Article(id=1284897486108082607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763136000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-15, revisedDate=1772380800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784273032928, onlineDateStr=2026-07-17, pubDate=1782576000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784273032928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784273032928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784273032928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284897477333586425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782576000000', pubDateStr='2026-06-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784273030837, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784273069123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284897638025773152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284897638025773153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284897486317797808, articleId=1284897486108082607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Performance study of dynamic acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging for HIFU focal spot localization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Preoperative accurate focal localization is a critical determinant of the precision and safety of high−intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging and Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI), which combine therapeutic transducers with acoustic radiation force elastography, have both been proven to improve the accuracy of HIFU therapy, but there remains controversy regarding their performance differences. To address this issue, this study systematically compared the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Porcine longissimus dorsi, bovine liver (in vitro), and live rabbits (in vivo) were used as experimental subjects. ARFI and HMI methods were applied for HIFU focal localization under different parameters, and the localization errors from multiple experiments were quantitatively analyzed. Results across all experimental subjects showed that the average focal error of the traditional geometric localization method was approximately 3−4 mm, while the localization error of ARFI could be stably controlled at around 1 mm, and the error of HMI was close to that of ARFI. However, ARFI technology requires a higher output power, approximately 2−3 times that of HMI. Therefore, ARFI and HMI based on acoustic radiation force elastography can both be used for preoperative HIFU focal localization. Both methods are significantly superior to the traditional geometric localization method in terms of precision, with HMI offering better safety. This study provides important and comprehensive experimental evidence for the clinical application of dynamic acoustic radiation force elastography in HIFU focal localization.

, authors=Jialu LIU, Yao RAN, Yijing LIU, Yunuo NING, Xiaowei ZHOU*, authorsList=Jialu LIU, Yao RAN, Yijing LIU, Yunuo NING, Xiaowei ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaowei ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284897489715184063, articleId=1284897486108082607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=动态声辐射力弹性成像在高强度聚焦超声焦点定位中的性能研究, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

术前焦点精准定位是决定高强度聚焦超声(high−intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)治疗精准性与安全性的关键环节。基于治疗换能器与声辐射力弹性成像联合的声辐射力脉冲(acoustic radiation force impulse,ARFI)成像和谐波运动成像(harmonic motion imaging,HMI)技术,均已被证明可提高HIFU治疗的精确性,但对其性能差异性存在争议。为解决这一问题,本研究通过离体与活体实验,系统对比这2种方法的优劣性。实验以离体猪里脊、牛肝和活体兔为实验对象,在不同参数下分别应用ARFI和HMI方法进行HIFU焦点定位,并量化分析多次实验的定位误差。不同实验对象下的结果均显示,传统几何焦点定位方法的焦点误差平均可达3~4 mm,而ARFI方法的定位误差可稳定在1 mm左右,HMI方法的误差与ARFI接近。但是,ARFI技术对输出功率要求较高,约为HMI技术的2~3倍。因此,基于声辐射力弹性成像的ARFI和HMI方法能用于术前定位HIFU焦点,二者的精准度均显著优于传统几何焦点定位方法,但HMI方法的安全性更佳。本研究为动态声辐射力弹性成像方法应用于临床HIFU焦点定位提供了重要且丰富的实验依据。

, authors=刘佳璐, 冉瑶, 刘依静, 宁宇诺, 周小伟*, authorsList=刘佳璐, 冉瑶, 刘依静, 宁宇诺, 周小伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周小伟, authorNote=

刘佳璐,硕士研究生,研究方向为声辐射力成像,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
周小伟(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为医学超声成像信号与图像处理、超声影像算法开发、多模态影像监控及智能精准治疗,电子信箱:
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刘佳璐,硕士研究生,研究方向为声辐射力成像,电子信箱:

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刘佳璐,硕士研究生,研究方向为声辐射力成像,电子信箱:

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(a)~(e) ARFI方法在10、20、30、40、50 W声功率激励下的焦点定位结果,图中的伪彩图为ARFI方法预测的焦域位置;(f)~(j) HMI方法在相同功率梯度(10~50 W)下的焦点定位结果;(k) 定位时的B超图像;(l) 定位结束后经HIFU消融后的B超图像;(m) HIFU消融后的损伤切片

