Article(id=1288421805186593435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765296000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-10, revisedDate=1769529600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113296075, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113296075, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113296075, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113296075, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421806994338460, articleId=1288421805186593435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=AI−powered smart design of ultra−high temperature high−entropy ceramics, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Driven by the imperative demand for extreme−environment materials in strategic sectors—including aerospace, deep−sea exploration, and advanced nuclear energy—traditional material systems are approaching their physical limits under synergistic conditions of ultra−high temperatures, severe corrosion, and high stress. High−entropy ceramics (HECs), characterized by a extremely vast compositional space and exceptional stability in extreme environments, are regarded as a pivotal class of next−generation strategic materials. However, the traditional "trial−and−error" R&D paradigm is trapped by the vast compositional landscape in a "combinatorial explosion", rendering development cycles prolonged and inefficient. Consequently, the targeted and efficient design of HECs remains a critical bottleneck hindering engineering application. A novel paradigm is systematically analyzed for the intelligent design of ultra−high temperature ceramics (AI4UHTC). With ultra−high temperature HECs selected as representative materials, the deep integration of high−throughput computation and machine learning (ML) within this paradigm is examined. A fundamental shift in the R&D workflow—from "empirical trial−and−error" to a "knowledge−assisted, data−driven" framework—is thereby driven. The evolutionary logic of HEC design paradigms—progressing from empirical and knowledge−based approaches to data−driven and intelligent strategies—is systematically elucidated. Specifically, the robust capabilities of ML are highlighted regarding accurate synthesizability prediction, the design and optimization of critical properties (mechanical, thermal, and chemical), and multi−objective synergy, supported by concrete application cases. Concurrently, challenges currently confronting intelligent design are critically analyzed regarding data ecosystems, model interpretability, process integration, and the closure of the computation−experiment loop. Ultimately, the establishment of the "Data−Model−Knowledge−Wisdom" autonomous evolutionary pathway and the "AI Multi−Agent" system will efficiently advance software autonomy for the intelligent design of ultra−high−temperature high−entropy ceramics and realize typical application demonstrations of AI4UHTC.

, authors=Dexiang TIAN1, 2, Jiaqi LU1, 2, Peixuan LI1, 2, Xingyu GAO3, William Yi WANG1, 2, Haifeng SONG3, *, Jinshan LI1, 2, *, authorsList=Dexiang TIAN, Jiaqi LU, Peixuan LI, Xingyu GAO, William Yi WANG, Haifeng SONG, Jinshan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haifeng SONG, Jinshan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421809406063283, articleId=1288421805186593435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=人工智能赋能超高温高熵陶瓷智能设计, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面对航空航天、深海探测、先进核能等国家重大战略领域对极端环境材料的迫切需求,传统材料体系在超高温、强腐蚀、高应力等复杂耦合工况下已接近性能极限。高熵陶瓷凭借其极其庞大的成分空间与卓越的极端环境性能,成为新一代战略材料。然而,其广阔的成分空间使得传统“试错”研发模式陷入“组合爆炸”困境,研发周期漫长且效率低下。如何实现高熵陶瓷的定向、高效设计,成为制约其工程化应用的瓶颈。系统分析了人工智能赋能超高温陶瓷(AI4UHTC)智能设计新范式。以超高温高熵陶瓷为典型材料,深入分析了该范式深度融合高通量计算与机器学习技术,驱动研发流程从“经验试错”向“知识辅助–数据驱动”的“智能设计”根本性转变。系统梳理了高熵陶瓷设计范式从经验试错、知识驱动、数据驱动到智能设计的演进逻辑,重点阐述了机器学习在可合成性精准预测、力学/热学/化学等关键服役性能设计与优化,以及多目标协同等方面的强大能力与应用实例。同时,深入剖析了当前智能设计在数据生态、模型可解释性、工艺集成及计算—实验闭环等方面面临的挑战。最终,“数据—模型—知识—智慧”自主进化路径和“AI多智能体”体系的构建,将高效推动超高温高熵陶瓷智能设计软件自主化并实现AI4UHTC的典型应用示范。

