Article(id=1301137699197448576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765209600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-09, revisedDate=1768147200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788145001458, onlineDateStr=2026-08-31, pubDate=1786550400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788145001458, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788145001458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788145001458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301137643908128824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786550400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788144988276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788145858754, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=93, endPage=102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301137699419746689, articleId=1301137699197448576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on the heteroaggregation of microplastics and algae in aquatic environments, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microplastics, as a new pollutant widely present in global aquatic environments, have drawn significant attention for their potential ecological risks. Simultaneously, algae serve as vital primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and readily undergo heterogeneous aggregation with microplastics. This interaction alters the environmental behavior of microplastics, ultimately influencing their ecological effects. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress on the heteroaggregation between microplastics and algae, focusing on experimental methods, formation mechanisms, migration behaviors, and key influencing factors. Existing studies mainly employ microscopic characterization techniques and theoretical modeling to elucidate the structural features and formation processes of aggregates. The heteroaggregation between microplastics and algae is a dynamic process jointly driven by physical adsorption, chemical bonding, and biological secretion. The formation of aggregates changes the density, surface properties, and occurrence state of microplastics, consequently influencing their vertical sedimentation and horizontal transport in water bodies. The aggregation and migration behaviors of microplastics and algae is primarily influenced by microplastic characteristics, algal properties, and environmental factors. Future research should strengthen the coupled modeling of biological, physical, and chemical processes and develop in−situ, multi−scale observation techniques to deepen the understanding of microplastic–algae interaction mechanisms, thereby providing a scientific basis for risk assessment and ecological management of microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

