Article(id=1240314278390067227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, articleNumber=null, orderNo=15, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762444800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-07, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773643567893, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773643567893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080807036, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1240314266348213063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773643565021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804741433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=44, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240314278780137515, articleId=1240314278390067227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Progress of sound field control, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of "Quiet China" places increasing demands on environmental noise control and high−quality acoustic environments. Sound field control (SFC) has emerged as an effective approach for actively regulating acoustic fields and has attracted considerable research attention in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in sound field control, with a particular focus on three representative technologies: sound field reconstruction, personal audio systems, and active noise control. First, fundamental principles and representative methods for sound field reconstruction are reviewed, including pressure matching, higher−order Ambisonics, wave field synthesis, and parametric array–based approaches. Subsequently, multi−zone sound field control techniques for personal audio systems are summarized, with emphasis on acoustic contrast control and its extensions toward robustness and broadband performance. Furthermore, recent advances in active noise control are discussed from the perspectives of system configurations, control algorithms, and practical applications in complex noise environments. Based on the reviewed literature, potential research directions are outlined, highlighting system integration, intelligent control, and multi−objective optimization for real−world deployment. The reviewed progress provides useful references and technical insights for the design and application of sound field control systems in support of the "Quiet China" initiative.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jun YANG, Shuang ZHOU, Xiaoyi SHEN, Feiran YANG, Ming WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240314281426743430, articleId=1240314278390067227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=声场控制研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

“宁静中国”建设对环境噪声治理与高品质声环境营造提出了更高要求,声场控制(sound field control, SFC)技术作为主动调控声学环境的重要手段,近年来得到了广泛关注。围绕声场控制领域的研究进展,综述了声场重建、个性化音频系统和主动噪声控制3类关键技术。首先,从基本原理出发,梳理了声场重建中压力匹配、高阶Ambisonics、波场合成及参量阵等经典方法与代表性改进思路;其次,围绕多区域声场调控,综述了个性化音频系统中声学对比度控制及其鲁棒性与宽带扩展方法;最后,从系统结构、控制算法与工程实现角度,总结了主动噪声控制在复杂噪声环境下的关键技术进展与应用现状。结合实际应用需求,讨论了声场控制技术在系统集成、智能化控制及多目标协同优化等方面的潜在发展方向。

, authors=

杨军,研究员,研究方向为声场控制与声信号处理,电子信箱:

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(a) 声场录制的麦克风阵列;(b) 个性化音频系统采用的线性扬声器

阵列;(c)和(d) 个性化音频系统采用的环形扬声器阵列

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声场控制研究进展
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杨军 1, 2 , 周爽 1, 2 , 沈晓依 1 , 杨飞然 1, 2 , 吴鸣 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(4): 44-54
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (4) : 44 -54
声场控制研究进展
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杨军1, 2 , 周爽1, 2, 沈晓依1, 杨飞然1, 2, 吴鸣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院声学研究所,声学与海洋信息全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
Progress of sound field control
Jun YANG1, 2 , Shuang ZHOU1, 2, Xiaoyi SHEN1, Feiran YANG1, 2, Ming WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Acoustics and Marine Information, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00021
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“宁静中国”建设对环境噪声治理与高品质声环境营造提出了更高要求,声场控制(sound field control, SFC)技术作为主动调控声学环境的重要手段,近年来得到了广泛关注。围绕声场控制领域的研究进展,综述了声场重建、个性化音频系统和主动噪声控制3类关键技术。首先,从基本原理出发,梳理了声场重建中压力匹配、高阶Ambisonics、波场合成及参量阵等经典方法与代表性改进思路;其次,围绕多区域声场调控,综述了个性化音频系统中声学对比度控制及其鲁棒性与宽带扩展方法;最后,从系统结构、控制算法与工程实现角度,总结了主动噪声控制在复杂噪声环境下的关键技术进展与应用现状。结合实际应用需求,讨论了声场控制技术在系统集成、智能化控制及多目标协同优化等方面的潜在发展方向。

宁静中国  /  声场控制  /  声场重建  /  个性化音频系统  /  主动噪声控制

The construction of "Quiet China" places increasing demands on environmental noise control and high−quality acoustic environments. Sound field control (SFC) has emerged as an effective approach for actively regulating acoustic fields and has attracted considerable research attention in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in sound field control, with a particular focus on three representative technologies: sound field reconstruction, personal audio systems, and active noise control. First, fundamental principles and representative methods for sound field reconstruction are reviewed, including pressure matching, higher−order Ambisonics, wave field synthesis, and parametric array–based approaches. Subsequently, multi−zone sound field control techniques for personal audio systems are summarized, with emphasis on acoustic contrast control and its extensions toward robustness and broadband performance. Furthermore, recent advances in active noise control are discussed from the perspectives of system configurations, control algorithms, and practical applications in complex noise environments. Based on the reviewed literature, potential research directions are outlined, highlighting system integration, intelligent control, and multi−objective optimization for real−world deployment. The reviewed progress provides useful references and technical insights for the design and application of sound field control systems in support of the "Quiet China" initiative.

