Article(id=1251559136136217305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763395200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-18, revisedDate=1766419200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776324550898, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1774627200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776324550898, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776324550898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776324550898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251559134307500754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774627200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776324550463, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776332259412, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251559136543064804, articleId=1251559136136217305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Cu−porphyrin−based covalent organic framework for high−energy−density and high−rate lithium−ion battery cathodes, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), featuring designable topological structures and tunable pore architectures, have shown promising potential as cathode materials for high−performance lithium−ion batteries (LIBs). However, the energy density and cycling stability of COFs−based cathodes remain difficult to further improve due to their single type of redox−active centers (n−type or p−type) and intrinsically low electrical conductivity. To address these limitations, a highly conjugated copper porphyrin−based covalent organic framework with bipolar redox−active centers (TBP−COF−Cu) was constructed. The incorporation of Cu2+ ions into the porphyrin units significantly enhances the electronic transport capability of the framework, improves the utilization efficiency of active sites, and effectively promotes lithium−ion diffusion kinetics. When employed as a LIB cathode, TBP−COF−Cu delivers a high specific discharge capacity of 288 mA·h/g at 0.1 A/g, corresponding to an energy density of 639 W·h/kg. Even at a high current density of 5 A/g, a capacity of 81 mA·h/g is retained. After 5000 charge–discharge cycles, the capacity decay rate is as low as 0.0038%, with a capacity retention of 81%. In addition, TBP−COF−Cu exhibits fast ion transport behavior, with a lithium−ion diffusion coefficient of 8.02×10−10 cm2/s. This work provides an effective strategy for designing organic LIB cathode materials that simultaneously achieve high energy density and high−rate performance.

, authors=null, authorsList=Feng TIAN, Zihao ZHANG, Yaozu LIAO, Nan MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251559138711520046, articleId=1251559136136217305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=铜卟啉基共价有机框架用于高能量密度与高倍率锂离子电池正极, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)因其可设计的拓扑结构与可调控孔道特性,在高性能锂离子电池(LIB)正极材料领域展现出重要应用潜力。然而,传统COFs正极普遍受限于单一活性中心(n型或p型)及固有导电性不足,导致能量密度和循环稳定性难以兼顾。针对上述问题,构筑了一种具有双极性活性中心的高共轭铜卟啉共价有机框架(TBP−COF−Cu)。卟啉中心的Cu2+引入显著增强了框架的电子传输能力,提高了活性位点的利用效率,并有效促进了锂离子的扩散动力学。作为LIB正极材料,TBP−COF−Cu在0.1 A/g电流密度下实现了288 mA·h/g的比放电容量,对应的能量密度为639 W·h/kg;在5 A/g的高电流密度下,仍可保持81 mA·h/g的容量,经过5000次循环后,其容量衰减率仅为每次循环0.0038%,容量保持率达到81%。此外,TBP−COF−Cu表现出较快的离子传输特性,其锂离子扩散系数为8.02×10−10 cm2/s。本研究为构筑兼具高能量密度和高倍率性能的有机锂离子电池正极材料提供了一种有效策略。

, authors=

田锋,硕士研究生,研究方向为锂电池正极材料,电子信箱:

, authorsList=田锋, 张自豪, 廖耀祖, 孟楠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟楠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孟楠(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为电功能高分子材料,电子信箱:
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(a) COFs材料合成示意图;(b)(c) TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的PXRD精修结果;(d) FT−IR光谱;(e) TBP−COF的NMR图谱;

(f)(g)TBP−COF−Cu的N 1s、Cu 2p非原位XPS光谱

, figureFileSmall=DasA9Jr06c2pDxZFgPKzvQ==, figureFileBig=kcxEaWcE0Fy8McwV2pMunA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251567860762492935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559136136217305, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=seKzl02qYZI+76IBsL+5XA==, figureFileBig=YgMCtiFOEEP/8qJr8vRyNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251567860858961929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559136136217305, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TBP−COF与TBP−COF−Cu的比表面积、孔径分布以及微观形貌