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(a)~(e) ARFI方法在10、20、30、40、50 W声功率激励下的焦点定位结果,图中的伪彩图为ARFI方法预测的焦域位置; (f)~(j) HMI方法在相同功率梯度(10~50 W)下的焦点定位结果图;(k) 定位时的B超图像;(l) 定位结束后经HIFU消融后的B超图像;(m) HIFU消融后的损伤切片

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(a)~(e) ARFI方法在10、20、30、40、50 W声功率激励下的焦点定位结果,图中的伪彩图为ARFI方法预测的焦域位置;(f)~(j) HMI方法在相同功率梯度(10~50 W)下的焦点定位结果;(k) 定位时的B超图像;(l) 定位结束后经HIFU消融后的B超图像;(m) HIFU消融后的损伤切片

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动态声辐射力弹性成像在高强度聚焦超声焦点定位中的性能研究
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刘佳璐 , 冉瑶 , 刘依静 , 宁宇诺 , 周小伟 *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(12): 141-149
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (12) : 141 -149
动态声辐射力弹性成像在高强度聚焦超声焦点定位中的性能研究
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刘佳璐 , 冉瑶, 刘依静, 宁宇诺, 周小伟*
作者信息
  • 重庆医科大学超声医学工程国家重点实验室,重庆 400016
通讯作者:
周小伟(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为医学超声成像信号与图像处理、超声影像算法开发、多模态影像监控及智能精准治疗,电子信箱:
作者简介:

刘佳璐,硕士研究生,研究方向为声辐射力成像,电子信箱:

Performance study of dynamic acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging for HIFU focal spot localization
Jialu LIU , Yao RAN, Yijing LIU, Yunuo NING, Xiaowei ZHOU*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
出版时间: 2026-06-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00092
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术前焦点精准定位是决定高强度聚焦超声(high−intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)治疗精准性与安全性的关键环节。基于治疗换能器与声辐射力弹性成像联合的声辐射力脉冲(acoustic radiation force impulse,ARFI)成像和谐波运动成像(harmonic motion imaging,HMI)技术,均已被证明可提高HIFU治疗的精确性,但对其性能差异性存在争议。为解决这一问题,本研究通过离体与活体实验,系统对比这2种方法的优劣性。实验以离体猪里脊、牛肝和活体兔为实验对象,在不同参数下分别应用ARFI和HMI方法进行HIFU焦点定位,并量化分析多次实验的定位误差。不同实验对象下的结果均显示,传统几何焦点定位方法的焦点误差平均可达3~4 mm,而ARFI方法的定位误差可稳定在1 mm左右,HMI方法的误差与ARFI接近。但是,ARFI技术对输出功率要求较高,约为HMI技术的2~3倍。因此,基于声辐射力弹性成像的ARFI和HMI方法能用于术前定位HIFU焦点,二者的精准度均显著优于传统几何焦点定位方法,但HMI方法的安全性更佳。本研究为动态声辐射力弹性成像方法应用于临床HIFU焦点定位提供了重要且丰富的实验依据。

高强度聚焦超声  /  焦点定位  /  声辐射力脉冲成像  /  谐波运动成像  /  弹性成像

Preoperative accurate focal localization is a critical determinant of the precision and safety of high−intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging and Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI), which combine therapeutic transducers with acoustic radiation force elastography, have both been proven to improve the accuracy of HIFU therapy, but there remains controversy regarding their performance differences. To address this issue, this study systematically compared the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Porcine longissimus dorsi, bovine liver (in vitro), and live rabbits (in vivo) were used as experimental subjects. ARFI and HMI methods were applied for HIFU focal localization under different parameters, and the localization errors from multiple experiments were quantitatively analyzed. Results across all experimental subjects showed that the average focal error of the traditional geometric localization method was approximately 3−4 mm, while the localization error of ARFI could be stably controlled at around 1 mm, and the error of HMI was close to that of ARFI. However, ARFI technology requires a higher output power, approximately 2−3 times that of HMI. Therefore, ARFI and HMI based on acoustic radiation force elastography can both be used for preoperative HIFU focal localization. Both methods are significantly superior to the traditional geometric localization method in terms of precision, with HMI offering better safety. This study provides important and comprehensive experimental evidence for the clinical application of dynamic acoustic radiation force elastography in HIFU focal localization.