, authors=Yufeng MAO1, Jia LI1, Dan LI1, Qin ZHANG1, De CHENG1, Haotian SHANG1, Geng LI1, *, Shengfa YANG1, *, Hong LI2, authorsList=Yufeng MAO, Jia LI, Dan LI, Qin ZHANG, De CHENG, Haotian SHANG, Geng LI, Shengfa YANG, Hong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Geng LI, Shengfa YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137701642727813, articleId=1301137699197448576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=水环境中微塑料和藻类的异质聚集研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微塑料作为全球水环境中广泛存在的新污染物,其潜在的生态风险备受关注。同时,藻类是水生态系统重要的初级生产者,易与微塑料发生异质聚集,进而改变微塑料的环境行为,最终影响其生态效应。系统综述了微塑料—藻类异质聚集的研究方法、形成机制、迁移规律及其关键影响因素。现有研究主要基于微观表征技术和理论计算模型来揭示聚集体的结构特征和形成过程。微塑料与藻类的异质聚集是由物理吸附、化学键合与生物分泌共同驱动的动态过程,聚集体的形成改变了微塑料的密度、表面性质及赋存形态,进而影响微塑料在水体中的垂直沉降与水平迁移。微塑料和藻类的聚集迁移行为主要受微塑料属性、藻类特征及水环境因子的共同影响。未来研究应加强生物–物理–化学过程的耦合建模,发展原位多尺度观测技术,以深化对微塑料–藻类相互作用机制的理解,为水生态系统中微塑料污染的风险评估与生态管理提供科学依据。

, authors=毛羽丰1, 李佳1, 李旦1, 张琴1, 程德1, 尚浩天1, 李耕1, *, 杨胜发1, *, 李宏2, authorsList=毛羽丰, 李佳, 李旦, 张琴, 程德, 尚浩天, 李耕, 杨胜发, 李宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李耕, 杨胜发, authorNote=

毛羽丰,副教授,研究方向为水生态环境,电子信箱:

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李耕(通信作者),讲师,研究方向为河流生态动力学,电子信箱:;
杨胜发(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为河流生态动力学,电子信箱:
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Colonization characteristics of bacterial communities on plastic debris influenced by environmental factors and polymer types in the Haihe estuary of Bohai bay, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(18): 10763-10773., articleTitle=Colonization characteristics of bacterial communities on plastic debris influenced by environmental factors and polymer types in the Haihe estuary of Bohai bay, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1301137715471348227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137699197448576, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=817, issue=null, pageStart=152562, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Lee C H, Fang J K, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lee C H, Fang J K. Effects of temperature and particle concentration on aggregation of nanoplastics in freshwater and seawater[J]. 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Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2022, 180: 113775., articleTitle=Migration behaviors of microplastics in sediment−bearing turbulence: Aggregation, settlement, and resuspension, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1301137715668480518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137699197448576, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=25, issue=6, pageStart=44, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Li Y, Hondzo M, Yang J Q, journalName=Environmental Fluid Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Y, Hondzo M, Yang J Q. Clay−based HAB mitigation: The role of turbulence in aggregate formation and settling[J]. 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技术主要应用备注参考文献