(a) 氮气吸脱附曲线;(b) 孔径分布;(c)、(d) TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的SEM形貌

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(a)TBP−COF (b)TBP−COF−Cu

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(a)TBP−COF (b)TBP−COF−Cu

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铜卟啉基共价有机框架用于高能量密度与高倍率锂离子电池正极
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田锋 , 张自豪 , 廖耀祖 , 孟楠 *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(6): 83-93
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (6) : 83 -93
铜卟啉基共价有机框架用于高能量密度与高倍率锂离子电池正极
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田锋,硕士研究生,研究方向为锂电池正极材料,电子信箱:

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田锋,硕士研究生,研究方向为锂电池正极材料,电子信箱:

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田锋 , 张自豪, 廖耀祖, 孟楠*
作者信息
  • 东华大学材料科学与工程学院,先进纤维材料国家重点实验室,上海 201620
通讯作者:
孟楠(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为电功能高分子材料,电子信箱:
Cu−porphyrin−based covalent organic framework for high−energy−density and high−rate lithium−ion battery cathodes
Feng TIAN , Zihao ZHANG, Yaozu LIAO, Nan MENG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
出版时间: 2026-03-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00057
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共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)因其可设计的拓扑结构与可调控孔道特性,在高性能锂离子电池(LIB)正极材料领域展现出重要应用潜力。然而,传统COFs正极普遍受限于单一活性中心(n型或p型)及固有导电性不足,导致能量密度和循环稳定性难以兼顾。针对上述问题,构筑了一种具有双极性活性中心的高共轭铜卟啉共价有机框架(TBP−COF−Cu)。卟啉中心的Cu2+引入显著增强了框架的电子传输能力,提高了活性位点的利用效率,并有效促进了锂离子的扩散动力学。作为LIB正极材料,TBP−COF−Cu在0.1 A/g电流密度下实现了288 mA·h/g的比放电容量,对应的能量密度为639 W·h/kg;在5 A/g的高电流密度下,仍可保持81 mA·h/g的容量,经过5000次循环后,其容量衰减率仅为每次循环0.0038%,容量保持率达到81%。此外,TBP−COF−Cu表现出较快的离子传输特性,其锂离子扩散系数为8.02×10−10 cm2/s。本研究为构筑兼具高能量密度和高倍率性能的有机锂离子电池正极材料提供了一种有效策略。

锂离子电池  /  正极材料  /  共价有机框架  /  卟啉  /  导电性

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), featuring designable topological structures and tunable pore architectures, have shown promising potential as cathode materials for high−performance lithium−ion batteries (LIBs). However, the energy density and cycling stability of COFs−based cathodes remain difficult to further improve due to their single type of redox−active centers (n−type or p−type) and intrinsically low electrical conductivity. To address these limitations, a highly conjugated copper porphyrin−based covalent organic framework with bipolar redox−active centers (TBP−COF−Cu) was constructed. The incorporation of Cu2+ ions into the porphyrin units significantly enhances the electronic transport capability of the framework, improves the utilization efficiency of active sites, and effectively promotes lithium−ion diffusion kinetics. When employed as a LIB cathode, TBP−COF−Cu delivers a high specific discharge capacity of 288 mA·h/g at 0.1 A/g, corresponding to an energy density of 639 W·h/kg. Even at a high current density of 5 A/g, a capacity of 81 mA·h/g is retained. After 5000 charge–discharge cycles, the capacity decay rate is as low as 0.0038%, with a capacity retention of 81%. In addition, TBP−COF−Cu exhibits fast ion transport behavior, with a lithium−ion diffusion coefficient of 8.02×10−10 cm2/s. This work provides an effective strategy for designing organic LIB cathode materials that simultaneously achieve high energy density and high−rate performance.