high−intensity focused ultrasound  /  focal spot localization  /  acoustic radiation force impulse imaging  /  harmonic motion imaging  /  elasticity imaging
刘佳璐, 冉瑶, 刘依静, 宁宇诺, 周小伟. 动态声辐射力弹性成像在高强度聚焦超声焦点定位中的性能研究. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (12) : 141 -149 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00092
Jialu LIU, Yao RAN, Yijing LIU, Yunuo NING, Xiaowei ZHOU. Performance study of dynamic acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging for HIFU focal spot localization[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (12) : 141 -149 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00092
高强度聚焦超声(high−intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)是一种微无创治疗肿瘤的方法,通过将超声波聚焦到体内组织焦点处使其迅速升温,进而实现靶组织的坏死,以达到治疗目的[12]。在HIFU治疗中,将治疗焦点精准定位到目标靶点对保证治疗的安全性至关重要[3]。目前,主流的焦点定位方法依赖于换能器的几何焦点定位,然而在实际治疗场景中,声波在复杂生物组织中传播时会发生反射和折射,导致基于HIFU换能器几何形状的焦点和实际焦点之间存在偏差[4]。因此,需要一种准确有效的方法在术前对焦点进行精准定位。
为了解决几何焦点偏移问题,研究人员致力于开发不同的成像方法以实现无创术前焦点定位,超声成像方法因兼具成本低廉、实时性优异等优势已成为当前该领域的研究热点[57]。在超声成像定位的细分方向中,动态声辐射力成像方法通过检测焦点处组织受焦点辐射力激励后的运动响应,实现对HIFU焦点空间位置的定位[8],其原理示意如图1。具体而言,在HIFU治疗场景下使用HIFU换能器施加声辐射力,诱导组织微小位移,并使用超高帧率超声成像方法对组织位移进行成像,其位移峰值处即可判定为实际焦点位置。基于这一原理,声辐射力脉冲(acoustic radiation force impulse,ARFI)成像与谐波运动成像(harmonic motion imaging,HMI)是目前研究较多的2种方法。其中,ARFI方法通过施加短时高强度脉冲声辐射力激发组织局部位移,而HMI则利用特定频率的幅度调制超声信号,产生周期性振荡位移进行成像,二者均基于声辐射力−组织响应的力学交互机制实现对焦点的定位[9]。Cafarelli等[10]已在体模中验证了ARFI方法用于HIFU术前焦点定位的可行性,Han等[11]的研究表明HMI方法可以进行焦点定位,并在仿体和离体组织中验证了其可行性,Saharkhiz等[12]在后续研究中不仅简化了实验装置,并且在一名乳腺肿瘤患者体内验证了HMI系统用于焦点定位的临床应用潜力。
目前,ARFI和HMI的焦点定位有效性已得到验证,但缺乏在严格一致的实验条件下对2种方法进行系统性对比的研究[1314]。本研究旨在探究不同特性组织中不同功率参数对ARFI和HMI 2种方法定位焦点效果的影响,系统地对比2种方法的焦点定位性能,为优化HIFU治疗中的焦点定位策略提供实验依据。
声辐射力是声波传播过程中作用于物体相互作用时因动量传递产生的力学效应,是声辐射力成像技术的物理基础。该技术通过对组织外加机械刺激,诱导组织产生力学响应,通过测量和计算反推得到组织的响应来获取有用信息[15]
根据声场特性,声辐射力可分为静态声辐射力和动态声辐射力。静态声辐射力由连续的正弦波声场产生,可以通过施加连续超声波以对目标组织施加恒定的力。而动态声辐射力由非稳态声场产生,如瞬态脉冲波或调幅的超声波均可诱导产生动态声辐射力[16]
