Article(id=1218130662452806407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1218130661861409543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=19, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768354581702, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768147200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768354581702, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080449832, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1218130661861409543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='24', pageStart='1', pageEnd='119', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766851200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768354581561, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330540257, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195649395634850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1218130661861409543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195649399829155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1218130661861409543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=71, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218130662738019080, articleId=1218130662452806407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Data−driven prediction of properties in fiber−reinforced composites, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous advancement of technologies in data acquisition, deep learning, and model generation, data−driven methods have provided a powerful tool for predicting the properties of fiber−reinforced composites, leveraging their unique advantages in uncovering high−dimensional nonlinear relationships, constructing surrogate models, and processing multimodal data. This review systematically reviews recent progress in this field, categorizing digital characterization methods into four types: collection of intrinsic material parameters, image−driven feature extraction, physics−informed feature engineering, and cross−scale data−driven techniques. It summarizes the modeling strategies and prediction accuracy of data−driven models in predicting the mechanical, thermal, acoustic, and electrical properties of composites. The engineering significance of interpretability analysis and uncertainty quantification techniques is elaborated, highlighting their roles in enhancing model transparency and quantifying prediction risks. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective—from theoretical foundations to engineering applications—for the deeper application of data−driven methods in predicting the properties of composites.

, authors=null, authorsList=Feng XU, Ling LIU, Chao ZHANG, Jie ZHU, Weiting ZHANG, Hao DONG, Hao HUANG, Ming GAO, Xuefeng YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming GAO, Xuefeng YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218130663589462801, articleId=1218130662452806407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=基于数据驱动的纤维增强复合材料性能预测研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着数据资源获取、深度学习演化和模型推理生成等技术的不断发展,数据驱动方法凭借其在挖掘高维非线性关系、构建代理模型及处理多模态数据方面的独特优势,为纤维增强复合材料的性能预测提供了强有力的工具。系统介绍了该领域的研究进展,对复合材料关键参数的数字化表征方法进行梳理,重点描述了材料本征参数归集、图像驱动特征提取、物理信息特征工程以及跨尺度数据驱动4类数字化表征方法,评述了数据驱动模型在复合材料力学、热学、声学及电学性能预测中的建模策略和预测精度,阐述了可解释性分析与不确定性量化技术在增强模型透明度、量化预测风险方面的工程意义,并展望了构建多尺度融合、物理引导与主动学习相结合的可解释机器学习框架等方向,以期为数据驱动方法在复合材料性能预测领域的深化应用提供从理论基础到工程实践的完整视角。

, authors=

许凤,助理研究员,研究方向为纤维增强复合材料,电子信箱:

, authorsList=许凤, 刘玲, 张超, 朱杰, 张玮婷, 董昊, 黄浩, 高明, 喻学锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高明, 喻学锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高明(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为材料复合与智能改性技术,电子信箱:;
喻学锋(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为材料智能创制,电子信箱:
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许凤,助理研究员,研究方向为纤维增强复合材料,电子信箱:

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许凤,助理研究员,研究方向为纤维增强复合材料,电子信箱:

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基于数据驱动的纤维增强复合材料性能预测研究进展
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许凤 1 , 刘玲 2 , 张超 2 , 朱杰 3 , 张玮婷 4 , 董昊 4 , 黄浩 1 , 高明 1, * , 喻学锋 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(24): 71-81
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (24) : 71 -81
基于数据驱动的纤维增强复合材料性能预测研究进展
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许凤1 , 刘玲2, 张超2, 朱杰3, 张玮婷4, 董昊4, 黄浩1, 高明1, * , 喻学锋1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳 518055
  • 2广州金发碳纤维新材料发展有限公司,广州 510555
  • 3中化数智科技有限公司,北京 100080
  • 4中国信息通信研究院,北京 100191
通讯作者:
高明(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为材料复合与智能改性技术,电子信箱:;