, authors=田德祥1, 2, 卢佳琦1, 2, 李佩璇1, 2, 高兴誉3, 王毅1, 2, 宋海峰3, *, 李金山1, 2, *, authorsList=田德祥, 卢佳琦, 李佩璇, 高兴誉, 王毅, 宋海峰, 李金山, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋海峰, 李金山, authorNote=

田德祥,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷智能设计,电子信箱:

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宋海峰(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为凝聚态物理、材料多尺度模拟算法,电子信箱:;
李金山(共同通信作者),研究方向为钛合金、难熔及高温合金材料与成形技术,电子信箱:
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人工智能赋能超高温高熵陶瓷智能设计
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田德祥 1, 2 , 卢佳琦 1, 2 , 李佩璇 1, 2 , 高兴誉 3 , 王毅 1, 2 , 宋海峰 3, * , 李金山 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(13): 79-97
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人工智能赋能超高温高熵陶瓷智能设计
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田德祥1, 2 , 卢佳琦1, 2, 李佩璇1, 2, 高兴誉3, 王毅1, 2, 宋海峰3, * , 李金山1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1西北工业大学中国–哈萨克斯坦材料基因工程与智能科学“一带一路”联合实验室,西安 710072
  • 2西北工业大学凝固技术全国重点实验室,西安 710072
  • 3北京应用物理与计算数学研究所,北京 100094
通讯作者:
宋海峰(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为凝聚态物理、材料多尺度模拟算法,电子信箱:;
李金山(共同通信作者),研究方向为钛合金、难熔及高温合金材料与成形技术,电子信箱:
作者简介:

田德祥,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷智能设计,电子信箱:

AI−powered smart design of ultra−high temperature high−entropy ceramics
Dexiang TIAN1, 2 , Jiaqi LU1, 2, Peixuan LI1, 2, Xingyu GAO3, William Yi WANG1, 2, Haifeng SONG3, * , Jinshan LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1China−Kazakhstan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Materials Genome Engineering and Intelligent Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
  • 3Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2026-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00051
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面对航空航天、深海探测、先进核能等国家重大战略领域对极端环境材料的迫切需求,传统材料体系在超高温、强腐蚀、高应力等复杂耦合工况下已接近性能极限。高熵陶瓷凭借其极其庞大的成分空间与卓越的极端环境性能,成为新一代战略材料。然而,其广阔的成分空间使得传统“试错”研发模式陷入“组合爆炸”困境,研发周期漫长且效率低下。如何实现高熵陶瓷的定向、高效设计,成为制约其工程化应用的瓶颈。系统分析了人工智能赋能超高温陶瓷(AI4UHTC)智能设计新范式。以超高温高熵陶瓷为典型材料,深入分析了该范式深度融合高通量计算与机器学习技术,驱动研发流程从“经验试错”向“知识辅助–数据驱动”的“智能设计”根本性转变。系统梳理了高熵陶瓷设计范式从经验试错、知识驱动、数据驱动到智能设计的演进逻辑,重点阐述了机器学习在可合成性精准预测、力学/热学/化学等关键服役性能设计与优化,以及多目标协同等方面的强大能力与应用实例。同时,深入剖析了当前智能设计在数据生态、模型可解释性、工艺集成及计算—实验闭环等方面面临的挑战。最终,“数据—模型—知识—智慧”自主进化路径和“AI多智能体”体系的构建,将高效推动超高温高熵陶瓷智能设计软件自主化并实现AI4UHTC的典型应用示范。

高熵陶瓷  /  智能设计  /  机器学习  /  AI4UHTC

Driven by the imperative demand for extreme−environment materials in strategic sectors—including aerospace, deep−sea exploration, and advanced nuclear energy—traditional material systems are approaching their physical limits under synergistic conditions of ultra−high temperatures, severe corrosion, and high stress. High−entropy ceramics (HECs), characterized by a extremely vast compositional space and exceptional stability in extreme environments, are regarded as a pivotal class of next−generation strategic materials. However, the traditional "trial−and−error" R&D paradigm is trapped by the vast compositional landscape in a "combinatorial explosion", rendering development cycles prolonged and inefficient. Consequently, the