位于8~13 μm大气透明窗口范围内,赋予材料在该波段75.7%的高发射率;而在非窗口波段4~8 μm和13~25 μm范围内,其透射率仍保持在约70%(图3(f)[7]),利于人体热量散出,实现环境自适应制冷。该织物在室外晴天、室外阴天以及室内的多场景中均展示出优异的人体降温性能和良好的可穿戴性,拓宽了辐射制冷技术的应用范围。
在此基础上,为进一步解决夏季实际应用场景中的辐射制冷织物吸湿排汗和人体热量及时导出问题,该团队又通过合理构建传热模型与优化光谱设计,开发出适用于高温户外环境的多功能“超织物”[22]。该材料在真人的皮肤表面实现了高效降温(图3(g)~(i)[22]),被超织物覆盖的皮肤平均温度为32.5℃,分别比裸皮肤、棉布和POM纤维膜覆盖的皮肤温度低10.5℃、2.5℃和1.7℃,具有重要的实际应用价值。
在建筑节能领域,该团队提出并制备了一种基于POM−PTFE聚合物薄膜−金属的双选择热发射体[8]。其中,POM纳米纤维与PTFE微米颗粒形成“串珠状”复合结构(图3(j)~(k)[8]),并结合金属铝箔基底,实现了大气双窗口协同优化。具体而言,POM纤维的C—O—C键振动匹配第一大气窗口(8~13 μm)高发射率,PTFE的C—F键振动匹配第二大气窗口(16~25 μm)(图3(l)[8]),发射率超过95%。该结构在沙漠干燥环境中实现了9℃的亚环境温降(环境温度为35℃),制冷功率达150 W/m2,较传统单窗口材料效率提升40%,明显优于已报道的辐射制冷热发射体样品。
非周期性微纳结构体系的工程化优势显著。例如,SiO2/TPX复合薄膜采用卷对卷工艺制造,生产速率达5 m/min、宽度达300 mm,为规模化应用奠定了基础。此外,聚合物纳米复合材料的微纳结构设计可由随机分散进一步拓展至三维互连网络,通过优化填料接触降低界面热阻,为辐射制冷器件的导热性能匹配提供支撑。总体来看,非周期性微纳结构通过多尺度参数协同与组分适配,实现了光谱调控灵活性与工程化可行性的平衡,为辐射制冷技术的实际应用提供了重要支撑。
仿生型微纳结构设计借鉴自然界生物的高效光谱适应策略,通过复刻或优化生物体表微纳形态,实现太阳光谱高反射与长波红外高发射的协同调控,为设计新型辐射制冷材料提供了创新路径。其核心设计逻辑是模拟生物在极端环境下的热管理机制,将生物微纳结构的几何特征、界面设计与材料本征特性结合,实现仿生结构的多功能光谱调控目标。
撒哈拉银蚁(Cataglyphis bombycina)的体表微纳结构为仿生设计提供了经典原型(图4(a)[23])。其体表分布的三角形毛发阵列,横截面呈锐角三角形,包含2个波纹状顶面与1个平坦底面,且毛发表面与表皮间保留数百纳米间隙,形成独特的空气与毛发双层结构。该结构在中红外波段等效为渐变折射率层,有效降低表面反射损耗,进而提升中红外发射率,强化黑体辐射散热(图4(b)[23])。尤为关键的是,该微纳结构成功破解了辐射制冷的核心矛盾:高太阳光反射与高热发射对表面特性的差异化需求,实现了双功能集成,为仿生结构的多功能设计提供了核心思路。
受此启发,辐射制冷木材通过“完全脱木质素+机械压制”2步工艺实现了仿生优化。木质素去除后,木材内部暴露出纤维素骨架,形成由直径约10~50 nm的纤维素纳米纤维及纤维束构成的无序介孔网络,显著增强了光散射能力(图4(c)[24]);进一步机械压制后,纤维素纳米纤维沿木材生长方向部分取向排列,在增强结构致密化与力学性能的同时,也进一步提升了对太阳光的散射与反射效率(图4(d)[24])。
