Article(id=1218130670103217136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1218130661861409543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=18, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764259200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-28, revisedDate=1765900800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768354583525, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768147200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768354583525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080451734, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1218130661861409543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='24', pageStart='1', pageEnd='119', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766851200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768354581561, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330540257, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195649395634850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1218130661861409543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195649399829155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1218130661861409543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=61, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218130670547812357, articleId=1218130670103217136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Design of dual−phase steel with improved formability and analysis of microstructure−properties relationship via machine learning, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dual−phase steel with improved formability (DH steel) is developed as an evolution of conventional dual−phase steel (DP steel) to meet the increased ductility requirements associated with the fabrication of complex−shaped automotive components. Currently, DH steel with a tensile strength of 980 MPa has reached mass production, while the development of DH steel with a tensile strength of 1180 MPa has attracted significant research interest. In this study, a performance−driven machine learning methodology was employed to design the chemical composition and processing parameters of 1180 MPa−grade DH steel. Additionally, interpretable machine learning techniques were used to elucidate the fundamental relationships between the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties. Initially, leveraging data extracted from the literature, a composition and process−performance predictive model was developed using a neural network algorithm. Subsequently, a multi−objective genetic algorithm was implemented to efficiently design the chemical composition of the novel DH steel. Following this, based on orthogonal experimental data concerning the processing parameters of the newly designed DH steel, a random forest algorithm was applied to construct predictive models for tensile strength and fracture