targeted and efficient design of HECs remains a critical bottleneck hindering engineering application. A novel paradigm is systematically analyzed for the intelligent design of ultra−high temperature ceramics (AI4UHTC). With ultra−high temperature HECs selected as representative materials, the deep integration of high−throughput computation and machine learning (ML) within this paradigm is examined. A fundamental shift in the R&D workflow—from "empirical trial−and−error" to a "knowledge−assisted, data−driven" framework—is thereby driven. The evolutionary logic of HEC design paradigms—progressing from empirical and knowledge−based approaches to data−driven and intelligent strategies—is systematically elucidated. Specifically, the robust capabilities of ML are highlighted regarding accurate synthesizability prediction, the design and optimization of critical properties (mechanical, thermal, and chemical), and multi−objective synergy, supported by concrete application cases. Concurrently, challenges currently confronting intelligent design are critically analyzed regarding data ecosystems, model interpretability, process integration, and the closure of the computation−experiment loop. Ultimately, the establishment of the "Data−Model−Knowledge−Wisdom" autonomous evolutionary pathway and the "AI Multi−Agent" system will efficiently advance software autonomy for the intelligent design of ultra−high−temperature high−entropy ceramics and realize typical application demonstrations of AI4UHTC.

high−entropy ceramics  /  intelligent design  /  machine learning  /  AI4UHTC
田德祥, 卢佳琦, 李佩璇, 高兴誉, 王毅, 宋海峰, 李金山. 人工智能赋能超高温高熵陶瓷智能设计. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 79 -97 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00051
Dexiang TIAN, Jiaqi LU, Peixuan LI, Xingyu GAO, William Yi WANG, Haifeng SONG, Jinshan LI. AI−powered smart design of ultra−high temperature high−entropy ceramics[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 79 -97 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00051
在航空航天、深海探测及先进核能等国家重大战略领域,关键装备的服役环境正呈现出前所未有的极端化与复杂化趋势。从航空发动机叶片面对的2000℃以上超高温气流冲击[12],深海潜器面临的高压与强腐蚀环境侵蚀[34],先进封装对“低热膨胀−高绝缘”的匹配特性[56],单一物理性能的优化已难以满足现代工程对材料“多性能协同、长周期稳定、宽场景适配”的综合指标。金属材料在强腐蚀或高温环境下易失效,单组元陶瓷存在低温脆性或高温相不稳定性,复合材料在超高温下的抗氧化性和结构稳定性降低[7]。这些局限推动超高温材料转向高熵陶瓷(high−entropy ceramics,HECs)体系。HECs[8]通常由4种及以上等摩尔比或近等摩尔比的金属阳离子与非金属元素形成的固溶体构成,涵盖高熵碳化物、氮化物、硼化物、氧化物等[9],依托高熵4大效应[10]:高熵效应、晶格畸变效应、缓慢扩散效应、鸡尾酒效应,实现性能突破性拓展。
传统超高温陶瓷(ultra−high temperature ceramics,UHTC)如ZrB2、HfC被广泛应用于热防护部件[11],但是受限于其固有脆性、高密度及疲劳抗性不足,其使用温度在3000℃以下,而HECs的多组元设计进一步拓展了性能边界[12],高熵碳化物熔点超过3600℃,且抗氧化性能优异[13],(CrNbTaTiW)C高熵碳化物在重离子辐照下表现出极低的肿胀特性[14];(V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)B高熵硼化物兼具高硬度和低密度[15];AB2型高熵二硼化物通过Cr/Ti等元素掺杂,硬度突破至48.3 GPa[16];仿生结构高熵碳化物实现了高断裂韧性(12.5 MPa·m1/2)与高温强度协同提升[17];多孔高熵二硼化物在2000℃下可以保持690 MPa的抗压强度,打破了多孔陶瓷“隔热不承重”的局限[18];Zr/Mo掺杂的HECs涂层[19]在2450℃高温下线烧蚀率为0.9 μm/s[20];高熵A2B2O7陶瓷可以将热导率压低至非晶态极限[21];15元阳离子的超高熵陶瓷显著抑制熔融航空发动机沉积物的渗透[22];在功能化应用上,新型弛豫铁电陶瓷实现了11.0 J/cm3的巨介电储能密度和81.9%的高效率[23];高熵二硼化物在1.5 mm厚度下实现了7.2 GHz的超宽频微波吸收[24];高熵压电陶瓷成功克服了高温去极化难题,在高温下保持高电阻率[25]。这种极其庞大的成分空间,使HECs成为极端环境的核心候选战略材料。然而在面对航空航天及高超声速飞行器所需的3000℃以上服役环境时,经验试错模式的实验表征成本极高且周期漫长;另一方面,海量成分组合极易使研发陷入局部最优,难以获得兼顾耐超高温、抗氧化与高强韧综合性能的材料。HECs材料的研发向智能设计范式转变成为必然[26]
当前,材料科学的竞争已演变为算力、数据与平台生态的系统性对抗。2025年11月,美国白宫发布“创世计划”(Genesis Mission),明确将人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)驱动的新材料发现列为最高优先级[27]。中国依托材料基因工程重点专项与“东数西算”工程,已初步建成自主算力集群与材料大数据中心,推动AI与新材料产业深度融合[28]。针对超高温高熵陶瓷的研发,迫切需要引入具备“认知—决策—执行”能力的AI,融合高通量计算、大数据与机器学习(machine learning,ML)技术,实现多目标性能的精准筛选与定向创制,推动材料研发从“被动筛选”向“主动创造”转变。