光学显微镜 对微米级以上聚集体进行形貌观察、初步识别和计数 结合ImageJ等软件测量聚集体二维尺寸[1011]
荧光显微镜 利用荧光特性原位识别与区分聚集体中不同组分,并对其进行初步定位 为CLSM的高分辨率三维成像提供目标区域定位[1213]
扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 观察聚集体表面微观形貌、微生物附着状态及定植特征 与XPS等技术联用,将物理形貌与表面化学特征关联[1415,27]
透射电子显微镜
(TEM)
 揭示聚集体内部超微结构及细胞损伤特征 与SEM互补,共同构建从表面到内部的完整空间结构图像[1516]
激光扫描共聚焦显微镜
(CLSM)
 对聚集体中不同组分进行三维原位成像与空间定位 与光谱技术联用,将特定组分的空间位置与其化学组成精确关联[15,17]
原子力显微镜
(AFM)
 定量表征微塑料与藻类细胞/EPS之间的微观作用力及颗粒表面粗糙度 与Zeta电位分析结合,基于微观作用力与界面电化学性质耦合视角阐释聚集动力学[7,1920]
傅里叶变换红外光谱
(FTIR)
 鉴定聚合物类型,分析相互作用过程中的官能团变化 与显微镜联用(μ−FTIR)鉴别较小颗粒,实现精确空间定位与官能团协同分析[23,29]
拉曼光谱
(Raman)
 提供更高空间分辨率的化学成像,对非极性基团敏感 与显微镜联用(μ−Raman)进一步细化表征水环境中极小颗粒的形态和化学成分[24,26]
X射线光电子能谱
(XPS)
 表面元素组成及化学态定量分析 对SEM和FTIR结果进行定量补充,提供元素含量及官能团比例[27,30]
Zeta电位分析 测定颗粒表面电荷并分析静电相互作用特性 为理论建模与模拟聚集行为提供关键参数[28]
), ArticleFig(id=1301137707875463623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137699197448576, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微塑料和藻类异质聚集的微观表征技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术主要应用备注参考文献
光学显微镜 对微米级以上聚集体进行形貌观察、初步识别和计数 结合ImageJ等软件测量聚集体二维尺寸[1011]
荧光显微镜 利用荧光特性原位识别与区分聚集体中不同组分,并对其进行初步定位 为CLSM的高分辨率三维成像提供目标区域定位[1213]
扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 观察聚集体表面微观形貌、微生物附着状态及定植特征 与XPS等技术联用,将物理形貌与表面化学特征关联[1415,27]
透射电子显微镜
(TEM)
 揭示聚集体内部超微结构及细胞损伤特征 与SEM互补,共同构建从表面到内部的完整空间结构图像[1516]
激光扫描共聚焦显微镜
(CLSM)
 对聚集体中不同组分进行三维原位成像与空间定位 与光谱技术联用,将特定组分的空间位置与其化学组成精确关联[15,17]
原子力显微镜
(AFM)
 定量表征微塑料与藻类细胞/EPS之间的微观作用力及颗粒表面粗糙度 与Zeta电位分析结合,基于微观作用力与界面电化学性质耦合视角阐释聚集动力学[7,1920]
傅里叶变换红外光谱
(FTIR)
 鉴定聚合物类型,分析相互作用过程中的官能团变化 与显微镜联用(μ−FTIR)鉴别较小颗粒,实现精确空间定位与官能团协同分析[23,29]
拉曼光谱
(Raman)
 提供更高空间分辨率的化学成像,对非极性基团敏感 与显微镜联用(μ−Raman)进一步细化表征水环境中极小颗粒的形态和化学成分[24,26]
X射线光电子能谱
(XPS)
 表面元素组成及化学态定量分析 对SEM和FTIR结果进行定量补充,提供元素含量及官能团比例[27,30]
Zeta电位分析 测定颗粒表面电荷并分析静电相互作用特性 为理论建模与模拟聚集行为提供关键参数[28]
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水环境中微塑料和藻类的异质聚集研究进展
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毛羽丰 1 , 李佳 1 , 李旦 1 , 张琴 1 , 程德 1 , 尚浩天 1 , 李耕 1, * , 杨胜发 1, * , 李宏 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(15): 93-102
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (15) : 93 -102
水环境中微塑料和藻类的异质聚集研究进展
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毛羽丰1 , 李佳1, 李旦1, 张琴1, 程德1, 尚浩天1, 李耕1, * , 杨胜发1, * , 李宏2
作者信息
  • 1重庆交通大学国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074
  • 2重庆大学三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400044
通讯作者:
李耕(通信作者),讲师,研究方向为河流生态动力学,电子信箱:;
杨胜发(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为河流生态动力学,电子信箱:
作者简介:

毛羽丰,副教授,研究方向为水生态环境,电子信箱:

Research progress on the heteroaggregation of microplastics and algae in aquatic environments
Yufeng MAO1 , Jia LI1, Dan LI1, Qin ZHANG1, De CHENG1, Haotian SHANG1, Geng LI1, * , Shengfa YANG1, * , Hong LI2
Affiliations