lithium−ion battery  /  cathode materials  /  covalent organic framework  /  porphyrin  /  conductivity
田锋, 张自豪, 廖耀祖, 孟楠. 铜卟啉基共价有机框架用于高能量密度与高倍率锂离子电池正极. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (6) : 83 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00057
Feng TIAN, Zihao ZHANG, Yaozu LIAO, Nan MENG. Cu−porphyrin−based covalent organic framework for high−energy−density and high−rate lithium−ion battery cathodes[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (6) : 83 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00057
近年来,在国家储能政策的推动和市场需求的双重驱动下,对高能量密度、长循环寿命及可持续性的储能器件提出了更高要求。锂离子电池凭借其高工作电压、高比容量及成熟的产业基础,已成为当前最具代表性的电化学储能技术[12]。然而,现阶段广泛应用的正极材料(如磷酸铁锂、锰酸锂及镍钴锰三元氧化物等)主要依赖不可再生矿产资源,且在结构可设计性和环境友好性方面存在一定局限,制约了其长期可持续发展[34]。因此,从分子与结构层面设计可持续性生产的新型正极材料,已成为实现可持续锂离子电池的重要研究方向。
有机电极材料具有可持续合成和分子结构可精准调控等优势,可通过分子设计灵活调节其氧化还原行为和电子转移动力学,被认为是下一代锂离子电池正极材料的重要候选体系。在众多有机电极材料中,卟啉类化合物因其高度共轭的π电子结构和多电子可逆氧化还原特性而受到广泛关注。其刚性平面构型不仅赋予分子良好的化学稳定性,也有利于分子间有序堆叠和电荷离域传输,为构筑高能量密度有机正极材料提供了结构基础[58]。已有研究表明,卟啉基化合物能够作为可逆的有机正极材料参与锂离子存储过程,其金属配位特性及外围结构的可调控性为进一步优化电子结构和离子存储行为提供了重要设计空间[910]。然而,卟啉类材料通常以小分子或低聚态形式存在,在有机电解液中溶解性较高,易导致活性物质流失和容量快速衰减;同时,其本征电子导电性有限,在高倍率条件下难以实现高效电荷传输。此外,长循环过程中可能发生的副反应或结构重排也会进一步削弱电化学稳定性。这些因素共同限制了其实际应用潜力。因此,如何在保持卟啉分子固有电化学活性的同时,实现结构稳定化并构建高效、连续的电子传输通道,仍是卟啉基有机正极材料亟待解决的关键科学问题[11]
针对上述挑战,将卟啉单元通过共价方式固定于有序骨架中,被认为是一种极有效的解决思路。其中,共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)凭借其规则孔道结构、可设计骨架和良好的化学稳定性,为构筑稳定且高效的卟啉基有机正极材料提供了理想平台[12]。COFs是一类由有机单体通过共价键连接形成的结晶多孔聚合物,具有高比表面积、规则孔道结构和良好的化学稳定性。将卟啉单元引入COFs骨架中,不仅可有效抑制有机小分子的溶解,还可通过长程有序的π共轭网络促进电子传输,从而协同提升结构稳定性与电化学性能[1316]。此外,在COFs骨架中引入含孤对电子的杂原子或金属中心,可进一步调控材料的能带结构并引入多重氧化还原活性位点,有助于实现多电子反应与离子协同存储[1718]
值得注意的是,卟啉环中心金属离子在调控离子吸附和电子结构方面起着关键作用[19]。已有研究表明,含中心金属的卟啉结构可以显著降低能级间隙、提高电导率并增强氧化还原活性,从而更有效地吸附锂离子。例如,Zhou等[20]报道的铜卟啉共价三嗪框架在较低电流密度下展现出优异的比容量和能量密度,揭示了金属卟啉单元在PF6与Li+协同存储中的双极氧化还原机制。这些研究表明,构筑金属配位卟啉基COF是实现高性能有机正极材料的有效策略。基于上述认识,本研究设计并合成了一种铜配位卟啉基共价有机框架材料,通过扩展π共轭结构与中心金属协同调控,实现电子导电性与电化学活性的同步提升。该材料采用化学氧化聚合结合后配位的方法构筑,铜配位使卟啉中心电子分布更加均匀,并与多苯环共轭骨架协同缩窄能带、增强电子传输,同时引入额外氧化还原活性位点。电化学测试表明,该材料在0.1 A/g电流密度下表现出288 mA·h/g的初始放电比容量,在5 A/g电流密度下循环5000次后,每圈容量衰减仅为0.0038%,展现出优异的倍率性能和循环稳定性。本研究为构筑具有双极氧化还原活性和电子/离子协同传导能力的高性能有机正极材料提供了一种可行的设计思路。