仿生光学薄膜采用“金字塔阵列复合随机陶瓷颗粒”微纳结构设计[25],实现了约95%的高太阳光反射率与大于96%的高红外发射率。其在太阳光谱区间通过米氏散射与全反射的协同作用抑制光吸收,中红外波段依托梯度折射率设计与声子极化激元效应增强热辐射。受金龟子鞘翅分层多孔结构启发,研究人员进一步开发出彩色辐射制冷器(图4(e)[26]):在表面嵌入聚苯乙烯胶体光子晶体(polystyrene colloidal photonic crystal,CPC)半球,通过调控纳米粒子直径实现全色谱定制化颜色,并且基底采用多孔聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA),协同提升了太阳光反射率(93.4%)和红外发射率(92.3%)(图4(f)[26])。当该材料应用在汽车引擎盖上时,可实现比商用膜低21.2℃的降温效果,解决了美观与功能的矛盾。此外,皮肤仿生纤维的设计思路不同于传统光子结构,关注人体皮肤皱纹的微纳分级粗糙度[27]。例如,纤维素与纳米SiO2复合纤维通过在表面构建类似皱纹的微突起结构(高度约2.0 μm),将纤维素基材料的反射率提升到93.7%,同时兼顾穿着舒适性。
仿生型微纳结构的核心设计在于通过模拟自然进化的优化结果,实现结构简化与功能强化的统一,既破解了传统材料的功能权衡瓶颈,又具备天然的界面适配性与性能稳定性。结构仿生不仅为辐射制冷材料的设计提供了新的模式,而且通过“生物灵感–人工复刻–性能优化”的研发逻辑,也为跨学科融合创新提供了新的思路。未来需进一步深化生物结构的光学机制解析,结合先进制备技术实现结构精准复刻与规模化生产,推动仿生辐射制冷技术的工程化应用。
辐射制冷材料在学术研究和产业化领域已取得了重要进展,但依然面临光谱调控的精准性不足、环境适应性不足、规模化制备受限和产业认知偏差等方面的挑战。
辐射制冷技术的规模化应用受限于光谱调控的精准性不足,且面临显著的光学性能天花板效应[28],致使净制冷功率较低。其中,光谱调控精准性不足主要体现在以下3个方面。
1) 各波段匹配精度不足。热辐射需精准匹配大气透明窗口波段(8~13 μm),但该窗口的透射率受湿度、云量、气溶胶浓度等环境因素影响而变化[9]。现有材料的光谱发射特性多为静态设计,难以实时适应不同气候条件下的窗口偏移,导致热量无法高效辐射至外太空[29]。例如,高湿度环境会缩小有效辐射窗口,降低制冷功率。在非大气透明窗口波段(如4~8 μm和13~25 μm),材料常存在非必要的红外吸收,吸收大气逆辐射或自身热辐射,抵消制冷效果。这一问题在复杂气象条件下尤为突出,需通过精确设计材料微纳结构来优化光谱选择性[8]
2) 太阳光谱反射覆盖不全。太阳光谱能量主要集中于可见光(0.4~0.7 μm)和近红外波段(0.7~2.5 μm),但多数材料在近红外波段反射率骤降。例如,聚合物基制冷膜因分子振动吸收导致近红外反射不足,升温显著。实现全太阳光谱高反射需多尺度光子结构(如分级孔隙和超表面等),但规模化生产时难以精确控制微纳结构的尺寸与排布[12]。东南大学缪昌文团队开发的超冷水泥虽通过多尺寸钙矾石晶体提升反射率,但工业级制备仍面临结构均一性难以实现的挑战[30]。此外,材料的太阳光波段反射率的极限为100%,当前许多材料已接近较高水平。因此,若要进一步提高其制冷功率,还应考虑光的转换和应用场景匹配等问题。此外,目前研究的散射机制较单一,超过90%的研究聚焦于单一散射界面,而对层级结构协同调控的关注仍显不足。空间维度研究多关注横向均匀微纳结构,忽略纵向梯度折射率匹配需求[31]。尺度维度缺乏纳米颗粒、微米孔隙与毫米级表面结构的多尺度协同,存在界面间损耗和耦合极限[3233]
3) 在材料多功能集成过程中难以保持材料的光谱调控稳定性。材料在实际应用中需兼顾美学(如建筑外墙彩色涂层)或功能性(如车窗透明膜)的要求,但着色剂或透明层会降低特定波段太阳光反射率[34]。例如,彩色涂层中颜料选择性吸收入射光,降低太阳光反射率;透明材料中维持透光性需牺牲红外反射率,透光率与制冷功率需精细权衡。此外,材料的动态调控技术不够成熟,理想的辐射制冷材料需随季节切换制冷与保温模式(如冬季减少辐射散热)[35],但现有的光谱动态调控技术面临响应速度慢、耐久性差、调控性能不足的问题,难以满足实际需求。