  • 1National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Eco−Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2026-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00047
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微塑料作为全球水环境中广泛存在的新污染物,其潜在的生态风险备受关注。同时,藻类是水生态系统重要的初级生产者,易与微塑料发生异质聚集,进而改变微塑料的环境行为,最终影响其生态效应。系统综述了微塑料—藻类异质聚集的研究方法、形成机制、迁移规律及其关键影响因素。现有研究主要基于微观表征技术和理论计算模型来揭示聚集体的结构特征和形成过程。微塑料与藻类的异质聚集是由物理吸附、化学键合与生物分泌共同驱动的动态过程,聚集体的形成改变了微塑料的密度、表面性质及赋存形态,进而影响微塑料在水体中的垂直沉降与水平迁移。微塑料和藻类的聚集迁移行为主要受微塑料属性、藻类特征及水环境因子的共同影响。未来研究应加强生物–物理–化学过程的耦合建模,发展原位多尺度观测技术,以深化对微塑料–藻类相互作用机制的理解,为水生态系统中微塑料污染的风险评估与生态管理提供科学依据。

微塑料  /  藻类  /  异质聚集  /  形成过程  /  迁移转化

Microplastics, as a new pollutant widely present in global aquatic environments, have drawn significant attention for their potential ecological risks. Simultaneously, algae serve as vital primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and readily undergo heterogeneous aggregation with microplastics. This interaction alters the environmental behavior of microplastics, ultimately influencing their ecological effects. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress on the heteroaggregation between microplastics and algae, focusing on experimental methods, formation mechanisms, migration behaviors, and key influencing factors. Existing studies mainly employ microscopic characterization techniques and theoretical modeling to elucidate the structural features and formation processes of aggregates. The heteroaggregation between microplastics and algae is a dynamic process jointly driven by physical adsorption, chemical bonding, and biological secretion. The formation of aggregates changes the density, surface properties, and occurrence state of microplastics, consequently influencing their vertical sedimentation and horizontal transport in water bodies. The aggregation and migration behaviors of microplastics and algae is primarily influenced by microplastic characteristics, algal properties, and environmental factors. Future research should strengthen the coupled modeling of biological, physical, and chemical processes and develop in−situ, multi−scale observation techniques to deepen the understanding of microplastic–algae interaction mechanisms, thereby providing a scientific basis for risk assessment and ecological management of microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

microplastics  /  algae  /  heteroaggregation  /  formation process  /  migration and transformation
毛羽丰, 李佳, 李旦, 张琴, 程德, 尚浩天, 李耕, 杨胜发, 李宏. 水环境中微塑料和藻类的异质聚集研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (15) : 93 -102 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00047
Yufeng MAO, Jia LI, Dan LI, Qin ZHANG, De CHENG, Haotian SHANG, Geng LI, Shengfa YANG, Hong LI. Research progress on the heteroaggregation of microplastics and algae in aquatic environments[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (15) : 93 -102 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00047