喻学锋(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为材料智能创制,电子信箱:
Data−driven prediction of properties in fiber−reinforced composites
Feng XU1 , Ling LIU2, Chao ZHANG2, Jie ZHU3, Weiting ZHANG4, Hao DONG4, Hao HUANG1, Ming GAO1, * , Xuefeng YU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 2Guangzhou Kingfa Carbon Fiber Materials Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510555, China
  • 3Sinochem Digital intelligence Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
  • 4China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00009
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随着数据资源获取、深度学习演化和模型推理生成等技术的不断发展,数据驱动方法凭借其在挖掘高维非线性关系、构建代理模型及处理多模态数据方面的独特优势,为纤维增强复合材料的性能预测提供了强有力的工具。系统介绍了该领域的研究进展,对复合材料关键参数的数字化表征方法进行梳理,重点描述了材料本征参数归集、图像驱动特征提取、物理信息特征工程以及跨尺度数据驱动4类数字化表征方法,评述了数据驱动模型在复合材料力学、热学、声学及电学性能预测中的建模策略和预测精度,阐述了可解释性分析与不确定性量化技术在增强模型透明度、量化预测风险方面的工程意义,并展望了构建多尺度融合、物理引导与主动学习相结合的可解释机器学习框架等方向,以期为数据驱动方法在复合材料性能预测领域的深化应用提供从理论基础到工程实践的完整视角。

数据驱动  /  纤维增强复合材料  /  性能预测  /  机器学习  /  人工智能

With the continuous advancement of technologies in data acquisition, deep learning, and model generation, data−driven methods have provided a powerful tool for predicting the properties of fiber−reinforced composites, leveraging their unique advantages in uncovering high−dimensional nonlinear relationships, constructing surrogate models, and processing multimodal data. This review systematically reviews recent progress in this field, categorizing digital characterization methods into four types: collection of intrinsic material parameters, image−driven feature extraction, physics−informed feature engineering, and cross−scale data−driven techniques. It summarizes the modeling strategies and prediction accuracy of data−driven models in predicting the mechanical, thermal, acoustic, and electrical properties of composites. The engineering significance of interpretability analysis and uncertainty quantification techniques is elaborated, highlighting their roles in enhancing model transparency and quantifying prediction risks. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective—from theoretical foundations to engineering applications—for the deeper application of data−driven methods in predicting the properties of composites.