集成计算材料工程(integrative computational materials engineering,ICME)和材料基因工程(materials genome engineering,MGE)为破解上述瓶颈提供了革命性范式(图1[28])。智能设计通过深度融合高通量计算、大数据与AI技术,重塑HECs的研发流程,将材料研发从“经验试错”转向“智能设计”[2930]:高通量计算在原子尺度实现海量筛选[31];ML挖掘材料数据隐藏的构效关系[32];高通量实验则负责快速验证与反馈,迭代优化流程[33]。本文将重点阐述人工智能赋能超高温陶瓷(AI4UHTC)智能设计范式的演进逻辑,探讨ML在可合成性预测、关键性能设计及多目标优化中的应用实例,剖析其在数据基础设施、物理可解释性及制造闭环方面面临的挑战,为该领域建立自主可控的智能研发体系提供参考与展望。
HECs极其庞大的成分空间与有限的实验/计算资源迫使设计范式不断升级,HECs设计范式经历了经验试错、知识筛选、数据驱动、AI赋能的智能设计演变(图2),同时呈现出明显的层次化演进特征:外层范式界定了研发的总体指导思想;中层则由相应的技术手段充实,知识驱动阶段依赖密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)和相图计算(calculation of phase diagrams,CALPHAD),数据驱动阶段引入了ML;底层性能目标则随着范式的升级从单一维度向多维服役指标跨越,最终形成由AI驱动的智能闭环设计。
HECs研究的初期,研究工作主要依赖于传统陶瓷工艺中积累的经验。该阶段的核心路径是执行“原料配比—高温烧结—性能测试”的循环流程,并以是否成功合成单相结构及是否具备基本使用性能(如硬度、耐高温性)作为核心评价标准,本质上是一种基于归纳法的经验试错范式。2015年,Rost等[34]受金属合金领域的研究活动和热力学基本原理的启发,将熵概念从金属扩展到五组分氧化物,制备出单相岩盐结构的(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)O高熵氧化物。该成果首次从实验上验证了HECs体系的可合成性,并提出熵稳定在具有离子特性的化合物中有效的结论。这一阶段的发现开启了HECs领域的探索,为后续研究提供了初始样本。经验试错范式解决了HECs能否合成这一关键的问题,为范式演变奠定了基础。然而,面对高维成分空间,这种探索方式极易陷入局部最优,且难以通过有限的样本归纳出普适性的构效规律。经验试错范式的随机性与不可预测性,促使研究范式向具有理论指导的知识驱动阶段转型。
随着HECs“可合成性”问题的解决,研究重心转向“规律指引+定向筛选”的知识驱动范式。该阶段引入了混合焓/熵、原子尺寸差异(δ)、价电子浓度(VEC)等热力学与电子结构参数作为物理判据[3536],将盲目的成分组合转变为基于理论预判的规律指引。研发逻辑演变为“性能目标导向→理论反向筛选→实验验证”。在此范式下,基于DFT的第一性原理计算、分子动力学(ab initio molecular dynamics,AIMD)模拟、CALPHAD等理论工具成为预测HECs成分、相稳定性、力学及抗氧化性能的核心工具。HECs中不同组成元素的异质氧吸附能力[37],不同温度下氧分子的吸附与解离,氧原子的吸附构型与能量,以及扩散路径与能垒[38]都可以有效预测。知识驱动范式标志着HECs的研究实现了以设计为主的范式演变,为后续的发展积累了可计算、可量化的数据(图3)。然而,知识驱动的计算成本随原子数量增长,五元以上的高熵固溶体的大尺度超胞模型耗时巨大,且难以精确处理复杂的非线性晶格畸变效应。这种局限性使范式向以规模化筛选为特征的数据驱动范式转变。
为突破知识驱动范式在高维成分空间筛选中的效率瓶颈,HECs研究进入了以高通量计算和规则筛选为标志的数据驱动范式。这一范式的核心在于“并行化生产”与“规则化筛选”。高通量计算利用超级计算集群的算力,通过建立自动化工作流,对候选材料同时进行第一性原理或相图计算。高通量计算批量生产的形成能、弹性模量及电子结构数据,构建了HECs的初始结构化数据库。数据驱动范式的关键是从数据中提取有价值的信息,建立揭示“组分–结构–性能”内在联系的定量模型。最具代表性的是“熵形成能力(entropy forming ability,EFA)”[39]描述符,通过高通量DFT计算高熵碳化物的能量分布谱,量化构型无序度对单相稳定性的影响,将单相稳定性的预测转化为数值阈值筛选问题,精准预测高熵碳化物的可合成性。此外,基于矩张量势构建高通量MD模型可以从几万种高熵硼化物中筛选出熔点达3765 K的超高温材料[40]。数据驱动范式将预研周期从数年缩短至数周,实现了研发效率的指数级提升及数据的原始积累。然而,该范式本质上属于基于预设规则的暴力筛选,面对多性能协同的复杂需求,这种范式尚不具备从数据中自主挖掘隐含规律并进行逆向设计的能力,这促使设计范式最终向智能设计跃迁。
当前,HECs研究正逐渐向以ML为核心的智能设计范式转变。该范式以知识和数据范式演变过程中积累的实验与计算数据为基础[41],核心在于模型的自主学习、生成与决策,能够从数据中自主挖掘“成分–结构–性能”之间的复杂非线性关联模型。ML根据学习范式与任务目标可分为:监督学习、无监督学习、强化学习、半监督/自监督学习。此外深度学习作为ML的重要分支,通过多层神经网络处理高维复杂数据(如图像、序列),而生成式模型则能够学习数据分布并创造新的成分或结构,是实现逆向设计的关键。智能设计在HECs中的应用主要体现在3个维度的深化。
1) 高精度的正向预测:使用监督学习中的回归与分类算法替代实验,预测HECs的相稳定性、硬度、热导率等性能[42]。例如,基于过渡金属二硼化物的DFT数据构建的监督学习模型,识别高熵硼化物硬度的准确率达96.4%[43]
2) 数据结构的深度挖掘:应用无监督学习在缺乏标签或无标签数据下即实现成分聚类与异常检测,揭示材料的内在分类学特征。通过无监督学习构建多组分UHTC的结构图谱可以有效划分多组元陶瓷的固溶体形成边界[44],为新型HECs设计提供参考。
3) 跨尺度的机理模拟:机器学习势(machine learning potential,MLP)可以融合DFT的高精度与MD的高效率,拟合原子间相互作用势能,在复杂的系统中重现原子相互作用,在扩展的时间和空间尺度上进行精确的大规模原子模拟。
传统的ML依赖于已知数据预测,而基于生成式AI的“逆向设计”范式(变分自编码器[45]和扩散模型[46])已被证明能够学习HECs和合金材料的隐空间分布,生成满足特定性能指标的全新高熵组分。集成大语言模型与自动化实验平台的AI智能体[47],正实现从假设提出、实验规划到合成表征的全流程无人化闭环,使得在成千上万种候选组分中进行自主探索成为可能。智能设计范式的兴起,推动HECs从实验室探索进入工业化应用的“定制化、功能化、高效化”新时代。
设计范式的演变为解决HECs复杂的成分–性能构效关系提供了理论基础。智能设计范式通过融合高通量计算与ML,构建了涵盖“相形成能力预测”“关键服役性能筛选”及“多目标协同优化”的全链条设计体系。HECs的智能设计工作流并非简单的算法堆砌,而是一个包含数据治理、特征工程、模型训练与验证的系统工程[48]图4)。
1) 数据集收集:数据的质量和数量决定了模型性能的上限。数据来源包括已发表的文献、材料数据库,以及研究团队通过高通量计算或实验获得的数据。对于HECs,数据集通常包含材料的化学成分、晶体结构、制备工艺以及对应的性能(如硬度、弹性模量、相组成等)。
2) 特征工程:特征工程的目标是从原始数据中提取出能够有效表征材料特性的“特征”或“描述符”,作为模型的输入。此外,特征工程还包括特征选择和特征构建等。提取的特征必须与目标性能高度相关。目前特征主要分为2类:第1类是原子特征,如原子半径差、电负性差、价电子浓度等,这些特征易于获取且包含一定的物理内涵;第2类是通过复杂计算或实验获得的特征,如形成能、弹性张量等,这类特征信息丰富但获取成本高。