自20世纪50年代以来,塑料污染问题随工业发展日益严重,对水生态环境构成严重威胁,引发全球广泛关注[1]。据统计,全球每年约数百万吨塑料经地表径流、污水排放等途径进入各类水体[2]。微塑料(microplastics,MPs)指粒径小于5 mm的塑料,因其比表面积大、吸附能力强和环境滞留时间长,既可作为载体吸附并富集重金属、有机污染物等环境有害物质[3],还能被水生生物摄食并通过食物链逐级传递,威胁生态系统的结构与功能,甚至可能经饮用水或水产品进入人体,对人类健康构成潜在威胁[45]
藻类作为水生态系统中重要的初级生产者,不仅能通过光合作用将无机碳转化为有机碳,为水生生物提供主要能量来源,还对氧气产生和养分循环具有重要影响[67]。在天然水体中,藻类与微塑料常发生直接或间接的相互作用,其中异质聚集是两者的主要作用形式之一。通过物理和生化作用,微塑料与藻类可形成结构复杂的聚集体[8]。聚集体的形成不仅会改变微塑料的表面理化性质和赋存形态,还可能影响其在水环境中的迁移行为[9],从而增加微塑料生态风险评估的不确定性。
现有研究多集中于微塑料自身对藻类的生态毒理效应,而对微塑料与藻类相互作用过程的系统认识相对不足。基于此,本文全面梳理了微塑料与藻类异质聚集的研究进展,重点围绕其研究方法、形成机制、动态过程、迁移规律及主要影响因素展开分析。通过对现有研究成果的归纳和解析,能进一步完善水生态系统中微塑料环境行为的理论体系,为微塑料污染的风险评估与生态管控提供科学依据与理论支撑。
显微镜技术是直观揭示微塑料与藻类聚集现象的核心手段。光学显微镜可用于初步观察微米级聚集体的形态特征并统计颗粒数量,结合ImageJ等图像分析软件还可对聚集体的二维尺寸进行测量[1011]。荧光显微镜则利用荧光标记或叶绿素自发荧光,实现对聚集体中不同组分的原位识别与初步定位[1213]。相比之下,扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)能够以更高的分辨率呈现聚集体的微观结构。SEM主要用于观察聚集体表面的微观形貌特征。例如,有研究利用SEM清晰展示了莱茵衣藻在聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)微塑料表面的附着状态与定植特征[14]。此外,SEM还能揭示聚集体表面微生物的分布情况,例如有研究观察到在微塑料和小球藻的聚集体中,细菌紧密附着甚至嵌入微塑料表面的现象[15]。TEM则能进一步揭示聚集体的内部超微结构。例如,利用TEM可观察到铜绿微囊藻细胞在吸附大量微/纳米塑料后出现藻的细胞膜破裂、胞内物质外渗等损伤现象[16]。Wang等[15]结合SEM和TEM图像观测到小球藻与聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)颗粒之间存在明显的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)界面,证实了藻类细胞分泌的EPS在聚集体中的重要桥接功能。除此之外,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)可对荧光标记的各组分进行三维原位成像与精确定位,直观展示其在聚集体中的空间分布关系[15,17]。例如,Wang等[15]利用CLSM发现,在强光条件下形成的聚集体中,蛋白质类EPS含量更高且空间分布更均匀;还有研究通过该技术观察到微塑料表面形成了由硅藻等微生物组成的、具有明显层状结构的三维塑料圈[17]。CLSM提供的三维空间分布信息,可为后续光谱分析提供关键的空间指引与目标定位[18]。原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)作为纳米尺度表征工具,被广泛应用于研究微塑料与藻类之间的相互作用。它不仅能以高分辨率成像微塑料与藻细胞的界面形貌,还可对颗粒表面粗糙度进行量化分析,并直接测量单个微塑料与藻类细胞或EPS间的相互作用力。Chen等[19]利用AFM获取的高分辨率图像表明,微塑料可通过嵌入或凹陷的方式吸附于藻细胞表面。还有研究基于AFM图像定量分析了微塑料与藻细胞的表面粗糙度,并通过测量两者间的初始黏附力,揭示了细胞表面与微塑料间以疏水相互作用为主导的吸附机制[7]。同时,Zhang等[20]基于AFM测得的相互作用力数据,提出了修正的XDLVO公式,该模型能较好地预测实验所测的相互作用力结果。
光谱学技术则可从分子层面解析微塑料与藻类相互作用的化学机制。傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)作为一种振动光谱技术,具有无损、样品需求量低、环保等优势,常被用于微塑料的定性鉴定与表面官能团分析[21]。该技术能识别聚合物特征峰和藻类分泌物特征信号,从而揭示两者相互作用中的官能团变化[15,22]。例如,Wang等[15]通过FTIR分析发现,PS与小球藻分泌的EPS主要通过范德华力和氢键等非共价相互作用结合,而未产生新的共价键,表明其聚集过程以物理作用为主导。FTIR还可与显微镜联用(μ−FTIR),实现对微型颗粒的精确空间定位与官能团协同分析,为复杂混合体系中各组分的定性鉴别提供支撑[23]。与FTIR相比,拉曼光谱(Raman)具有更高的空间分辨率、更宽的光谱覆盖范围以及对非极性官能团更高的灵敏度[24],可识别微塑料成分及其表面吸附的藻类分泌物[21]。此外,Raman还可为FTIR提供互补的振动光谱信息。例如,FTIR能更好地识别极性官能团,而Raman则具备识别芳香键的能力,因此,结合FTIR和Raman可以增强对聚集体功能基团的解析[25]。Raman与显微镜联用(μ−Raman)可直接表征水环境中极小颗粒的形态和化学组成[26]。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)可用于定量分析微塑料及聚集体表面的元素组成,为表面官能团的化学修饰提供佐证。例如,Du等[27]利用XPS结合FTIR分析了微塑料和EPS的相互作用,发现经EPS作用后,PE和聚乳酸(PLA)表面的C—O和C=O官能团信号均显著增强,从化学层面解释了SEM观察到的微塑料表面粗糙度增加的现象。
Zeta电位分析通过量化颗粒表面的电荷特性,揭示静电相互作用在异质聚集过程中的作用机制。研究表明,随着PS和铜绿微囊藻共存时间的延长,体系的Zeta电位的负值减小,表明静电排斥力减弱,从而促进了藻类与微塑料颗粒的异质聚集[28]。将Zeta电位分析与AFM的力学测量相结合,能够协同解析聚集动力学。例如,Zhang等[20]利用该方法发现,当PS微塑料表面电荷由负转为中性后,其与藻细胞的黏附力提升约2倍,证实了静电屏蔽在促进异质聚集过程中的主导作用。Zeta电位的变化不仅反映了聚集过程的动力学特征,也为后续的理论建模提供关键参数。