5,10,15,20−四(4−氨基苯基)−21H,23H−卟啉(5,10,15,20−tetrakis(4−aminophenyl)−21h,23h−porphyrin, TAPP)、[1,1′−联苯]−4,4′−二甲醛([1,1′−Biphenyl]−4,4′−dicarboxaldehyde, BPDA)、氯化铜购自上海某公司。乙酸、邻二氯苯、正丁醇、四氢呋喃、正己烷、N,N−二甲基甲酰胺(N,N−dimethylformamide, DMF)、N−甲基吡咯烷酮(N−Methylpyrrolidone, NMP)购自上海某公司。所有试剂均直接使用,未经进一步纯化。
将TAPP(17 mg,0.025 mmol)和BPDA(15.6 mg,0.05 mmol)加入10 mL耐热玻璃管中,依次加入邻二氯苯(0.6 mL)、正丁醇(0.5 mL)和6 mol/L 醋酸(0.1 mL)。混合物经超声处理10 min以充分分散后,在77 K液氮浴中冻结,并进行3次冻–抽–释循环除气。随后,将密封的反应管置于120℃下加热反应48 h。反应结束后,通过真空过滤收集固体产物,并用四氢呋喃和正己烷充分洗涤。所得固体在100℃真空干燥12 h,得到暗红色粉末产物,记为TBP−COF。然后,将TBP−COF(80 mg,约0.08 mmol)与CuCl2(85 mg,0.4 mmol)分散于10 mL DMF中,转移至30 mL耐热玻璃管内,在120℃下搅拌反应24 h。反应结束后,产物依次用甲醇和去离子水洗涤纯化,并在100℃真空下干燥12 h,得到暗红色粉末,记为TBP−COF−Cu。
COFs的化学结构通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT−IR,Nicolet IS5, Thermo Fisher)、固态13C核磁共振(13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, 13C NMR, AVANCE 400,Bruker)、X射线衍射(D8 Advance,Bruker,Cu Kα 辐射,2θ扫描范围1.5°~30°)以及高真空(1.33322×10−7 Pa)下的X射线光电子能谱(X−ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS,ESCALAB 250Xi,Thermo Fisher,参比C 1s峰284.8 eV)进行表征。孔径分布及比表面积通过氮气吸附−脱附等温线(ASAP 2460,Micromeritics)测定,并采用非局域密度泛函理论(nonlocal density functional theory,NLDFT)计算。材料形貌通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM,SU8010,日立)和透射电子显微镜(Talos F200S,FEI)观察。电导率通过半导体测试仪(Keithley,4200A−SCS)基于电流−电压(IV)曲线测量。
电极通过将活性材料(COFs)、导电炭黑和聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比5∶3∶2在研钵中以NMP分散均匀制备而成。混合物充分研磨后涂覆于铝箔上,先在60℃烘箱干燥1 h,再在100℃真空烘箱干燥12 h。干燥后的铝箔用精密切割器切割成直径12 mm的圆片,活性物质质量负载约0.7 mg/cm2。在氩气手套箱中组装CR2032扣式半电池,以COF电极为工作电极、锂箔为对电极,电解液为1.0 mol/L LiPF6溶于碳酸乙烯酯/碳酸二乙酯(EC/DEC,体积比3∶7,80 μL),隔膜为聚丙烯。半电池的电化学性能在Neware电池测试系统中于1.2~4.5 V电压范围、不同电流密度下进行评估,进行先放电后充电的循环测试。循环伏安(cyclic voltammetry,CV)和电化学阻抗谱(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,EIS)测量则在电化学工作站(Interface 1000E,Gamry)上完成,均选择活性物质质量相同的极片进行测试。