在软组织中,假设声波以平面波传播,施加在组织上的声辐射力大小可以由公式(1)表示为
$ F=\frac{2{\alpha }I}{c} $
式中,F为声辐射力,kg/(s2cm2);c为声速,m/s;α是组织的吸收系数,m−1I为声波束在组织中给定时间平均强度,W/cm2[1718]
在本研究中,分别使用2种动态声辐射力成像技术进行焦点定位实验,其激励方式存在一定差异。
ARFI使用单次短暂聚焦的声脉冲信号在组织中产生脉冲声辐射力,其核心原理为:通过发射单次短时的聚焦超声脉冲,在目标区域激发瞬态声辐射力以诱导组织产生微米级形变,随后通过高帧率超声成像系统进行射频信号(radio frequency, RF)采集并进行进一步计算。
HMI基于周期性动态声辐射力诱导组织产生谐波响应,其核心原理为:通过施加幅度调制的聚焦超声信号,产生周期性振荡的声辐射力,诱导焦域组织产生同步的谐波位移,并通过与聚焦超声换能器共焦、同心的成像换能器采集RF信号,且调幅信号与成像脉冲同步传输,以确保谐波位移的精准检测[19]
对于上述2种方法采集到RF信号均需通过位移估计算法进行位移估计,本研究采用二维自相关算法进行计算。
二维自相关算法是一种基于相位域的位移估计算法,该方法在快时间方向和慢时间方向分别进行自相关计算,从而计算出正确的轴向速度和位移。该算法在传统一维自相关算法的基础上计算了回波信号中心频率,可以更好地监测微小位移。轴向速度可以表示为
$ v=\frac{c}{2}\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2{\text{π}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{tan}}^{-1}\left\{\dfrac{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}\left[\hat{\gamma }\right(\mathrm{0,1}\left)\right]}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\left[\hat{\gamma }\right(\mathrm{0,1}\left)\right]}\right\}}{\dfrac{1}{2{\text{π}}{t}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{tan}}^{-1}\left\{\dfrac{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}\left[\hat{\gamma }\right(\mathrm{1,0}\left)\right]}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\left[\hat{\gamma }\right(\mathrm{1,0}\left)\right]}\right\}} $
式中,c为声速,$ {T}_{\mathrm{s}} $为脉冲重复周期,$ {t}_{\mathrm{s}} $为沿深度采样间隔,$ \widehat{\gamma }\left(\mathrm{0,1}\right) $$ \widehat{\gamma }\left(\mathrm{1,0}\right) $分别为超声回波信号在慢时间方向和快时间方向的二维自相关函数估计值[2023]。通过对轴向速度的积分可以得到位移,本研究以−3 dB位移范围界定焦域范围。
本研究集成临床级海扶刀聚焦超声肿瘤系统(JC200型,重庆海扶医疗科技股份有限公司)与多通道超声研究平台(Vantage 256,Verasonics,美国),构建了基于声辐射力成像的HIFU焦点定位系统(图2)。该系统由治疗单元与成像单元组成:治疗单元由PC控制的双通道任意波形发生器(RIGOL DG4202,北京普源精电科技有限公司)产生原始信号,经功率放大器(NTWPA−000001013500,南京纳特通信电子有限公司)实现信号增益,再通过阻抗匹配盒(重庆融海超声医学工程研究中心有限公司)驱动聚焦超声换能器发射亚治疗剂量超声波,诱导靶区组织产生微米级位移;成像部分由与聚焦换能器(中心频率970 kHz,重庆融海超声医学工程研究中心有限公司)换能器共焦和同心的凸阵成像换能器(128阵元,中心频率3.13 MHz,深圳市索诺瑞科技有限公司)组成。成像单元与治疗单元通过信号发生器同步触发,实现声发射−数据采集的时序匹配(时序设计见图2(b)、2(c))[2425]