综上所述,微塑料−藻类异质聚集的微观表征依赖于从形貌观察到化学机制解析的多维手段。这些方法的主要应用及协同关系总结于表1
在理论研究方面,DLVO理论描述了液体介质中带电粒子表面的力学平衡,可用于定量分析粒子与粒子之间的聚集行为[31]。该理论不仅解释了水性分散体系的稳定性,还可表征在液体介质中颗粒间的相互吸引与排斥过程[22]。Li等[32]基于球体−球体模型,利用DLVO理论预测了PS和小球藻之间的相互作用能,揭示了有机污染物的存在会显著提高微塑料和藻类之间的相互作用能垒,从而抑制异质聚集的发生。微塑料和小球藻的总相互作用能($ {V}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{T}} $)可表示为
$ {V}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{T}}={V}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{W}}\text+{V}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}} $
式中,$ {V}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{W}} $为范德华相互作用能,$ {V}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}} $为静电相互作用能。
基于DLVO理论,提出了扩展DLVO(XDLVO)理论,用于更全面地探究颗粒间的界面相互作用。该理论不仅考虑范德华引力($ {V}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{W}} $)和静电双电层相互作用能($ {V}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}} $),还进一步引入了路易斯酸碱力等非DLVO力($ {V}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $)。其总相互作用能($ {V}_{\mathrm{T}} $)表示为[20]
$ {V}_{\mathrm{T}}={V}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{W}}+{V}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}+{V}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}} $
有研究利用XDLVO理论表明,藻类和微塑料异质聚集体的形成会显著提升体系的界面能量屏障,导致颗粒之间的排斥力增强,从而抑制颗粒间的进一步聚集[28]
除宏观界面理论外,量子化学计算方法如密度泛函理论(‌density functional theory,DFT)被应用于解析微塑料—藻类界面的分子作用机制。已有研究基于DFT结合独立梯度模型,计算了PS与小球藻分泌的EPS分子间的结合模式[15]。计算结果表明,PS与EPS之间的结合主要依靠范德华力与氢键等非共价相互作用,从而证实了聚集体的形成是由分子间物理相互作用驱动的,为实验观测提供了理论支撑。Zhu等[33]进一步以多糖为EPS模型大分子,基于DFT计算揭示了铜绿微囊藻分泌的EPS在纳米PS表面形成“生态电晕”的分子机制。计算与实验结果表明,静电相互作用、氢键和范德华力共同驱动了EPS和纳米塑料的结合过程。DFT不仅有助于在分子水平揭示微塑料与藻类相互作用的本质机制,也为理解其在水环境中的迁移与转化行为提供了新的理论视角。
微塑料与藻类之间的异质聚集是由物理、化学和生物3类作用协同驱动的复杂过程(图1)。物理作用主导异质聚集的初始阶段,主要通过范德华力、空间嵌合与界面能驱动实现。当微塑料与藻细胞因布朗运动接近至纳米尺度时,范德华力克服静电排斥,促使两者表面发生初始黏附与物理接触。在接触界面上,表面微形貌的不均一性可增强局部机械嵌合,使细胞在微塑料表面形成“初始锚定”。同时,界面能差异控制颗粒间的黏附行为。当微塑料与藻细胞表面性质相近时,体系可通过界面能最小化趋于稳定,实现能量匹配,从而促进颗粒间的持续吸附与聚集。化学作用是维系异质聚集体稳定的结构纽带,主要通过颗粒间电荷作用与分子键合共同形成的界面化学连接。当微塑料与藻细胞接触后,表面带电基团间的静电吸引可形成稳定的电荷中性层,从而降低体系能量并促进聚集[3435]。与此同时,界面处的极性官能团(如羟基、羧基等)则通过氢键、配位键等非共价相互作用,形成稳固的化学桥连,从而维持聚集体结构稳定,抵抗外界扰动的破坏[36]。生物作用主要体现在藻类分泌的EPS及其与共生微生物的协同效应上,从而对聚集过程进行动态调控与结构强化。EPS富含多糖、蛋白质等生物大分子,其表面携带的羟基、羧基等活性官能团能与微塑料形成氢键、配位键等化学键,并能桥联多个颗粒,形成三维网状结构,从而显著提升聚集效率与结构的整体稳定性[37]。此外,微塑料表面富集的微生物群落,可通过代谢活动刺激藻类生长与EPS分泌,间接强化EPS的桥联作用,从而实现对聚集过程的动态和可持续调控[36]
上述多元驱动机制表明,微塑料和藻类的异质聚集是一个连续的动态过程。当微塑料颗粒进入含藻水体后,初始阶段主要受布朗运动和水动力扰动驱动,与藻类细胞发生碰撞[38]。此时,藻类借助范德华力和静电作用优先附着在微塑料表面的粗糙区域(如裂缝、凸起等),同时伴随细菌等其他微生物的初步定植,形成结构相对松散的初级聚集体[36]。随着共存时间延长,藻类在微塑料表面逐渐由单层黏附向多层覆盖演化,聚集体结构表现出由二维到三维结构的转变[37]。与此同时,藻类分泌的EPS发挥桥接与黏结作用,促进多个初级聚集体相互连接,导致颗粒粒径迅速增大[10]。在此过程中,聚集体内部逐渐形成多孔网络结构,不仅能包裹更多藻细胞和微生物,还可吸附水体中的有机污染物和无机颗粒,使得聚集体结构趋于密实稳固[36]。当聚集体增至一定粒径时,体系Zeta电位绝对值下降,静电排斥力显著降低,进一步促进了聚集。此时形成的多层三维聚集体结构稳定,可抵御适度的水动力扰动[39]。然而,在高剪切力流场或者藻类进入衰亡期时,EPS分泌减少,生物黏附力削弱,部分聚集体可能发生破裂或解体,重新进入水体循环[30,40]