data−driven  /  fiber−reinforced composites  /  performance prediction  /  machine learning  /  artificial intelligence
许凤, 刘玲, 张超, 朱杰, 张玮婷, 董昊, 黄浩, 高明, 喻学锋. 基于数据驱动的纤维增强复合材料性能预测研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (24) : 71 -81 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00009
Feng XU, Ling LIU, Chao ZHANG, Jie ZHU, Weiting ZHANG, Hao DONG, Hao HUANG, Ming GAO, Xuefeng YU. Data−driven prediction of properties in fiber−reinforced composites[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (24) : 71 -81 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00009
纤维增强复合材料(fiber−reinforced composites,FRCs)凭借其卓越的比强度、比刚度和可设计性强等优点,已成为电子信息、生物医疗、航空航天等制造领域的关键材料[1]。在服役过程中,其性能直接影响宏观构件的功能实现、承载效率与服役可靠性。然而,该类材料体系具有多相异质、多尺度结构及各向异性等本质特征,且在制备与服役过程中涉及热−力−化学等多场复杂耦合行为,致使基于传统物理机理的建模方法与实验手段在预测其性能时存在高成本、长周期与高不确定性的瓶颈问题[2]
随着数字化制造与先进传感技术的不断发展,复合材料在全生命周期中可以得到海量、多源异构的数据资源,这些数据涵盖了从微观、介观到宏观等多尺度的实验数据与数值模拟结果[3]。通过采用材料本征参数归集、图像驱动特征提取、物理信息特征工程等方法,原始数据可以转化为适用于机器学习(machine learning,ML)的高维特征表示[45],可为数据驱动建模提供结构化、标准化且具备物理可解释性的高质量数据基础[67]
ML作为数据驱动人工智能技术的核心实现方式,能够从数据中自主学习潜在规律并构建预测模型[89]。作为ML的重要分支,深度学习(deep learning,DL)依托包含多个隐藏层的深度神经网络(deep neural network,DNN),能够自动从原始数据中学习层次化的特征表示。在DL中,卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)、循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)以及生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network,GAN)等是复合材料领域常用的神经网络模型,模型框架如图1所示。CNN通过卷积核与池化操作高效提取复合材料微观图像的空间特征(如纤维分布、孔隙形态、界面结构)[10];RNN及其改进架构通过内部记忆机制处理时序数据,适用于复合材料疲劳损伤演化、蠕变行为、冲击响应等时序相关过程的精确预测[11];GAN则通过生成器−判别器的对抗训练框架,产生符合统计特性的虚拟微结构,解决材料科学研究中的数据稀缺问题。这些模型通过多层次非线性变换实现高维复杂数据集的分布式表征,在复合材料多尺度性能预测中表现出优异的建模能力。
近年来,数据驱动策略在FRCs性能预测领域迅速发展,已成为构建其工艺−结构−性能映射模型的重要工具。该方法不仅可以实现对FRCs多性能的高效、准确预测,还可以从数据中识别控制性能演化的关键影响因素,从而深化对复合材料行为的理解。本文系统综述数据驱动在FRCs性能预测中的研究进展与发展趋势。首先详细探讨复合材料多尺度结构及关键参数的数字化表征方法,重点阐述ML在复合材料力学、热学、声学及电学性能等预测建模中的应用现状与关键科学技术挑战,并阐述可解释性分析与不确定性量化技术在解决模型“黑箱”问题中的进展,最后对该领域未来发展方向提出展望,以期为FRCs的性能预测提供参考。
为实现FRCs性能的智能化预测,需要将材料的本征参数与多尺度结构转化为ML可处理的数字化特征。这一过程涉及从微观、介观到宏观等多个尺度系统的集成以及包括图像、数值与类别变量在内的多源异构数据,并从中提取具有物理可解释性的特征,以准确描述复合材料成分、结构与性能之间的复杂映射关系。
