Article(id=1259534374366732645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763481600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-19, revisedDate=1768492800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778225995866, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1777305600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778225995866, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778225995866, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778225995866, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259534365424476487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777305600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778225993734, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1779872078796, updator='15210826404', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=106, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259534375566303599, articleId=1259534374366732645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research on the direct oxidation of methane to methanol catalyzed by CuRu bimetallic−modified ZSM−5, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Methane, as a low−carbon and clean energy source, plays a crucial role in ensuring energy security and advancing the realization of the "dual carbon" objectives. The direct catalytic conversion of methane to methanol under mild conditions has emerged as a key research focus in the field of energy catalysis. However, conventional single−metal catalysts often face challenges such as inefficient activation of the methane C—H bond and limited methanol yield. In this work, a Cu—Ru bimetallic modified H−ZSM−5 catalyst was synthesized via an ion exchange method. The influence of metal loading amount, loading sequence, and reaction parameters on catalytic performance was systematically evaluated. Results demonstrate that the co−loaded 1Cu/0.05Ru–ZSM−5 catalyst exhibits optimal activity, achieving a methanol yield of 38633.95 μmol·gcat−1·h−1 at 70 °C within 30 minutes using 0.75 mol·L−1 H2O2、3 MPa CH4, outperforming analogous single−metal catalysts. Characterization analyses reveal that Cu and Ru species are highly dispersed on the zeolite support, with electronic interactions between the two metals enhancing the adsorption and activation of methane molecules, thus contributing to improved catalytic efficiency. This research provides valuable theoretical perspectives for the rational design and development of bimetallic zeolite catalysts, which can facilitate efficient methane conversion under mild reaction conditions.