微塑料与藻类聚集体在水体中的迁移主要包括垂直迁移和水平迁移2种方式。其中,垂直迁移是聚集体由表层水体向深层及沉积物转移的过程,其本质源于聚集体密度与水体浮力之间动态失衡。对于低密度微塑料,初始阶段通常漂浮于水体表层[41]。随着时间的推移,藻类通过静电吸附、EPS桥联等机制逐渐聚集在微塑料表面,导致聚集体粒径增大、密度升高,进入缓慢沉降的过渡状态。最终,随着生物量与EPS持续积累,聚集体密度进一步增加,其在重力作用下快速沉降,从而改变微塑料的垂向分布。已有研究表明,PP与莱茵衣藻共存20 d后形成的聚集体密度由初始的0.90 g/cm3升高至1.20 g/cm3,导致微塑料从表层迅速沉降[42]。而对于高密度微塑料,其本身已具备沉降趋势,与藻类的聚集会进一步加速沉降过程。例如,Halsband等[43]在河流水域观察到,培养44 d后PET表面被天然藻类定殖,形成的生物聚集体下沉速度(3.44 cm/s)较初始状态(2.33 cm/s)显著提高,证实了藻类介导的聚集对微塑料垂向迁移行为的影响。值得注意的是,沉降后的聚集体仍可能在底流扰动、风浪或生物活动等外力作用下再次悬浮,形成“沉降−再悬浮”的动态循环,从而延长其在环境中的滞留时间并扩大污染范围[44]
微塑料−藻类聚集体的水平迁移则是其在水平方向上的空间扩散与再分布过程。基于塑料本身较强的稳定性,聚集体可在水体中长期存在并持续迁移[45]。与单一微塑料颗粒相比,聚集体具有更大的水动力学尺寸和更复杂的三维结构,导致其迁移路径更集中,易在局部区域形成富集或漂移带[46]。聚集体的形成可进一步改变微塑料水平迁移的速率和距离。例如,Simantiris等[47]在地中海的模拟研究发现,在浮游硅藻暴发期,与藻类结合后的微塑料不仅受表层水动力的推动,还表现出与藻群趋光性迁移一致的协同运动,其水平迁移速率较单一颗粒提升约20%~30%,体现出明显的生物行为与物理动力耦合效应。然而,生物附着也可能增加聚集体所受的流体阻力,从而抑制水平迁移。中国近海的实测数据显示,表面有生物附着的微塑料在表层水体的水平迁移距离较无生物聚集的微塑料缩短50%~60%,反映出生物修饰对迁移能力的双向调控[48]
微塑料的自身属性(材质、密度、形状及表面特性等)是调控其与藻类相互作用及环境迁移行为的关键因素。首先,材质主要通过表面亲/疏水性影响微塑料与藻类的初始吸附。亲水性较强的微塑料(如PLA)表面极性高,能通过亲水相互作用与藻类表面结合,有效降低界面能,从而促进藻类在微塑料表面聚集。而疏水性较强的微塑料(如PS)与亲水性藻类界面张力差异大,易产生疏水排斥,进而阻碍藻细胞的初始黏附,导致其聚集速率较低且形成的聚集体稳定性较弱[36]。其次,微塑料的密度是决定微塑料−藻类聚集体沉降行为的重要因素。研究表明,高密度PE(1.40 g/cm3)与赤潮异弯藻形成的聚集体沉降速度(0.81 mm/s)显著高于低密度PE(1.00 g/cm3)聚集体(0.63 mm/s)[10]。然而,Lim等[40]发现低密度微塑料与硅藻形成的聚集体因结构更紧密,沉降速度(21.2 mm/s)反而略高于高密度微塑料(20.2 mm/s),这可能与高密度颗粒对藻类造成生理胁迫,进而导致聚集体结构相对松散有关。再者,微塑料的形状也会影响其与藻类的聚集。例如,PET纤维因形状细长不规则,不利于藻细胞稳定附着,9周培养后硅藻始终无法与PET纤维发生聚集,却能与PE球体形成聚集体[40]。还有研究发现,片状微塑料因具有连续平整的附着界面,其表面微藻覆盖率可达80%以上,显著高于覆盖率不足50%的颗粒状微塑料,进而促使片状微塑料所形成的聚集体结构更紧密,其沉降速率(11.6 mm/s)约为颗粒状聚集体(5.8 mm/s)的2倍[36]。最后,表面粗糙度直接影响藻类的附着位点数量。表面粗糙、有裂缝或空隙的微塑料能提供更多附着位点,聚集效率更高[36]。此外,微塑料经老化(如摩擦、光氧化等)后,表面粗糙度显著增加,比表面积增大,进一步促进藻类附着与聚集体的形成[49]
粒径是影响微塑料与藻类相互作用及环境行为的另一关键因素。在相同条件下,相对较小的微塑料因其比表面积大、扩散能力强,在聚集初期更易与藻类细胞接触,从而表现出较高的初始聚集速率[50]。然而,粒径相对较大的微塑料虽初期聚集效率较低,但其更大的表面空间能够提供丰富的附着位点,有利于藻类后期实现更密集的吸附,最终形成结构更稳定、密度更高的聚集体。例如,有研究表明,较小粒径微塑料(74 μm)的初始聚集速率显著高于较大粒径(613 μm),但随着培养时间延长,后者表面微藻覆盖率和聚集体密度(90%,1.132 g/cm3)均大于前者(70%,1.074 g/cm3[36]。Lim等[40]的研究同样表明,实验后期较大粒径PET(3000~5000 μm)与硅藻的聚集比例(82.1%)远高于较小粒径PET(200~400 μm)的聚集比例(9.7%)。同时,根据斯托克斯定律,物质的沉降速度与其尺寸呈正相关[51]。研究表明,聚集体的沉降速度随微塑料的粒径及聚集体尺寸的增大而增加。例如,Parrella等[50]发现,PET与含藻海洋雪所形成的聚集体比单独的微塑料沉降更快,且微塑料粒径越大,聚集体沉降速度越高;Sudusinghe等[11]的实验表明,PE与海藻形成的聚集体尺寸随培养时间显著增大(从0.19 μm2增至0.42 μm2),聚集体的沉降速度也相应提升(从0.66 mm/s增至1.23 mm/s)。
藻的种类是调控微塑料聚集与迁移行为的重要生物因素。不同藻类在生存方式、细胞形态及EPS分泌量上的差异直接影响其与微塑料的相互作用。有研究发现,附生硅藻凭借其主动附着习性,可在短时间内与微塑料结合,形成结构致密且稳定的圆形聚集体,其沉降速率高达12.2 mm/s;而浮游硅藻以自由漂浮为主,与微塑料的接触依赖随机碰撞,聚集周期长,形成的聚集体松散扁平、稳定性低,沉降速率仅0.1 mm/s[40]。同时,以斜生栅藻为代表的群体藻类通常以细胞群形态存在,其可通过物理缠绕高效捕获微塑料,显著提高聚集效率。研究发现,仅培养1 d,斜生栅藻即可在微塑料孔洞处形成局部聚集,所形成的聚集体细胞连接紧密,抗剪切能力强,不易在迁移过程中解体,其沉降速率较单细胞藻类形成的异质聚集体提升40%~60%[37]。另外,鞭毛藻类(如亚心形扁藻等)因鞭毛运动易从微塑料表面脱离,导致持续接触机会减少,聚集效率通常低于无鞭毛藻类。Su等[36]研究表明,无鞭毛的斜生栅藻与小球藻可完全覆盖微塑料表面,形成稳定的多层聚集体,而有鞭毛藻类在实验后期的聚集程度有所下降。此外,不同藻类EPS的分泌量差异显著,这种差异直接影响异质聚集能力。例如,在相同培养条件下,黏球藻属的EPS产量显著高于其他藻类,其高产量EPS具有更大的尺寸和更高的结构稳定性,能高效吸附并包裹微塑料,形成稳定的异质聚集体,进而促进垂直沉降[13]