3) 模型训练与选择:在准备好特征和目标性能后,模型的选择需根据任务属性(分类vs回归)及对“可解释性”的需求进行权衡。常用的算法包括线性回归、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM) 、随机森林(random forest,RF)、XGBoost、梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)及神经网络(neural network,NN)等。通过对比不同的算法,并交叉验证后,在训练集和验证集上评估性能,选择表现最优的模型加以部署。
4) 模型部署与验证:模型的预测结果必须经过严格的实验验证。通过测试智能设计预测的候选材料的真实性能,可以评估模型的准确性和泛化能力。当实验结果与预测不符时,可能是模型过拟合、数据质量不佳或特征选择不当导致的。最终性能反馈至数据集提升模型性能。
HECs的可合成性是其性能实现与工程应用的前提,稳态相的形成应被视为熵与焓、温度与动力学共同决定的结果[49],单靠构型熵的大小无法预测最终的微观结构[50]。ML方法通过计算模拟与模型构建,高效筛选能形成单相均匀固溶体的成分体系,为阐明哪些化学特征能驱动单相形成提供了可操作的路径。当前智能设计的研究覆盖UHTC体系内的碳化物、硼化物、稀土硅酸盐等,形成了多维度的可合成性预测技术体系。
高熵碳化物作为超高温防护与耐磨领域的核心候选材料,以其丰富的数据积累,成为验证智能算法有效性的“模型体系”。早期高熵碳化物的研究致力大于量化“熵稳定效应”。通过高通量DFT计算,设定EFA>80 atom/eV的阈值作为单相形成判据。基于此训练的RF模型,对岩盐结构碳化物的预测准确率达到85%[51]。但是数据稀缺与不平衡是制约高熵碳化物单相预测模型性能的关键瓶颈,训练数据集小,高EFA样本稀缺,导致模型对极高EFA值的预测结果偏低,同时由于依赖DFT计算与实验数据,外推至其他体系时,准确性下降。
为突破数据瓶颈,当前研究主要演化出2条增强路径。一种是在实验设计层面增强,通过主动学习(active learning,AL)方法(图5[52]),迭代反馈,优先测试“不确定性高”的区域,通过对比基于成分的特征向量生成方式,部署模型生成EFA预测的平均值与分布,再提取“高EFA值”的新训练数据点。该方法将高熵碳化物的筛选数量扩展至15504种。另一种路径是算法层面的增强,通过生成合成数据来平衡正负样本,如自适应合成少数类过采样技术(ADASYN)辅助ML[53],通过文献实验数据与原子环境映射结构图生成半合成数据,将K近邻模型的预测准确率提升至92%。并且结合SHAP(Shapley additive explanations)分析特征重要性,明确原子半径差、电负性差等参数对单相形成的主导作用。尽管合成数据缓解了样本稀缺问题,但也引入了潜在的认知偏差。ADASYN生成的虚拟样本仅在统计学分布上拟合原始数据,缺乏第一性原理的物理约束。若原始训练集中存在实验误差,算法生成的“伪数据”极易放大这些偏差,导致模型产生违背物理常识的幻觉预测。
此外,也可通过物理化学参数(元素的电离能、电子亲和能)作为特征输入预测可合成性[54],在预测5~9元非等原子比体系时,ML预测模型准确率达0.938、接近DFT数据训练的模型准确度,纠正了“等原子比即最佳”的传统认知偏差。除了数据策略,模型架构的升级与实验闭环验证同样关键。NN模型预测过渡金属碳化物、硼化物的单相形成能力准确率高达94.63%[55]。结合高通量实验与算法的闭环系统,预测高熵碳化物相形成准确率的精度为93.4%[56]。这些案例标志着智能设计完成了从“虚拟筛选”到“物理实现”的闭环。
随着高熵碳化物研究体系的成熟,研究重点正向结构更复杂、数据更匮乏的高熵硼化物、硅酸盐及氮化物等体系迁移,目前主要有3类路径。
第1类是算法层面的完善,如高通量固相反应技术与GA算法结合筛选出关键描述符(如费米能级差、电负性差等),可以实现等摩尔成分高熵六硼化物的高精度预测(准确率为93.0%)[57]。针对复杂高熵稀土硅酸盐体系因缺乏标准数据集而难以建模的问题,研究人员提出了层级分类策略[58]。该策略将预测任务分解为“合成可能性判别(I类)”与“具体相结构细分(Ⅱ类)”2个层级;在此基础上,利用GA模型为这2个层级分别筛选出针对性的描述符组合。最终,该模型成功预测6045种未报道的多组分硅酸盐,整体准确率高达96.2%,实现了对具体相结构的精准判定。
第2类路径是构建新的通用热力学描述符,突破特定化学成分与晶体结构的限制。Divilov等[59]提出“无序焓−熵描述符(disordered enthalpy–entropy descriptor,DEED)”,通过量化多组分体系中熵增与焓损的热力学平衡,实现多组分陶瓷可合成性的通用分类。与EFA相比,DEED结合卷积算法显著提升了对高熵碳氮化物与硼化物的预测精度(图6[39,59])。然而,EFA和DEED本质上是基于理想温度下的静态热力学描述符,忽略了UHTC制备过程中极其关键的动力学因素(如冷却速率、固相扩散势垒)。因此,在预测急冷或等离子火花烧结等非平衡工艺制备亚稳态HECs时,容易出现预测偏差。
第3类路径聚焦于算法的可解释性,即在“黑箱模型”的精度与物理意义之间寻求平衡。RF模型预测MSi2型高熵硅化物晶体结构的精度达96.82%[60],但难以直接给出物理公式。SISSO(sure independence screening and sparsifying operator)这一可解释性ML技术可以应用于高熵氮化物陶瓷的EFA预测[61]。SISSO可以从高维空间中“蒸馏”出具有物理意义的解析表达式,明确价电子浓度与原子尺寸差的耦合作用对EFA的提升机制。因此,针对不同数据量级与特征维度,算法的选择至关重要(图7),SISSO可以处理小数据场景(左下区域);随着数据量与特征复杂度的增加(沿红色虚线向右上演进),NN与GNN则能更好地捕捉非线性构效关系。
综上所述,智能设计在HECs的可合成性预测上取得了显著进展,但仍面临“数据–机理”层面的双重挑战。缺乏高质量的负样本使得分类模型难以精准界定单相与多相的相图边界;当前模型多聚焦于常温或合成温度下的成相能力,而UHTC应用的核心挑战在于预测材料在环境下的相稳定性;当前的通用描述符(EFA、DEED)基于混合焓/熵的竞争机制,在预测实际合成的可行性时可能失效;UHTC的微观结构演化高度依赖于烧结工艺。因此,未来的模型必须从单纯的“成分判别”转向“成分+工艺”的双模态学习,引入高温Gibbs自由能及扩散动力学参数,将烧结温度、压力及升降温速率纳入特征空间,弥补理论预测与工程制备之间的差异,筛选出适用极端环境的高熵材料。
HECs的核心价值在于其优异的多场景性能,如超高温稳定性、高硬度、低热导率、强耐蚀性等。通过建立“成分–工艺–结构–性能”的定量关联模型,实现关键性能的精准预测与定向优化,是HECs智能设计的核心目标。当前研究已覆盖力学性能(硬度、韧性、弹性模量)、热学性能(熔点、热膨胀系数、热导率)、化学稳定性(抗氧化性、耐腐蚀性)等多个维度,形成多性能预测的技术体系。
硬度是HECs在耐磨、切削工具等领域应用的核心指标,由于硬度受化学键强度、微观组织(晶粒尺寸、气孔率)及制备工艺的多重控制,其智能预测研究主要围绕算法模型的适配性优化、物理特征的深度挖掘及小样本/工艺数据3个维度展开。支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)模型可以构建含230种高熵碳化物的力学性能数据库(R>0.93),用于筛选高硬度组分[62]。针对标准的表格型数据,即由“化学成分描述符(如VEC、δ、Δχ)”与“工艺参数(如烧结温度、压力)”构成的多维特征矩阵,集成学习算法表现出优异的鲁棒性。影响鲁棒性的因素包括特征冗余与高相关性、数据不平衡、小样本与噪声等。集成学习算法在对抗“小样本数据噪声”与“特征冗余”时,通过引入自助采样和特征随机子空间,平均化多个决策树的预测降低模型的方差。在预测高熵碳化物硬度时,XGBoost的测试集R2为0.827,优于RF(0.763)和SVR(0.802),且RMSE最低,展现了在有限数据下的最佳泛化能力[63]。此外也可以采用特征递归消除或SHAP值分析来提升鲁棒性。SHAP分析结合GBDT算法构建的模型在验证集上的决定系数R2>0.93,高于训练集(0.858)和测试集(0.876),实现了22.94 GPa硬度(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)B2的准确预测[64]。但是集成模型在预测非等摩尔体系时存在过拟合现象,泛化能力较差,而基于注意力机制的CrabNet(compositionally restricted attention−based network)通过深入捕捉化学式中的元素交互特征,在筛选新型高力学性能HECs时表现出更高的可靠性[65]