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shengxin AN, Na KONG, Shuaibo ZHAO, Jie ZHOU, Yong LI, Kang XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259534388254073328, articleId=1259534374366732645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=CuRu双金属改性ZSM−5催化甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甲烷作为低碳清洁能源,其高效利用对保障能源安全、助力“双碳”目标实现意义重大。温和条件下甲烷直接转化制甲醇是能源催化领域的研究热点,然而,单金属催化剂存在对甲烷的 C—H键活化难、甲醇产率低等问题。通过离子交换法制备了CuRu双金属改性H−ZSM−5催化剂,系统探究了金属负载量、负载顺序,以及反应条件对甲烷制甲醇性能的影响。结果表明,同时负载的1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂性能最优,在70℃、反应30 min、0.75 mol·L−1 H2O2、3 MPa CH4条件下甲醇收率可达38633.95 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,优于同类单金属催化剂。表征结果显示,Cu、Ru在载体上高度分散,通过电子协同作用增强了催化剂对甲烷分子的吸附与活化能力,从而提升了催化性能,为温和条件下甲烷高效转化的双金属沸石催化剂设计开发提供了理论支撑。

, authors=

安胜欣,副教授,研究方向为低浓度甲烷制备液体燃料,电子信箱:

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SamplesCu/%Ru/%
H−ZSM−5
1Cu−ZSM−50.57
1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−50.640.002
1Cu/0.1Ru−ZSM−50.620.004
1Cu/0.5Ru−ZSM−50.330.042
), ArticleFig(id=1259534410769097418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374366732645, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1Cu/yRu−ZSM−5系列催化剂实际金属负载量

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SamplesCu/%Ru/%
H−ZSM−5
1Cu−ZSM−50.57
1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−50.640.002
1Cu/0.1Ru−ZSM−50.620.004
1Cu/0.5Ru−ZSM−50.330.042
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CuRu双金属改性ZSM−5催化甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究
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安胜欣 1, 2, 3 , 孔娜 1 , 赵帅博 1 , 周杰 4 , 李勇 1 , 徐康 1
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(8): 106-114
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (8) : 106 -114
CuRu双金属改性ZSM−5催化甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究
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安胜欣1, 2, 3 , 孔娜1, 赵帅博1, 周杰4, 李勇1, 徐康1
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学化工与爆破学院,淮南 232001
  • 2合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院,合肥 230001
  • 3深部煤炭安全开采与环境保护全国重点实验室,淮南 232001
  • 4安徽理工大学安全工程学院,淮南 232001
Research on the direct oxidation of methane to methanol catalyzed by CuRu bimetallic−modified ZSM−5
Shengxin AN1, 2, 3 , Na KONG1, Shuaibo ZHAO1, Jie ZHOU4, Yong LI1, Kang XU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chemical Blasting and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230001, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Safety Mining and Environmental Protection, Huainan 232001, China
  • 4School of Safety Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2026-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00065