elongation, with processing parameters serving as input variables. An optimized set of preparation process parameters was determined using a multi−objective genetic optimization algorithm. The resulting parameters are as follows: a coiling temperature of 510°C, an annealing temperature of 860°C, an annealing duration of 160 s, a slow cooling temperature of 715°C, an over−aging temperature of 340°C, and an over−aging duration of 110 s. The resulting DH steel demonstrated an exceptional balance between strength and ductility, achieving a tensile strength of 1214 MPa and an elongation after fracture (A80) of 15.5%. Finally, SHAP analysis was conducted to reveal the influence patterns of microstructural features on mechanical performance, thereby providing theoretical insights to guide the design and microstructure−performance optimization of advanced high−strength steels.

, authors=null, authorsList=Hao ZHANG, Shuhai ZHANG, Shibo ZHANG, Fan ZHAO, Zhihao ZHANG, Jianxin XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fan ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218130674226217067, articleId=1218130670103217136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=机器学习辅助增强成形性双相钢的设计与组织性能关系解析, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

增强成形性双相钢(DH钢)是在双相钢(DP钢)基础上研发的先进高强钢,以满足汽车复杂形状零件成形对材料塑性的更高要求。目前,抗拉强度980 MPa级别的DH钢已实现规模化生产,抗拉强度1180 MPa级别的DH钢研发受到广泛关注。采用面向性能的机器学习方法,设计了一种1180 MPa级DH钢的化学成分和制备工艺参数,并通过可解释性机器学习分析了材料显微组织特征与力学性能之间的内禀关系。首先,基于文献数据,采用神经网络算法构建成分/工艺−性能预测模型,并采用多目标遗传算法高效设计了新型DH钢的化学成分。然后,基于新型DH钢的制备工艺参数正交实验结果,采用随机森林算法构建了以工艺参数为输入的抗拉强度和断后伸长率(A80)预测模型,通过多目标遗传优化算法得到了较优的制备工艺参数,即卷曲温度510℃、退火温度860℃、退火时间160 s、缓冷温度715℃、过时效温度340℃、过时效时间110 s。设计的新型DH钢具有优异的强塑性匹配,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1214 MPa和15.5%。最后,采用SHAP分析揭示了组织特征对力学性能的影响规律,为先进高强钢的设计和组织性能调控提供理论参考。

, authors=

张浩,高级工程师,研究方向为轧制工艺与表面,电子信箱:

, authorsList=张浩, 张书海, 张世博, 赵帆, 张志豪, 谢建新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵帆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵帆(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为高性能合金智能化设计与制造,电子信箱:
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张浩,高级工程师,研究方向为轧制工艺与表面,电子信箱:

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3北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,材料先进制备技术教育部重点实验室,北京 100083, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242146759007347641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242146759015736250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, companyId=1242146759007347641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242146759024124859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, companyId=1242146759007347641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,现代交通金属材料与加工技术北京实验室,北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242146759166731199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242146759170925504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, companyId=1242146759166731199, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing (MOE), Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242146759179314113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, companyId=1242146759166731199, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,材料先进制备技术教育部重点实验室,北京 100083)])]), Author(id=1242146759833625559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242146759909123034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, authorId=1242146759833625559, language=EN, stringName=Shibo ZHANG, firstName=Shibo, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 5, address=1Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083
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编号 tc/℃ t1/℃ ts/℃ t2/℃ τ2/s Rm/MPa A/%
1 500 780 640 290 30 1305 8.3
2 550 780 680 410 150 1153 11.1
3 600 780 720 330 120 1086 15.9
4 650 780 660 450 90 1292 8.2
5 700 780 700 370 60 1410 10.4
6 500 800 720 410 90 1229 13.9
7 550 800 660 330 60 1398 10.1
8 600 800 700 450 30 1200 6.6
9 650 800 640 370 150 1228 10.3
10 700 800 680 290 120 1415 8.3
11 500 820 700 330 150 1144 14.9
12 550 820 640 450 120 1259 10.8
13 600 820 680 370 90 1160 11.1
14 650 820 720 290 60 1344 8.1
15 700 820 660 410 30 1439 8.3
16 500 840 680 450 60 1106 12.3
17 550 840 720 370 30 1426 9.8
18 600 840 660 290 150 1101 9.1
19 650 840 700 410 120 1002 16.7
20 700 840 640 330 90 1298 9.4
21 500 860 660 370 120 1129 14.6
22 550 860 700 290 90 1522 9.0
23 600 860 640 410 60 1272 6.5
24 650 860 680 330 30 1414 8.0
25 700 860 720 450 150 1164 10.3
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工艺参数−力学性能数据集

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编号 tc/℃ t1/℃ ts/℃ t2/℃ τ2/s Rm/MPa A/%
1 500 780 640 290 30 1305 8.3
2 550 780 680 410 150 1153 11.1
3 600 780 720 330 120 1086 15.9
4 650 780 660 450 90 1292 8.2
5 700 780 700 370 60 1410 10.4
6 500 800 720 410 90 1229 13.9
7 550 800 660 330 60 1398 10.1
8 600 800 700 450 30 1200 6.6
9 650 800 640 370 150 1228 10.3
10 700 800 680 290 120 1415 8.3
11 500 820 700 330 150 1144 14.9
12 550 820 640 450 120 1259 10.8
13 600 820 680 370 90 1160 11.1
14 650 820 720 290 60 1344 8.1
15 700 820 660 410 30 1439 8.3
16 500 840 680 450 60 1106 12.3
17 550 840 720 370 30 1426 9.8
18 600 840 660 290 150 1101 9.1
19 650 840 700 410 120 1002 16.7
20 700 840 640 330 90 1298 9.4
21 500 860 660 370 120 1129 14.6
22 550 860 700 290 90 1522 9.0
23 600 860 640 410 60 1272 6.5
24 650 860 680 330 30 1414 8.0
25 700 860 720 450 150 1164 10.3
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编号Vγ/%Cγ/%Vα/%Dg/μmRm/MPaA/%
15.01.4124.32.213058.3
23.41.3028.52.4115311.1
35.41.2626.32.1108615.9
42.91.0924.23.212928.2
53.21.6819.61.9141010.4
66.61.4921.51.9122913.9
74.91.4020.92.1139810.1
86.21.5123.72.312006.6
93.80.9425.42.1122810.3
103.40.8419.52.014158.3