在特征工程维度,研究正从简单的物理参数堆砌转向“知识嵌入与特征交互”,通过物理优化模型的ML被用于预测HECs的硬度[66],麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)优化反向传播神经网络(backpropagation neural network,BPNN)的输入参数,有效解决了传统BPNN易陷入局部最优的问题。该模型预测HECs的硬度值与DFT计算结果偏差小于3%。此外,“数据驱动+知识赋能”的反馈验证循环模型(图8[67])结合SHAP分析可以从149个特征中锁定电子功函数(electron work function,EWF)等特征为影响硬度的关键因子[67],相比于价电子浓度,EWF不仅能以此为基础建立定量的幂律比例模型,还能更好地区分元素周期表中同一族溶质元素的差异,为多组分陶瓷的硬度设计提供新算法与特征构建思路。
针对材料研发中的“数据稀缺”与“工艺黑箱”问题,部分研究开始将结构参数纳入模型。通过1120个尖晶石样品构建的含112个数据点的实验数据库,筛选出的(Al2Fe0.25Zn0.25Mg0.25Mn0.25)O4硬度达1770.6 HV[68]。数据增强生成对抗网络(data augmentation generative adversarial networks,DAGAN)驱动的设计策略可以解决高熵氮化物数据短缺的问题[69],DAGAN生成半合成数据,使ML模型的准确率提升14.67%,筛选出8个硬度超40 GPa的超硬氮化物体系。
尽管上述模型在预测硬度方面表现优异,但现有研究多基于室温硬度数据,对于超高温服役场景,材料高温硬度保持率才是决定其抗冲刷、耐磨损性能的关键。受限于高温测试数据的匮乏,当前模型难以直接预测高温硬度。未来的AI4UHTC研究需结合物理模型(如热激活滑移机制),建立从“室温本征硬度”推演“高温力学衰减”的迁移学习模型。
断裂韧性是制约陶瓷材料应用的关键瓶颈,断裂韧性涉及跨尺度的协同机制,包括原子键合强度的影响,晶界、第二相及位错等微观结构的控制。
针对经典的“硬度–韧性”倒置矛盾,融合多物理场计算是实现微观结构调控的有效途径。相图计算、实验与ML整合构建的(Ti,Zr,Hf)C的智能设计[70],利用CALPHAD指导等温时效工艺生成高密度纳米级球变结构。这种特殊的微观结构诱导了位错增殖与裂纹偏转,使材料硬度(2780 HV)与断裂韧性(3.47 MPa·m1/2)较烧结态分别提升32%和80%。
在成分筛选维度,构建“物理方程驱动”的混合模型,可以作为挖掘高韧性组分的核心策略。图9[71]所示为数据驱动与知识驱动的高熵氧化物建模优化流程,将理论物理方程(如晶格畸变模型)作为先验知识嵌入A2Zr2O7型高熵氧化物的断裂韧性(KIC)模型[71]。该模型明确了稀土掺杂诱导的晶格畸变与位错阻碍是增韧的核心机制,从4万余种组合中精准筛选出(La0.2Gd0.2Y0.2Yb0.2Lu0.22Zr2O7,其KIC为2.8 MPa·m1/2,较未掺杂体系提升35%。但现有的研究中DFT计算一般采用理想超胞,未考虑A/B位空位、氧空位/间隙等本征缺陷的影响,在UHTC应用背景下,断裂韧性不仅关系到材料的抗损伤能力,更决定了陶瓷部件在急速升温(如高超声速飞行器再入段)过程中的抗热震性能。智能设计在优化韧性的同时,必须兼顾其对热应力的缓解作用,以确保结构件在剧烈热冲击下的完整性,未来需要构建包含缺陷形成能与浓度的真实物理模型,实现UHTC高韧性、低热导率与相稳定性的多目标缺陷工程设计。
弹性模量是材料结构设计的关键参数,其预测模型需反映原子间键合强度与晶体结构的影响。卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)模型[72]利用材料的成分描述符,预测HECs的体积、剪切、杨氏弹性模量的结果与文献报道结果一致,且预测精度满足工程需求。该研究避免了结构信息缺失导致的模型偏差,适用于大规模材料筛选与结构分析,但CNN模型为“黑箱”模型,缺乏可解释性,无法阐明成分与弹性模量的内在关联机制。同时,对于屈服强度、断裂韧性及应力–应变曲线等涉及晶格缺陷演化与非线性变形行为的非准静态参数,单纯依赖成分或晶胞尺度的CNN模型仍面临挑战。此类性能不仅取决于内禀的原子键合(成分),更受控于介观尺度的微观组织(如晶粒尺寸、气孔、第二相分布)。
综上分析,当前的力学性能智能预测研究,呈现出明显的“重硬度、轻韧性/高温蠕变”的结构性失衡。这主要是因为硬度测试简单、数据量大且易于标准化。对于UHTC的工程应用,“高韧性”与“抗蠕变”是材料在极端热冲击与长时服役下的关键性能。但是断裂韧性与高温蠕变涉及长时间尺度下的空位扩散与位错攀移,简单的“成分–性能”黑箱模型难以捕捉这些涉及晶界滑移、孔隙演化及第二相协同的复杂介观行为。因此,未来的智能设计必须从单一硬度预测转向对“硬度–韧性”综合性能的权衡优化,并引入多尺度特征融合策略,从单纯的静态回归转向多尺度融合范式,利用计算机视觉提取微观组织特征,采用物理信息神经网络(physics−informed neural networks,PINN)将断裂力学与蠕变本构方程嵌入损失函数,实现对材料全生命周期力学行为的预测。
热力学性能(熔点、热膨胀、热导率)决定了UHTC在极端环境下的服役极限。与室温力学性能不同,高温热力学行为涉及显著的声子非谐性与动态原子相互作用,因此其智能预测重点在于捕捉非线性特征交互与实现高温动力学的高精度模拟。
熔点是UHTC在热防护、航空发动机等领域应用的核心指标,对该指标的预测研究呈现出从“广域数据挖掘”向“精细原子模拟”分化的趋势。MLP能够以DFT/MD的精度模拟原子在高温下的动态行为,从包含一元与二元碳化物的小数据集构建具有广泛适用性的神经网络势(neural network potential,NNP),预测结果与DFT计算及实验高度一致[73]。深度学习势(deep learning potential,DLP)函数预测(TiZrTaHfNb)C0.75N0.25的熔点为3580 K,并揭示了价电子浓度通过优化电子结构平衡氮含量与热稳定性的内在机制[74]
热膨胀系数(coefficient of thermal expansion,CTE)是决定涂层与基底热匹配失效的关键。通过DFT构建3360个高熵碳化物的数据集捕捉CTE的非线性变化(误差<5%),RF模型结合SHAP分析明确了平均原子质量、晶格畸变等特征是影响CTE的关键因素,为热障涂层、电子封装等对热匹配要求高的领域提供材料设计依据[75]
低热导率是HECs作为热障涂层材料的核心优势,由于热导率受复杂的声子–声子散射及晶格畸变控制,传统的线性回归模型往往失效。多维各向异性特征交互(multi–dimensional anisotropic feature interaction,DAFI)技术通过提取“原子半径差−电负性差”等高阶交互项,可以显著增强XGBoost和RF模型对声子散射机制的表征能力,预测A2B2O7型HECs热导率的值与实测值偏差小于3%[76]。混合知识辅助–数据驱动的ML策略可以通过控制阴阳离子半径比的值优化A2B2O7型高熵氧化物A位17种稀土溶质的组合[77];从6188种(5RE0.22Zr2O7高熵氧化物中筛选出热导率低至1.2 W/(m·K)的材料,较传统YSZ热障涂层降低50%,并准确捕捉多元素掺杂诱导的晶格畸变对声子传播的阻滞效应(图10[77])。此外DLP可在原子尺度重现复杂热物理过程,实现(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C高熵碳化物高温下的晶格热导率动态模拟[78]