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甲烷作为低碳清洁能源,其高效利用对保障能源安全、助力“双碳”目标实现意义重大。温和条件下甲烷直接转化制甲醇是能源催化领域的研究热点,然而,单金属催化剂存在对甲烷的 C—H键活化难、甲醇产率低等问题。通过离子交换法制备了CuRu双金属改性H−ZSM−5催化剂,系统探究了金属负载量、负载顺序,以及反应条件对甲烷制甲醇性能的影响。结果表明,同时负载的1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂性能最优,在70℃、反应30 min、0.75 mol·L−1 H2O2、3 MPa CH4条件下甲醇收率可达38633.95 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,优于同类单金属催化剂。表征结果显示,Cu、Ru在载体上高度分散,通过电子协同作用增强了催化剂对甲烷分子的吸附与活化能力,从而提升了催化性能,为温和条件下甲烷高效转化的双金属沸石催化剂设计开发提供了理论支撑。

甲烷  /  直接氧化  /  甲醇  /  双金属催化剂  /  协同催化

Methane, as a low−carbon and clean energy source, plays a crucial role in ensuring energy security and advancing the realization of the "dual carbon" objectives. The direct catalytic conversion of methane to methanol under mild conditions has emerged as a key research focus in the field of energy catalysis. However, conventional single−metal catalysts often face challenges such as inefficient activation of the methane C—H bond and limited methanol yield. In this work, a Cu—Ru bimetallic modified H−ZSM−5 catalyst was synthesized via an ion exchange method. The influence of metal loading amount, loading sequence, and reaction parameters on catalytic performance was systematically evaluated. Results demonstrate that the co−loaded 1Cu/0.05Ru–ZSM−5 catalyst exhibits optimal activity, achieving a methanol yield of 38633.95 μmol·gcat−1·h−1 at 70 °C within 30 minutes using 0.75 mol·L−1 H2O2、3 MPa CH4, outperforming analogous single−metal catalysts. Characterization analyses reveal that Cu and Ru species are highly dispersed on the zeolite support, with electronic interactions between the two metals enhancing the adsorption and activation of methane molecules, thus contributing to improved catalytic efficiency. This research provides valuable theoretical perspectives for the rational design and development of bimetallic zeolite catalysts, which can facilitate efficient methane conversion under mild reaction conditions.

methane  /  direct oxidation  /  methanol  /  bimetallic catalyst  /  synergistic catalysis
安胜欣, 孔娜, 赵帅博, 周杰, 李勇, 徐康. CuRu双金属改性ZSM−5催化甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (8) : 106 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00065
Shengxin AN, Na KONG, Shuaibo ZHAO, Jie ZHOU, Yong LI, Kang XU. Research on the direct oxidation of methane to methanol catalyzed by CuRu bimetallic−modified ZSM−5[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (8) : 106 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00065