材料本征参数归集,是将复合材料的组分信息(如纤维种类、基体类型、纤维体积分数)以及纤维与基体的性能等参数系统输入,并以此作为预测其宏观性能的基础。Rayhan等[12]基于前馈神经网络框架,以纤维种类、纤维与基体的杨氏模量和泊松比以及纤维体积分数为输入,构建单向复合材料弹性性能的高精度预测模型。Sharan等[13]基于人工神经网络构建的单向碳FRCs强度预测模型,通过系统整合纤维与基体力学性能、工艺参数及环境条件等多维特征参数,建立起综合考虑多参数耦合效应的复合材料强度精确预测框架。Zhang等[14]通过定义复合材料厚度、经纱角度、纬纱角度与纤维体积分数为结构基因组参数,结合DNN方法,建立结构因子与其基本力学性能的精准映射关系,该模型对三维编织复合材料的平面抗压强度和面外弹性模量等基本力学性能的预测准确率超90%,并通过灵敏度分析确定材料厚度和树脂质量分数是主要参数特征。Al−Jarrah等[15]开发了一种融合反向传播神经网络与浅层神经网络的双集成人工神经网络模型,该模型仅需纤维素含量与含水量2个本征参数即可预测纤维素增强复合材料的杨氏模量、极限拉伸强度和断裂伸长率等性能。针对复杂工艺条件,Wei等[16]基于深度材料网络的ML框架与有限元软件集成,将注塑工艺诱导的异质微观结构(如纤维取向、体积分数)信息嵌入物理启发模型中,快速预测注塑成型短FRCs力学性能和结构的非线性行为。此外,GAN通过学习参数−性能的复杂映射,可实现按目标性能逆向生成材料的结构参数,如在连续纤维复合材料中端到端生成最优拓扑与纤维取向[17],或为满足特定界面剪切行为而反向设计微观结构[18]
图像驱动特征提取是指以复合材料微观结构的扫描电镜图像、计算机断层扫描图像等为输入,利用DL模型实现从结构特征到宏观力学性能的端到端智能映射。在二维图像预测方面,Gupta等[19]基于pix2pix(image−to−image translation with conditional adversarial networks)架构的CNN,以不同杨氏模量组分的碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的准静态拉伸数值模拟微观结构图像作为输入,利用ML模型预测复合材料应力分布,其相关性约为0.999。基于CNN模型可将传统有限元模型中包含界面特征的微观结构二值图像直接转换为力学响应,建立了准确的材料性能预测框架[20]。Liao等[21]进一步提出了结合快速傅里叶变换求解器与卷积自编码器的DL框架,用于直接基于玻璃FRCs的微观集合图像(如SEM图像)预测其全场应力分布和等效弹性模量。此外,一种基于StressNet改进的全CNN,通过对断层扫描的二维切片图及其对应的数值模拟数据进行训练和验证,可在几秒钟内预测复合材料的应力分布特征[22]。针对三维结构表征,3D U−Net深度学习架构通过端到端的学习方式,直接从三维微观结构图像预测玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料全场力学响应,在保持预测精度的同时提升了计算效率[23]。在损伤演化研究领域,Wang等[24]融合原位CT、U−Net分割算法与数字体积相关法,基于深度ML算法预测碳FRCs拉伸过程的损伤位置。Liu等[25]则通过训练GAN模型学习力学场与纤维分布的关联,根据目标应力或位移场直接生成FRCs最优纤维排布图。
物理信息特征工程核心在于将微观结构或数值模拟结果转化为物理意义明确的低维描述符,从而构建预测性能优异且兼具物理一致性与可解释性的复合材料ML模型。Kim等[26]通过引入表征纤维空间排列的统计描述符(如二阶强度函数、径向分布函数)结合遗传算法优化,有效提升了复合材料性能预测精度。Li等[27]通过生成含随机分布微孔的代表性体积单元与微观力学有限元模拟数据,构建“微观结构−性能”数据集;然后,利用两点空间相关函数与主成分分析,将微孔的空间分布特征量化为低维物理描述符;最后,通过遗传算法优化神经网络,建立从微观结构特征到宏观力学性能的非线性映射模型,预测单向碳FRCs的横向力学响应。此外,Yadav等[28]通过将变形协调约束嵌入函数主成分分析的函数空间设计,结合降维空间内的DNN学习,建立了碳纳米管复合材料结构变形行为的快速精准预测模型。基于量纲分析的特征工程则通过引入主导无量纲参数进行主成分分析以降低输入维数,利用数据驱动模型预测含夹杂物复合材料的混合模式应力强度因子[29]
跨尺度数据驱动通过深度融合从微观结构参数到宏观性能数据的跨尺度信息,构建高效的数据驱动模型,以数据驱动模型替代或辅助传统耗时的跨尺度数值模拟,最终实现对复合材料性能的快速精准预测。Wang等[30]以多尺度建模为桥梁,将微观纤维束的纤维数量、间距等参数与宏观等效属性、拓扑柔顺性进行数据融合,结合DL精准捕捉其间的非线性关系,对碳纤维编织复合材料跨尺度性能进行预测,并确定纤维束中纤维数量和纤维间距对拓扑灵活性的影响。Ghane等[31]开发了一种级联神经网络架构,该模型通过多尺度数据融合,首先将机织复合材料微观组分属性映射为纱线等效属性,然后结合织物细观结构对宏观弹性系数进行预测。Qi等[32]以单层和多层碳FRCs周期性体积单元模型的跨尺度有限元模拟为桥梁,系统生成了涵盖微观纤维与宏观复合材料性能的数据集,然后通过特征选择和回归树模型,建立由宏观性能逆向预测碳纤维单丝弹性常数的ML模型。此外,Li等[33]开发了一种基于分子动力学模拟与多任务门控循环单元神经网络的跨尺度代理建模框架。该框架首先通过分子动力学模拟分别获取纤维、基体及界面的原子尺度力学响应,继而构建具有时间步长嵌入功能的多任务门控循环单元神经网络,使其能够同时学习材料的速率和路径相关的本构行为及失效状态,预测玻璃FRCs的宏观力学性能。