115.81.3223.22.1114414.9
123.30.8821.32.0125910.8
135.51.5428.72.3116011.1
146.81.3414.32.313448.1
153.01.2020.11.914398.3
166.91.4724.71.9110612.3
175.91.0614.61.814269.8
182.10.6631.22.211019.1
197.01.5332.22.6100216.7
206.31.4517.61.812989.4
217.11.5424.52.2112914.6
224.31.5014.61.915229.0
235.31.0013.21.712726.5
245.21.3715.31.814148.0
254.21.2215.12.0116410.3
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显微组织特征−力学性能数据集

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编号Vγ/%Cγ/%Vα/%Dg/μmRm/MPaA/%
15.01.4124.32.213058.3
23.41.3028.52.4115311.1
35.41.2626.32.1108615.9
42.91.0924.23.212928.2
53.21.6819.61.9141010.4
66.61.4921.51.9122913.9
74.91.4020.92.1139810.1
86.21.5123.72.312006.6
93.80.9425.42.1122810.3
103.40.8419.52.014158.3
115.81.3223.22.1114414.9
123.30.8821.32.0125910.8
135.51.5428.72.3116011.1
146.81.3414.32.313448.1
153.01.2020.11.914398.3
166.91.4724.71.9110612.3
175.91.0614.61.814269.8
182.10.6631.22.211019.1
197.01.5332.22.6100216.7
206.31.4517.61.812989.4
217.11.5424.52.2112914.6
224.31.5014.61.915229.0
235.31.0013.21.712726.5
245.21.3715.31.814148.0
254.21.2215.12.0116410.3
), ArticleFig(id=1242146764506079266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学成分(质量分数)/% 力学性能
C Si Mn Al Cr Ni Mo Nb Rm/MPa A80/%
优化设计结果 0.25 0.55 2.00 0.45 0.25 0.25 0.10 0.020 1195 15.2
实验验证结果 0.24 0.60 1.87 0.50 0.22 0.32 0.11 0.019 1252 10.5
), ArticleFig(id=1242146764577382435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1218130670103217136, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

所设计DH钢的化学成分及力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学成分(质量分数)/% 力学性能
C Si Mn Al Cr Ni Mo Nb Rm/MPa A80/%
优化设计结果 0.25 0.55 2.00 0.45 0.25 0.25 0.10 0.020 1195 15.2
实验验证结果 0.24 0.60 1.87 0.50 0.22 0.32 0.11 0.019 1252 10.5
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机器学习辅助增强成形性双相钢的设计与组织性能关系解析
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张浩 1, 2 , 张书海 1, 3 , 张世博 1, 5 , 赵帆 1, 3, 4, * , 张志豪 1, 3 , 谢建新 1, 3, 4
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(24): 61-70
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (24) : 61 -70
机器学习辅助增强成形性双相钢的设计与组织性能关系解析
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张浩1, 2 , 张书海1, 3, 张世博1, 5, 赵帆1, 3, 4, * , 张志豪1, 3, 谢建新1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,现代交通金属材料与加工技术北京实验室,北京 100083
  • 2首钢集团有限公司技术研究院,北京 100043
  • 3北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,材料先进制备技术教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 4北京科技大学高精尖学院,北京材料基因工程高精尖创新中心,北京 100083
  • 5冶金工业经济发展研究中心,北京 100010
通讯作者:
赵帆(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为高性能合金智能化设计与制造,电子信箱:
Design of dual−phase steel with improved formability and analysis of microstructure−properties relationship via machine learning
Hao ZHANG1, 2 , Shuhai ZHANG1, 3, Shibo ZHANG1, 5, Fan ZHAO1, 3, 4, * , Zhihao ZHANG1, 3, Jianxin XIE1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083