所有计算均基于COFs代表性片段进行,以规避大体系尺寸可能引发的收敛性问题。结合能计算在B3LYP/6−31G(d,p)理论水平下采用Gaussian 16软件完成几何优化与频率分析,并引入Grimme的D3色散校正。在整个计算过程中采用基于密度的溶剂化模型,以EC/EMC(体积比3∶7)混合溶剂模拟实际电解液环境。为克服收敛限制,在相同理论水平下进行单点能计算,并采用平衡法进行基组重叠误差(BSSE)校正。最终结合能值通过式(1)计算[2123]
$ \Delta E={E}_{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}-{E}_{*}-{E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}} $
式中,$ {E}_{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}} $表示结合离子(Li+、PF6)后结构的能量,$ {E}_{*} $表示初始COF片段的能量,$ {E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}} $表示所结合离子的总能量。
以TAPP和BPDA为前驱体,在混合溶剂体系(邻二氯苯/正丁醇)中通过希夫碱反应合成初始共价有机框架材料TBP−COF。随后,通过化学聚合后配位方法制备TBP−COF−Cu(图1(a))。采用粉末X射线衍射(powder X−ray diffraction,PXRD)对材料的结晶性进行表征,TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu经过Pawley精修后的PXRD图谱与实验结果高度吻合(图1(b)、1(c)),确认其存在AA堆积结构(TBP−COF:a=b=3.01 nm,c=0.41 nm,α=β=γ=90°;TBP−COF−Cu:a=b=3.11 nm,c=0.343 nm,α=β=γ=90°)。TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的主衍射峰分别出现在3.04°和3.02°,均对应于(100)晶面,表明2种材料均具有良好结晶性。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT−IR)和固态13C交叉极化魔角旋转核磁共振(carbon−13 cross−polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance,13C CP/MAS NMR)对TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的化学结构进行研究。如图1(d)所示,FT−IR光谱中归属于卟啉单元N—H键的3323 cm−1伸缩振动峰消失,而源自BPDA单元C=O键的1695 cm−1伸缩振动峰强度显著减弱,同时在TBP−COF谱图中出现了1620 cm−1处的新峰,对应于C=N伸缩振动,证实了材料中亚胺键的成功形成[24]。此外,在TBP−COF−Cu的谱图中,1000 cm−1处出现了归属于Cu—N键的新振动峰,而970 cm−1处的N—H键振动峰同时消失,表明铜原子成功配位到卟啉环中[25]。在13C CP/MAS NMR谱中,约160×10−6处的信号峰归属于亚胺连接键中的碳原子(图1(e))。此外,通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测试得到,TBP−COF−Cu中Cu 的质量分数为(4±0.8)%,其与理论值相近(6%),这进一步表明铜的成功配位。
通过XPS进一步验证了TBP−COF−Cu中的铜配位行为。在TBP−COF的N 1s XPS谱中(图1(f)),可观察到结合能位于400.7 eV和398.3 eV的2个特征峰,分别对应卟啉环中的C—N键和C=N键。而在TBP−COF−Cu的N 1s XPS谱中,399.3 eV处出现新峰,归属于Cu—N键,进一步表明铜通过取代卟啉环N—H基团中的氢原子形成配位。此外,Cu 2p XPS谱中935.1 eV和954.9 eV处的特征峰分别对应Cu 2p3/2和Cu 2p1/2,确认铜以离子态与卟啉环发生配位(图1(g)[26]