藻类的生物量对微塑料的聚集和沉降行为有重要影响。研究表明,生物量增加可显著提升微塑料在水体中的沉降速率[52]。在相同微塑料浓度下,水环境中藻类生物量较高时,其与微塑料的聚集效率显著提升,所形成的聚集体密度也相应增加10%~15%,从而加速垂直沉降过程,缩短微塑料在水体表层的滞留时间[37]
藻类的不同生长阶段决定了EPS分泌水平。在指数生长期,藻类代谢活动旺盛,EPS产量持续增加并于稳定期达到峰值[53]。有研究表明,赤潮异弯藻(H. akashiwo)的EPS产量与PE颗粒的聚集体沉降率在达到稳定期之前存在显著正相关。随着H. akashiwo的生长,EPS分泌量增加,有效促进了藻细胞与微塑料颗粒的聚集,从而加速了微塑料的沉降[10]
盐度通过调控颗粒间的静电作用力影响聚集过程。在淡水中,较低的盐离子浓度使得微塑料与藻类表面的双电层较厚,静电排斥作用显著,从而抑制颗粒间有效碰撞与聚集。进入咸淡水混合区后,盐离子浓度升高,离子强度的增强会压缩双电层,减弱静电排斥,从而增强初始颗粒吸引力,促进异质聚集[54]。然而,当盐度进一步升高时,过量盐离子会显著增强静电屏蔽效应,使双电层被过度压缩,颗粒间的静电排斥能垒几乎消失。此时,颗粒虽存在范德华力等短程吸引力,但形成的聚集体结构疏松,易在水动力扰动下破裂,最终导致聚集效率下降[20]。此外,盐度还通过影响微生物群落结构间接调控聚集过程[55]。Li等[56]发现较高的盐度会抑制生物的生长速率,降低定植微生物的群落多样性,从而削弱微生物介导的黏附作用,减少微塑料与藻类聚集的发生概率。
温度主要通过调控布朗运动、水体黏度及EPS分泌等机制影响微塑料–藻类的聚集与迁移过程。首先,温度升高会增强颗粒的布朗运动与水体湍动能,从而增加微塑料与藻细胞之间的碰撞频率,进而提高异质聚集速率。同时,温度的适度上升可降低水体黏度,减弱颗粒间的流体阻力,进一步促进聚集体的形成与生长[57]。此外,温度变化能够直接调控藻类生长及EPS分泌。研究表明,在一定范围内,温度与藻类生物量及EPS分泌量呈正相关,超过适宜温度后两者均下降[53]。Chen等[58]的研究进一步证实,夏季高温条件下微塑料表面的生物量显著高于冬季,生物量的增加提高了颗粒的整体密度,从而促进其从水体表层向深层沉降。
水动力是调控微塑料−藻类聚集及迁移过程的关键外部因素。湍流作为水动力的重要表现形式,其内部由不同尺度的涡旋运动和平均流动叠加而成,所产生的剪切速率与惯性离心力是驱动微塑料与藻类碰撞聚集的核心微观机制[59]。湍流对聚集过程具有双重调控作用:适度的湍流可促进藻类EPS的凝聚并增强其黏附性,使其更易附着于微塑料表面,从而形成结构更致密、沉降更快的聚集体[53,60];而过度湍流所产生的高剪切力则会破坏聚集体结构,导致颗粒尺寸减小、沉降速率降低,同时抑制藻类生长,削弱藻细胞与微塑料的有效聚集[40,61]。近期有研究通过对比滚动培养(模拟弱湍流)与振荡培养(模拟强湍流)实验发现,弱湍流环境下形成的聚集体形状圆整、结构紧密,沉降速率高达35.1 mm/s;而在强湍流环境中,聚集体结构松散易碎,其沉降速率仅为8.9 mm/s[40]。该结果表明,尽管强湍流提高了颗粒碰撞频率,但其破坏效应占主导,反而限制了稳定聚集体的形成。
本文系统梳理了微塑料与藻类异质聚集的研究方法、形成机制、动态过程、迁移规律及关键影响因素。结合微观表征与理论模型,现有研究深化了对聚集体结构、稳定性及界面作用的认识。研究表明,微塑料和藻类的异质聚集是由物理、化学与生物机制协同驱动的复杂过程,聚集体的形成显著改变了微塑料的赋存形态、理化性质及环境行为,进而影响其在水生态系统中的迁移。此过程受微塑料属性、藻类特征及水环境因子的综合调控。尽管相关研究已取得重要进展,但仍面临诸多挑战,未来研究可在以下方面着重加强。
1) 研究方法的创新与标准化。当前研究多依赖于实验室控制的理想体系,难以完全反映天然水体中多种污染物共存、生物群落复杂及水动力多变的实际场景。未来需研发更接近自然条件的原位实时观测技术,并推动从微观表征到宏观迁移研究方法的标准化,以增强不同研究结果间的可比性。
2) 聚集机制的多尺度深入解析。目前对物理−化学−生物多重作用力的耦合关系与相对贡献尚缺乏定量解析。未来应结合高分辨率界面分析技术(如AFM、光谱技术)与多尺度理论模型(如改进的XDLVO模型、分子动力学模拟),从分子、细胞到聚集体水平,系统揭示不同环境条件下的主导机制及其转化规律。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52270196)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52000018)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001)
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2026年第44卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00047
  • 接收时间:2025-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-08-31
  • 出版时间:2026-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-09
  • 修回日期:2026-01-12
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国家自然科学基金项目(52270196)
国家自然科学基金项目(52000018)
中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001)
作者信息
    1重庆交通大学国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074
    2重庆大学三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400044

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李耕(通信作者),讲师,研究方向为河流生态动力学,电子信箱:;
杨胜发(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为河流生态动力学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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