Article(id=1288421840846566353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=1773331200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113304577, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113304577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113304577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113304577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=98, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421841043698642, articleId=1288421840846566353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on preparation of ultra−high−temperature ceramic matrix composites by reactive melt infiltration, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) are core candidate materials for thermal protection systems of high−speed aircraft due to their excellent high−temperature stability, oxidation resistance, and ablation resistance. Meanwhile, the reactive melt infiltration (RMI) method has emerged as a key process for preparing UHTCMCs, attributed to its advantages of low cost, simplicity of operation, short preparation cycle, capability of forming complex components, and high material density. This paper systematically elucidates the fundamental principles and reaction kinetic mechanisms of the RMI process, and reviews the developmental trajectory of this process from single−component modification to multi−component composite systems. On this basis, the paper focuses on analyzing the intrinsic relationships between the microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation/ablation resistance of pure component (e.g., C/C−ZrC, C/C−SiC), binary (e.g., C/C−SiC−ZrC, C/C−ZrC−TiC, etc.), and multi−component (including high−entropy) UHTCMCs fabricated via RMI. The analysis indicates that pure component systems exhibit limited performance enhancement, binary systems achieve initial synergy through component complementarity, while multi−component systems demonstrate superior comprehensive mechanical properties and wide−temperature−range ablation resistance, attributed to solid solution strengthening, high−entropy lattice distortion, and the formation of dense, multi−phasic oxide protective scales during ablation. Finally, this paper identifies the key challenges currently facing RMI−fabricated UHTCMCs, including fiber damage due to high infiltration temperatures required for refractory elements, adverse effects of residual low−melting−point phases, and difficulties in the precise regulation of multi−component ceramic phases. Future development directions are also prospected, encompassing the establishment of a comprehensive RMI theoretical framework, optimization of low−temperature infiltration processes, and the fabrication of large−scale complex structural components.

, authors=Jiajia HUANG, Hongping LONG, Bochao YI, Jinfei OUYANG, Xiaoshuang TAN, Chen TANG, Wei SUN, Yalei WANG, Xiang XIONG, Yi ZENG*, authorsList=Jiajia HUANG, Hongping LONG, Bochao YI, Jinfei OUYANG, Xiaoshuang TAN, Chen TANG, Wei SUN, Yalei WANG, Xiang XIONG, Yi ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421843639972831, articleId=1288421840846566353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=反应熔渗法制备超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超高温陶瓷基复合材料(ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites,UHTCMCs)因其优异的高温稳定性、抗氧化及抗烧蚀性能,成为高速飞行器热防护系统的核心候选材料。反应熔渗法(reactive melt infiltration,RMI)凭借成本低、操作简单、制备周期短、可成形复杂构件且所得材料致密度高的优势,成为制备UHTCMCs的关键工艺。系统阐述了RMI工艺的基本原理和反应动力学机制,回顾了该工艺从单组元改性向多元复合体系演进的发展历程。在此基础上,重点分析了采用RMI制备的纯组元(如C/C−ZrC、C/C−SiC)、二元(如C/C−SiC−ZrC、C/C−ZrC−TiC等)及多元(含高熵)UHTCMCs的微观结构、力学性能与抗氧化烧蚀性能之间的内在关联。分析表明,纯组元体系性能提升有限,二元体系通过组元互补初步实现性能协同,而多元体系则因固溶强化效应、高熵晶格畸变及烧蚀过程中形成的多相致密氧化保护层等因素,展现出更为优异的综合力学性能与宽温域抗烧蚀能力。最后,指出了RMI制备UHTCMCs面临的关键挑战,包括高熔点组元导致熔渗温度过高损伤纤维、残留低熔点相影响高温性能、多组元陶瓷相精准调控困难等,并对未来反应熔渗理论体系的完善、低温熔渗工艺优化及大尺寸复杂构件制备等发展方向进行了展望。

, authors=黄佳佳, 龙红平, 易波超, 欧阳瑾霏, 谭小双, 唐辰, 孙威, 王雅雷, 熊翔, 曾毅*, authorsList=黄佳佳, 龙红平, 易波超, 欧阳瑾霏, 谭小双, 唐辰, 孙威, 王雅雷, 熊翔, 曾毅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾毅, authorNote=

黄佳佳,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料抗烧蚀性能,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾毅(通信作者),教授,研究方向为C/C复合材料、碳/陶复合材料及超高温陶瓷复合材料的设计、制备及其抗烧蚀、抗氧化、摩擦等相关服役性能,电子信箱:
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黄佳佳,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料抗烧蚀性能,电子信箱:

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黄佳佳,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料抗烧蚀性能,电子信箱:

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熔渗复合
材料体系
弯曲强度/MPa烧蚀参数线烧蚀率/(μm·s−1质量烧蚀率/(mg·s−1参考文献
Cf/C−SiC156.30[40]
196.70
175.30
2500℃/60 s40.6114.379[39]
Cf/C−TiC2500℃/60 s37.2225.385[39]
204.00±17.00[41]
Cf/C−ZrC2115℃/15 s−0.6000.180[42]
2115℃/30 s0.2110.293
2115℃/45 s0.2670.309
2115℃/60 s0.2640.317
201.65±12.732670℃/180 s16.2506.500[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1288421850342469665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421840846566353, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RMI制备的纯组元UHTCMCs性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
熔渗复合
材料体系
弯曲强度/MPa烧蚀参数线烧蚀率/(μm·s−1质量烧蚀率/(mg·s−1参考文献
Cf/C−SiC156.30[40]
196.70
175.30
2500℃/60 s40.6114.379[39]
Cf/C−TiC2500℃/60 s37.2225.385[39]
204.00±17.00[41]
Cf/C−ZrC2115℃/15 s−0.6000.180[42]
2115℃/30 s0.2110.293
2115℃/45 s0.2670.309
2115℃/60 s0.2640.317
201.65±12.732670℃/180 s16.2506.500[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1288421850422161442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421840846566353, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
熔渗复合
材料体系
多孔Cf/C复合
材料密度/(g·cm−3
熔渗复合材料
密度/(g·cm−3
弯曲强度/
MPa
烧蚀参数线烧蚀率/
(μm·s−1
质量烧蚀率/
(mg·s−1
参考文献
Cf/C−ZrC−SiC1.121.7820.14±1.082300℃/30 s2.332.06[47]
1.301.9547.02±4.061.331.65
1.511.8670.57±6.112300℃/30 s0.670.24
2300℃/60 s0.330.28
2300℃/90 s1.440.21
1.403.292500℃/30 s1.005.67[48]
2500℃/60 s4.662.97
2500℃/90 s4.453.03
1.202.73226.37±4.132500℃/30 s−1.673.30[2]
1.212.78116.94±4.59−0.831.54
1.412.78323.301800℃/600 s2.371.26[49]
1.402.35205.00±8.003000℃/20 s4.00[50]
1.392.42143.50±11.202500℃/60 s5.901.21[51]
2000℃/60 s0.500.46
1.252.78164.00±8.00[52]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrC1.402.35205.00±8.003000℃/20 s4.00[50]
0.551.31139.68[53]
0.551.40162.80
0.551.39128.95
Cf/C−ZrC−TiC1.302.542000℃/60 s6.003.20[54]
2500℃/60 s2.002.30
3000℃/60 s16.004.30
1.302.312000℃/60 s9.003.60
2500℃/60 s19.009.50
3000℃/60 s31.001.60
1.382.382500℃/30 s−3.001.92[55]
1.322.50−2.301.67
1.212.78−1.001.54
1.602.20162.00(室温)
159.00(1500℃)
[56]
1.602.40158.00(室温)
155.00(1500℃)
1.602.50168.00(室温)
191.00(1500℃)
Cf/C−ZrC−HfC1.204.002500℃/600 s0.110.54[17]
Cf/C−HfC−SiC1.253.78201.00±5.00[52]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrB21.102.252000℃/60 s13.001.40[57]
1.202.302000℃/60 s13.001.40[58]
0.902.82115.67±8.85[59]
1.502.59230.00[60]
), ArticleFig(id=1288421850514436131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421840846566353, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RMI制备的二元UHTCMCs性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
熔渗复合
材料体系
多孔Cf/C复合
材料密度/(g·cm−3
熔渗复合材料
密度/(g·cm−3
弯曲强度/
MPa
烧蚀参数线烧蚀率/
(μm·s−1
质量烧蚀率/
(mg·s−1
参考文献
Cf/C−ZrC−SiC1.121.7820.14±1.082300℃/30 s2.332.06[47]
1.301.9547.02±4.061.331.65
1.511.8670.57±6.112300℃/30 s0.670.24
2300℃/60 s0.330.28