通过77 K下氮气吸附等温线测试评估了TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的多孔结构,并对其孔特性和比表面积进行研究。BET比表面积分析表明(图2(a)),TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu比表面积分别为921 m2/g和466 m2/g。NLDFT计算结果显示(图2(b)),TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的主要孔径分布分别为2.0和2.2 nm,其多孔特性进一步验证了COF结构的形成。此外,孔径大小的变化表明铜的引入对材料孔道结构产生了影响,使其产生了一定程度的孔道拓展,这种结构变化有利于离子扩散。SEM表征显示,TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu材料呈现方形块状形态(图2(c)2(d)),形状较为规整。上述表征方式共同证实了COFs材料的成功合成。
图3所示,采用双电极法测得材料的电流−电压(IV)特性曲线,并根据式(2)计算其电子电导率σe
$ \sigma_{\mathrm{e}}=k\times L/A $
式中,L表示COFs压片的厚度,k表示IV曲线的斜率,A表示压片的横截面积。
测试结果表明,经铜配位后,TBP−COF−Cu的电导率显著提高至1.95×10−11 S/m,较配位前TBP−COF的电导率(6.13×10−16 S/m)提升了近5个数量级。该结果明确证实Cu离子的引入导致增强的共轭效应从而获得增强的电荷离域,有效改善了COF骨架的电子传导能力,有助于促进电极反应过程中的电荷快速传输,从而改善整体电化学动力学性能[2728]
将COFs材料制备成正极片组装为扣式电池,系统评估了其电化学性能。得益于材料中的双极型卟啉单元同时具备n型与p型氧化还原活性位点,这些材料作为正极时表现出较宽的工作电位窗口(1.2~4.5 V)。在0.2 mV/s扫描速率下(图4(a)4(b)),除去第一圈由于涉及锂金属表面发生的不可逆化学反应以及正极电解质界面膜形成过程导致曲线形状不一致外,后续曲线具有良好的重合性,表明系统具有较好的稳定性[29]
通过对比,TBP−COF−Cu的CV曲线积分面积达到TBP−COF的1.2倍(图5(a)),表明Cu配位有效提升了材料的电容特性[30]。TBP−COF在2.7 V/3.6 V和1.6 V/2.2 V(相对于Li+/Li)处呈现2对可逆氧化还原峰,而TBP−COF−Cu则在3.7 V/3.8 V和1.7 V/2.7 V处显示出更为明显的氧化还原对,证实其丰富的电活性中心可实现多步氧化还原反应,体现了典型的双极型电化学行为[31]。其更对称且尖锐的氧化还原峰形表明电极反应具有更佳的可逆性和结构稳定性,这得益于Cu配位提供的额外电活性位点及其促进的电子传输能力[32]。在0.1 A/g电流密度下的充放电测试表明(图5(b)),TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu均呈现典型的电压平台特征,且与CV结果相互印证。值得关注的是,TBP−COF−Cu在p型反应电压区间内展现出更宽且更平稳的充放电平台,这得益于改善的孔道结构和电子传导效率,使其具有改善的p型电化学活性[33]。倍率性能测试结果显示(图5(c)),在0.1~5 A/g电流密度范围内,TBP−COF−Cu均表现出优于TBP−COF的性能。具体而言,TBP−COF−Cu在0.1、0.5、1、2和5 A/g电流密度下的比容量分别为288、166、145、120和81 mA·h/g,显著高于TBP−COF的对应值(215、136、112、92和71 mA·h/g)。这一结果进一步证实Cu配位有效增加了材料的氧化还原活性位点数量,从而提升了对离子的吸附容量。图5(d)展示了不同电流密度下基于TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的正极电池能量密度,可见TBP−COF−Cu在各电流密度下均具有更高能量密度,特别是在0.1 A/g时达到639 W·h/kg,展现出色的能量输出特性。通过EIS分析发现(图5(e)),TBP−COF−Cu的电荷转移阻抗(Rct=11.94 Ω)明显低于TBP−COF(Rct=17.01 Ω),证实Cu配位有效促进了电极过程中的电荷传输,使离子能够更快速与框架中的活性位点发生氧化还原反应,从而提升反应动力学[33]。如图5(f)所示,在0.1 A/g小电流密度下,TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu经过50次循环后均表现出良好稳定性,但TBP−COF−Cu始终保持更高的放电比容量,进一步验证了倍率测试结果的可靠性及Cu离子对容量的贡献作用。在大电流密度(5 A/g)下的长循环测试表明(图5(g)),经过10次活化循环后,TBP−COF−Cu在5000次循环后仍保持81 mA·h/g的可逆容量,容量保持率达81%,显著优于TBP−COF的67%(65 mA·h/g),每次循环的容量衰减率仅为0.0038%。这种优异的循环稳定性得益于Cu离子引入对电子云密度的调控,使TBP−COF−Cu框架具有更优异的电荷传输能力和结构稳定性,从而在高倍率条件下保持更好的电化学性能[34]