辐射制冷技术的实际应用推广,受制于环境适应性不足及实际户外热管理系统的失衡[36]。环境稳定性薄弱是首要制约因素,在高湿环境下(相对湿度>80%),水汽渗透易导致辐射制冷材料的太阳光反射率下降,还会导致纳米孔道结构发生不可逆塌缩,使制冷功率严重衰减[37]。长期户外服役时,材料紫外老化会导致光学性能衰减,从而降低制冷功率。沙尘环境中的颗粒磨损则直接造成表面微纳光学结构失效,叠加污染物的物理吸附与化学附着引发的界面老化,进一步加剧性能衰减。
实际户外使用时,热管理系统失配问题突出。在亚环境冷却场景中,基底材料普遍存在寄生热,易反向传导严重削弱制冷效率。在城市热岛效应显著的密集区域,大气逆辐射增强易导致实际净制冷功率衰减[38]。设计层面存在显著的光、热、力性能割裂现象,高孔隙率虽能提升光学性能,但往往显著削弱材料的力学强度,且现有辐射制冷材料的抗污与自清洁功能普遍缺失[33],严重制约其户外使用的可靠性与寿命。
辐射制冷技术的产业化进程受规模化制备矛盾、检测标准缺失和市场认知偏差等多种因素制约[39]。在制备层面,高精度结构(如光子晶体)依赖光刻或蒸镀工艺,成本昂贵,而喷涂等低成本工艺易导致不同批次样品的孔隙率出现偏差。规模化制备的样品性能相比于实验室样品性能明显下降,严重影响户外实际应用效果[39]。粉末涂料需确保基材表面均匀附膜,但大面积涂布易出现厚度偏差,影响制冷性能,现有工业手段难以兼容高性能与低成本量产[37]
在产业规范层面存在明显短板,尚无统一的辐射制冷效能评估标准,耐久性测试也缺乏共识,数据可比性差。市场应用也面临瓶颈,终端适配性不足,如服装领域辐射制冷纤维透气性不达标,建筑领域幕墙复合工艺未突破。消费者认知存在偏差,误将凉感纤维等同于辐射制冷纤维,且颜色、透明度与高反射率的冲突制约彩色辐射制冷材料和透明辐射制冷材料的设计,进一步阻碍相关市场的发展。
值得注意的是,已有研究关注辐射制冷材料产业化及制冷性能评估标准化问题[4042]。虽然仍存在上述问题,但通过科技的进步和人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)的发展,辐射制冷材料制备工艺不断优化、跨行业制造技术相互借鉴及性能评估标准化体系逐步完善。部分辐射制冷材料已迈向市场并接近商业化门槛,实现相关产业升级。
未来,辐射制冷材料在微纳结构设计的精准化与多功能集成、智能动态光谱调控技术和新型材料体系设计等发展方向具有较大的潜力。精准设计材料微纳结构,并结合理论工具,实现光谱的精准匹配,可提升制冷效率。进一步优化外界刺激响应单元与微纳结构设计,实现太阳光反射率和红外发射率可逆切换,突破传统静态辐射制冷材料的应用局限,满足户外复杂环境的使用要求。开发新型材料体系,拓展辐射制冷领域研究,实现与能源和环境等系统深入集成。
辐射制冷材料的性能突破与产业化落地,核心依赖微纳结构设计的精准化升级与多功能集成创新[4345]。精准化设计以多尺度参数协同为核心,通过调控微纳结构的尺寸(孔径、颗粒直径)、形貌(梯度、核壳结构)、维度(0~3D复合)和互易性[46],结合时域有限差分法(finite−difference time−domain,FDTD)、机器学习等理论工具,实现太阳光谱反射与红外发射的匹配,突破单一结构的光谱调控局限,大幅提升光热转换效率的可控性。近年来,通过AI技术对材料结构逆向优化设计,大幅突破了传统结构设计中试错法的局限,显著提升了光谱调控的精准度与灵活性。
近年来,AI的发展为辐射制冷材料的结构设计提供了新的思路。借助深度学习和多种计算模型,研究人员可高效探索非周期性多层膜、三维超表面、仿生微纳阵列等构型的多维度设计空间,适配材料种类与尺寸参数。这种AI优化策略不仅大幅度缩短微纳结构设计的周期,更解决了传统结构光谱匹配度低、多目标协同难的痛点,为应用于不同场景的高效辐射制冷材料的研发提供了理论支撑[16]