  • 2Research Institute of Technology, Shougang Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100043
  • 3Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing (MOE), Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083
  • 4Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Advanced Materials Innovation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083
  • 5Economic Development Research Center of Metallurgical Industry, Beijing 100010
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00093
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增强成形性双相钢(DH钢)是在双相钢(DP钢)基础上研发的先进高强钢,以满足汽车复杂形状零件成形对材料塑性的更高要求。目前,抗拉强度980 MPa级别的DH钢已实现规模化生产,抗拉强度1180 MPa级别的DH钢研发受到广泛关注。采用面向性能的机器学习方法,设计了一种1180 MPa级DH钢的化学成分和制备工艺参数,并通过可解释性机器学习分析了材料显微组织特征与力学性能之间的内禀关系。首先,基于文献数据,采用神经网络算法构建成分/工艺−性能预测模型,并采用多目标遗传算法高效设计了新型DH钢的化学成分。然后,基于新型DH钢的制备工艺参数正交实验结果,采用随机森林算法构建了以工艺参数为输入的抗拉强度和断后伸长率(A80)预测模型,通过多目标遗传优化算法得到了较优的制备工艺参数,即卷曲温度510℃、退火温度860℃、退火时间160 s、缓冷温度715℃、过时效温度340℃、过时效时间110 s。设计的新型DH钢具有优异的强塑性匹配,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1214 MPa和15.5%。最后,采用SHAP分析揭示了组织特征对力学性能的影响规律,为先进高强钢的设计和组织性能调控提供理论参考。

增强成形性双相钢(DH钢)  /  机器学习  /  成分设计  /  工艺优化  /  组织性能

Dual−phase steel with improved formability (DH steel) is developed as an evolution of conventional dual−phase steel (DP steel) to meet the increased ductility requirements associated with the fabrication of complex−shaped automotive components. Currently, DH steel with a tensile strength of 980 MPa has reached mass production, while the development of DH steel with a tensile strength of 1180 MPa has attracted significant research interest. In this study, a performance−driven machine learning methodology was employed to design the chemical composition and processing parameters of 1180 MPa−grade DH steel. Additionally, interpretable machine learning techniques were used to elucidate the fundamental relationships between the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties. Initially, leveraging data extracted from the literature, a composition and process−performance predictive model was developed using a neural network algorithm. Subsequently, a multi−objective genetic algorithm was implemented to efficiently design the chemical composition of the novel DH steel. Following this, based on orthogonal experimental data concerning the processing parameters of the newly designed DH steel, a random forest algorithm was applied to construct predictive models for tensile strength and fracture elongation, with processing parameters serving as input variables. An optimized set of preparation process parameters was determined using a multi−objective genetic optimization algorithm. The resulting parameters are as follows: a coiling temperature of 510°C, an annealing temperature of 860°C, an annealing duration of 160 s, a slow cooling temperature of 715°C, an over−aging temperature of 340°C, and an over−aging