Quiet China  /  sound field control  /  sound field reproduction  /  personalized audio systems  /  active noise control
杨军, 周爽, 沈晓依, 杨飞然, 吴鸣. 声场控制研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 44 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00021
Jun YANG, Shuang ZHOU, Xiaoyi SHEN, Feiran YANG, Ming WU. Progress of sound field control[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (4) : 44 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00021
声场控制(sound field control,SFC)是指通过对声源、传感器及控制算法的联合设计,在空间中主动调控声压、声能或听觉感知分布的一类声学技术,其目标是在给定区域内实现期望声场的精确构建或干扰声场的有效抑制。随着阵列信号处理、计算声学及智能算法的发展,SFC已逐渐从理论研究走向工程应用,在沉浸式音频、智能座舱、主动噪声抑制及空间音频交互等领域展现出重要潜力。现有的研究在声场建模精度、多通道系统稳定性以及复杂声学环境适应性等方面已取得一定进展,但在高维声场的高效重建、个性化调控与系统鲁棒性之间仍存在明显权衡,尤其是在强混响、系统非线性及算力受限等实际应用条件下,相关方法仍面临落地困难。基于上述背景,本文围绕声场控制技术的核心问题,对近年来代表性研究成果进行系统梳理,重点关注控制机理、关键算法及典型应用的发展脉络,旨在为后续相关研究与工程实现提供参考。
声场重建(sound field reproduction)是指通过扬声器阵列在目标区域内复现期望声场分布,为听者提供沉浸式或可控的空间听觉体验。与点声压控制不同,声场重建关注的是区域内声场整体特性的匹配,其性能受阵列结构、声学传递函数建模精度以及环境条件等多种因素影响。
为获取目标声场信息,研究者提出了多种声场录制方法。其中,基于球谐函数展开的声场表示方法能够以有限参数描述无源区域内的声场特性,为后续重建算法提供统一的数学基础。在无源区域内,任意位置点声压的球谐函数展开式可表示为:
$ p\left(r,\vartheta ,\varphi ,k\right)={\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\displaystyle \sum _{m=-n}^{n}{\alpha }_{n}^{m}\left(k\right){j}_{n}\left(kr\right){Y}_{n}^{m}\left(\vartheta ,\varphi \right)}}\text{} $
式中,$ r $,$ \vartheta {\text{ }} $$ \varphi {\text{ }} $分别表示球坐标系下的半径、仰角与方位角,$ k = {{2{\text{π}} f} / {\mathrm{c}}} $,表示波数,$ f\; $为频率,c为声速,$ {j_n}\left( {kr} \right) $$ n $阶球贝塞尔函数,$ \alpha _n^m\left( k \right) $为球谐系数。