能源结构的清洁化转型是应对气候变化、保障能源安全的战略核心,以甲烷为主要成分的天然气与煤层气作为低碳燃料,其高效清洁利用对于“双碳”目标的实现至关重要。然而,两者面临共同挑战:传统直接燃烧方式能量利用效率低[1];主要成分甲烷因低密度、低沸点的特性,在开采、运输和存储过程中容易发生泄漏。甲烷温室效应潜能值是CO2的28倍[2],泄漏或直排既造成能源损失,又加剧生态环境的压力。因此,将甲烷直接转化为化学品,是实现其高效利用、同时控制温室气体排放的有效路径。
在众多的转化方向中,将甲烷直接氧化为甲醇引起了研究者的广泛关注。甲醇既是优质清洁燃料,也是合成烯烃、芳烃等大宗化学品的重要化工平台分子[3],但该过程存在核心科学难题:甲烷分子C—H键具有高度稳定(解离能 434 kJ·mol−1),而目标产物甲醇的化学活性更高,容易发生过度氧化[4]。传统甲烷制甲醇工艺采用间接法(经合成气路线),反应线路冗长、能耗巨大,不符合绿色化学和低碳经济的要求[5-6]。因此,开发温和条件下甲烷直接氧化制备甲醇(direct methane to methanol,DMTM)技术成为学术和工业界共同追求的目标。
受自然界甲烷转化为甲醇生物酶催化体系的启发,以沸石(ZSM−5、MOR、SBA)为载体的Cu催化剂引起了广泛的关注。Tang等[7]制备了原子级分散的Cu1/ZSM−5催化剂,70℃、反应30 min的条件下C1含氧化合物产率达12000 μmol·gcat−1·h−1。Jin等[8]开发了一种CuxOy和Cu—OH共存的Cu−ZSM−5催化剂,70℃、反应30 min时甲醇收率为15975.73 μmol·gcat−1·h−1。然而,单一Cu活性中心的催化性能不尽如人意,甲醇产率存在明显瓶颈。引入第二金属构建双活性中心、通过电子效应调变 Cu 位点性质,是公认有效的策略。相关研究表明,在Cu基沸石催化剂中引入过渡金属Co、Ce、Zn等构建双金属催化体系,在一定程度上提升了甲醇收率[9]。相比较于过渡金属,贵金属对于C—H活化能力更为优异。在Pd、Pt、Rh等常规贵金属中,Ru凭借其对C—H键独特的活化能力以及成本优势脱颖而出[10]。Xie等[11]将Ru引入Cu−ex−MOR催化剂,气相体系甲醇收率提升至157.36 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,Bai等[10]制备了Ru0.85Cu0.15NLs/SiO2−300催化剂,50℃液相反应体系中含氧化物的产量为3241.6 μmol·gcat−1·h−1。虽然CuRu双金属催化剂体系可行,但CuRu双金属改性沸石催化剂对于液相体系甲烷制甲醇的研究较少,对于两者如何通过协同作用提升甲烷吸附与活化能力,以及具体的反应路径,尚缺乏系统深入的研究。
本研究以H−ZSM−5为载体,采用离子交换同时负载策略,制备Cu/Ru−ZSM−5双金属催化剂,研究液相体系中催化甲烷制甲醇的性能,结合X射线衍射(X−ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描透射电子显微镜(scanning transmission electron microscopy,STEM)、X射线光电子能谱(X−ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)、甲烷程序升温脱附(methane temperature-programmed desorption,CH4−TPD)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy,ICP−OES)和电子顺磁共振(electron paramagnetic resonance,EPR)等表征手段,揭示Cu、Ru协同效应,提出合理的反应路径,为高效甲烷转化双金属催化剂的设计提供理论支撑与实验指导。
H−ZSM−5(Si/Al=27),天津南化催化剂有限公司;三水硝酸铜(分析纯)、三氯化钌(钌含量20 质量分数)、甲醇(分析纯,99.5%)、过氧化氢(AR≥30 质量分数),上海阿拉丁试剂公司。
气相色谱仪(GC5190 Plus),安徽色谱仪器有限公司;MSI智能型机械搅拌反应釜(MSI100−P5−T3−SS1−SV−R),安徽科幂仪器有限公司;X射线衍射光谱(XRD,SmartLab SE),日本理学公司;扫描电子显微镜(SEM,TESCAN MIRA LMS),捷克TESCAN公司;透射电子显微镜(TEM,JEOL JEM−F200),日本电子株式会社;电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP−OES,Agilent 5110 OES),美国安捷伦公司;X射线光电子能谱(XPS,Thermo Scientific K−Alpha光谱仪),美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;CH4−程序升温脱附(CH4−TPD,Microtrac BELCat Ⅱ化学吸附分析仪),日本Microtrac MRB公司。
为消除吸附水、有机模板剂以及分子筛孔内残留杂质,取适量的H−ZSM−5分子筛放入马弗炉中,500℃空气气氛下煅烧4 h。冷却后放入玻璃干燥皿中备用。
采用离子交换法制备,催化剂制备流程如图1所示:先将2 g预处理后的H−ZSM−5分散到100 mL去离子水中制成悬浊液;取适量Cu(NO32·3H2O溶于20 mL去离子水得到金属前驱体的水溶液(pH值约为3.0~4.0),用蠕动泵以0.5 mL·min−1的速率将其滴入悬浊液中,搅拌老化过夜,抽滤,用去离子水洗涤至中性,60℃干燥4 h,空气气氛下500℃煅烧4 h,制得催化剂Cu−ZSM−5。Ru−ZSM−5制备仅替换金属前驱体溶液为三氯化钌水溶液。双金属Cu/Ru−ZSM−5制备除了前驱体溶液制备不同以外,其他步骤与Cu−ZSM−5制备步骤相同,在Cu/Ru−ZSM−5催化剂的制备中,同时负载组将Cu(NO32·3H2O与RuCl3混合制备前驱体溶液,分步负载组进行2次离子交换过程。