多功能集成则聚焦实际应用需求[34],打破光、热、力性能割裂的瓶颈。在保障高反射与高发射核心光学性能的同时,通过界面改性和复合结构设计,集成力学强度、抗紫外老化、抗湿热侵蚀等环境适应性,以及透气、黏结、柔性等场景适配特性,进一步拓展辐射制冷材料在建筑节能、个人热管理、电子散热、能源系统、环境保护和水资源管理等领域的融合及应用(图5)。
图5(a)[45]中,通过集成柔性有机光伏(organic photovoltaics,OPV)模块直接获取太阳能,并结合双向电致热(electrocaloric,EC)装置,开发出一种灵活且可持续的个人温控服装系统(OPV−EC thermoregulatory clothing,OETC)。图5(b)[34,47-48]展示了一种由多层介质堆叠构成的光子冷却器,该轻量化被动辐射冷却器可用于增强聚光光伏系统效率。被动日间辐射制冷装置(passive daytime radiative cooling,PDRC)在集水领域也具有广泛的应用前景,如图5(c)[4951]所示。
总体来看,微纳结构精准设计与多功能集成在破解传统辐射制冷材料功能单一、性能衰减难题的同时,为辐射制冷技术从实验室走向规模化应用提供核心支撑,这也是该领域未来发展的关键方向之一。此外,多功能集成与测试规范化需同步发展,逐步完善测试体系,通过户外测试与实验室数据关联性分析、紫外老化与机械疲劳联合寿命评估,保障材料性能测试的可靠性与服役稳定性,为辐射制冷技术产业化奠定标准化基础。
智能动态光谱调控技术是辐射制冷领域的前沿方向之一,其核心是通过集成外界刺激响应单元与微纳结构设计,实现太阳光反射率或红外发射率的可逆切换,突破传统静态辐射制冷材料“单一光谱特性”的适配局限,为适用于复杂多变的应用环境提供了创新解决方案。该技术的机制是通过温度、力、电等外界信号刺激,实现微纳结构或组分的变化,可逆调控太阳光波段和红外波段的光谱,进而动态调节光散射路径和热辐射效率。设计聚焦于多机制协同与性能优化,通过辐射制冷材料的微纳结构形变、组分相变及电荷转移的协同调控,提升响应灵敏度与切换幅度,同时强化循环稳定性与环境耐受性,避免频繁切换导致的性能衰减[52]。该技术已展现出广阔的应用潜力,在建筑节能领域,可随季节温度变化动态调节制冷性能,降低空调能耗;在电子设备散热领域,能按需启动制冷功能,避免过度散热导致的能量浪费;在智能织物领域,可根据环境温度或光照自动切换光谱特性,提升穿戴舒适性,实现“按需制冷”的智能化目标。
温度是常见的外界刺激条件,通过温度变化实现自动切换的动态红外辐射冷却器(dynamic infrared radiative cooler,DIRC)(图6(a)[53]),主要利用热响应水凝胶的温度触发相变特性,通过水分子的定向迁移驱动POM纳米纤维层在选择性发射(8~13 μm)和宽带发射(2.5~25 μm)间自主切换。在亚环境冷却场景中,选择性红外发射率为81.6%,超环境冷却场景中,自动切换为发射率高达94.1%的宽带红外发射模式,实现中红外波段的智能调节(图6(b)[53])。
相较于温度驱动,外力或电场调控通常具有响应更快、切换更直接的优势。清华大学张如范团队通过外力注入或移除电解液,构建了“三波段协同−双机制耦合”的液流电致变色智能窗(图6(c)[54])。该智能窗具有2大明显优势,第一,实现了可见光−近红外−中红外3波段的动态独立可调,突破了传统电致变色智能窗单/双波段调控的技术瓶颈;第二,首次将微流控技术引入电致变色体系,通过电解液的定向流动动态调控中红外波段的发射率,这不仅开创了液流技术在光热管理领域的新应用范式,更赋予电解液兼具离子传输与热辐射调制的双重功能特性。所制备的液流电致变色智能窗对可见光和近红外波段透过率的调控幅度达到43.53%,对中红外波段发射率的调控幅度达到74%(图6(d)[54]),满足四季分明城市的调控需求,与市面最节能的低辐射玻璃相比,所制备的液流电致变色智能窗可在炎热季节将室内温度降低7.1℃,在寒冷季节将室内温度提高5.6℃。