FRCs的工程适用性与服役可靠性取决于其力学、热学、声学及电学等主要性能。然而,传统基于物理实验和数值模拟的性能预测方法在处理多组分、多尺度系统时,仍面临计算效率和泛化能力的固有瓶颈。近年来,以数据驱动的ML和DL为代表的人工智能技术,通过建立材料组分、结构特征与性能间的复杂非线性映射,在力学、热学、声学及电学等方面取得一系列研究进展。
复合材料的强度、刚度及疲劳寿命等力学性能,是实现其结构可靠性设计与性能优化的关键。利用数据驱动方法建立材料组分、工艺参数与力学性能之间的复杂映射关系,可以在基本力学性能、渐进损伤、疲劳性能以及摩擦磨损性能等方面实现性能预测,如图2所示。
在基本力学性能预测方面,数据驱动方法已实现对弹性、强度及纤维基体界面行为的精准预测。通过整合材料组分与纤维构型参数,前馈神经网络(feedforward neuralnetwork,FNN)模型可实现对复合材料纵向和横向杨氏模量、剪切模量及泊松比的高精度预测[12];相较于传统的FNN模型,融合微观力学理论的人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)模型有效表征了短FRCs在不同纤维分布模式下的等效弹性响应[34]。在强度预测方面,ANN与有限元分析相结合的混合建模框架,用以预测单向FRCs中随机纤维分布引起的拉伸强度及其统计分散性[35];而基于主成分分析与二值神经网络(biological neural network,BNN)框架的集成方法则在保持预测精度的同时,提升了碳纤维非织造复合材料应力−应变曲线预测的鲁棒性与不确定性量化能力[36];相比之下,多算法融合策略通过集成不同算法的优势,进一步提升了高性能FRCs抗压强度、抗拉强度及延性等关键力学指标的预测精度[37]。此外,基于梯度提升回归器的人工神经网络,通过输入界面脱黏测试数据,预测FRCs界面剪切强度与最大载荷并确定界面特性显著依赖纤维直径[38]
在疲劳性能预测方面,数据驱动方法与多尺度损伤模型的结合,可成功预测编织复合材料在循环加卸载及拉压交替路径下的力学行为[39]。在结构胶接接头疲劳预测中,数据驱动、物理驱动与混合模型的系统比较结果表明,混合模型在数据有限场景下有独特优势,而纯数据驱动模型在大数据量时表现最佳[40]。在预测方法的发展上,疲劳寿命预测已发展为融合物理机制的混合智能模型,神经网络代理模型通过结合贝叶斯推断、极端随机树算法等方法,在保持物理意义明确的同时,显著提升了预测的精度与可靠性[4142]。在损伤演化预测中,CNN、β−变分自编码器(β−VAE)与神经常微分方程(Neural ODE)等先进DL架构,分别从空间特征提取、空间表征和动力学建模等不同角度,预测FRCs损伤从萌生到扩展等动态过程演化[4345]
针对复合材料在长期服役中的性能演化,集成多物理场仿真与DL框架,预测FRCs动态强度与蠕变行为[4648]。在环境老化预测方面,数据驱动方法通过构建环境参数与性能退化之间的定量映射,预测酸性环境下玻璃FRCs的凹陷行为并确定刚度与强度的演变规律[49];Wang等[50]采用线性回归、多项式回归、人工神经网络、随机森林回归以及支持向量回归5种ML模型,通过构建玻璃FRCs在湿热条件下加速老化与自然老化的关联模型,预测其自然老化时间和强度退化行为,其中随机森林回归模型表现最佳,预测准确率高达98%。
此外,在摩擦性能预测中,ML通过建立纤维类型、工艺参数与摩擦性能之间的复杂非线性映射,揭示纤维形态、界面特性等多因素耦合作用机制,并对复合材料摩擦系数与磨损率等关键参数进行预测[5152]
复合材料的热导率、热稳定性及燃烧特性等热学性能是保障其在高温与极端环境中服役安全与可靠性的核心环节。当前,数据驱动方法正致力于构建能够跨越微观结构特征与宏观热响应之间复杂关联的智能模型,以期解决传统方法在描述如填料−基体界面热输运、各向异性热导率等关键科学问题时的局限性。
在热传导性能预测方面,Liu等[53]采用DL与集成学习相结合的策略,通过解耦结构识别与性能回归任务,对不同纤维和基体组成的一维取向复合材料导热系数快速预测。而融合人工神经网络与粒子群优化算法的混合模型,通过系统引入纤维与基体导热系数、界面热阻、体积分数以及纤维长径比等关键参数优化模型,提高FRCs宏观导热系数预测准确率[54]。此外,基于提升树的神经网络方法通过特征重要性解析,揭示纳米填料形貌、空间分布与玻璃纤维增强纳米颗粒改性环氧树脂复合材料宏观热导率之间的内在关联与影响规律[55]。Ding等[56]通过将有限元模拟产生的全场热力学数据与神经网络结合,同时引入关键参数形状因子作为描述符,揭示复合材料面外热导率强化机制。
在热−力耦合行为及热安全性能方面,针对火灾安全这一极端工况,Loh等[57]通过火灾拉伸实验获取玻璃纤维/乙烯基酯层合板在高温下的表面温度、变形速率及破坏时间数据,基于人工神经网络构建材料在火焰冲击与机械载荷耦合作用下失效行为的预测模型。Deng等[58]结合内聚力模型的ML框架,利用模拟数据集预测碳化硅涂层碳FRCs的热冲击性能,热冲击测试前后材料的残余应力预测误差在15.7%~24.11%。基于贝叶斯正则化的人工神经网络,利用锥形量热仪实验数据训练学习,预测FRCs的热释放速率峰值及曲线等关键防火安全参数,预测结果的不确定性在7%以内[59]。此外,为预测FRCs在长期高温环境下的性能演化,Machello等[60]通过整合787组实验数据,采用经过贝叶斯优化的树模型(决策树、M5P、随机森林),系统预测分析暴露温度、基体玻璃化转变温度、样品几何特征、基体类型、纤维类型及制造工艺等关键参数对拉伸强度保留率的影响,并量化各参数对FRCs在高温下拉伸强度保留率的贡献度。更进一步地,基于高斯过程的建模方法可对短切碳纤维复合材料热−力性能进行协同预测与多目标优化,在量化不确定性的前提下,分析满足综合性能要求的最佳纤维含量区间[61]。基于优化算法的ML模型,建立短玄武岩增强聚乳酸复合材料的玻璃化转变温度和结晶度的拟合回归函数,预测其相关系数分别提升至0.9824和0.9791,并分析不同纤维参数和比例对复合材料热学性能的影响[62]