2300℃/90 s1.440.21
1.403.292500℃/30 s1.005.67[48]
2500℃/60 s4.662.97
2500℃/90 s4.453.03
1.202.73226.37±4.132500℃/30 s−1.673.30[2]
1.212.78116.94±4.59−0.831.54
1.412.78323.301800℃/600 s2.371.26[49]
1.402.35205.00±8.003000℃/20 s4.00[50]
1.392.42143.50±11.202500℃/60 s5.901.21[51]
2000℃/60 s0.500.46
1.252.78164.00±8.00[52]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrC1.402.35205.00±8.003000℃/20 s4.00[50]
0.551.31139.68[53]
0.551.40162.80
0.551.39128.95
Cf/C−ZrC−TiC1.302.542000℃/60 s6.003.20[54]
2500℃/60 s2.002.30
3000℃/60 s16.004.30
1.302.312000℃/60 s9.003.60
2500℃/60 s19.009.50
3000℃/60 s31.001.60
1.382.382500℃/30 s−3.001.92[55]
1.322.50−2.301.67
1.212.78−1.001.54
1.602.20162.00(室温)
159.00(1500℃)
[56]
1.602.40158.00(室温)
155.00(1500℃)
1.602.50168.00(室温)
191.00(1500℃)
Cf/C−ZrC−HfC1.204.002500℃/600 s0.110.54[17]
Cf/C−HfC−SiC1.253.78201.00±5.00[52]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrB21.102.252000℃/60 s13.001.40[57]
1.202.302000℃/60 s13.001.40[58]
0.902.82115.67±8.85[59]
1.502.59230.00[60]
), ArticleFig(id=1288421850598322212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421840846566353, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
熔渗复合材料熔渗复合材料
密度/(g·cm−3
弯曲强度/
MPa
烧蚀参数线烧蚀率/
(μm·s−1
质量烧蚀率/
(mg·s−1
参考文献
Cf/C−HfC−ZrC−SiC3.62210.00±15.362200℃/120 s−1.470.84[62]
3.00237.26±17.572300℃/120 s−1.671.18
3.20238.00±20.422200℃/120 s−1.580.88
3.34247.00±6.00[52]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrB2−ZrC2.23380.00±9.003000℃/120 s2.00[63]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrC−ZrB22.422500℃/60 s00.23[64]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrC−TiC3.232500℃/60 s00.06[39]
Cf/C−ZrC−TiC−SiC2.50(4.2 MW/m2)30 s66.004.11[65]
Cf/C−HfC−ZrC−TaC−SiC3.06125.88±6.232200℃/80 s2.291.30[66]
2200℃/40 s1.471.04
3.89195.27 ± 11.112200℃/80 s−1.02−0.10
2200℃/40 s−2.33−0.43
3.69156.17±10.222300℃/80 s−1.29−0.61
2200℃/40 s−2.28−0.66
Cf/C−(HfZrTi)C8.652300℃/120 s−2.000.84[19]
Cf/C−(HfZrTiTa)C2200℃/120 s−2.800.83
Cf/C−(HfZrTiNb)C2200℃/120 s−2.70−1.31
Cf/C−(TiZrHfNbTa)C3.97584.202000℃/180 s0.600.90[67]
3.85612.602000℃/120 s0.801.20[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1288421850673819685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421840846566353, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

RMI制备的多元UHTCMCs性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
熔渗复合材料熔渗复合材料
密度/(g·cm−3
弯曲强度/
MPa
烧蚀参数线烧蚀率/
(μm·s−1
质量烧蚀率/
(mg·s−1
参考文献
Cf/C−HfC−ZrC−SiC3.62210.00±15.362200℃/120 s−1.470.84[62]
3.00237.26±17.572300℃/120 s−1.671.18
3.20238.00±20.422200℃/120 s−1.580.88
3.34247.00±6.00[52]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrB2−ZrC2.23380.00±9.003000℃/120 s2.00[63]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrC−ZrB22.422500℃/60 s00.23[64]
Cf/C−SiC−ZrC−TiC3.232500℃/60 s00.06[39]
Cf/C−ZrC−TiC−SiC2.50(4.2 MW/m2)30 s66.004.11[65]
Cf/C−HfC−ZrC−TaC−SiC3.06125.88±6.232200℃/80 s2.291.30[66]
2200℃/40 s1.471.04
3.89195.27 ± 11.112200℃/80 s−1.02−0.10
2200℃/40 s−2.33−0.43
3.69156.17±10.222300℃/80 s−1.29−0.61
2200℃/40 s−2.28−0.66
Cf/C−(HfZrTi)C8.652300℃/120 s−2.000.84[19]
Cf/C−(HfZrTiTa)C2200℃/120 s−2.800.83
Cf/C−(HfZrTiNb)C2200℃/120 s−2.70−1.31
Cf/C−(TiZrHfNbTa)C3.97584.202000℃/180 s0.600.90[67]
3.85612.602000℃/120 s0.801.20[18]
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反应熔渗法制备超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展
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黄佳佳 , 龙红平 , 易波超 , 欧阳瑾霏 , 谭小双 , 唐辰 , 孙威 , 王雅雷 , 熊翔 , 曾毅 *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(13): 98-114
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (13) : 98 -114
反应熔渗法制备超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展
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黄佳佳,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料抗烧蚀性能,电子信箱:

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黄佳佳 , 龙红平, 易波超, 欧阳瑾霏, 谭小双, 唐辰, 孙威, 王雅雷, 熊翔, 曾毅*
作者信息
  • 中南大学粉末冶金全国重点实验室,长沙 410083
通讯作者:
曾毅(通信作者),教授,研究方向为C/C复合材料、碳/陶复合材料及超高温陶瓷复合材料的设计、制备及其抗烧蚀、抗氧化、摩擦等相关服役性能,电子信箱:
作者简介:

黄佳佳,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料抗烧蚀性能,电子信箱:

Research progress on preparation of ultra−high−temperature ceramic matrix composites by reactive melt infiltration
Jiajia HUANG , Hongping LONG, Bochao YI, Jinfei OUYANG, Xiaoshuang TAN, Chen TANG, Wei SUN, Yalei WANG, Xiang XIONG, Yi ZENG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
出版时间: 2026-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00015
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超高温陶瓷基复合材料(ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites,UHTCMCs)因其优异的高温稳定性、抗氧化及抗烧蚀性能,成为高速飞行器热防护系统的核心候选材料。反应熔渗法(reactive melt infiltration,RMI)凭借成本低、操作简单、制备周期短、可成形复杂构件且所得材料致密度高的优势,成为制备UHTCMCs的关键工艺。系统阐述了RMI工艺的基本原理和反应动力学机制,回顾了该工艺从单组元改性向多元复合体系演进的发展历程。在此基础上,重点分析了采用RMI制备的纯组元(如C/C−ZrC、C/C−SiC)、二元(如C/C−SiC−ZrC、C/C−ZrC−TiC等)及多元(含高熵)UHTCMCs的微观结构、力学性能与抗氧化烧蚀性能之间的内在关联。分析表明,纯组元体系性能提升有限,二元体系通过组元互补初步实现性能协同,而多元体系则因固溶强化效应、高熵晶格畸变及烧蚀过程中形成的多相致密氧化保护层等因素,展现出更为优异的综合力学性能与宽温域抗烧蚀能力。最后,指出了RMI制备UHTCMCs面临的关键挑战,包括高熔点组元导致熔渗温度过高损伤纤维、残留低熔点相影响高温性能、多组元陶瓷相精准调控困难等,并对未来反应熔渗理论体系的完善、低温熔渗工艺优化及大尺寸复杂构件制备等发展方向进行了展望。

反应熔渗  /  超高温陶瓷基复合材料  /  力学性能  /  抗烧蚀性能

Ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) are core candidate materials for thermal protection systems of high−speed aircraft due to their excellent high−temperature stability, oxidation resistance, and ablation resistance. Meanwhile, the reactive melt infiltration (RMI) method has emerged as a key process for preparing UHTCMCs, attributed to its advantages of low cost, simplicity of operation, short preparation cycle, capability of forming complex components, and high material density. This paper systematically elucidates the fundamental principles and reaction kinetic mechanisms of the RMI process, and reviews the developmental trajectory of this process from single−component modification to multi−component composite systems. On this basis, the paper focuses on analyzing the intrinsic relationships between the microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation/ablation resistance of pure component (e.g., C/C−ZrC, C/C−SiC), binary (e.g., C/C−SiC−ZrC, C/C−ZrC−TiC, etc.), and multi−component (including high−entropy) UHTCMCs fabricated via RMI. The analysis indicates that pure component systems exhibit limited performance enhancement, binary systems achieve initial synergy through component complementarity, while multi−component systems demonstrate superior comprehensive mechanical properties and wide−temperature−range ablation resistance, attributed to solid solution strengthening, high−entropy lattice distortion, and the formation of dense, multi−phasic oxide protective scales during ablation. Finally, this paper identifies the key challenges currently facing RMI−fabricated UHTCMCs, including fiber damage due to high infiltration temperatures required for refractory elements, adverse effects of residual low−melting−point phases, and difficulties in the precise regulation of multi−component ceramic phases. Future development directions are also prospected, encompassing the establishment of a comprehensive RMI theoretical framework, optimization of low−temperature infiltration processes, and the fabrication of large−scale complex structural components.