通过球谐系数,可完整表征目标区域的声场分布特性。然而,相关方法在麦克风数量、阵列结构及高频适用性方面存在一定工程限制。声场系数的求解通常采用球型麦克风阵列,其声压信号适用于球谐变换,但布设要求严格,且在大区域或高频条件下阵列规模迅速增大,工程受限。为降低阵列规模,Samarasinghe等[1]提出采用高阶麦克风(higher order microphones,HOM)阵列,通过分布式布设并结合Graf加法定理实现全局声场系数估计,以单元复杂度换取阵列规模的显著降低。相比之下,二维阵列更具工程可行性,Chen等[2]提出基于平面阵列的三维声场采集方法,利用全指向与一阶麦克风分别估计偶阶与奇阶系数,在保证精度的同时简化了阵列结构。
声场重建技术主要包括双耳声场重建与大区域声场重建2类。双耳声场重建侧重于基于人耳感知特性的虚拟声场再现,其目标并非在空间中真实复现原始声场,最佳听音区域通常局限于耳部附近。相比之下,大区域声场重建旨在在有限空间内为多个听音者提供一致的听觉体验,已形成多种典型实现方法,包括声压匹配(pressure matching,PM)、高阶Ambisonics(higher order Ambisonics,HOA)以及波场合成(wave field synthesis,WFS)等。基于最小二乘(least−square,LS)准则的PM方法通过最小化控制点处目标声压与重建声压之间的误差平方和,实现对目标声场的重建[3]。传统PM方法通常需要激活所有候选扬声器以降低重建误差,但在实际应用中,仅需少量扬声器即可实现较高的重建精度。为降低阵列规模并优化扬声器空间布局,研究者将最小绝对收缩与选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,Lasso)引入PM框架中,以限制激活扬声器数量。进一步提出的两阶段Lasso–LS优化算法[4]通过在第一阶段显著减少激活扬声器数量,上述方法均基于频域设计,需要在各控制频率点分别优化扬声器权重。为实现跨频段的统一优化,研究者提出了基于群组Lasso框架的时域PM方法[5],能够同步优化全频段内的扬声器数量与空间分布,提高了方法在宽带应用中的实用性。在第二阶段利用LS进一步降低重建误差,从而在控制精度与系统复杂度之间取得折衷。近年来,有研究引入速度匹配准则作为补充[6]。在扬声器阵列呈非均匀分布的条件下,该方法可在提升声压重建精度的同时改善声强方向的准确性,从而增强重建声场的物理一致性。
HOA方法通过正交模态展开对声场进行表示,并最小化原始声场与重建声场之间的模态系数误差。该方法由Gerzon[7]于1973年提出,基于一阶球谐函数分解,采用位于正四面体顶点的4个扬声器实现,但仅适用于小尺度声场重建。随后发展的HOA技术[8]通过引入高阶球谐函数,有效扩展了可重建声场的空间范围。Ward等[9]系统分析了HOA方法的重建误差,揭示了重建区域半径、频率上限、球谐函数分解阶数以及所需扬声器数量之间的定量关系。研究表明,随着分解阶数的提高,HOA方法在可重建区域尺寸和频率上限方面均显著提升,但对扬声器数量和阵列结构的要求也随之增加。WFS技术由Berkhout[10]于1993年提出,其理论基础为基尔霍夫–亥姆霍兹积分原理,该原理指出在有界无源区域内,声场可由边界上的声压和法向振速唯一确定。传统WFS通过连续分布的次级声源构建等效边界条件,而在实际系统中需将连续声源离散化为扬声器阵列,从而不可避免地引入空间混叠效应[11]
早期WFS研究主要集中于采用线阵或平面阵列实现二维声场重建[1213]。随后提出的2.5维WFS技术通过推导等效算子,实现了基于二维阵列的三维声场合成[1415],在降低系统复杂度的同时拓展了应用场景。HOA与WFS方法均能够在较大空间范围内重建目标声场,但通常需要部署大量扬声器,其中HOA方法对阵列几何结构要求较高,需采用球型阵列。相比之下,PM方法对扬声器数量和阵列结构不作特定限制,尽管其仅能在离散控制点处精确控制声压,但在工程实现层面具有更高的灵活性和可操作性。