催化剂性能评估流程如图2所示。甲烷催化氧化制备甲醇的反应在100 mL磁力搅拌高压反应釜进行:将20 mg催化剂分散于40 mL 0.5 mol·L−1 H2O2溶液中,密封后用99.9% CH4气体吹扫3次后加压至3 MPa。将反应釜置于操作台,调节转速为800 rpm,按2℃·min−1升温至目标并维持设定时间。反应结束后,立即停止搅拌,将反应釜放置于冰水混合物中快速冷却至10℃以下。液相产物经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后,用气相色谱仪(GC−FID)测定液相中甲醇含量。
以甲醇收率作为评价催化性能的指标。采用外标法计算甲醇产率,甲醇产率的计算公式如下
$ Y=\frac{S_1\times C\times V}{S_2\times T\times M\mathrm{_{cat}}} $
式中,Y为甲醇收率(μmol·gcat−1·h−1),T为反应时间(h),Mcat为催化剂质量(g),S1为待测样品峰面积,S2为外标物峰面积,V为反应后溶液体积(L),C为外标物浓度(μmol·L−1)。
通过XRD分析催化剂晶相结构,以Cu Kα射线(λ=0.154 nm)为辐射源,2θ=5°~60°范围扫描样品,工作电压40 kV、电流40 mA,扫描速度2°/min、步长0.02°;通过SEM、TEM分析催化剂形貌及活性分散情况,观察前将样品分散在乙醇中超声30 min,取少量分散液滴加于微栅钼网完成制备;采用ICP− OES测定催化剂活性组分实际负载量;以Al − Kα(1486.6 eV)辐射为激发光源进行XPS分析,数据在Avantage软件处理;Microtrac BELCat Ⅱ化学吸附分析仪进行CH4−TPD分析;EPR检测甲烷直接氧化制甲醇反应溶液中的自由基,以5,5’−二甲基−1−吡咯啉−N−氧化物(DMPO)为捕获剂。
利用SEM对载体负载前后形貌进行分析,结果见图3图3(a)~(c)、图3(d)~(f)分别为负载前、后催化剂在不同放大倍数下SEM图。由图可知,负载后的1Cu−ZSM−5催化剂仍保持着H−ZSM−5载体规整的六面体结构,负载前后表观形貌未发生明显变化。此外,在载体表面未发现明显Cu颗粒或团簇,说明Cu物种均匀分散在催化剂表面。
采用高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜(HAADF−STEM)对双金属1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂微观结构及金属分布状态进行分析,结果如图4。Cu与Ru元素在ZSM−5载体上分布均匀,未观察到明显的金属团聚或者颗粒,且图4(c)显示ZSM−5载体晶格结构完整,未检测到CuO或RuO2的晶格条纹,进一步证实金属物种以高度分散形式存在。
采用X射线衍射对1Cu−ZSM−5、0.05Ru−ZSM−5和1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5 3种催化剂以及载体H−ZSM−5晶体结构进行表征,结果如图5。3种催化剂的衍射峰位置与载体H−ZSM−5基本一致,说明金属的引入未对载体晶型结构造成明显影响。此外,XRD图谱显示未检测到CuO和RuO2的衍射峰,可归因于金属物种在催化剂表面以高度分散形式存在,结晶度低,这与STEM检测的结果一致。
采用ICP−OES对1Cu/xRu−ZSM−5系列催化剂金属实际负载量进行检测分析,x为前驱体溶液中Ru元素占载体H−ZSM−5质量百分比,H−ZSM−5和1Cu−ZSM−5作对照,结果见表1。所有催化剂的Cu实际负载量均低于理论负载量(0.66 质量分数),1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5、1Cu/0.1Ru−ZSM−5、1Cu−ZSM−5实际负载量与理论值的偏差,属于可接受的偏差范围。较高的负载量可能会形成较多Cu—Ru键或Cu—O—Ru键,从而有利于甲烷C—H键活化提高其催化性能,这与性能测试实验结果一致。在1Cu/0.5Ru−ZSM−5中Cu负载量为0.33%,说明当Ru含量增加到一定量时,部分Cu的活性位点被占用,从而影响催化性能,性能测试中证实1Cu/0.5Ru−ZSM−5催化剂上甲醇产率明显降低。
通过XPS分析1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5中Cu、Ru物种的电子结构并探究其构效关系,结果见图6
图6(a)、(b)可知,Cu 2p3/2谱区中,在932.0、933.2 eV有2个特征峰,分别对应于Cu2O和CuO 2类铜物种[9,12],其中,CuO 占比80.92%,Cu2O占比19.08%,表明1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂上Cu主要以Cu2+(CuO)形式存在,Cu2+是甲烷活化与甲醇生成的主要活性位点[13]图6(c)中Ru 3p谱区中在463.2 eV呈现特征峰,对应于正价态Ruδ+(0<δ<4)物种[14],Ru作为典型的氧化还原金属,Ruδ+能够通过提供电子或促进电子回馈,增强Cu位点的氧化还原活性。结合性能测试结果,可合理地推测Cu与Ru共同负载时,铜−钌间的协同作用有助于增强催化剂对甲烷C—H键的活化能力,进一步促进甲醇生成[10]