reactive melt infiltration  /  ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites  /  mechanical properties  /  ablation resistance
黄佳佳, 龙红平, 易波超, 欧阳瑾霏, 谭小双, 唐辰, 孙威, 王雅雷, 熊翔, 曾毅. 反应熔渗法制备超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 98 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00015
Jiajia HUANG, Hongping LONG, Bochao YI, Jinfei OUYANG, Xiaoshuang TAN, Chen TANG, Wei SUN, Yalei WANG, Xiang XIONG, Yi ZENG. Research progress on preparation of ultra−high−temperature ceramic matrix composites by reactive melt infiltration[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 98 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00015
反应熔渗法(reactive melt infiltration,RMI)是指将金属或合金熔体渗入多孔Cf/C坯体中,并让熔体与预沉积的碳组分反应生成预先设计的陶瓷相的一种方法。RMI过程本质上是熔体输运与界面反应相互竞争的动态过程。在熔渗前沿,高温熔体在流向Cf/C复合材料的孔隙时会与热解碳或纤维中的碳原子反应生成陶瓷相,并附着在孔壁上使孔隙通道的等效直径逐渐减小。随着反应进行和孔隙变窄,熔体流动阻力增加,渗入速度减缓,直至渗透阻力与毛细驱动力达到平衡,或熔体耗尽。此后,在保温过程中,已渗入的熔体继续与周围的碳反应,通过陶瓷相的原位生长与体积膨胀进一步填充剩余孔隙。对于亚微米级的束内微孔,由于孔径闭合非常快,熔体通常难以渗入,这些孔隙可能得以保留。评价RMI工艺效果的关键指标包括复合材料的体积密度、孔隙率以及陶瓷相的分布均匀性等。通常,在多孔Cf/C坯体结构适宜的前提下,最终材料的密度越高、孔隙率越低,表明熔渗越充分,生成的连续陶瓷基体越多[1]
超高温陶瓷基复合材料(ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites,UHTCMCs)通常指以连续碳纤维为增强体,以锆、铪、钽等过渡金属的碳化物、硼化物或其多元固溶体为连续陶瓷基体的一类先进复合材料。这类材料能够在超过2000℃的氧化与高温冲刷环境下保持结构完整性,是极具潜力的超高温热防护材料。RMI工艺以多孔Cf/C复合材料为坯体,通过熔融金属或合金渗入其中,并与坯体中的碳组分发生原位化学反应,生成超高温陶瓷相,从而实现材料的快速致密化。RMI工艺将Cf/C复合材料的优异抗热冲击性能和轻量化,与超高温陶瓷(ultra−high temperature ceramics,UHTCs)固有的高熔点、优异抗氧化与抗烧蚀性能相结合,所制备的UHTCMCs在耐超高温、抗热震等方面表现突出,已成为满足极端服役环境要求的重要材料,在航空航天及先进能源领域具有重要的研究价值与应用前景[23]
当前,纤维增强UHTCMCs的主要制备方法有先驱体浸渍−裂解法(polymer infiltration and pyrolysis,PIP)、化学气相渗透法(chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)、浆料法(slurry infiltration,SI)和RMI。PIP法具有制备的基体成分均匀且能制备形状复杂、接近最终尺寸零部件的优点[4],但存在单次产率低、孔隙率高、PIP循环周期长,以及反应性物质和反复的热处理易造成纤维损伤,裂解体积收缩会使基体存在微孔和微裂纹等缺点[5]。CVI法具有工艺温度相对较低可避免纤维的热损伤、能生产外形复杂的部件等优点,然而该工艺沉积速率缓慢、制备周期长、厚尺寸样品难致密化、生产成本高[67]。SI法的优点有制备工艺简单、对设备要求不高,但其通常要结合其他方法,导致制备周期相对较长,且陶瓷浆料不易深入坯体内部,易在坯体中形成浸渍梯度与不连续孔洞[89]。相较于以上方法,RMI具有成本低、操作简单、周期短等优点;此外,它可以快速制造具有复杂几何形状的部件,且制备材料致密度高[2],是近些年发展的制备UHTCMCs的新工艺,且已成为制备的主流技术之一。RMI在制备UHTCMCs方面具有以下优势。
1) 反应体系与组元可设计性强:通过选择不同的熔渗金属(如Hf、Zr、Ti、Si及其合金)与碳/硼源坯体进行组合,可以原位合成多种碳化物、硼化物陶瓷相,从而实现复合材料体系的可设计性。
2) 原位反应生成高性能基体:熔渗过程中,金属熔体与坯体发生剧烈的原位化学反应,直接生成热力学稳定、结构致密的目标陶瓷相,可避免生成杂质。
3) 微观结构调控:通过设计坯体的孔隙结构与分布、优化熔渗合金成分、控制熔渗温度与时间等,可以对复合材料的最终相组成、残余金属相含量与分布以及致密化程度产生重要影响,从而优化材料性能。
4) 制备工艺简单,成本较低:相对于CVI和多次循环的PIP,RMI工艺流程简短,一次成型,设备投资和能耗相对较低,在制造成本和生产效率方面具备显著优势,具备大规模工程化应用的潜力。
反应熔渗过程的动力学机制,核心在于研究熔体在多孔Cf/C坯体中的运动、与坯体的界面化学反应,以及由此导致的材料致密化与相演变规律。建立动力学模型的目的,在于引入关键状态变量并构建其演化方程,将宏观可测量(如渗透深度)与微观物理化学机制联系起来。以碳化物UHTCMCs为例,假设碳化物的生长由碳原子的扩散所控制,采用熔渗动力学数学模型来描述该过程[1011],模型具体如下
$ h=\sqrt{\frac{c\sigma \mathrm{cos}\theta }{2\eta }\left({r}_{0}t-\frac{2}{3}A{t}^{\tfrac{3}{2}}\right)} $
其中
$ A=\sqrt{2D\mathrm{_c}B},B=\frac{M_C\rho_x}{M_x\rho_C} $
式中,$ h $为流体渗入多孔坯体孔隙中的高度;$ c $为曲率因子;$ \sigma $为熔体的表面张力;$ \theta $为熔体与碳的润湿角;$ \eta $为高温熔体的黏度;$ {r}_{0} $为孔隙初始半径;$ t $为熔渗时间;$ A $为碳化物层生长的抛物线速率常数,其值越大,表明C原子在碳化物层中的扩散越快,或反应产物体积转换效率越高,进而导致碳化物层生长速率越快;$ {D}_{\mathrm{C}}$为C原子在碳化物中的扩散系数;B为物质密度和摩尔质量的转换因子;$ {\rho }_{\mathrm{C}}\mathrm{、}{\rho }_{x} $分别为C和组分$ x $的密度;$ {M}_{\mathrm{C}}\mathrm{、}{M}_{x} $分别为碳和组分x的原子质量。