上述声场重建方法多依赖电动式扬声器阵列,通过精确控制各单元的幅值与相位实现目标声场重建。然而,在高频段条件下,此类系统往往面临控制区域受限、环境鲁棒性不足等问题。为此,研究者开始探索将具有高指向性的参量阵扬声器(parametricarrayloudspeaker,PAL)引入声场重建与调控系统中,以拓展传统方法的应用边界。PAL是一种基于非线性声学效应的新型声源,可产生具有高度指向性的可听声。当多束超声波在介质中传播时,介质的非线性特性会引发声波间的相互作用,生成和频、差频及高次谐波等分量。由于频率越高,声衰减越快,因此空气中高频声波衰减显著,差频声则可以远距离传播,从而形成具有窄波束特性的可听声场。由上述机理可知,PAL生成的可听声天然继承了超声波束的高指向性特性,在无需复杂控制算法的条件下即可实现一定范围内的声场聚焦。这一特性使其在定向声播放与局部声场控制等应用中具有独特优势。
中国科学院声学研究所杨军课题组在PAL的理论分析与工程应用方面开展了系统研究,为PAL技术在声场调控中的应用奠定了重要基础[16]。针对PAL传播距离较长、易引发室内反射并削弱定向效果的问题,Zhu等[17]提出了一种波束优化方法,通过设计嵌套式参量阵扬声器(length−limited parametric array loudspeaker,LLPAL)中子阵的波束形状,有效抑制侧向漏声,实现更优的近场声控制性能。在存在散射体的复杂环境中,散射效应会引起声能侧向泄漏,降低PAL的指向性性能。为此,Zhu等[18]提出了一种非线性声场控制框架,通过设置明区与暗区控制点,保证目标区域内的声能比,从而提升PAL在实际场景中的定向效果。阵列系统的布局一般需要满足奈奎斯特采样定理,但对PAL而言,超声波长短,阵列系统往往难以满足“通道间距小于半波长”的严苛要求,此时在波束偏转过程中会存在超声栅瓣,并进一步形成可听声旁瓣。针对这一问题,Zhu等[19]提出了一种基于最小方差无失真响应(minimum variance distortionless response,MVDR)的增强型波束偏转算法,在实现目标方向偏转的同时有效抑制可听声旁瓣。Fan等[2021]提出了一种相位随机化阵列方法,通过引入随机相位偏移实现栅瓣抑制,并结合最小二乘法优化高效求解可转向PAL所需的相位偏移与信号幅度,从而实现快速参数设计。针对PAL在语音重放中易受非线性失真影响的问题,Ma等[2223]提出了两阶段预处理方法,通过引入预训练的自解调预测网络对预处理信号进行监督,有效降低了重放语音的非线性失真。总体而言,PAL通过其固有的高指向性特性,为声场重建提供了不同于传统电动扬声器的新型声源方案。通过与声场控制算法的结合,PAL在局部声场聚焦与定向声重放等场景中展现出应用潜力,但其性能仍受非线性效应、阵列设计与环境散射等因素制约。
声场重建技术已广泛应用于影院、音乐厅等场所,IOSONO、Sonic Emotion等企业已实现多项工程化应用。在虚拟现实领域,声场重建可显著提升沉浸式听觉体验,例如将WFS方法引入虚拟现实(virtual reality,VR)系统[24],或应用于视频会议场景[25]。此外,基于HOA的成熟产品已实现商业化,如Blue Ripple Sound公司开发的三阶Ambisonics软件平台,可用于声场编解码及声学测量,并服务于主动降噪耳机和语音识别系统的性能评估。
综上,现有声场重建方法通过不同建模与实现路径,在一定空间范围内实现了目标声场的可控复现,但其研究重点主要集中于单一区域声场的重建精度与系统可实现性。随着应用场景向多听音者与共享空间扩展,如何在保证目标区域听觉质量的同时抑制非目标区域声能干扰,逐渐成为新的研究核心,由此推动了以多区域声场调控为目标的个性化音频系统的发展。
个性化音频系统(personal audio systems)旨在将声能聚焦于特定目标区域,同时抑制非目标区域的声能泄漏,从而实现“听音个性化”而非“空间整体重建”。与传统声场重建关注大区域声场一致性不同,个性化音频系统更强调多区域之间的声能对比与听觉隔离效果,通常以目标区与非目标区的声压比或声能比作为核心性能指标。假设目标区域内存在$ M{\text{ }} $个离散控制点,由$ L{\text{ }} $个单元组成的扬声器阵列在该区域产生的声压可表示为:
$ {{p}}={{Gq}} $