为验证ARFI与HMI 2种焦点定位方法在生物组织中的适用性,并对比其在不同类型生物组织中的作用效果,本研究首先选取离体猪里脊与离体牛肝作为实验对象。组织样本均取自当地屠宰场,经60 min真空脱气处理后,切割为合适大小,放入定制仿体盒内固定于实验装置上,且完全浸没在脱气水中。脱气水表面覆盖1层吸声材料,以抑制边界反射伪影对成像质量的干扰。
在离体实验中,分别在猪里脊和牛肝组织上选取10个独立剖位点,在每个剖位点处,以不同声功率条件(10~50 W)分别实施ARFI与HMI焦点定位实验,并对定位结果进行统计分析。
在离体实验基础上,为进一步验证2种方法在活体生物组织中的适用性,本研究以新西兰大白兔的大腿肌肉组织作为实验对象进行活体实验。在活体实验中,共选取3个独立剖位点分别实施ARFI与HMI实验,其参数设置与操作步骤均与离体实验保持一致(图3)。
在声辐射力激励前,首先采集1幅B超图像作为参考图像,随后施加声辐射力激励,同时同步触发成像单元。接收到触发信号后,Vantage超声成像采集系统采用宽波束超声成像方法进行同步成像,其中脉冲重复频率设为4000 Hz,HMI采集帧数为200帧, ARFI采集帧数为1000帧。数据采集完成后,再次采集1幅B超图像,以确认声辐射力激励未对组织造成损伤。
实验时序如图2所示。采用“亚治疗”水平的声辐射力激励,本研究中激励声功率参数设定为10、20、30、40、50 W,在相同解剖位点交替应用ARFI与HMI进行焦点定位。焦点定位完成后,采用220 W声功率(持续时间2 s)进行HIFU消融,记录消融后的B超图像,并以损伤区域的中心点作为评估焦点定位准确性的标准。最后,将取出的样本沿超声成像平面方向切片,选取损伤面积最大的切面,记录组织损伤的大小和形状。
通过Vantage平台获取超声成像原始通道数据后进行处理,2种成像方法具体处理步骤略有差异。在HMI方法中,首先使用滤波器对原始数据进行滤波,以抑制采集过程中接收到的HIFU干扰,对滤波后数据使用延迟求和方法进行波束合成后,采用公式(2)对焦域及其周围组织的位移进行估计,波束合成后的数据同时可用于重建B超图像。在ARFI方法中,将原始数据不经滤波直接使用延迟求和方法进行波束合成,然后估计HIFU激励引起的位移。
在位移估计环节,2种方法均使用二维自相关算法计算轴向位移。本研究以位移峰值位置作为焦点位置的判定依据。由于声辐射力在焦域内达到最大,对应的组织位移响应亦在该位置取得峰值,因此位移分布中的峰值点可作为HIFU实际焦点位置的表征。在位移分布分析中,以位移分布峰值为参考,将相对峰值−3 dB范围定义为位移高响应区[26]。在预设的感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)内,若能通过−3 dB位移分布图圈定出符合对应方法运动规律的焦点区域,则判定为焦点定位成功。以HIFU消融后B超图像中灰阶高亮区的中心点作为实际损伤参考点,通过计算该中心点与2种方法定位焦点中心点的欧式距离,确定定位误差大小以量化评估2种方法的定位准确度。为进一步提高参考标准的可靠性,本研究结合组织切片结果对上述参考点进行辅助验证。通过对比分析发现,B超图像中高回声区域的位置与组织切片中实际损伤区域在空间分布上具有较好一致性。
ARFI与HMI 2种声辐射力方法在离体猪里脊、牛肝组织中的定位结果分别见图4图5。2个图的前5列自上至下分别展示了在10~50 W声功率激励下,ARFI与HMI方法所获得的位移分布图(−3 dB范围)与B超图像的叠加结果,不同颜色反映位移幅值相对于峰值的变化,焦点位置由位移峰值点确定。结果显示,2种方法均能精确指示焦点位置,且焦点对应位移曲线符合对应方法的组织运动规律,图中出现的局部离散伪彩色信号可能与组织非均匀性、散射、位移估计误差以及超声成像伪影(如旁瓣、栅瓣等)引起的干扰有关,这些伪影与已知的几何焦点位置相距较远,不大可能是真正的焦点,因此未参与焦点位置的判定。定位完成后B超图像(图4(k)、图5(k))中未观察到组织损伤迹象,HIFU消融后,B超图像(图4(l)、图5(l))中清晰显现高亮区域,其位置与预测焦点区域高度吻合。