图1[1]所示为熔渗高度与孔径和时间的关系图。二元高温熔体的表面张力和黏度计算可参考Butler[12]、Iida等[13]的研究。碳原子在碳化物中的扩散系数是构建熔渗模型的关键参数,Adelsberg等[14]使用液态金属与石墨反应来测定碳原子在ZrC中的高温扩散特性,这种方法与熔渗过程中的扩散模式相似,可为研究者提供参考信息。需要指出的是,这里理想模型中的孔是规则的圆柱体。在实际情况下,Cf/C坯体中的孔是类似于不规则的树枝状孔结构,而要能适用该模型则需要采信Cf/C坯体的等效特征孔径参数,即通过无水乙醇等已知物性参数液体的渗吸实验提取的Cf/C坯体等效孔径。从式(1)中可以看出,熔渗动力学取决于熔体与坯体的化学反应和熔体的性质。合金体系的选择、熔体的化学成分以及熔渗温度是影响熔渗过程的关键变量。其中,温度与成分密切耦合,成分决定了合金的熔点和相平衡关系,进而影响在给定温度下熔体的物理性质及其与坯体中碳的反应活性。当合金体系与熔渗温度确定时,熔体的渗入行为则主要受坯体的孔隙结构特征控制,这可通过基于毛细管流动的模型(如Washburn方程)进行描述。
目前,对于Si−C反应的形成机制研究主要有2种:(1) 扩散−反应机制,即Si和C通过界面反应扩散到SiC层中形成SiC;(2) 溶解−析出机制,C扩散穿过SiC层并溶解在熔融Si中,形成SiC晶粒,并在连续SiC层上析出和吸附。Chen等[15]采用热等静压法制备石墨,与Zr在高温下反应,研究连续ZrC的微观结构和生长行为,结果表明,ZrC的形核与生长过程与Si−C[11]的反应相似。Zr熔体与Cf/C多孔体中的碳基体接触后,通过液−固反应迅速形成连续的ZrC层,将C和Zr熔体隔开。随后,C/ZrC和ZrC/Zr熔体界面处的反应均由C和Zr通过ZrC层的空位扩散所主导。扩散穿过ZrC层的C元素一部分在液−固界面与Zr反应生成ZrC,另一部分溶解在Zr熔体中。反应和溶解均为放热过程,导致界面附近局部区域温度升高,加速了元素扩散,提高了C元素在Zr熔体中的溶解度。当C在Zr熔体中的溶解达到过饱和溶液后,在温度过冷和成分过冷的过冷区内,ZrC细小晶粒发生异质形核。根据Favre等[16]和Yang[11]等发现的Si−C反应,建立了Zr−C反应中ZrC层厚度($ \delta $)、反应温度($ T $)和反应时间($ {t}' $)之间的关系
$ \delta=\sqrt{2D_{\mathrm{e}}^0B\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{E_{\mathrm{D}}}{\mathrm{\mathit{R}}T}\right)t'} $
式中,$ \delta $为ZrC层厚度,μm;$ D_{\mathrm{e}}^0 $为有效扩散系数;$ E\mathrm{_D} $为扩散活化能,kJ/mol;R为摩尔气体常数,为8.314 J/(mol·K);T为反应温度;$ {t}' $为反应时间。
Chen等[15]由此证明了ZrC的生长动力学符合抛物线型曲线,证实元素扩散占主导地位。除Si−C、Zr−C体系外,基于Hf、Ta等高熔点金属的RMI研究亦有报道[1719]。从宏观动力学上看,这些体系与Zr−C体系类似,其反应进程主要受生成致密碳化物层内的物质扩散所控制,同属扩散控制机制。然而,具体的反应路径和关键动力学参数(如扩散系数、活化能)因元素及其碳化物晶体化学特性的不同而存在显著差异。总的来说,反应熔渗是通过毛细管力实现液态金属熔体的渗入和后续与碳基体的原位反应实现材料制备的,而动力学中的扩散系数、熔渗时间以及材料孔隙的孔径大小及其分布对熔体在多孔复合材料中的熔渗行为有着显著影响。例如,较细的孔径(10 μm以下)是难以渗入某些金属或者合金熔体并与碳元素反应生成碳化物的(图1[1])。在较细的孔隙入口处会由于碳化物在高温下快速生长而将孔颈封闭从而阻止熔体进入孔隙中,这也是RMI制备的一些UHTCMCs的碳纤维束(束内孔隙较小)内较少发现有陶瓷相分布的原因。因此,这就要求选择进行反应熔渗的工艺参数时应考虑熔渗温度和熔渗原料,以及Cf/C基体的孔隙率和孔径分布、密度,熔渗温度应高于熔渗原料的熔点,熔渗原料需要与C润湿性良好,Cf/C基体的孔隙率与密度需要保证合金熔体能顺利地渗入大多数的通道中。
国外对RMI技术的研究起步较早,20世纪80年代,德国宇航的学者们率先通过RMI法制备出低成本Cf/C−SiC复合材料,奠定了该领域研究基础。20世纪90年代,美国GE公司成功开发出系列商用Cf/C−SiC复合材料,推动其工程化应用[2021]。21世纪以来,研究向UHTCs制备深度拓展,2005年左右美国Ultramet公司研制出Cf/C−ZrC、Cf/C−Zr−Si−C复合材料喷管,2008年德国克劳斯塔尔工业大学采用RMI法制备Cf/C−SiC及Cf/C−MoSiTi复合材料[22];2010年加州大学Zou与NASA Narottam P.Bansal等[23]成功制备Cf/C−ZrC复合材料;2022年美国国家实验室基于Cf/C−SiC体系开发陶瓷基复合材料增材制造工艺[24];2023年意大利CNR−ISSMC的Silvestroni团队[25]以TiB2涂层碳纤维预制体为原料,通过RMI法制备出多相UHTCMCs。
国内采用RMI制备UHTCMCs的研究相对滞后。21世纪初,大多数研究院所和高校制备UHTCMCs的主流工艺均集中在PIP工艺上。在采用RMI制备C/C−SiC复合材料方面,西北工业大学在国内起步较早。2010年前后,采用RMI制备UHTCMCs的研究在国内开始进入快速发展阶段,研究路径经历了从单组元向多元复合、从基础工艺向性能优化的演进。其中,中南大学作为国内最早采用RMI制备UHTCMCs的研究单位之一,于2009年开展了Zr−Ti合金反应熔渗制备UHTCMCs的研究[1],通过体系创新克服了单一陶瓷相的性能局限,且通过RMI制备的Zr0.8Ti0.2C0.74B0.26复合材料在3000℃下展现了出色的抗烧蚀性能[26]。与此同时,2011年,Wang等[27]通过RMI将锆熔体渗入多孔Cf/C骨架制备Cf/C−ZrC复合材料,其抗烧蚀性能优良,这归因于高温下形成的致密ZrC−ZrO2混合层。此外,Yu等[28]于2022年采用低熔点的Zr−Cu合金通过低温RMI制备Cf/C−ZrC复合材料,降低了工艺对纤维的热损伤。2014年,Jiang等[29]通过PIP−RMI复合工艺制备出Cf/C−ZrC−SiC复合材料,体现了工艺复合的思路;针对熔体渗透这一核心工艺难题,可以通过调控预制体的孔隙率、孔径分布及三维连通性,引导熔体定向渗透、控制反应界面,从而实现对陶瓷相含量与分布的可控构筑[3032]。2018年,Ni等[30]构建了纳米多孔Cf/C−ZrC−C预型件,再经RMI渗Si,利用结构优势引导熔体渗透,制备出高密度、陶瓷相分布均匀的Cf/C−ZrC−SiC复合材料;2019年,Ni等[33]结合CVI与RMI工艺,制备了三维针刺Cf/C−SiC−TiC复合材料。这些研究表明,当前研究已形成以缺陷识别为先导、材料体系与工艺创新协同并进的发展模式,通过复合工艺、低温熔渗、坯体结构设计及多元组态等策略,系统应对RMI在纤维保护、结构均匀性、残余相控制与高温防护等方面的核心挑战,推动UHTCMCs向性能更可控、应用更可靠的方向发展[3437]
RMI制备的UHTCMCs按陶瓷相组成可分为3类:纯组元体系,即以单一陶瓷相为基体,如Cf/C−ZrC、Cf/C−TiC等;二元体系,即由2种陶瓷相复合改性,典型如Cf/C−SiC−ZrC、Cf/C−ZrB2−SiC、Cf/C−ZrC−TiC等;多元体系,包含3种及以上陶瓷组元。多元体系根据其微观结构的均一性,又可进一步分为多元多相和多元单相2种类型。多元多相材料包含多种不同的陶瓷相(多为碳化物、硼化物),如Cf/C−SiC−ZrC−TiC、Cf/C−ZrC−SiC−ZrB2等;多元单相材料则由多种相似元素形成单一固溶体,如Cf/C−(TiZrHfTa)C、Cf/C−(ZrNbHfTa)C等多元碳化物及(Me1/3Hf1/3Nb1/3)B2(Me=Ti, Zr, Ta)等多元硼化物。其中,由5种及以上等摩尔或近等摩尔元素形成的单一固溶体,又被称为高熵UHTCs[38]