式中,$ {{p}}={[p\left({r}_{1}\right),p\left({r}_{2}\right),\cdots ,p\left({r}_{M}\right)]}^{{\mathrm{T}}}, $为所有控制点处声压向量,$ {{q}}={[{q}_{1},{q}_{2},\cdots ,{q}_{L}]}^{{\mathrm{T}}}, $为权重向量,$ {{G}} $为声学传递函数矩阵,表示为
$ {{G}}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}g\left({r}_{1}|{r}_{s1}\right)& \cdots & g\left({r}_{1}|{r}_{sl}\right)\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ g\left({r}_{m}|{r}_{s1}\right)& \cdots & g\left({r}_{m}|{r}_{sl}\right)\end{array}\right) $
式中,$ g\left( {{r_m}|{r_{sl}}} \right){\text{ }} $表示第l个扬声器到第m个控制点的传递函数。个性化音频系统的核心评价指标是声学对比度,其定义为明区与暗区之间的声学势能密度之比
$ \underset{{q}}{\mathrm{max}}AC=\frac{{{{q}}}^{{\mathrm{H}}}{{{R}}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}{{q}}}{{{{q}}}^{{\mathrm{H}}}{{{R}}}_{{\mathrm{d}}}{{q}}} $
式中,$ {{{R}}_{\mathrm{b}}} = {{G}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{H}}{{{G}}_{\mathrm{b}}} $$ {{{R}}_{\mathrm{d}}} = {{G}}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{H}}{{{G}}_{\mathrm{d}}}$分别是明区和暗区的空间相关矩阵。该类方法通常构建2个声学区域:用于重建目标声场的明区以及用于抑制声压级的暗区,如图1所示。
个性化音频系统通常通过在空间中划分目标区(明区,bright zone)与非目标区(暗区,dark zone)来实现多区域声场控制。图2展示了几种典型的个性化音频系统麦克风与扬声器阵列配置。其中,目标区用于保证听音质量,而非目标区用于抑制声能泄漏。通过在2类区域内布设控制点,系统可在保证目标区重放精度的同时,降低非目标区的声压水平,从而实现空间上的听觉隔离。在现有方法中,声学对比度控制(acoustic contrast control,ACC)通过最大化明暗区声能比获取扬声器权重向量,具有较高的声学对比度性能,但其存在相位控制能力不足以及明区声能分布不均的问题。为弥补上述缺陷,研究者提出了PM方法[26]和面向空间滤波的平面波控制(planarity control,PC)方法[27]。PM方法通过最小化控制点处重建声压与期望声压之间的误差,实现对目标声场的精确重建;PC方法则在满足暗区能量约束的条件下,最大化空间滤波后的明区能量。尽管PM和PC方法在明区声场重建方面具有一定优势,但其声学对比度性能通常低于ACC方法。鉴于个性化音频系统以高声学对比度为主要设计目标,ACC方法仍被广泛采用,并成为后续改进研究的基础。