duration of 110 s. The resulting DH steel demonstrated an exceptional balance between strength and ductility, achieving a tensile strength of 1214 MPa and an elongation after fracture (A80) of 15.5%. Finally, SHAP analysis was conducted to reveal the influence patterns of microstructural features on mechanical performance, thereby providing theoretical insights to guide the design and microstructure−performance optimization of advanced high−strength steels.

DH steel  /  machine learning  /  composition design  /  process optimization  /  microstructure and property
张浩, 张书海, 张世博, 赵帆, 张志豪, 谢建新. 机器学习辅助增强成形性双相钢的设计与组织性能关系解析. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (24) : 61 -70 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00093
Hao ZHANG, Shuhai ZHANG, Shibo ZHANG, Fan ZHAO, Zhihao ZHANG, Jianxin XIE. Design of dual−phase steel with improved formability and analysis of microstructure−properties relationship via machine learning[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (24) : 61 -70 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00093
汽车零件的特异化发展对先进高强钢的成形性能提出了更高要求,通过在已广泛应用的双相钢(dual−phase steel,DP钢)中引入残余奥氏体,在成形过程中产生相变诱导塑性(transformation−induced plasticity,TRIP)效应,开发了增强成形性双相钢(dual−phase steel with enhanced formability,DH钢)。DH钢可以用于制造形状更为复杂的汽车结构件,并显著提高碰撞吸能能力。目前,抗拉强度980 MPa级的DH钢已实现规模化生产,但汽车轻量化发展对材料强度提出了更高要求,抗拉强度1180 MPa级DH钢的研发受到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注[1]。如何通过成分/工艺的合理设计,实现显微组织的精确调控,在提高强度水平的同时保持良好的塑性是目前的主要挑战。
合金成分和制备工艺是决定DH钢力学性能的2大重要因素。Demir等[2]发现在DP钢中加入适量的Ni元素可显著提高奥氏体的淬透性,保证合理铁素体+马氏体双相结构的形成,从而获得较优的强塑性匹配。Terao等[3]发现在高锰DP钢中添加微量Nb元素能促进马氏体在铁素体基体中的细小均匀分布,显著提高双相钢的强度。Li等[4]的研究表明,适当提高铁素体−贝氏体DP钢的卷曲温度能促进多边形铁素体与粒状贝氏体双组织的均匀分布,显著提高DP钢的成形能力。Ayres等[5]的研究表明,适当提高退火温度可促进铁素体与马氏体双相组织的均匀分布并提高马氏体体积分数,从而优化DP钢的强塑性组合。综上所述,优化化学成分和制备工艺参数是提高DH钢力学性能的有效途径。然而,钢铁材料合金元素种类多,DH钢制备工艺复杂,采用传统“试错法”开展研究,难以准确全面获得合金元素含量和工艺参数对力学性能的量化影响,研发效率低。另一方面,DH钢的显微组织构成较为复杂,对力学性能的影响规律难以定量解析,限制了对该类材料的深入理解和进一步发展应用。
近年来,人工智能和大数据技术快速发展,促进了数据驱动的新范式在材料研发领域的应用[69]。笔者所在课题组自主开发了面向材料性能要求的机器学习设计方法,实现了高强高导铜合金[10]、高强韧7000系铝合金[11]和高强无取向硅钢[12]的化学成分快速设计,显著提高了合金的综合性能。Trofimov等[13]采用梯度提升算法构建了基于钢铁材料数据库的成分/工艺−性能预测模型,并通过进化算法和实验迭代,设计了具有优异强韧性的反应容器用钢。Zhou等[14]采用梯度提升回归算法构建了基于文献数据的性能预测模型,并通过多目标遗传算法设计了新型孪生诱发塑性钢(TWIP钢)。另一方面,可解释性机器学习在分析材料组织性能关系方面也展现出了强大能力。Li等[15]建立了一种氧化物弥散强化钢(ODS钢)的可解释机器学习流程,利用极限梯度提升模型和SHAP(shapley additive explanations)分析,揭示了Ti、Y2O3、Cr、W等元素的含量以及热处理温度、固结温度等核心工艺参数对材料力学性能的影响机理与交互作用。Ackermann等[16]提出了一种基于可解释机器学习的贝氏体钢性能预测框架,揭示了马奥岛组织的关键特征对材料韧性的影响规律。上述研究表明,数据驱动的机器学习可有效提高材料设计效率,并辅助阐明相关内在机理,已逐渐成为破解钢铁材料成分/工艺−组织−性能复杂关系的有力工具。
本研究通过收集公开文献,采用机器学习方法实现面向强度和塑性目标的新型DH钢化学成分设计,并基于正交实验结果的机器学习建模,采用多目标遗传算法优化了所设计钢种的制备工艺参数,最后采用可解释性机器学习方法辅助阐明了新型DH钢显微组织和力学性能的内禀关系。本研究可为先进高强钢的开发和组织性能调控提供有益参考。
由于DH钢的文献数据较少,本研究同时收集了其他采用连续退火工艺钢种数据,共得到数据185条,构建了数据集。数据集包括化学成分(C、Si、Mn、Al、Cr、Ni、Mo、Nb)、制备工艺参数(退火温度t1、退火时间τ1、过时效温度t2、过时效时间τ2)和力学性能参数(抗拉强度Rm、断后伸长率A)。