Cf/C复合材料具有高强模量、密度低、热膨胀系数小、耐烧蚀、化学惰性等一系列优点,是能够在2000℃以上保持高强度的轻质高温结构材料。然而,传统的Cf/C复合材料因为存在易氧化问题,难以长时间在高温高速氧化性气流的剧烈冲刷下保持较低的烧蚀速率。采用RMI工艺将抗氧化耐烧蚀的陶瓷相如ZrC、HfC、TaC、TiC、SiC等加入Cf/C复合材料制备UHTCMCs,可以有效提高Cf/C复合材料在高温极端条件下的抗氧化和抗烧蚀性能。
含纯组元UHTCs的UHTCMCs是RMI工艺发展的起点,通过引入单一的超高温陶瓷相(如SiC、ZrC、TiC)对Cf/C基体进行改性。此类材料结构明确、制备相对简单,旨在针对性解决Cf/C复合材料在特定温域的氧化或烧蚀短板。然而,单一陶瓷相往往难以在宽温域、极端热−力耦合环境下提供全面且持久的保护,其固有局限推动了向多元复合体系演进。
含纯组元UHTCs的UHTCMCs根据引入陶瓷相的不同,主要可分为以下2类。(1) 碳化物体系,如Cf/C−ZrC、Cf/C−TiC等,其特点是熔点高、抗烧蚀性能优异。其中,ZrC因综合性能与成本优势成为研究焦点;TiC也有相关研究,其反应熔渗温度相对较低,但高温抗氧化性能逊于ZrC。值得注意的是,以纯Hf或纯Ta金属熔渗制备单一陶瓷相的Cf/C−HfC或Cf/C−TaC的报道相对极少,这主要受限于其极高的熔点所带来的工艺难题,故Hf、Ta常作为合金组元用于二元或多元体系。(2) 硅化物体系,以Cf/C−SiC为代表,具有优异的抗氧化性(至1650℃)、良好的抗烧蚀性、低密度。本节将以研究最为广泛、最具代表性的Cf/C−ZrC和Cf/C−SiC体系为例进行详细阐述,并辅以Cf/C−TiC的案例,系统分析含纯组元UHTCs的UHTCMCs微观结构演化规律及其与性能的关联。RMI制备的含纯组元UHTCs的UHTCMCs性能如表1所示。这里需要指出,SiC尽管不属于UHTCs材料,但它是RMI工艺中最成熟的改性组元之一,所以这里对其进行阐述。该材料核心优势为在1650℃以下环境能够氧化生成致密的SiO2层,为材料提供优异的抗氧化屏障。但由于SiO2在高温下易发生挥发或被冲刷,导致该体系在超高温下的抗烧蚀性能较差,2500℃环境下的线烧蚀率高达 40.611 μm/s[39]
由于Cf/C−SiC在高温下的抗烧蚀性能较低,学者们开始通过RMI工艺将抗烧蚀性能优异的过渡金属碳化物引入Cf/C复合材料(如ZrC、TiC)中,其中Cf/C−ZrC因其抗高温烧蚀性、抗热震性能优良等特点成为研究热点。Cf/C−ZrC复合材料由C、ZrC和α−Zr相组成,其中碳纤维束被ZrC包围,岛状ZrC颗粒分散在α−Zr−ZrC共晶相中[44]。多孔Cf/C复合材料的纤维结构、密度、孔隙率及孔径分布会影响熔体的渗入、扩散和反应过程,直接影响ZrC陶瓷基体的分布和相对含量,从而对复合材料的性能产生影响。
Cf/C多孔坯体的结构是RMI法制备Cf/C−ZrC复合材料的基础。其开孔孔隙率、孔径分布及碳基体的分布主要由沉积工艺、前驱体类型及制备周期决定,并直接影响后续Zr熔体的渗透与反应行为。研究[45]表明,当Cf/C坯体中热解碳(PyC)含量适中时,坯体才具有合适的开孔孔隙率与孔径分布。这既保证了Zr熔体能够充分、均匀地渗入并与碳反应,生成连续且分布良好的ZrC陶瓷基体,又使得纤维与基体间能形成适于裂纹偏转和纤维拔出的界面结合状态。二者协同作用,使复合材料获得较高的强度与韧性,室温下的弯曲性能可达(201.65±12.73)MPa[43]表1)。
在烧蚀性能方面,当Cf/C复合材料中引入ZrC改性后,材料的烧蚀性能得到了显著提高,在2115℃烧蚀30 s,线烧蚀率为0.211 μm/s,质量烧蚀率为0.293 mg/s[42]表1),这主要归功于烧蚀过程中动态生成ZrO2保护层的机制。在高温烧蚀环境下,表面ZrC被氧化生成ZrO2。该ZrO2层具有高熔点、低氧扩散率及在高热流下可形成黏性玻璃态的特性[46],能有效阻隔氧气向内扩散和热量向基体传递,从而保护内部的碳组分和ZrC。烧蚀后表面物相分析常发现单斜和四方ZrO2的混合物。保护层的有效性取决于其连续性与稳定性,在极端热流下表层ZrO2可能呈熔融态并部分流失。同时,在烧蚀后的冷却阶段,残留的ZrO2会经历从高温四方相向低温单斜相的转变,此过程伴随体积膨胀,从而导致在保护层内产生应力并诱发开裂或剥落,从而暴露下层材料,这是限制其长时间抗烧蚀能力的关键因素之一。此外,如果烧蚀温度未达到ZrO2的熔点,ZrC氧化后的氧化层通常呈现粉末状,涂层也易剥落,从而大大限制了Cf/C−ZrC复合材料抗烧蚀温域,这也直接推动了材料设计向能够形成更稳定、更宽温域保护层的二元和多元复合体系演进。
为克服纯组元陶瓷体系性能单一、适用温域窄的不足,含二元UHTCs的UHTCMCs应运而生,其核心设计理念在于利用2种陶瓷相的协同与互补效应。通常一种组分(如SiC)负责在中低温段形成连续、致密的玻璃态氧化层,实现良好的氧气阻隔;另一种高熔点组分(如ZrC、HfC、TiC或ZrB2)则作为超高温下的结构骨架,其氧化物能有效抵抗高温冲刷和热化学侵蚀。这种高低搭配的策略,使二元体系在保持一定力学性能的同时,实现了抗氧化烧蚀性能在更宽温度范围内的有效覆盖。
含二元UHTCs的UHTCMCs的微观结构与多孔Cf/C坯体密度、熔渗合金比例、原材料密切相关。多孔Cf/C坯体的密度决定其内部PyC与孔隙的相对含量,进而调控UHTCMCs中陶瓷相的分布与组成。对Cf/C−ZrC−SiC的SEM表征(图2[47])显示,随着多孔Cf/C坯体密度升高,复合材料孔隙率降低;从ZrC−SiC涂层到基体中心存在密度梯度,涂层致密性与基体结合性提升,裂纹数量减少,且裂纹源于熔渗后冷却过程中涂层与基体的热膨胀应力差。
在反应熔渗过程中,熔渗合金的比例是决定最终陶瓷相组成、分布及微观结构的关键因素,其影响通过改变熔体性质、反应顺序及产物相平衡来实现。在富锆合金(如Zr−5%(质量分数)Si)反应熔渗过程中,尽管热力学与浓度因素均预示ZrC应优先生成,但微观结构[48]明确显示形成了PyC−SiC−ZrC梯度界面,其中SiC作为中间层优先生成。这一现象由界面反应动力学与扩散控制主导,当Zr−Si熔体接触碳基体时,原子尺寸小、扩散快的Si在动力学上更易抢占C表面反应位点,形成初始SiC薄膜。该薄膜随即成为扩散屏障,将反应转为受原子通过固体层扩散控制的模式。由于Si在Zr基熔体中的扩散系数显著高于Zr,其能持续补充至界面,维持SiC层生长,并迫使后续ZrC在SiC层外侧形成。因此,SiC的优先生成是动力学竞争的结果,其形成的梯度结构有效缓解了热失配应力,提升了材料完整性。当使用富Si合金(如Zr、Si质量比为1∶4)时[2],熔渗后,复合材料由C、ZrC、SiC组成,纤维/基体区域常为ZrC与SiC的混合相。在此情况下,Si会迅速且大量地与C反应生成SiC,这可能过早地局部堵塞孔隙或包裹碳源,从而阻碍了Zr与C的进一步接触与反应。未能完全参与生成碳化物的过量Zr和Si生成低熔点锆硅化合物,成为材料在高温下的薄弱环节,损害其高温性能。
在RMI制备UHTCMCs的过程中,其力学性能核心取决于多孔Cf/C坯体的碳纤维预制体结构(碳纤维种类、纤维编织方式等)、初始孔隙结构与纤维/陶瓷基体界面状态。在碳纤维预制体结构确定的情况下,通过优化坯体孔隙结构以制备均匀致密基体,并借助界面工程调控界面结合行为,是协同优化RMI复合材料综合力学性能的关键。表2汇总了相关典型二元体系的性能数据。