围绕ACC方法在相位控制、声压均匀性及系统稳定性方面的不足,研究者提出了多种改进策略。通过引入压力匹配思想,ACC−PM方法[28]在声学对比度与重建误差之间实现加权折衷;SFR−ACC方法[29]则在保证声学对比度不低于给定阈值的前提下最小化重建误差,使系统性能具备更强的可调性。在实际应用中,声学传递函数易受扬声器参数偏差、位置误差及环境散射等因素影响,而声场重建性能对传递函数误差高度敏感,因此系统鲁棒性问题受到广泛关注。Elliott等[30]通过功率约束与正则化手段提升ACC系统的稳定性,但正则参数的选择仍存在计算复杂度高的问题。针对这一不足,Zhu等[31]提出了鲁棒声场重建框架,将传递函数建模为确定性分量与扰动分量的叠加,并分别从最坏工况与统计意义上优化系统性能,有效提升了整体鲁棒性。在复杂声学环境中,多区域声场重建还面临系统规模与实现复杂度的限制。Gao等提出的虚拟暗区方法在降低系统复杂度的同时提升了重建性能,并进一步结合改进的时域U−Net网络,对房间脉冲响应(RIR)进行重建与补充,从而改善了多区域声重放系统在高频段的聚焦能力[3233]。针对离散频率设计方法在非控制频率处声学对比度下降以及时域实现因果性受限的问题,Elliott等[34]提出了宽带声学对比度控制(BACC)方法,通过直接计算滤波器系数实现宽带控制。为改善BACC方法中频率响应不一致的问题,BACC−RV方法[35]引入响应变化约束,在提升声学对比度的同时显著改善了明区音质。进一步地,模态域声场控制方法[36]通过在模态空间中调控区域声能,实现了对连续空间区域的整体控制,并获得了更加均匀的声场分布特性。
个性化音频系统主要面向多用户共享空间中的差异化听音需求,能够在提升听音私密性的同时有效降低对他人的干扰。其典型应用包括博物馆与美术馆的定向语音导览、银行和医院的私密语音通信,以及机舱等公共空间中的个性化娱乐系统。具体实现方面,不同阵列结构被用于构建明暗区声场,如线性阵列与环形阵列等。Elliott等[37]将ACC方法应用于头枕扬声器系统;Cheer等[38]在智能手机平台上实现了双声源个性化音频系统。此外,车载环境中通过多扬声器阵列构建独立听音区已取得显著进展[3940],相关研究表明,通过优化阵列布局与控制策略,可在中高频段获得更高的声学对比度性能。
综上,个性化音频系统通过多区域声场调控实现了对声能空间分布的精细控制,其研究重点在于在目标区域内提升听觉质量并抑制非目标区域的声学干扰。与此不同,另一类以“抑制原始声场”为核心目标的声场调控技术——主动噪声控制,则致力于在目标区域内主动削弱或抵消噪声成分,从而营造更加安静的声学环境。
主动噪声控制(active noise control,ANC)通过在目标区域生成与原始噪声幅度相同、相位相反的信号抵抗噪声。ANC系统主要由参考传感器、控制器和误差传感器组成[4142]。单通道前馈ANC系统构成如图3所示。
参考信号$ {{x}}(n) = [x(n),x(n - 1), \ldots , x(n - L+1)] $经过控制器${{w}}(n) = [{w_0}(n),{w_1}(n), \cdots ,{w_{L - 1}}(n)]$$L$是控制滤波器阶数)处理后产生输出信号,即
$ y(n)={{{w}}}^{{\mathrm{T}}}(n){{x}}(n) $
式中,控制滤波器的更新公式表示为
$ {{w}}(n+1)={{w}}(n)+\mu {{x}}'(n)e(n) $
其中${{x}}'(n)$是滤波−x信号,由参考信号与次级通路$S(z)$卷积得到;误差信号$e(n)$由误差传感器采集获得,$\mu $是更新步长。
ANC技术在低频噪声控制方面展现出显著优势,能够以较小体积和较低成本实现高效降噪,因而被广泛应用于耳机、舱室及设备噪声控制等场景。根据控制结构的不同,ANC系统主要分为前馈式与反馈式2类。前馈ANC系统通过参考传感器获取与原始噪声高度相关的参考信号,并在误差点实现降噪,具有结构清晰、稳定性好的特点,是目前应用最为广泛的架构;但其性能高度依赖参考信号与噪声之间的相关性,参考点选取往往依赖经验。相比之下,反馈ANC系统无需参考麦克风,适用于参考信号难以获取的场景,但其在稳定性分析与控制器设计方面更为复杂。从噪声类型角度看,ANC系统可分为窄带与宽带2类。窄带ANC主要针对周期性或准周期性噪声,每个频率分量通常需要独立控制,系统对频率失配极为敏感[4347];宽带ANC则采用高阶滤波器处理宽频噪声,无需逐频控制。当噪声同时包含窄带与宽带成分时,可通过对噪声进行分离,再分别加以控制[48]