在建筑领域开发能够动态调节、多波段响应且具备多彩视觉效果的辐射热调控材料,是实现高效非透明围护结构亟需解决的科学难题。张如范团队开发的电驱动动态多色彩辐射热调控材料与传统材料单一的调控机制不同,可通过可逆金属电沉积技术和热辐射调控相结合,不仅能够在多个波段上进行灵活调节,还能通过电流驱动实现颜色的变化,以适应不同季节和环境条件的能效需求(图6(e)[55])。尤其在冬季,该材料能够削弱中红外波段的热辐射发射,最大限度减少室内热量的流失;而在夏季,它则能够有效增强中红外波段的辐射热量,减少空调负荷,从而实现建筑内部温度的全程调控。这一材料的创新性在于其通过可逆金属电沉积技术实现的动态热辐射调节,突破了传统材料仅限于静态热调节的瓶颈(图6(f)[55])。该材料的最高温度调控幅度可达11℃。在夏季条件下,与传统屋顶材料相比,纯制冷状态下的材料能够实现5~6℃的温降,并且在彩色制冷状态下也能够实现4~5℃的温降。与传统的屋顶材料相比,所开发的动态多色彩辐射热调控材料在季节性温度变化的城市中可以减少全年建筑能耗16.75 MJ/m2
在此基础上,该团队还将电致变色技术整合于建筑外围护结构,开发出一套集动态光热调控窗(dynamic photo−thermal regulated window,DPRW)与选择性动态辐射冷却调节器(selective dynamic radiative cooling regulator,SDRCR)于一体的智能节能系统(图6(g)[56]),实现了建筑对太阳光和热辐射的按需动态管理,为下一代绿色建筑提供了创新解决方案。该团队采用全薄膜电致变色器件结构,能够在不同电压下实现“明亮−保温”“明亮−制冷”“黑暗−制冷”等多种模式的快速切换。光谱数据显示,该窗户在可见光波段透射率调控幅度高达92%,在近红外波段的调控幅度高达82%,可有效控制进入室内的光线和热量(图6(h)[56])。通过独特的翻转设计,窗户可在高发射率(~0.9,辐射制冷)和低发射率(~0.28,辐射保温)表面之间切换,平均发射率差(Δε)达到0.6,红外热像图显示2面温差高达20℃。北京夏季户外实验证明,在最强日照下,DPRW的制冷模式可使室内温度比普通商业窗户低约14℃,比低辐射玻璃窗低约23℃,展现了出色的夏日降温能力。其保温模式与制冷模式之间的最大温差可达约9.6℃,证明了其双向温控能力。利用EnergyPlus软件进行的全球能耗模拟显示,集成DPRW和SDRCR的智能建筑在全球不同气候区均表现出巨大的节能潜力。该技术为发展能够动态响应环境、兼顾能效与美学的下一代绿色建筑提供了新的技术路径。
除电驱动系统外,近年来热致变色和光致变色等智能动态光谱调控技术也展现出了广泛的应用前景。热致变色智能窗以钨掺杂二氧化钒(VO2)为核心材料[57]。高温时VO2发生绝缘体−金属相变,使长波红外发射率(long−wave infrared emissivity,εLWIR)从0.21升至0.61,增强辐射制冷,同时阻挡近红外(near−infrared,NIR)以减少太阳光加热;低温时保持低εLWIR抑制制冷,且允许NIR与可见光透过增强保温。通过调节间隔层厚度和VO2重量比,可优化光谱调控性能。该材料兼顾可见光透明性与太阳光透射调制,在不同气候区均比商用低辐射玻璃节能,为建筑热管理提供了自适应光谱调控方案。此外,还有热/压双模式协同实现全工作温度下太阳光谱智能调控,以及基于和热致变色微胶囊通过温度触发分子结构转变的动态调控研究[5859]
光致变色材料则为被动智能调控提供了另一条可行路径。光致变色钆氧氢化物(GdOxHy)薄膜通过光诱导氢/氧离子重排,实现可见光−近红外−中红外3波段的动态调制[60]。基于该材料所开发的光致变色智能窗可通过感知光强自动调节发射率,同时保持可见光和近红外调制。这种跨可见光−近红外−中红外的被动协同调控方法,有望推动光致变色智能窗领域的大力发展。