图6展示了在不同实验对象中的误差距离统计分析结果。该图不仅包含2种声辐射力方法的定位误差,还纳入几何焦点与实际焦点的误差数据,为多方法对比提供数据支撑。统计结果表明,传统几何焦点定位方法的误差显著高于声辐射力成像类方法:在离体猪里脊组织中,几何焦点与实际焦点的误差距离为(3.15±0.3)mm;在离体牛肝组织中,该误差达(4.0±0.89)mm;而ARFI与HMI方法定位焦点的误差均控制在2 mm内,均显著低于几何焦点与实际焦点的误差。
为了更好比较ARFI与HMI方法在误差上的差异,本研究采用非参数Mann−Whitney检验统计两者差异,显著水平设定为0.05。在离体猪里脊组织中,ARFI和HMI方法定位误差距离分别为(0.89±0.5)和(0.94±0.41) mm,定位精度相近,2种方法误差差异无统计学显著性(P = 0.492)。其中ARFI方法对功率要求较高(需30~50 W),而HMI方法在功率过低或过高时其定位性能容易受影响。在离体牛肝组织中,ARFI和HMI方法定位焦点的误差距离分别为(0.79±0.38)和(0.71±0.39) mm,ARFI与HMI的定位误差同样无显著性(P=0.341),且这2种方法在不同功率下表现差异较小。值得注意的是,功率过高时对2种方法的定位性能均会产生不利影响。
在新西兰活体兔腿中进行焦点定位的结果见图7,实验的误差距离分析结果如图6(c)所示。实验结果表明,ARFI和HMI方法焦点定位误差分别为(0.47±0.32)与(0.79±0.32)mm,显著小于传统几何焦点定位方法的误差(2.85±0.26)mm。Mann−Whitney检验结果表明2组误差分布存在统计学差异(P=0.015),表明在活体兔腿实验条件下ARFI和HMI的定位误差水平不一致,且ARFI组误差整体更小。进一步分析2种方法在不同功率下的定位表现,发现两者功率适应性存在明显差异。ARFI方法表现出明显的功率依赖性,在较高声功率区间(30~50 W)可实现稳定定位,在低功率条件下其稳定性明显下降;而HMI方法未受声功率变化的影响,在所有实验功率下可进行稳定定位,表现出更优的稳定性。
HIFU术前焦点定位是保障治疗效果与组织安全性的关键环节,精准定位焦点可确保超声能量聚焦于病灶,并避免损伤正常组织。近年来,ARFI和HMI作为基于动态声辐射力机制的新型成像技术,在HIFU术前焦点定位方面展现出显著潜力,为解决传统几何焦点定位方法的精度不足问题提供了新思路。本研究首次在严格控制实验条件一致的前提下,系统对比ARFI与HMI 2种方法的HIFU焦点定位性能,并深入分析组织特性与声功率参数及组织特性对定位结果的影响,为临床方法选型与参数优化提供参考。
上述统计结果显示,组织物理特性对ARFI与HMI的定位精度和稳定性具有一定影响。在离体猪里脊组织中,ARFI方法进行定位的结果分布相较于HMI方法的定位结果更为集中。猪里脊组织具有质地致密、纤维丰富的结构特性,相同的激励功率下,ARFI的短脉冲激励可产生更集中的瞬态位移,减少纤维结构对位移扩散的干扰,从而降低结果离散度。而在离体牛肝中,HMI方法则表现出更优的位移分布。牛肝组织质地柔软、纤维稀疏,HMI的谐波运动的位移信号具有更规律的周期性,更易捕捉规律位移;而ARFI方法的瞬态位移在柔软组织中可能因扩散范围扩大导致误差有所增加。Mann−Whitney检验结果显示,2种方法在离体猪里脊(P = 0.492)和牛肝组织(P = 0.341)中的定位误差差异无显著差异,且定位性能均优于传统几何焦点定位方法。由于ARFI与HMI在位移分布形态上的差异,使得在相同阈值条件下其位移高响应区的显示范围可能存在差别。基于此,本研究主要以位移峰值位置作为焦点判定依据,未将显示区域面积作为主要评价指标。