尽管上述模型在处理复杂非线性热物理行为方面展现了强大能力,但目前的研究多集中于准静态或稳态热性能的预测。针对UHTC服役场景,材料往往处于剧烈的非平衡热冲击与相变边缘。未来的智能热力学模型需要结合AIMD与有限元分析,发展能够耦合高温相变潜热、辐射传热及动态热应力演化的跨尺度智能预测框架,指导极端动态环境下的热防护材料设计。
HECs的抗氧化行为是一个受热力学与动力学势垒共同控制的复杂物理化学过程,涉及复杂的非线性相变(如氧化膜的熔化、挥发或剥落)。Bai等[38]提出了一种结合第一性原理与ML的原子尺度分析方法,计算了高熵碳化物表面的氧吸附能与电荷密度差,揭示了不同金属元素对氧化学势的敏感度差异。模型发现,电子局域化程度较低的区域更易成为氧化形核位点。预测了Ta/Hf元素在高熵基体中的优先氧化倾向,这种优先氧化形成的致密氧化物层(如Ta2O5、HfO2)在热力学上降低了后续氧化的驱动力。多目标优化[79]筛选出的(TiZrHfNbTa)C具有高构型熵与优异的抗氧化性,并且揭示了高熵组分中晶格畸变、电子结构和氧化行为之间的耦合机制,但是静态氧化模型无法描述气流冲刷下的动态烧蚀行为。因此,针对UHTC场景的智能设计,必须从单纯的“增重/失重预测”转向“氧化过程动态演化”的精准识别。
耐腐蚀性是HECs在化工、海洋工程等领域应用的核心需求,涉及复杂的熔体渗透润湿、界面化学溶解及析晶动力学机制。数据的量化难是建模的主要障碍。在稀土二硅化物的研究中引入腐蚀分级函数[80],将定性的钙镁铝硅酸盐(calcium–magnesium–aluminum–silicate,CMAS)腐蚀形貌转化为定量的梯度数据,可以有效降低高维特征空间的噪声;通过XGBoost算法实现对350万种低成本稀土(Yb/Tm/Er等)五元非等摩尔组合的快速筛选。
位错是影响陶瓷材料塑性与韧性的核心微观结构因素,陶瓷位错塑性的离子键与共价键混合、位错核心结构复杂的难点一直是该方向的研究重点。智能设计通过ML力场模拟高熵碳化物的位错行为,预测出(110)[$ 1\ \ \overline{1}\ \ 0 $]滑移系统的剪切强度,揭示严重晶格畸变和局部化学无序驱动1/2<110>位错的核心诱因[81]。此外,针对基于高通量计算构建的以ZnO、GaN、SrTiO3等功能陶瓷为验证对象的神经网络势(neural network potential,NNP),对非化学计量比核心结构、滑移势垒及长程静电相互作用的捕获能力,与实验结果高度吻合[82]。这种通用的NNP框架为探索HECs中复杂的“位错–溶质原子”交互机制提供了新的思路。
除了基础的力学与热学指标,HECs在工程服役中还面临耐磨性、晶格畸变及界面稳定性等复杂性能的挑战。在耐磨性设计方面,SVR模型揭示了NbTaMoWAlC涂层中Al元素添加引起的硬度提升的原因是细化晶粒与增强晶格畸变的协同效应,磨损率较无Al体系降低30%[83];针对高熵材料“鸡尾酒效应”的核心来源,基于DFT数据库的人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)模型预测了多组分过渡金属碳化物的弹性模量、硬度及局部畸变程度,量化了V−Nb−Ta基体系中畸变场对硬度与韧性的增强贡献[84];在相界面特性方面,过渡金属碳化物原子间势模型,适用于典型晶体结构(岩盐、萤石、尖晶石)及熔融与表面结构,预测精度与DFT方法相当,实现了晶界偏析、堆垛层错等动态行为的大尺度模拟[85]
当前HECs的研究主要集中在等摩尔比成分空间,以利用最大组态熵效应来稳定单相结构。但近期的研究表明,非等摩尔比设计是突破HECs性能极限的重要途径。在UHTC的硬度与韧性平衡设计中,利用ML结合高通量实验,发现特定的非等摩尔高熵六硼化物能够显著优化材料的合成能力与力学性能[57]。针对(TiZrHfNbTa)C体系,特定的非化学计量比能够通过局域晶格畸变效应进一步提升材料的硬度[65]。在稀土硅酸盐的研究中非等摩尔设计对于相稳定性、热物理性能和抗CMAS腐蚀性能至关重要[80],利用AL和贝叶斯优化等算法,可以在庞大的非等摩尔空间中高效筛选出具有目标性能的特定成分配比。
除阳离子位的高熵化外,阴离子位的掺杂与调控(如C/N、C/B等)也是目前智能预测的重要方向。阴离子种类的变化改变了陶瓷内部的化学键性质,从而对材料的本征性能产生决定性影响。在高熵碳化物中引入N形成碳氮化物,可以显著改善材料的抗氧化性能[74,86]。利用ML势函数和DFT计算,可以精准预测不同C/N比对高熵碳化物中晶格畸变、电子结构以及力学模量和热膨胀系数的影响,通过调节阴离子亚晶格中的N含量可以有效调控价电子浓度[63],进而优化硬度与韧性平衡。
单一性能的提升往往伴随着其他性能的下降,如何利用AI在庞大的成分空间中寻找帕累托前沿是当前的研究热点。目前HECs的ML研究主要集中在性质预测和相稳定性筛选。高熵合金领域已经广泛使用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA−II)[87]、多目标贝叶斯优化(multi-objective Bayesian optimization,MOBO)算法[88]等,而HECs在平衡强度、韧性和熔点等方面的多目标优化研究尚处于起步阶段。这主要是陶瓷缺乏像金属那样的多滑移系变形机制,其性能对微观结构(气孔、晶界)极度敏感,导致帕累托前沿的搜索空间狭窄且不连续。因此,借鉴成熟领域的算法策略,构建适用于HECs的“正向预测–逆向设计”的设计体系,是突破这一瓶颈的关键。
针对经典的“强度–塑性”难题,“正向ML预测+逆向启发式搜索”的协同策略为此提供了有效路径。CALPHAD与ML整合可以实现(Ti,Zr,Hf)C硬度(2780HV)与韧性(提升80%)的同步优化[70]。金属基复合材料“强度–韧性”权衡问题的“正逆向循环”策略展现了极高的预测准确率:在正向预测阶段,构建覆盖常见结构、协同增强结构、性能损害结构的数据集,采用RF模型和10折交叉验证。在逆向阶段,将屈服强度与断裂伸长率设定为多重约束,利用GA在庞大的微观结构空间中搜索最优解,实验验证性能提升15%~20%[89]。而通过粒子群优化与深度生成网络,可实现对金属材料原子级界面结构的自动化寻优[90]。尽管上述策略源于金属领域,但其“正向预测–逆向优化”的逻辑可以学习并迁移至超高温HECs,用于协调高温稳定性与力学性能的复杂冲突。Gu等[43]建立了鲁棒的ML筛选准则,结合硬度预测及物理描述符识别能通过微观结构调控(如相变增韧)来缓解脆性的候选组分,实现了超硬高熵二硼化物硬度与韧性的平衡。在抗氧化与热力学稳定性的协同优化方面,通过ML与GA的闭环策略,在多维空间寻优筛选出兼具单相稳定性和优异抗氧化性的非等摩尔高熵碳化物,打破了传统试错法难以兼顾多目标的局限[37]
多目标优化仍是在已知空间内“筛选”,要实现真正的“逆向设计”,可以通过晶体结构的数字化表征探索。基于半导体材料的简化线性输入晶体编码系统(SLICES)[91]通过字符串编码实现了晶体拓扑结构的可逆与不变表示(覆盖4万余种结构,重构准确率94.95%),结合强化学习,该系统实现了半导体陶瓷的生成式逆向设计,可根据带隙宽度等目标输出对应的晶体结构。HECs需要应对超高温、高压与强辐射的耦合挑战,用于极端条件下材料性能模拟的ProME v1.0平台(图11[92]),实现了多组分合金极端条件(超高温、高压、强辐射)下的性能集成计算。平台各软件组件解决了合金成分设计时模拟中的关键难题(如高温扩散、辐射损伤),在保证性能的前提下有效减少贵金属含量。该平台推动了计算材料科学与工程应用的融合:通过高通量DFT生成数据→利用ML模型挖掘描述符与性能的关联→指导实验合成进行验证,并将实验结果反馈至数据库,用于模型迭代优化,实现了“实验室算法”向“工程化应用”的转变,为HECs的多目标优化设计提供了关键的参考方案。
当前,智能设计范式展现了强大的材料发现与预测能力,但HECs研发向“智能创制”的全面迈进,仍面临数据、机理与验证体系等核心瓶颈。展望未来,超高温HECs的智能设计必须在MGE与ICME的宏观图景下进行规划。其发展的核心路径是从当前辅助科研的工具阶段,向实现“数据模型化—模型算法化—算法软件化—软件自主化”的全链条自主进化跃迁,最终构建“数据(Data)—模型(Model)—知识(Knowledge)—智慧(Wisdom)”的智能自主研发范式。