催化剂对甲烷的吸附行为影响到其催化性能,探究了甲烷在H−ZSM−5、1Cu−ZSM−5、1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5 3种催化剂对甲烷的吸附行为,结果见图7。H−ZSM−5载体几乎没有解析峰,0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂的解析峰比较尖锐,1Cu−ZSM−5和1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂的解析峰比较平缓,说明在液相体系中,H−ZSM−5载体对甲烷几乎不吸附,Cu、Ru元素存在增强了甲烷在催化剂上的吸附行为。与1Cu−ZSM−5相比,1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5表现出更大的甲烷解析峰面积,而甲烷吸附强度没有明显变化,说明金属Ru的引入增强了甲烷的吸附量,进而提升催化性能。Ru/ZSM−5 解析峰面积大、脱附温度低,说明其对甲烷吸附容量高但吸附强度弱,导致甲烷与催化剂活性位点无法充分接触并发生C—H键活化。性能测试结果证实1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂的甲醇收率明显高于1Cu−ZSM−5和0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂,说明Cu—Ru协同作用通过促进甲烷吸附量,提高了催化性能。
通过调控Cu前体盐用量制备了系列Cu−ZSM−5催化剂,当Cu(NO32·3H2O用量为0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2 g时,所得催化剂分别命名为0.2Cu−ZSM−5、1Cu−ZSM−5、2Cu−ZSM−5、4Cu−ZSM−5。取上述催化剂20 mg,分散于40 mL 0.5 mol·L H2O2溶液中,在70℃下反应30 min,测试对甲烷的催化性能,结果见图8(a)。由图8(a)可知,未负载金属的H−ZSM−5甲醇收率为2867.25 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,随着Cu前驱体用量的增加,甲醇收率先增加后降低,1Cu−ZSM−5中甲醇收率为30111.89 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,在2Cu−ZSM−5时甲醇收率最大,但与1Cu−ZSM−5相比,前驱体用量增加的一倍情况下,催化性能仅提升0.97%,故优选0.05 g作为Cu前驱体用量,所对应催化剂1Cu−ZSM−5中Cu理论负载量(质量分数)为0.66%,ICP测试实际负载量为0.57%。
引入Ru制备系列1Cu/xRu−ZSM−5催化剂,其中x为前驱体溶液中Ru元素占载体H−ZSM−5质量百分比,分别为0.01%、0.05%、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%,所制得催化剂分别命名为1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5、1Cu/0.1Ru−ZSM−5、1Cu/0.3Ru−ZSM−5、1Cu/0.5Ru−ZSM−5。取上述催化剂20 mg,分散于40 mL 0.5 mol·L H2O2溶液中,70℃反应30 min,测试其对甲烷的催化性能,结果见图8(b)。由图8(b)可知,随着Ru用量的增加,甲醇的收率先增加后降低,在1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5中甲醇收率达到最高35937.35 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,与1Cu−ZSM−5 相比提升约20%,结合CH4−TPD、XPS测试结果,可知双金属催化剂中Cu是主要的活性中心,Ru通过增强催化剂对甲烷吸附能力以及电子供给效应优化Cu2+的氧化还原性能,提升其催化性能。在Cu/ZSM−5和Cu/Ru−ZSM−5催化体系中,Cu与Ru均存在最优负载量。对于Cu/ZSM−5体系,较低的Cu负载有利于Cu+在ZSM−5分子筛骨架上高度分散,从而形成高活性物种;而过量Cu则易发生团聚,不仅堵塞分子筛孔道,还会引发甲烷的过度氧化,导致目标产物甲醇选择性下降[1516]。对于在Cu/Ru−ZSM−5双金属体系中,Ru过量亦带来双重不利效应:一方面,ICP−OES定量分析证实,Ru含量升高会抑制Cu的有效负载, 从而导致表面可参与C−H键活化的铜活性位点下降;另一方面,会促进H2O2非选择性分解,加剧甲烷及中间产物的深度氧化,最终导致甲醇收率明显下降[10]
1) 金属负载顺序对催化性能的影响。由于ZSM−5载体锚定金属容量有限,受到空间位阻和电荷效应的影响,金属离子交换先后顺序会影响其催化剂性能,按照1.2.2小节方法制备了3种不同的催化剂,先Cu后Ru记作0.05Ru−1Cu−ZSM−5、先Ru后Cu记作1Cu−0.05Ru−ZSM−5−1、同时负载Cu和Ru为1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂,按1.3小节方法进行性能测试,结果见图9。由图9可知,与分步改性的0.05Ru−1Cu−ZSM−5和1Cu−0.05Ru−ZSM−5−1催化剂相比,同时负载的1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂甲醇收率最高,达35936.35 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,相较于分步负载催化剂,双金属同时负载更有利于双金属d轨道重叠,形成更多的Cu−Ru协同位点,增强电子相互作用。同时负载1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5作为后续工艺优化催化剂。