多孔Cf/C坯体密度对RMI制备的含二元UHTCs的UHTCMCs力学性能呈先上升后下降的调控趋势。适宜的坯体密度通常对应着合理的开孔孔隙率与孔径分布,这确保了金属熔体能够借助毛细力充分、均匀地渗入坯体内部。充分的渗透使得熔体能与坯体中的C充分反应,生成连续且分布相对均匀的陶瓷基体,能更有效地传递载荷。若坯体体孔隙率过低或过高,则与含纯元UHTCs的UHTCMCs力学性能影响机制一样,均导致生成的复合材料力学性能不佳。
纤维与多重陶瓷基体间的界面状态是决定二元体系力学性能的关键因素,其复杂性高于纯组元体系。二元体系通过多重界面的引入,实现了载荷传递与能量耗散的解耦。外力作用下,碳基体通过界面将载荷传递至碳纤维,裂纹优先在脆性陶瓷基体中萌生。以Cf/C−ZrC−SiC[49]为例,其断口可观察到显著的纤维拔出痕迹,这源于熔体渗入后,碳纤维、PyC与生成的ZrC、SiC相间存在较大热失配,冷却后会在界面区域产生残余应力,此应力场会影响界面的微观结构和结合特性。在弯曲载荷下,裂纹倾向于沿此应力场或相对薄弱的界面路径扩展,而不是直接穿透纤维,从而宏观上表现出较高损伤容限的断裂行为。此外,RMI工艺制备的UHTCMCs力学性能具有显著的温度依赖性,高温下残余应力的松弛与界面状态的演化是影响其性能的关键因素。Zeng等[55]和Marumo等[56]对Zr−Ti合金改性的Cf/C复合材料研究表明,其载荷−位移曲线在室温下呈现典型的脆性断裂特征,而在1500℃时,ZT50(Zr、Ti摩尔比为1∶1)的断裂韧性较高(约为4.8 MPa·m1/2),这主要归因于高温下由热失配产生的残余应力得到部分松弛,同时界面可能发生微区反应或结构调整,影响了裂纹扩展路径。与之相应,材料的高温抗弯强度通常较室温强度有所下降(表2),这主要与基体及界面在高温下承载能力的变化有关。
与含纯组元UHTCs的UHTCMCs相比,含二元UHTCs的UHTCMCs在较宽温域下利用2种陶瓷相的协同与互补效应在抗氧化烧蚀性能上具有更好的表现。含二元UHTCs的陶瓷基复合材料的抗氧化与抗烧蚀性能受其陶瓷相组成、分布及基体连续性的协同控制,而这些微观结构特征在很大程度上由多孔Cf/C坯体的初始孔隙结构和熔渗合金的成分共同决定。
多孔Cf/C坯体的密度是调控上述结构,进而影响抗烧蚀性能的关键工艺参数。适宜的坯体密度保证形成连续且含量充足的陶瓷基体网络,该网络在烧蚀环境中可氧化生成黏稠的玻璃相和高熔点的氧化物骨架,共同构成动态保护层,有效阻隔氧气与热量向内传递。例如,在Cf/C−ZrC−SiC中,烧蚀过程中致密的ZrC−SiC可以通过形成保护性的玻璃状ZrO2和SiO2氧化物层协同抵抗烧蚀。若坯体密度过低、孔隙率过高,则熔渗反应后陶瓷相总量不足、分布稀疏,难以形成连续有效的保护层,材料在烧蚀下易被快速侵蚀,在2300℃下烧蚀30 s,线烧蚀率达到2.33 μm/s[47]表2)。反之,若坯体密度过高、孔隙率过低,则会阻碍熔体渗透,导致陶瓷相分布不均、基体中出现未反应区域或缺陷。这种结构不均匀性会削弱保护层的完整性,并在烧蚀的极端热力耦合下成为薄弱环节,反而损害其长期抗烧蚀性能[47]
UHTCMCs在极端环境下的烧蚀过程涉及热−化学侵蚀与机械剥蚀/冲刷的复杂耦合。热化学烧蚀是材料组元与高温含氧气氛发生的氧化反应,而机械剥蚀则源于高速热流的剪切力对表面产物层及基体产生的物理剥落作用。对于Cf/C−ZrC−TiC体系,其烧蚀表面主要由C、ZrTiO2与ZrO2组成,其抗烧蚀性能取决于ZrTiO2−ZrO2复合氧化层的优化组合。在Cf/C−ZrC−HfC体系中,由于HfC与ZrC晶体结构相似且互溶度高,其氧化产物HfO2与ZrO2易于在烧蚀高温下形成连续固溶体。该ZrO2−HfO2固溶体屏障层具有比单一氧化物更高的热稳定性与更低的氧扩散率,从而显著提升材料的抗烧蚀能力(图3[17])。在另一类重要的二元体系——含硼化物的Cf/C−SiC−ZrB2复合材料中,其抗烧蚀机制则呈现不同特点。研究表明,其烧蚀过程的核心在于形成一层连续的SiO2−ZrO2玻璃层[5758]。该保护层结合SiO2的良好流动性与ZrO2的高温稳定性,具高黏度、低蒸气压及优异的氧扩散阻挡能力,能有效愈合表面裂纹并抵抗高速气流冲刷。
随着航天器面临的热环境愈发极端与复杂,对热防护材料性能的可靠性和宽温域耐久性提出了更高要求。二元体系虽已大幅提升性能,但其组元有限,氧化层成分与性能的可调范围仍然受限,难以应对长时间、超高温、高焓气流的综合考验。为此,研究前沿转向了一些多元(含高熵)UHTCMCs。多元体系通过引入3种及以上陶瓷组元,旨在实现多重目标:一是通过固溶强化与细晶强化提升基体本征力学性能;二是利用更多样化的氧化产物在烧蚀表面形成成分与结构更优化的复合氧化层,兼具高熔点骨架与低黏度玻璃相的优点,从而在更宽温域下仍具备优异的自愈合与抗冲刷能力;三是部分体系通过形成单一固溶体(例如高熵陶瓷),获得独特的熵稳定效应与卓越的高温相稳定性。
UHTCMCs的性能取决于结构设计,其中陶瓷基体的成分与分布是材料在超高温极端环境下长期服役的关键,通过多元改性可有效改善UHTCs的致密化程度、力学性能及抗氧化抗烧蚀性能。多元多相体系因烧蚀过程中可生成多种功能氧化物,能调控氧化层黏度与力学性能,解决单一陶瓷相抗烧蚀温域窄的问题;而多元单相(含高熵)陶瓷凭借独特组成、微观结构及可调性,更具结构稳定性、高硬度及优异力学性能,近年来备受关注。
Zeng等[39]为提升SiC−Zr二元体系的高温抗烧蚀性能,通过RMI制备SiC−ZrC−TiC多元多相UHTCMCs,利用Ti的超高温特性形成锆钛碳化物(图4[30])。微观结构显示,纤维束间陶瓷均匀形成表明金属熔体在RMI过程中渗透性良好;无纤维区中Zr1−xTixC(亮相)与SiC(暗相)相互镶嵌,Zr1−xTixC固溶体在冷却过程中析出富Ti颗粒,Zr与Ti在碳化物基体中均匀分布,进一步提升复合材料烧蚀性能。同样基于RMI工艺,Kou等[52]的研究聚焦于在SiC−ZrC二元体系中引入HfC以构建三元体系。该体系中形成的铪锆碳化物与铪锆硅化物,可提供分级组合的保护性氧化物,从而增强高温防护效果。
近年含5种及以上阳离子的高熵UHTCs因优异性能引发关注。Guo等[18]通过RMI制备多元单相Cf/C−(TiZrHfNbTa)C高熵陶瓷基复合材料,微观结构分析显示Cf/C坯体中纤维束间的孔隙被完全填充,形成大量连续陶瓷相,且陶瓷相紧密包裹纤维束,仅少量未反应TiZrHfNbTa合金残余,表明制备温度下合金熔体可在毛细力作用下充分渗透坯体,且Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta 5种元素在陶瓷相中无元素富集区,分布均匀且原子比例接近摩尔比,确认为高熵陶瓷相。相较于多元多相UHTCMCs,多元单相体系的组分均一性更优。
含多元UHTCs的UHTCMCs兼具陶瓷耐烧蚀、耐冲刷特性与复合材料低脆性、高可靠性优势,其力学性能核心取决于连续碳纤维等增强体的强化作用,纤维的拔出、界面脱黏等机制可缓解裂纹扩展,避免灾难性破坏[61]。RMI制备的该类复合材料力学性能如表3所示。
采用RMI工艺制备的多元多相UHTCMCs,通过引入更多组元构建了更为复杂的多相界面网络,进而对力学性能产生调控效应。Kou等[52]通过RMI制备的Cf/C−HfC−ZrC−SiC复合材料,室温抗弯强度达247 MPa(表3),1200℃氧化15 min后仍保持213 MPa,未氧化与氧化试样均表现为假塑性断裂,陶瓷基体对纤维的有效保护使材料兼具力学稳定性与抗氧化性;Pi等[63]结合RMI与真空压力浸渍制备的Cf/C−SiC−ZrB2−ZrC复合材料,抗弯强度达380 MPa(表3),断口可见裂纹偏转、界面脱黏及纤维拔出,假塑性行为显著,高界面结合强度的ZrB2−ZrC−SiC基体延迟裂纹扩展,同时纤维束进一步提升承载能力;Zhang等[66]通过RMI制备的Cf/C−HfC−ZrC−TaC−SiC复合材料呈假塑性断裂,其中弯曲强度最高达(195.27±11.11)MPa,多元陶瓷相的协同作用既提升纤维保护效果,又通过组元间固溶强化改善力学性能。