“数据—模型—知识—智慧”的自主进化,始于坚实的数据底座,因此必须超越当前碎片化、孤岛化的数据现状,构建自主可控的HECs数据生态。现有的通用无机材料数据库主要涵盖理想化学计量比下的晶体结构与形成能数据。针对超高温HECs核心应用场景,即高温、高压、强辐照等极端条件下的多性能耦合数据(如高温蠕变−抗氧化协同、高温高压下的相稳定性)极为稀缺。此外,正负样本分布的非均衡性愈发严重,现有的数据积累主要来源于文献报道,而学术发表普遍存在“发表偏倚”,倾向于记录成功的实验结果,而忽略合成失败的“负样本”。然而,对于构建高精度的判别模型而言,负样本与正样本具有同等的训练价值。未来需要通过数字线程技术,构建贯穿高通量计算、实验到服役的“成分—工艺—结构—性能—服役”全链条数据,保障数据安全与可信共享,将离散的数据点汇聚为支撑国家材料创新的战略资源[93]。通过建设标准化、可追溯的专用数据库,实现“数据积累”到“数据模型化”的转变。
对于航空发动机叶片、高超声速飞行器热防护系统等涉及高风险领域的UHTC材料[94],SHAP和SISSO等方法能一定程度上量化特征的重要性,但仍然需要保持高度的审慎甚至批判态度。目前ML模型本质上仍是基于概率论的统计拟合工具,如基于室温数据训练的UHTC热导率模型能达到极高的拟合优度(R2>0.90),但是高R值忽略了超高温环境下起主导作用的声子非谐性散射或晶界滑移机制。由于数据稀缺,模型极易获得虚高的预测精度,在面对极端环境的外推时,会产生没有物理意义的预测结果。因此,未来的智能设计必须从特征重要性排序转向物理约束与因果推断演进:融合符号回归、PINN等技术,挖掘并形成可解释的物理规律,增强模型的规律推理能力与领域外推可靠性;利用量纲分析和物理规律作为正则化项约束损失函数,使模型学习符合物理直觉的映射关系。
另一方面,要推动智能设计从“嵌入式AI”的辅助工具向“AI4Mater”(AI for Materials)转变,将AI应用于材料领域的综合框架[95]。“AI4Mater”可以整合ML、自主实验、智能计算和制造,集成大语言模型的理解力、强化学习的决策力,发展具备认知与决策能力的AI多智能体(AI Multi−Agent),提升材料价值链中的创新、效率和可扩展性。
智能设计算法的价值在于工程化应用,“算法软件化”即将核心智能算法封装为标准化、模块化的工业软件与工具链,服务于全产业链。智能实验室和数字孪生是实现虚实融合的关键技术:利物浦大学开发的移动机器人[96],由贝叶斯搜索算法驱动执行光催化实验,识别出活性为初始配方6倍的光催化剂混合物;加州大学伯克利分校与劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,LBNL)打造的A−Lab[97]系统集成了自动配料、球磨混合、高温烧结及XRD鉴定模块,结合GNoME深度学习模型,AL算法能基于热力学相图调整工艺参数进行迭代优化,合成了41种新型材料;在复杂体系寻优方面,中国科学技术大学研发的机器化学家(AI−Chemist)平台[98]仅用6周时间便从376万种潜在配方中筛选出性能最优的陨石基析氧催化剂;上海硅酸盐所的MatMind材料大模型通过DREAMLab平台[99],实现了1200个工艺控制点全覆盖,形成“智能模型+实验平台”的闭环协作。数字孪生通过构建高保真的虚拟材料系统,实时映射实验制备、性能测试与服役过程,形成一个“数据—模型—实验”的闭环反馈系统[100]。智能实验室与数字孪生技术的应用,可以指导实体中试平台进行验证,形成“智能设计—数字孪生—自主实验—产业中试”的快速闭环,加速HECs从实验室发现到工程化应用的跨越,为中国航空航天、先进核能等领域提供自主可控的材料解决方案,重塑战略材料产业竞争格局。
已知最高熔点的Hf−Ta−C体系极限约为3990℃,随着高超声速飞行器向Mach 15+迈进及先进核热推进技术的重启,材料的服役环境温度正逼近甚至超过4000℃。面对上述挑战,AI4UHTC不仅是算法的优化,更需要实现“软件自主化”,形成具备“智慧”—自进化、自适应的智能研发系统。围绕“软件自主化”应重点围绕以下3个方向。
1) 从预测模型向“AI−Agent”进化:AI−Agent应具备感知、规划、决策能力的智能,自主拆解复杂的材料设计任务,调用不同的工具(如DFT、热力学软件、文献数据库)来解决问题。
2) 构建垂直领域的大型多模态模型(large multimodal models‌,LMMs):通用的GPT模型缺乏材料科学的逻辑严密性。未来需要材料科学文献、晶体结构数据库,构建出具备跨尺度的理解能力,能够从微观电子结构推演宏观服役性能,解决“小数据”样本下泛化难题的LMMs。
3) 打造自主实验室:打破计算与实验的物理隔阂,建立由AI控制的自动化合成与表征平台。AI根据预测结果自动下发实验指令,机器人完成配料、烧结与测试,数据实时反馈给AI修正模型。通过AI闭环模式,把新材料的研发周期从年缩短至“周”甚至“天”。
通过上述方向整合,一个集成海量数据、领域知识、多尺度模型与智能决策内核的AI4UHTC自主软件系统,将能根据国家重大工程对超高温、强抗氧化等极端性能需求,主动定义问题、生成材料解决方案、驱动全流程验证并持续迭代。自主软件打通从“设计”到“材料及部件服役”的路径,实现材料设计范式革命,推动HECs在航空发动机、深空探测等极端环境装备中从概念材料加速转化为服役环境下的部件。
1) 范式演变的必然性:针对HECs“组分无限、结构无序、工况极端”的特征,传统试错实验与单一尺度模拟已难以应对“组合爆炸”挑战。智能设计范式通过融合高通量计算产生数据、ML挖掘规律,将材料研发从“盲目筛选”转变为“定向寻优”。
2) 全流程赋能的实效性:AI已深度渗透至HECs研发的各个环节。在可合成性方面,基于描述符工程突破了单相固溶体的预测瓶颈,发现了各类亚稳态新体系;在性能预测方面,集成学习与深度神经网络精准建立了“成分—结构—性能”的非线性映射,解决硬度与韧性倒置、高温抗氧化机理复杂等难题;在工艺优化方面,多目标遗传算法实现多属性协同提升。
3) 未来跃迁的方向:尽管当前仍面临小样本数据稀缺与模型可解释性不足的挑战,但随着AI−Agent、LLMs以及自主实验室的兴起,AI将逐步进化为具备自主决策能力的“科研专家”。未来,通过推进“数据—模型—知识—智慧”的自主进化,构建具备“认知—决策—执行”能力的AI4UHTC智能材料研发系统,将是推动超高温高熵陶瓷在极端环境应用的关键。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0213600)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00051
  • 接收时间:2025-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-27
  • 出版时间:2026-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-10
  • 修回日期:2026-01-28
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国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0213600)
作者信息
    1西北工业大学中国–哈萨克斯坦材料基因工程与智能科学“一带一路”联合实验室,西安 710072
    2西北工业大学凝固技术全国重点实验室,西安 710072
    3北京应用物理与计算数学研究所,北京 100094

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宋海峰(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为凝聚态物理、材料多尺度模拟算法,电子信箱:;
李金山(共同通信作者),研究方向为钛合金、难熔及高温合金材料与成形技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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