以4∶1的比例将数据集随机划分为训练集和测试集,以化学成分和工艺参数为输入,采用人工神经网络算法分别建立RmA的预测模型。在建立机器学习模型时,对比了不同算法(人工神经网络、支持向量机、随机森林、梯度提升回归等)所建立模型的精度,选用精度较高的算法。在训练集上对模型进行训练,并通过网格搜索法优化超参数[17],采用平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)评估机器学习模型的精度:
$ \mathit{\mathrm{\mathit{MAPE}}}=\frac{100\%}{n}\sum_{ }^{ }\limits_{i=1}^n\, \left|\frac{\hat{y}_i-y_i}{y_i}\right| $
式中,n为样本数量,$ {\hat{y}}_{i} $为机器学习预测值,$ {y}_{i} $为样本数据真实值。
神经网络隐藏层层数为2层,优化后的Rm预测模型的节点数为5−9,A预测模型的节点数为6−5。基于构建的抗拉强度和断后伸长率预测模型,以Rm=1200 MPa、A=15%为目标,采用多目标遗传算法NSGA−II[1819]在数据集的数据空间内寻优化学成分。在遗传算法寻优时,将生产企业常用的连续退火工艺参数(t1=800℃、τ1=160 s、t2=390℃、τ2=90 s)作为预测模型的固定输入。
需要特别说明的是,本研究虽然建立起了通过成分和工艺参数预测性能的机器学习模型,但由于文献数据集的数据量不大,同时精确优化成分和工艺参数的难度仍然较大,且难以面向工业生产可用的工艺窗口进行设计。因此,先设计化学成分,随后再进一步优化工艺参数,以提高设计结果的准确性和可用性。
按照设计的化学成分,采用真空熔炼法制备实验钢铸锭,并在1150℃下锻造为20 mm厚的板坯;在板坯上切取115 mm×480 mm×20 mm的试样,在880~1200℃下热轧至8 mm厚,轧后冷却至不同温度,在加热炉中保温40 min,以模拟不同卷曲温度;最后冷轧至2 mm厚,并使用连续退火模拟机进行连续退火处理。
采用正交法设计了25组不同制备工艺参数组合,包括卷曲温度tc、退火温度t1、缓冷温度ts、过时效温度t2、过时效时间τ2。其中,tc取500、550、600、650、700℃ 5个水平,t1取780、800、820、840、860℃ 5个水平,ts取640、660、680、700、720℃ 5个水平,t2取290、330、370、410、450℃ 5个水平,τ2取30、60、90、120、150 s 5个水平,τ1固定为160 s。连续退火工艺参数示意见图1。对不同工艺参数制备的DH钢进行力学行能测试,构建数据集,包括工艺参数(tct1tst2τ2)和力学性能(RmA),具体见表1
以工艺参数为输入,采用随机森林算法构建RmA的预测模型。建模时通过网格搜索法优化超参数,采用MAPE评估机器学习模型的精度。优化后的RmA预测模型的树数量均为100、最大深度均为10。
基于构建的抗拉强度和断后伸长率预测模型,采用多目标遗传算法NSGA−II在数据集空间内寻优工艺参数组合,生成代表RmA最优匹配的帕累托前沿面,并在前沿面上人为选择较优的数据点,将其对应的工艺参数作为优化结果。
基于25组正交实验的显微组织表征和力学性能测试结果构建数据集,开展组织−性能关系研究。数据集中的组织特征包括残余奥氏体体积分数Vγ、残余奥氏体碳质量分数Cγ、铁素体体积分数Vα及等效晶粒尺寸Dg,力学性能参数包括RmA,具体见表2。残余奥氏体含量和碳含量通过XRD测试获得[2021],铁素体含量显微组织通过分析扫描电镜拍摄的二次电子图像获得,等效晶粒尺寸通过电子背散射衍射(electron backscattered diffraction,EBSD)分析获得(以15°为识别晶界的取向差阈值)。
以组织特征为输入,采用随机森林算法构建RmA的预测模型。建模时通过网格搜索法优化超参数,采用MAPE评估机器学习模型的精度。优化后的RmA预测模型的树数量均为100、最大深度均为10。基于建立的机器学习模型,采用可解释性SHAP算法来分析各个组织特征对力学性能的影响。
1) 拉伸性能测试。为贴合生产企业采用的检测方法,按照国家标准GB/T 228.1−2021,采用标距段长度80 mm、宽度20 mm的A80非比例标准试样,在TFW−200S万能电子拉伸试验机上进行室温力学性能测试。拉伸过程的应变速率在屈服结束前为0.00025 s−1,屈服结束后为0.0067 s−1
2) 显微组织表征。使用JEOL JSM−7900F场发射扫描电子显微镜观察显微组织,试样采用4%体积分数的硝酸酒精溶液腐蚀。利用XRD射线衍射仪分析显微组织中的物相,试样为抛光态。采用EBSD分析晶粒组织,扫描步长为0.2 μm,试样在15%体积分数的高氯酸酒精溶液中进行电解抛光。
图2所示为文献数据集的化学成分和力学性能分布。图2(a)为化学成分分布的小提琴图,图中蓝色数据点代表每个合金元素的质量分数,数据点对应的彩色轮廓为核密度图,轮廓的宽度代表数据分布的密度。图2(b)为力学性能的分布散点图,随Rm增大,A整体呈现下降趋势,两者之间呈现明显的矛盾关系。本研究的性能设计目标(Rm=1200 MPa、A=15%)位于数据集的帕累托前沿面附近。
图3所示为神经网络模型对文献数据的RmA的预测结果,可见预测值与真实值具有良好的一致性,Rm预测模型测试集的MAPE为6.3%,A预测模型测试集的MAPE为16.2%,证实了所建立预测模型的可靠性。
基于上述构建的预测模型,以Rm=1200 MPa、A=15%为目标,在固定工艺参数条件下(t1=800℃、τ1=160 s、t2=390℃、τ2=90 s),采用多目标遗传算法进行化学成分优化。成分的质量分数优化空间为0.20%~0.30% C、0.20%~0.80% Si、1.50%~2.50% Mn、0.20%~0.80% Al、0~0.50% Cr、0~0.50% Ni、0~0.30% Mo、0~0.03% Nb。根据优化成分,按第1.2节所述方法对实验钢进行热锻开坯和轧制,卷曲和连退工艺参数为tc=500℃、t1=800℃、τ1=160 s、ts=680℃、t2=390℃、τ2=90 s。优化设计结果和实验验证结果如表3所示。可见,所设计钢种的Rm超过了设计目标,而A低于设计目标,需要进一步优化制备工艺。
基于表1的25组正交实验数据,采用随机森林算法构建力学性能的预测模型。预测效果如图4所示,模型具有较好的精度,Rm预测模型的MAPE为3.2%,A预测模型的MAPE为7.9%,可以反映工艺参数对力学性能的影响规律。