总体来看,智能动态光谱调控技术为辐射制冷材料从静态单功能向自适应、多场景和高集成方向演进提供了重要支撑。未来,智能动态调控需进一步优化响应灵敏度、循环稳定性与规模化制备工艺,推动智能动态辐射制冷技术从实验室走向实际应用。
辐射制冷技术的性能突破与产业化推进,需要依托创新的模拟方法和开发新型材料体系。新型材料体系聚焦多元特性融合,如超构材料体系中,微金字塔超材料,表面集成百万级微棱镜,尺寸约为头发直径的1/10,兼具辐射制冷、自清洁及光线管理功能[10];生物基材料体系中,以纤维素、甲壳素等天然生物基材料构建可持续的多孔散射结构,兼顾环保性与光学性能[18];仿生纤维素制备表面微纳褶皱的类皮肤纤维材料,提升光谱性能[27];仿荷叶超疏水结构,开发自清洁辐射制冷涂层,实现功能集成[61];工程应用突破体系中,开发水泥基辐射制冷涂料,户外耐久性提升,满足工程化使用[30]
与此同时,计算模拟和设计方法的进步正成为新型材料体系开发的重要支撑。在多尺度建模与多物理场耦合优化中,可结合分子振动理论与米氏散射理论,实现材料结构的光学精准调控[7];建立气候与热力学动态耦合,可预测不同纬度下辐射制冷材料的降温效果,指导材料设计;对热传输过程高精度模拟,可大幅降低温度预测误差,提升系统动态响应精度;在机器学习辅助材料设计过程中,通过建立参数优化模型,能够大幅缩短新材料研发周期。
辐射制冷材料微纳结构设计与光谱调控的核心逻辑,是通过精准调控微纳结构的尺寸、形貌、周期性,实现太阳波段反射与中红外波段发射的协同优化。不同的微纳结构体系各有其优势与适用场景:周期性结构光谱调控精准度高,适用于对波段选择性要求严苛的高端器件;非周期性结构制备成本低、规模化潜力大,适用于建筑或纺织等民用领域;仿生型结构易实现单一微纳结构的多功能集成,为辐射制冷材料设计提供新的结构模式,同时又具备天然的界面适配性与性能稳定性,适用于跨学科融合创新领域。
未来,辐射制冷的应用研究聚焦3大关键方向:微纳结构设计的多尺度精准协同与多功能集成、智能动态调控机制的深化、新型辐射制冷材料体系的开发。此外,注重平衡材料性能与成本、突破环境稳定性瓶颈并建立统一的效能评估与寿命测试标准,有望推动辐射制冷技术从实验室研究走向规模化和场景化的实际应用。
  • 中国石油科技创新基金项目(2024DQ02−0409)
  • 鄂尔多斯实验室基金项目(20232000757)
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2026年第44卷第8期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00059
  • 接收时间:2025-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-11
  • 修回日期:2026-02-05
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中国石油科技创新基金项目(2024DQ02−0409)
鄂尔多斯实验室基金项目(20232000757)
作者信息
    1清华大学化学工程系,北京 100084
    2廊坊师范学院化学与材料科学学院,廊坊 065000

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张如范(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为碳纳米管及其功能纤维、高性能光热调控材料,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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