2) 反应温度、时间对催化性能的影响。在其他参数不变的条件下(20 mg 1Cu−0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化剂、3 MPa CH4、40 mL 0.5 mol·L−1 H2O2溶液,反应时间0.5 h),考察了不同反应温度50、70、90、110℃ 1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5对甲烷催化制甲醇性能的影响,结果见图10(a)。可以看出,当温度从50℃升至70℃时,CH3OH产率从13556.63 μmol·gcat−1·h−1快速提升至35936.35 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,提升幅度高达165%。随着反应温度进一步提高,甲醇产率下降。在110℃时,甲醇产率为12819.28 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,仅为最高产率的35.67%。产率降低是由于甲醇在高温条件下被进一步氧化成二氧化碳或其他副产物[8],优选70℃为最适反应温度。在其他参数不变的条件下(20 mg催化剂、3 MPa CH4、40 mL 0.5 mol·L−1 H2O2溶液,反应温度70℃),研究了不同反应时间15、30、45、60、90 min下1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5对甲烷催化制备甲醇性能的影响,结果如图10(b)所示。随着反应时间的延长,催化性能先提高后降低,在反应时间为15 min时,甲醇产率达到25768.67 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,在30 min时达到最高35936.35 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,随着反应时间进一步延长,甲醇收率持续下降,这一现象归因于反应过程中副反应加剧。由于反应体系中H2O2为过量存在[17],随着反应的进行,催化剂活性位点不断与H2O2作用,生成大量的羟基自由基(·OH)。在反应初期,·OH与·CH3反应生成甲醇,反应路径以甲醇的生成为主。然而,随着反应时间延长,·OH浓度逐渐升高,过量·OH可进一步氧化液相中甲醇,生成甲醛(HCHO)、甲酸(HCOOH)等副产物,或完全氧化生成CO2,引起甲醇收率下降。因此,选用30 min作为最适反应时间。
3) H2O2浓度对催化性能的影响。在其他参数不变的条件下(20 mg 1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5 催化剂、3 MPa CH4、反应时间30 min),考察了反应体系中H2O2浓度对甲烷催化制甲醇性能的影响,结果见图11。如图11(a)所示,随着H2O2浓度的增加,甲醇产率也随之提高,反应体系中H2O2用量与甲醇产率之间展示出明显的正向关系,表明H2O2在甲烷氧化反应中的重要作用,直接影响甲烷活化和甲醇产率。EPR结果(图11(b))显示,在甲烷直接氧化制甲醇反应过程中,H2O2能够在催化剂作用下分解生成·OH和·OOH,·OH为主,·OH使甲烷C—H键更容易被活化,但·OH过量易引起甲醇进一步氧化引起副反应的发生[15],在0.75 mol·L−1甲醇收率最优为38633.95 μmol·gcat−1·h−1
基于催化性能测试数据,并结合表征结果,提出1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5催化甲烷直接氧化制甲醇合理反应机理如下:H2O2在1Cu/0.05Ru−ZSM−5协同位点分解为·OH和·OOH,以·OH为主(EPR证实),同时甲烷吸附在铜活性位点(XPS结果证实),Ru增强了其吸附能力(CH4−TPD证实甲烷吸附量提升),两者系协同促进C—H键极化,生成吸附态的*CH4物种,吸附态*CH4物种在·OH的攻击下C—H键断裂生成·CH3,·CH3与·OH的结合生成CH3OH(图12)。
1) 采用离子交换法制备CuRu−ZSM−5催化剂,系统探究了金属负载顺序、反应温度、反应时间以及过氧化氢浓度对反应性能的影响,同时负载的最优催化剂在70℃、0.75 mol·L−1浓度的H2O2、3 MPa CH4条件下反应30 min,甲醇收率达38633.95 μmol·gcat−1·h−1,实现了温和条件下的高效转化。
2) 表征结果证实,Cu、Ru高度分散于ZSM−5载体,Cu2+与Ruδ+通过电子转移效应增强甲烷吸附与C−H活化能力,进而提升催化性能。
3) 提出了CuRu−ZSM−5催化甲烷直接氧化制甲醇的机理:H2O2在催化剂作用下分解生成·OH,甲烷在Cu−Ru位点被活化形成吸附态*CH4,在·OH攻击下形成·CH3,·CH3与·OH结合生成甲醇。
4) 为温和条件下甲烷高效转化提供了新型双金属催化剂设计思路,未来可进一步优化金属配比与载体结构,提升催化剂稳定性与工业适用性。
  • 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院项目(21KZS219)
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2026年第44卷第8期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00065
  • 接收时间:2025-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-19
  • 修回日期:2026-01-16
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合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院项目(21KZS219)
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    1安徽理工大学化工与爆破学院,淮南 232001
    2合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院,合肥 230001
    3深部煤炭安全开采与环境保护全国重点实验室,淮南 232001
    4安徽理工大学安全工程学院,淮南 232001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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