基于上述预测模型,采用多目标遗传算法进行工艺参数寻优,寻优空间:tc为500~700℃、t1为780~860℃、ts为640~720℃、t2为290~450℃、τ2为30~150 s。如图5(a)所示,得到了抗拉强度和断后伸长率的帕累托前沿面。绿色三角代表力学性能的帕累托前沿解,蓝色圆点为正交实验数据集中的力学性能,红色星号代表目标性能。选取帕累托前沿解中最接近目标性能的工艺参数(tc=510℃、t1=860℃、τ1=160 s、ts=715℃、t2=340℃、τ2=110 s)进行实验验证,拉伸性能测试曲线如图5(b)所示,力学性能测试结果(Rm=1214 MPa、A=15.5%)和模型预测值(Rm=1206 MPa、δ=15.2%)高度一致,达到了力学性能设计目标。优化工艺参数的退火温度t1和缓冷温度ts较高,这使快冷前的奥氏体含量提高,在冷却后更容易产生残余奥氏体,从而提高钢材的塑性。
图6所示为工艺优化后的DH钢显微组织。如图6(a)所示,显微组织较为细小均匀,主要由马氏体和铁素体组成,另外可以观察到少量的贝氏体和残余奥氏体;经测量统计,铁素体体积分数为22.6%。如图6(b)所示,EBSD以15°取向差识别的等效晶粒尺寸为2.1 μm。图7所示为XRD分析结果,计算结果表明,残余奥氏体体积分数为6.2%,残余奥氏体碳质量分数为1.45%。多种显微组织的合理匹配使工艺优化后的DH钢获得了较高综合力学性能。为破解复杂显微组织特征与力学性能之间的内禀关系,需要开展进一步的深入分析研究。
基于多种表征手段获得的25组正交实验试样的显微组织特征(表2),采用随机森林算法构建RmA的预测模型。预测效果如图8所示,模型具有较好的精度,可以反映工艺参数对力学性能的影响规律。
基于上述预测模型,进行SHAP可解释性分析。图9所示为不同显微组织特征(残余奥氏体体积分数Vγ、残余奥氏体碳质量分数Cγ、铁素体体积分数Vα及等效晶粒尺寸Dg)对Rm的影响。图9(a)蜂群图中x轴的SHAP值表示显微组织特征对力学性能的影响程度和方向,SHAP值越大,代表影响越大;SHAP值为正代表正向影响,为负代表负向影响。左侧显微组织特征自上而下的排序代表其对力学性能的影响程度逐渐减小。图中点的颜色代表显微组织特征值的大小,红色代表值较高,蓝色代表值较低。可见,Rm主要受Vα影响,且呈现明显的负相关,即Vα越大,Rm越低。这是因为铁素体的强度相对较低,其体积分数增大会导致强度降低。VγCγDgRm的影响相对较小。图9(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)分别分析了VαVγDgCγ与其对Rm的SHAP值的关系。如图9(b)所示,当Vα在20%以下时,其对Rm影响的变化不显著;当Vα升高至20%以上后,其导致Rm降低的速度增大。如图9(c)所示,随Vγ增大,整体导致Rm降低,但影响较小。如图9(d)、(e)所示,DgCγRm的影响较小,规律不显著。
基于上述预测模型,进行SHAP可解释性分析。图10所示为不同显微组织特征(残余奥氏体体积分数Vγ、残余奥氏体碳质量分数Cγ、铁素体体积分数Vα及等效晶粒尺寸Dg)对A的影响。可见,A主要受VαVγ的影响,且均呈现明显的正相关,即VαVγ越大,A越高。与马氏体相比,铁素体的塑性较好,其体积分数增大对塑性有利;残余奥氏体体积分数的增大有利于变形过程中的相变诱导塑性效应,也会提高钢材的塑性。CγDgA的影响不显著。图10(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)分别分析了VαVγDgCγ与其对A的SHAP值的关系。如图10(b)所示,VαA的影响较为显著,随Vα增大,A逐渐提高。如图10(c)所示,VγA的影响也较显著,随Vγ增大,A逐渐提高;Vγ增大至6%以上时,A提高的速度增大。如图10(d)、(e)所示,DgCγA的影响较小,规律不显著。
综上所述,在本研究的工艺参数范围内,对RmA影响较大的显微组织特征是铁素体体积分数Vα和残余奥氏体体积分数Vγ。为实现较优的强塑性匹配,将Vα控制在20%左右,而Vγ控制在6%以上,较为合理。这与第2.2节优化工艺下的显微组织分析结果(Vα=22.6%、Vγ=6.2%)吻合较好。上述组织−性能关系研究可为高性能双相钢的设计提供有益参考。
1) 采用数据驱动方法高效设计了一种1180 MPa级DH钢化学成分和制备工艺参数,实测抗拉强度和断后伸长率A80分别为1214 MPa和15.5%,显微组织主要由马氏体和铁素体组成,还含有少量的贝氏体和残余奥氏体。
2) 采用可解释性机器学习方法分析了新型DH钢显微组织与力学性能的关系。在本研究的工艺参数范围内,对抗拉强度和断后伸长率影响较大的显微组织特征是铁素体体积分数和残余奥氏体体积分数,当其分别控制在20%左右和6%以上时,可获得较优的强塑性匹配。
3) 本研究仅围绕DH钢的强度和塑性开展设计,为实现工程应用,还需要围绕钢材的加工硬化性能、冲压性能、耐蚀性能、焊接性能开展深入研究,以满足先进高强钢性能要求的复杂性和多样性。
  • 北京科技大学−首钢集团有限公司合作项目(2024110016100018)
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2025年第43卷第24期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00093
  • 接收时间:2025-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-28
  • 修回日期:2025-12-17
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北京科技大学−首钢集团有限公司合作项目(2024110016100018)
作者信息
    1北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,现代交通金属材料与加工技术北京实验室,北京 100083
    2首钢集团有限公司技术研究院,北京 100043
    3北京科技大学新材料技术研究院,材料先进制备技术教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
    4北京科技大学高精尖学院,北京材料基因工程高精尖创新中心,北京 100083
    5冶金工业经济发展研究中心,北京 100010

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赵帆(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为高性能合金智能化设计与制造,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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