除组织物理特性外,声辐射力激励功率的选择也是影响焦点定位稳定性的关键因素,2种方法对功率的需求规律在离体与活体组织中表现出一致性,同时表现了各方法的优势。对于ARFI方法,在离体和活体实验中均需使用高功率以保证其定位稳定性。由于ARFI使用低功率激励时可能出现焦点区域组织位移幅度不足的情况,此时算法难以捕捉有效位移信号,导致定位失败,而使用高功率激励可以有效避免该问题。而HMI方法在离体和活体实验中均表明其在低功率情况下具有较好的稳定性,高功率激励会使采集的RF信号中引入更强的干扰,干扰信号叠加在有效位移信号上,即使经滤波处理,残余噪声仍可能降低位移估计的准确性[27];而选择低至中功率区间(10~30 W)的激励可在保留位移信号的同时有效滤除干扰信号,以保证定位成功。而在活体实验中,HMI方法可以在各功率条件下保持较好的定位效果,这得益于谐波运动对活体生理干扰的抗干扰能力更强,无需依赖高功率即可稳定捕捉位移信号。
安全性与精准性是HIFU术前定位技术的核心评价指标,本研究结果对此进行了充分验证。离体猪里脊(图4(k))、牛肝(图5(k))及活体兔腿(图7(k))组织定位后B超图像显示,所有焦点定位实验后的B超图像均未观察到组织损伤情况,证实ARFI与HMI在术前定位过程中未对组织造成额外损伤,为临床应用的安全性提供了直接实验支撑。同时,图4(l)、5(l)、7(l)显示后续进行的HIFU消融实验中,HIFU消融损伤灶位置与2种方法定位焦点位置的误差多数在1 mm左右,均小于2 mm。此外,机械指数(mechanical index,MI)测量结果显示,在本研究所采用的参数范围内,MI值随输出功率线性增加,且未观察到明显空化或组织机械损伤现象,证明实验参数范围内空化风险可控。上述结果综合证明,在合理选定的声功率参数范围内,ARFI与HMI均可实现高精度定位,可同时兼顾安全性与精准性要求。
本研究通过离体组织(猪里脊、牛肝)与活体(兔腿)实验,系统对比了ARFI与HMI 2种动态声辐射力成像技术的HIFU焦点定位性能。实验结果表明,尽管组织特性对ARFI和HMI方法定位效果有一定影响,但定位精度均显著优于传统几何焦点定位方法:传统几何焦点定位方法定位焦点误差大部分为3~4 mm,而ARFI和HMI方法定位误差可稳定控制在1 mm左右。同时,2种定位方法的功率需求规律在离体和活体实验中具有一致性:ARFI需依赖较高功率保证稳定定位,HMI在较低功率条件下即可实现稳定定位,具有潜在的安全优势。本研究为HIFU术前焦点定位的方法选择与参数优化提供了实验依据,有助于提升HIFU治疗的精准性与安全性。
  • 国家重大科研仪器研制项目(82427901)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(12304508)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(市教委)项目(2022NSCQ−LZX0028)
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2026年第44卷第12期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00092
  • 接收时间:2025-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-07-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-15
  • 修回日期:2026-03-02
基金
国家重大科研仪器研制项目(82427901)
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(12304508)
重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(市教委)项目(2022NSCQ−LZX0028)
作者信息
    重庆医科大学超声医学工程国家重点实验室,重庆 400016

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周小伟(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为医学超声成像信号与图像处理、超声影像算法开发、多模态影像监控及智能精准治疗,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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