多元单相(含高熵)UHTCMCs因单一固溶体结构的均一性与固溶强化优势,力学性能更优。Guo等[18]以RMI快速制备的Cf/C−(TiZrHfNbTa)C高熵陶瓷基复合材料,抗弯强度达612.6 MPa,较Cf/C坯体显著提升,断口形貌显示陶瓷相紧密包裹纤维;He等[67]采用相同工艺制备的高熵UHTCMCs,抗弯强度亦达584.2 MPa,其抗弯性能优于Cf/C−SiC复合材料及Cf/C坯体。从表3中可以看到,多元单相UHTCMCs相对于多元多相UHTCMCs力学性能有较大提高,这得益于多元单相UHTCMCs的特殊微观结构,即其原子尺度均匀的单一固溶体相。相较于多元多相体系中不同陶瓷相之间的异相界面,单一固溶体相内部不存在化学成分突变的弱界面,从而减少了因热膨胀失配和弹性模量差异引起的微观应力集中,延缓了裂纹萌生。更重要的是,多种主元元素在晶格中固溶会引起显著的晶格畸变,产生强烈的固溶强化效应,能阻碍位错运动,从而提升材料的强度与高温稳定性。
含二元UHTCs的UHTCMCs抗氧化与抗烧蚀性能存在一定的局限,单一碳化物或硼化物难以适配宽温域防护需求。相比之下,多元多相UHTCMCs在烧蚀过程中可生成多种氧化物,通过调控氧化层的黏度、致密性及自愈合能力来协同增强保护作用[6869]。RMI制备该类复合材料的抗烧蚀性能如表3所示。采用RMI工艺制备多元UHTCMCs的研究中,Zeng等[39]制备的Cf/C−SiC−ZrC−TiC三元多相复合材料,在2500℃下质量烧蚀率达0.008 mg/(s·cm2),归因于高黏度、低挥发性的多相氧化层保护;Zhao等[7071]研究Cf/C−ZrC−SiC−ZrB2的循环烧蚀行为,发现2.38 MW/m2与4.18 MW/m2热通量下,30 s×4循环烧蚀表面温度低于60 s×2,且因ZrO2相变引发的热应力导致前者质量与厚度损失更大;Liu等[32]通过双碳基体优化多孔Cf/C骨架,RMI制备的Cf/C−SiC−(ZrxHf1−x)C复合材料表现出优异烧蚀性能,中等温度下(1766~1853℃)SiC与(ZrxHf1−x)Si2起主导作用,高温下(约2187℃)(ZrxHf1−x)O2填充熔融Si−Zr−Hf−O形成保护,质量烧蚀率较PyC填充Cf/C材料降低50%~68%;Zhang等[66]RMI制备的四元多相Cf/C−HfC−ZrC−TaC−SiC,在2200℃、80 s、4.2 MW/m2烧蚀后,质量烧蚀率与线烧蚀率分别为−0.10 mg/s和−1.02 μm/s,得益于(Hf,Zr)6Ta2O17、(Hf,Zr)O2与SiO2组成的致密氧化物层抑制氧侵入。
硼化物(如ZrB2)作为UHTCs的重要组成部分,在多元复合材料体系中的研究较为广泛。其氧化生成的B2O3玻璃相在较低温度下可有效愈合裂纹,但高温下易挥发。为此,研究多集中于将ZrB2与ZrC、SiC等碳化物复合,以协同提升材料宽温域抗烧蚀性能。研究显示,通过RMI及其复合工艺可有效制备含ZrB2的多元陶瓷基复合材料。例如,Pi等[63]采用RMI与真空压力浸渍结合制备了Cf/C−SiC−ZrB2−ZrC复合材料,其抗弯强度达380 MPa,烧蚀中形成的Zr−Si−O玻璃与致密ZrO2−SiO2层显著提升了抗烧蚀性。Wang等[72]通过PIP−RMI工艺研究了ZrB2含量对Cf/C−ZrB2−ZrC−SiC复合材料烧蚀行为的影响,发现适量ZrB2(约6.67%质量分数)可促进形成致密氧化层,使烧蚀率大幅降低。此外,Chen等[73]从坯体孔隙结构角度揭示了其对熔渗均匀性与最终性能的影响,为工艺优化提供了依据。因此,含硼碳化物的多元体系已成为抗烧蚀复合材料设计的重要方向,当前研究侧重于组分优化、结构调控及界面设计,以进一步提升其在超高温环境中的可靠性。
受高熵合金启发,高熵陶瓷及多元陶瓷近年来得到发展,但其设计优化需大量实验,成本高且耗时,因此明确组分、氧化行为与烧蚀性能的关联至关重要[74]。Ye等[19]结合热力学分析,通过RMI将3种多元碳化物(Hf−Zr−Ti、Hf−Zr−Ti−Ta、Hf−Zr−Ti−Nb)引入多孔Cf/C,提出多组分UHTCMCs烧蚀性能预评估方法,利用热力学图确定烧蚀温度下优先氧化组分顺序,结合骨架型与填充型金属组分的热物理性质分析预估性能,该方法经实验验证,为多组分UHTCMCs组成设计提供依据。He等[67]以TiZrHfNbTa高熵合金为阳离子源、Cf/C坯体碳为碳源,通过RMI快速制备致密Cf/C−(TiZrHfNbTa)C高熵陶瓷基复合材料,其线烧蚀率与质量烧蚀率分别达0.6 μm/s和0.9 mg/s,烧蚀过程中形成HfZrO4、TiNbTaO7、Hf6Ta2O17、Nb2Zr6O17、ZrO2与HfO2复合氧化物层,结合高熵合金晶格畸变有效抑制氧侵入。目前多元单相UHTCMCs研究关注度日益提升,其相对多元多相体系UHTCMCs的抗烧蚀性能优势仍需更多研究探明。
根据上文总结归纳的RMI制备UHTCMCs的力学性能(表1~表3),对不同材料体系的抗弯性能进行了总结比较,如图5所示。通过对不同组元体系RMI制备UHTCMCs的抗弯强度进行对比分析,可以发现材料的力学性能与其化学组分的复杂程度呈现出正相关性。纯组元体系Cf/C−SiC、Cf/C−TiC及Cf/C−ZrC的抗弯强度稳定在200 MPa左右。引入第二相陶瓷组分后,二元材料体系表现出一定的性能波动。虽然部分组合因界面相容性或残余应力问题导致强度有所下降,但诸如Cf/C−SiC−ZrC等体系已表现出向300 MPa跨越的潜力,说明组分间的协同效应初步显现。随着组元向多元化发展,材料的抗弯强度提升尤为显著。特别是Cf/C−(TiZrHfNbTa)C高熵陶瓷基复合材料,其抗弯强度突破了600 MPa,相较于传统单一组元材料提升了约200%。例如,Kou等[62]通过RMI制得二元Cf/C−ZrC−SiC的密度仅为(2.57±0.21)g/cm3,抗弯强度为(198.92±12.60)MPa,与此同时通过RMI制备三元Cf/C−HfC−SiC−ZrC的密度为3.62 g/cm3,弯曲强度达到(238.37±20.42)MPa。另外,多元UHTCMCs的基体中能够生成单相固溶体。单相固溶体由于含有不同金属元素,导致晶格结构的局部不均匀性,从而阻碍位错的运动并产生固溶强化效应,进而提高复合材料的抗弯强度。除此之外,原位高熵陶瓷的引入以及残余的高熵合金相的增强和高度致密化,显著提升了高熵UHTCMCs的力学性能。
UHTCMCs中的组元数显著影响纤维与基体的界面结合,从而直接影响其强度和断裂方式。含二元和三元UHTCs的UHTCMCs熔渗温度较低,且纤维表面附着的热解碳能有效保护碳纤维,所以熔渗合金对纤维/基体界面的破坏较小,因此在外力作用下通常表现出假韧性断裂行为。然而,高熵陶瓷基复合材料的力学性能表现出一定的复杂性。如前文所述,其基体本身因固溶强化效应而具有较高的本征强度,这贡献了材料较高的抗弯强度。但是,其制备工艺通常涉及电弧熔炼高熵合金及高温熔渗,较高的熔渗温度易导致碳纤维损伤和纤维/基体界面反应,弱化了界面结合。同时,冷却过程中陶瓷基体与碳纤维之间显著的热膨胀系数差异会引发较大的残余应力,并可能产生微裂纹。这些因素共同导致了材料断裂韧性的下降和损伤容限的降低。因此,尽管其强度较高,但在断裂过程中,裂纹一旦萌生便容易迅速扩展,宏观上通常表现为脆性断裂特征,这与具有较弱界面、能发生纤维大量拔出的假塑性断裂的二元/三元体系形成鲜明对比。此外,还需要指出的是,复合材料的力学性能还显著受碳纤维预制体结构及制备工艺参数的影响[75],不少文献没有给出具体的预制体和具体工艺参数,直接横向对比复合材料的力学性能可能会存在一些误判。但是综合来看,在预制体结构相近的条件下,含多元UHTCs的陶瓷基复合材料总体上表现出较高的力学性能。