控制算法是ANC系统的核心,其性能直接决定系统的收敛速度、稳态误差、计算复杂度与鲁棒性。经典的滤波x最小均方(filtered−x LMS,FxLMS)算法因结构简单、实现高效而被广泛采用,但在参考信号自相关矩阵条件数较大时,其收敛速度显著下降。为加速收敛,研究者提出了多种改进算法。滤波x递归最小二乘(FxRLS)和滤波x仿射投影(FxAP)算法[49]通过引入历史信号实现信号白化,有效改善了收敛特性;此外,变步长策略[50]通过在收敛初期采用较大步长、稳态阶段减小步长,实现了收敛速度与稳态误差之间的折衷。
为降低实时实现的计算负担,研究者从信号处理结构与更新策略2方面提出了多种高效算法。频域ANC算法通过变换域处理[5152],子带算法则采用多速率结构[53],2者均可显著降低滤波参考信号与控制输出信号的计算开销[5455]。此外,部分更新算法在每个采样周期仅更新部分滤波器系数,而非全部权值,从而有效减少控制器更新所需的计算量[56]。针对以线谱噪声为主的窄带ANC系统,局部建模方法可进一步降低系统复杂度。Zhou等[57]基于并行局部建模思想改进了远程传感ANC算法,在结合虚拟传感技术的同时显著降低了系统的整体计算量。
近年来,深度学习方法逐渐引入ANC系统。一方面,CNN、U−Net等网络直接替代传统自适应滤波器生成抗噪信号,显著提升了系统对复杂动态噪声的适应能力[58];另一方面,基于“深度选择”的方法通过在线选择或生成最优固定滤波器,实现了快速响应且无额外延时的降噪效果[5960]。此外,元学习方法被用于生成控制器的最优初始参数,从而加速单通道、多通道及混合结构ANC系统的收敛[6163]
在多通道ANC系统中,由于系统包含多个次级声源与误差传声器[6465],能够实现更大空间范围内的噪声控制,但其计算复杂度随通道数快速增长。为此,研究者提出了多种复杂度削减策略。其中,滤波误差算法通过将次级路径与误差信号(而非参考信号)进行卷积运算,可显著降低滤波误差信号生成的计算量,其优势在多参考系统中尤为突出。另一方面,多通道控制策略正逐步由集中式架构向分散式与分布式架构演进:集中式算法采用单一计算核心,计算负担较重;分散式算法将多通道系统拆分为多个相对独立的单通道系统,由于无需考虑交叉次级路径,可大幅降低滤波参考信号生成与权值更新的计算量;分布式方法则通过网络引入多个计算节点,进一步降低单节点计算成本[6667]
在复杂多变的实际环境中,鲁棒性成为ANC系统能否稳定工作的关键因素。噪声特性变化及次级路径偏移都会导致最优控制器系数发生变化,从而引发性能退化。在主动降噪头枕应用中,通常需预先离线辨识多组次级路径,并在头部位置变化时,根据辅助传感信息切换至对应的最优滤波器[6870]。此外,通过设计并联滤波器组,可实现对不同噪声类型的快速匹配与响应[7172]。次级路径建模误差是影响系统鲁棒性的核心因素之一。受温度变化、结构形变等因素影响,次级路径往往呈现时变特性,使得离线辨识得到的模型逐渐偏离真实路径。因此,在线次级路径建模成为应对时变路径的重要手段。然而,传统在线建模方法通常依赖附加噪声或引入大量滤波器,导致系统结构复杂、收敛缓慢,且难以扩展至多通道场景。针对这一问题,Wang等[73]提出了一种基于解耦策略的窄带ANC在线建模方法。
除线性模型误差外,次级声源、次级路径及初级路径中的非线性效应同样会限制ANC系统性能。为此,研究者提出了2类主要抑制策略。第一类是基于输出信号约束的方法,如双梯度方向FxLMS算法与最小输出方差算法[7476],通过在权值更新过程中限制滤波器输出功率增长,有效抑制高次谐波失真;第二类方法基于非线性建模与前馈补偿,利用二阶Volterra滤波器[77]或神经网络模型(如FLANN与MLP)[7879]对系统非线性特性进行精确拟合,并将预失真模块嵌入ANC控制路径。前者结构相对简单、易于在线实现,但参数敏感;后者建模精度更高,却通常伴随较大的计算开销。