在不同扫描速率(0.2~1.0 mV/s)下的CV测试显示,随着扫描速率增加,氧化峰向更高电位移动,而还原峰向更低电位移动(图6(a)、6(b)),确认了材料的氧化还原反应可逆性。计算了TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu正极材料的电容贡献,通过式(3)拟合得出[35]
$ \log i=b\log v+\log a $
式中,i为特定电压下的电流,A;v为循环伏安法的扫描速率,mV/s;$ a $$ b $被定义为常数。
容量贡献的类型可以通过$ b $的数值来反映。如果$ b $的数值接近0.5,则容量存储行为主要基于扩散电容。如果$ b $的数值接近1,则容量存储主要归因于赝电容。此外,容量贡献分布也通过式(4)计算得出[36]
$ i={k}_{1}v+{k}_{2}{v}^{1/2} $
式中,$ {k}_{1}、{k}_{2} $为常数,$ {k}_{1}v、{k}_{2}{v}^{1/2} $分别为赝电容和扩散电容的贡献。
TBP−COF−Cu的赝电容贡献始终高于TBP−COF(图6(c)、6(d)),表明Li+插入/提取动力学较快[3738]。计算得到的$ b $值结果表明(图6(e)6(f)),TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的离子存储主要受表面占优势的赝电容特性控制。这表明2种材料中都存在易接触和暴露的活性中心,涉及赝电容和扩散控制过程的混合电荷存储机制,有利于倍率性能和功率密度。
采用GITT法测试,并计算TBP−COF和TBP−COF−Cu的锂离子扩散系数[39]
$ D_{\mathrm{ions}}=4\left[m_{\mathrm{B}}V_{\mathrm{M}}/\left(M_{\mathrm{B}}A\right)\right]^2\left(\Delta E_{\mathrm{s}}/\Delta E_{\tau}\right)^2/\text{π}\tau $
式中,$ {m}_{\mathrm{B}} $为活性物质质量,g;$ {V}_{\mathrm{M}} $为摩尔体积,cm3/mol;$ {M}_{\mathrm{B}} $为分子量,g/mol;$ A $为电极面积,cm2$ \tau $为单个电流脉冲的长度,s;$ \Delta {E}_{\mathrm{s}} $为经过20 min的弛豫周期后测得的稳态电压差,V;$ \Delta {E}_{\tau } $为施加电流脉冲后发生的暂态电压差,V。
TBP−COF−Cu的Li+扩散系数为8.02×10−10 cm2/s(图7),优于TBP−COF(4.80×10−10 cm2/s)。这种增强源于TBP−COF−Cu增大孔道以及良好的电子传导性能,这有助于锂离子(Li+)、六氟磷酸根(PF6)及电解液溶剂(EC/DEC)的高效传输,从而促进活性位点的高效利用。
为探究TBP−COF−Cu电极在循环过程中的反应机制,在不同充放电电位下进行了非原位FT−IR表征。FT−IR光谱显示(图8(a)8(b)),在放电过程中(4.5 V→1.2 V),位于1620 cm−1处的C=N伸缩振动峰及830 cm−1处的PF6特征峰强度逐渐减弱,这分别对应于Li+向亚胺键位的嵌入以及PF6阴离子从卟啉环活性位点的脱出[32]。而在随后的充电过程中(1.2 V→4.5 V),上述特征峰的强度均得到恢复,表明Li+从C=N位点的脱嵌以及PF6重新嵌入至卟啉环中。如图8(c)~(f)所示,进一步通过XPS对循环后电极的化学状态进行分析。Li 1s谱显示,放电至1.2 V时在55.8 eV处出现明显的Li+特征峰,而充电回至4.5 V后该峰强度显著降低,证实了Li+在材料框架中可逆的嵌入/脱出行为。在N 1s谱中,观察到C=N键的特征峰强度在放电后减弱、充电后恢复;而与之对应,C—N键的峰强度则呈现相反的演变趋势。