UHTCMCs的抗氧化、耐烧蚀是其核心服役指标,基于表1~表3中的各体系的抗烧蚀性能,绘制了RMI法制备UHTCMCs的抗烧蚀性能对比图6(2000~2670℃),从图中可以看出多元体系UHTCMCs的抗烧蚀性能优于二元和纯组元UHTCMCs。多元体系UHTCMCs抗烧蚀的核心机制是表面形成“中等黏度和低饱和蒸汽压”的致密氧化层,中等黏度可修复表面气孔与裂纹并抵抗机械冲刷,低饱和蒸汽压能减缓氧化层挥发,从而阻断氧扩散与机械剥蚀。
含纯组元超高温陶瓷的UHTCMCs氧化后难以构建致密氧化层,抗氧化性能较差。为改善这一问题,研究中常引入高熔点组元(如ZrO2、HfO2)作为骨架,低熔点组元(如B、Si)作为孔隙愈合剂。如RMI制备的含二元UHTCs的UHTCMCs中,B、Si可在中低温下分别生成B2O3、SiO2,与ZrO2/HfO2形成低共熔氧化物,填充裂缝与气孔;同时ZrO2/HfO2骨架能降低氧化层挥发性消耗,减缓氧扩散速率,使二元体系的高温氧化层稳定性与自愈性显著提升,氧化及烧蚀性能优于纯组元体系。
但二元体系的保护机制存在温域局限,1000℃以上B2O3蒸发导致保护失效,1200~1650℃中温下SiC可增强抗氧化性,但高温下SiC会从“被动氧化”转为“主动氧化”,生成气态SiO而非熔融SiO2,失去保护作用。因此,三元及以上多元多相体系凭借更优的性能可调性成为研究重点。如Zeng等[39]通过RMI制备的Cf/C−SiC−ZrC−TiC三元多相复合材料,在2500℃、60 s氧乙炔烧蚀下表现出近零烧蚀行为,归因于Zr1−xTixO2颗粒分散于SiO2中形成的多相氧化层,兼具高黏度与低挥发性,可抵抗超高温挥发与高速气流冲刷;Zhang等[66]在RMI制备的HfC−ZrC−SiC体系中引入TaC,形成致密的(Hf,Zr)6Ta2O17、(Hf,Zr)O2与SiO2复合氧化层,进一步抑制氧侵入与碳纤维损伤,拓宽了材料抗烧蚀的适用温区。相比之下,多元单相UHTCMCs因其结构的均一性,兼具高硬度、高温断裂强度及较宽温域优异抗氧化性。其优势源于3方面:一是更致密的氧化层结构;二是氧化产物成分差异带来的氧扩散阻挡能力不同,且高温下氧化产物的固液转变可吸收热量,液态产物黏度可调控保护效果;三是单相固溶体陶瓷原子尺度均一性好的显著优势是更快且更易生成特殊结构的固溶体氧化保护层。在这些特殊结构固溶体氧化层中,通过其均匀混合的异质原子的摩擦作用可以提升其氧化物黏度,从而超过单原系氧化物黏度;抑或提升氧化物的熔点,从而超过单原系氧化物的熔点[76],进而提升氧化保护层在极端高温环境下的生存能力。但多元单相体系的成分复杂性也带来挑战,多组分熔融渐进性与成分依赖的氧化顺序,对制备“组分均匀、纤维损伤小”的复合材料提出更高要求,而这直接影响最终抗烧蚀性能。还需指出的是,加入不同陶瓷组元的比例及其均匀性亦显著影响材料的抗烧蚀性能。如多种低熔点元素的加入会大大降低抗烧蚀的温度极限。因此,组元的选择和组分的添加比例需进行科学的设计。
RMI法制备UHTCMCs具备低成本、短周期、近净成形等优势。航天航空技术发展使热防护结构材料服役环境更加恶劣,对其抗氧化、抗烧蚀、力学性能及轻量化要求愈发苛刻,该方法因此成为热防护结构材料设计与制备的研究热点,但也面临新挑战。
1) RMI法需熔融金属/合金和坯体接触并渗入,熔渗组元增多、高熔点组元加入会使熔渗温度升高,损伤碳纤维并降低复合材料力学性能。且熔融合金与坯体反应不完全,一些低熔点残留金属相热稳定性差,会影响材料高温性能。因此,通过控制熔渗体系组成等手段实现低温反应熔渗从而获得性能优异的UHTCMCs,是RMI工艺亟待解决的重点问题。当前的研究表明,熔盐辅助反应熔渗为降低反应熔渗温度对碳纤维的损伤具有较好的效果[7779],可以为这方面研究提供较好的借鉴。
2) 熔体合金与坯体反应易产生不良副产物,难以通过调控熔渗剂添加量精确控制陶瓷相含量。特别是对于多组元体系,其目标陶瓷物相的组成相对复杂。因此,通过调控Cf/C复合材料孔隙率、反应温度、反应时间以及合金元素的合理设计与配比,实现陶瓷相含量和物相的精准控制,是RMI工艺的核心难点之一。
3) 多孔Cf/C复合材料中孔隙结构呈复杂化特征,熔体在基体不同部位的渗入必然存在一定差异。坯体孔隙结构不均会导致RMI反应停止、熔渗不均及熔体残余,降低陶瓷转化率和材料性能的均一性。孔径大小及分布越均匀,越有利于获得均匀致密、力学性能和高温性能好的UHTCMCs。因此,通过多孔Cf/C复合材料孔隙结构的设计等实现陶瓷相分布的精确控制,也是RMI工艺需要解决的难点问题。
随着UHTCMCs在航空航天、国防、能源、医疗和运输领域的快速发展,RMI制备UHTCMCs具有以下4个方面的发展趋势。
1) 从纯组元到多元熔渗体系,RMI制备UHTCMCs工艺在近几十年间呈现了大量研究成果。但目前的研究仍集中在熔渗体系的扩展和单一工艺因素对熔渗效果的影响上,尚未形成完整的反应熔渗理论体系。未来应通过系统性研究建立完整的反应熔渗理论体系,进一步扩大RMI方法在UHTCMCs制备方面的应用。
2) 制备工艺优化。通过改进和创新RMI工艺方法和参数,可以实现更高的制备效率和更低的成本。例如,优化熔融剂的选择和比例,改进熔渗剂与反应物的混合方式,提高反应活性和熔渗速率,以提高制备效率。此外,优化温度、压力和保护气氛等工艺参数,可以进一步改善材料的致密性和性能。
3) 反应熔渗的界面与陶瓷含量调控。通过表面修饰、界面调控等技术,可以优化复合材料中不同相之间的界面结构和相互作用,从而改善材料的界面性能、力学性能、耐热性和耐腐蚀性。
4) 通过RMI工艺制备一些大型的整体结构件,从而提高其在极端应用环境下的结构稳定性也是RMI工艺未来应用拓展的一个重要方向。
总体而言,以上4个方面是RMI制备UHTCMCs发展的重要方向,可以实现材料性能的进一步提升和多功能化。这将推动RMI制备UHTCMCs在航空航天、能源等领域的广泛应用发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52572091)
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2026年第44卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00015
  • 接收时间:2025-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-07-27
  • 出版时间:2026-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-01
  • 修回日期:2026-03-13
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国家自然科学基金项目(52572091)
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    中南大学粉末冶金全国重点实验室,长沙 410083

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曾毅(通信作者),教授,研究方向为C/C复合材料、碳/陶复合材料及超高温陶瓷复合材料的设计、制备及其抗烧蚀、抗氧化、摩擦等相关服役性能,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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