理论分析为ANC算法的设计与优化提供了重要依据。近年来,一些基于LMS的经典算法经过重新分析,摆脱了慢收敛假设的局限,适用于任意输入分布。此类分析为瞬态行为和稳态性能提供了更精确的预测[8084]。Wang等[85]提出了基于FxLMS算法的反馈ANC系统的随机分析,该分析方法不依赖于任何特定的噪声信号模型和理想化的次级路径假设,揭示了不完美建模对降噪性能的影响。
ANC技术已广泛应用于噪声与振动控制领域,包括降噪耳机、头枕系统、管道消声器、降噪窗户以及舱室与飞机噪声控制等场景。图4展示了多种ANC系统的应用场景。降噪耳机作为最成功的商业化应用之一,在前馈与反馈混合结构下实现了高效的一维降噪[8688]。随着高采样率芯片的发展,系统延迟进一步降低,降噪带宽不断拓展。在客舱与座椅环境中,ANC头枕系统通过扬声器阵列在乘客耳部区域构建降噪静区,并可结合虚拟传感与多传感器融合方法提升系统鲁棒性。管道消声与降噪窗户[89]等应用则通过多通道ANC技术实现对复杂声场的主动抑制,其中阵列布局优化与计算复杂度控制是关键问题。近年来,结合心理声学的ANC方法逐渐受到关注,其目标不再是单纯最小化声压,而是通过对残余声场的调控提升听觉舒适度,为主动噪声控制技术的发展提供了新的方向。
声场控制技术通过对声学环境的主动调控,为噪声治理与高品质听觉体验的实现提供了有效途径,是“宁静中国”建设中的重要技术支撑。系统梳理了声场重建、个性化音频系统和主动噪声控制3类典型声场控制技术的发展脉络与研究进展。相关研究表明,不同技术在控制机理、系统结构和应用场景方面各具特点:声场重建方法在大区域声场复现与定向声重放中具有优势,个性化音频系统通过多区域声场调控实现了声能的空间隔离,而主动噪声控制在低频噪声抑制和局部静区构建方面表现出显著优势。随着应用场景的不断拓展,声场控制技术正面临更加复杂的声学环境与工程约束,对系统鲁棒性、计算效率和智能化水平提出了更高要求。未来研究可进一步关注多技术融合的声场调控框架,结合数据驱动与模型驱动方法,提升系统对环境变化的适应能力;同时,通过阵列结构优化、算法协同设计及感知评价指标的引入,推动声场控制技术在实际工程中的规模化应用。上述研究方向将有助于构建更加高效、智能和可持续的声环境调控体系,为“宁静中国”战略目标的实现提供长期技术支撑。
面向实际应用需求,未来声场控制技术仍有若干关键问题亟待深入研究。首先,结合数据驱动方法与物理模型的智能声场建模与控制算法,有望进一步提升复杂环境下的控制精度与系统稳定性;其次,针对多通道、大规模阵列系统,亟需发展低复杂度、高鲁棒性的自适应与分布式控制方法,以满足实时性与工程可实现性要求;此外,面向个性化应用场景,如何将听觉感知模型与现有声场控制框架有效融合,也是推动相关技术落地的重要方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12574506)
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2026年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00021
  • 接收时间:2025-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-07
  • 修回日期:2026-01-15
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12574506)
作者信息
    1中国科学院声学研究所,声学与海洋信息全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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