该结果证实了Li+在材料C=N活性位点上发生了可逆的嵌入/脱出反应。基于Cu 2p3/2谱分析,TBP−COF−Cu中Cu2+的特征峰(结合能934.0 eV)在放电过程中逐渐减弱,并伴随Cu+特征峰(结合能931.4 eV)的出现;再次充电后,Cu+信号可逆地恢复为Cu2+。该铜中心可逆的价态演变(Cu2+/Cu+),直接贡献于材料在电化学反应中的电荷存储能力,从而优化卟啉单元的氧化还原活性(p型和n型)[26]。F 1s谱中,位于685.7 eV处的信号峰强度随充放电过程发生周期性变化,该峰归属于PF6中的F元素,其强度变化印证了PF6在卟啉环上的可逆嵌入/脱出;而结合能为688.0 eV的稳定特征峰则来源于PVDF黏结剂中的−CF2−基团[40]
为了揭示TBP−COF−Cu正极的多重储能过程,结合CV曲线、FT−IR和XPS分析结果模拟了TBP−COF−Cu的充放电过程,如图8(g)所示。通过密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)计算了TBP−COF−Cu在不同氧化状态下的相对结合能(图8(h))。铜−卟啉单元作为p型氧化还原中心,充电时通过与PF6阴离子发生可逆配位作用[20]。其中,结合2个PF6阴离子的TBP−COF−Cu−2 PF6构型对应的吉布斯自由能变化为−1.18 eV,对应于3.9 V(vs. Li+/Li)附近的高电位氧化还原反应区。在放电过程中,铜−卟啉环部分和亚胺部分发生n型氧化还原,共结合5个Li+(TB−COF−3D−S−5Li+),其构型对应的吉布斯自由能为−2.92 eV,证实了Li+与框架间强烈的相互作用,对应于1.7 V(vs. Li+/Li)处的低电位氧化还原反应区[25,31]
上述结果共同证实了TBP−COF−Cu中存在独特的双机制储能途径:(1) 在较高电压区间发生的p型氧化还原反应,即PF6与卟啉环间的可逆结合;(2) 在较低电压区间发生的n型氧化还原反应,涉及Li+与亚胺键及卟啉环的可逆配位/解离过程。这种双极氧化还原机制有利于获得较高的理论容量。
本研究通过化学聚合与后配位策略成功合成了一种铜配位卟啉基共价有机框架正极材料(TBP−COF−Cu)。该材料通过Cu2+与卟啉单元的精准配位,在增加氧化还原活性位点的同时,有效调控了卟啉环的电子云分布,显著提高了材料电导率,促进了电荷传输动力学。此外,Cu配位诱导的孔径结构调整进一步优化了离子扩散路径,提高了活性位点利用率。得益于上述优势,TBP−COF−Cu正极材料展现出卓越的电化学性能:在0.1 A/g电流密度下实现高达639 W·h/kg的能量密度,循环50次后仍保持230 mA·h/g的可逆容量;即使在5 A/g的超高电流密度下,经历5000次循环后仍保持81%的容量保持率,展现出优异的大倍率循环稳定性。本研究通过金属配位策略,为开发兼具高能量密度、优异倍率性能和长循环寿命的锂金属正极材料提供了新思路,对高性能有机电极材料的发展具有指导意义。
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2023QNRC001)
  • 东华大学学科创新领域培育项目(xkcx202413)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00057
  • 接收时间:2025-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-18
  • 修回日期:2025-12-23
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中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2023QNRC001)
东华大学学科创新领域培育项目(xkcx202413)
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    东华大学材料科学与工程学院,先进纤维材料国家重点实验室,上海 201620

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孟楠(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为电功能高分子材料,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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