有效评估复合材料的隔声、吸声等声学性能是推动其在减振降噪等领域应用的重要基础。该性能的准确预测需要解决声波在复杂多层次结构中传播的边界值问题,核心挑战在于建立材料微观/宏观参数与声学响应之间的定量关系。结合经典波动理论与DL架构的物理启发式ML方法,可以实现复合材料声学性能的预测。
在隔声性能预测方面,董静捷等[63]基于半解析法生成训练数据集并结合径向基函数神经网络的方法,可有效预测复合材料层合板的传声损失频率响应,特别是在临界频率与吻合效应区等隔声低谷频段展现出优异的预测精度。CNN与长短期记忆网络的混合架构能够直接从材料的微结构图像序列中学习声波的动态传输特性,端到端预测消声器等结构传输损失[64]
在吸声性能预测领域,Mahesh等[65]针对纳米黏土/短碳纤维增强二醇改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯复合材料,采用改进反向传播算法构建的神经网络模型,能够以操作频率、填充密度及增强体质量分数为输入,以低于5%的平均相对误差精准预测其在宽频范围内的吸声系数。Ciaburro等[66]通过将静电纺丝复合纤维膜的微观形貌特征(如纤维直径、孔隙率)与声学测试数据相结合,开发了一种预测复合材料吸声系数的神经网络模型。Kueh等[67]开发了一种以硅酸气凝胶和纤维含量为输入的ML模型,用以预测菠萝叶纤维/硅酸气凝胶增强砂浆的吸声系数。
复合材料的电导率、介电性能及压阻效应等关键电学性能是推动其在结构监测、电磁屏蔽等领域应用的核心关键。该领域的研究集中在利用计算机视觉、DL等先进技术量化微观结构特征与宏观电学性能之间的复杂关联,为实现精准预测奠定基础。
在微观结构−导电性能关联预测方面,Yuan等[68]采用基于全卷积网络的语义分割方法并结合径向基函数神经网络,构建纤维构型与宏观电导率之间的非线性映射模型,预测分布均匀性对导电性能的影响规律。Dong等[69]采用贝叶斯优化框架对XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)算法进行超参数自动寻优,不仅实现了电阻率的预测,还通过特征重要性分析,确定碳纤维含量等关键参数的影响权重。此外,Niendorf等[70]通过集成立体光刻与超声定向自组装工艺数据,利用决策树与人工神经网络模型实现了微纤维取向度的精确预测,建立起从制造参数到导电网络形态,再到宏观电学性能的完整预测链条。在导电网络重构方面,特征融合CNN提升了电阻抗断层扫描对碳FRCs层压板电导率分布的重建质量[71]
在多场耦合电学行为解析与预测方面,Sadollah等[72]通过设计弯曲载荷下的原位电学测试实验,结合ML算法,解析纳米填料增强复合材料的电−力耦合行为,结果表明碳纳米管网络在变形过程中能保持更稳定的导电率。Wang等[73]将局部精确均匀化理论扩展应用于复合材料电学性能预测,针对周期性单胞构建满足界面连续性条件的解析解,跨尺度计算宏观等效电学参数与局部电场分布。在压阻行为研究中,Oh等[74]利用ML技术,基于实时电阻监测数据以及识别损伤的位置和类型,预测损伤发展为严重损害程度的时间,其预测误差在10 s以内,准确率超96%。Diaz−Escobar等[75]开发了一种回归算法,结合电阻断层扫描数据,以95%的准确率预测碳FRCs发生损伤时的电阻变化。
在介电响应与新型传感应用方面,DNN通过电容传感器数据准确预测玻璃纤维/环氧树脂材料中的液体吸收质量[76],而基于多层感知器的监督ML算法可预测FRCs层压板雷电热损伤程度[77]
数据驱动模型在复合材料性能预测中的应用日益广泛,然而其“黑箱”特性导致的决策机制不透明和预测不确定性,严重制约了模型的工程可信度。可解释性分析与不确定性量化技术通过提升模型的透明度和可靠性,为解决这一问题提供了有效途径。
可解释性分析通过揭示模型的决策逻辑,将复杂的数值预测转化为可理解的物理机制,显著增强了模型的工程可信度。基于特征重要性的全局或局部解释方法在复合材料研究中展现出强大潜力。其中,SHAP(SHapley Additive exPlanations)方法通过量化特征贡献度,可在纤维增强聚合物复合材料设计中成功识别出关键设计参数[78]。在预测纳米改性碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的拉伸与弯曲强度时,SHAP揭示了纤维层数、超声与固化温度是核心变量,并解析之间的复杂交互作用[79]。在单向纤维复合材料弹性性能预测中,SHAP准确识别纤维体积含量为最具影响力的变量[80]。在短纤维增强聚合物复合材料的均质化性能研究中,SHAP分析表明,基体与纤维的杨氏模量及纤维含量是影响等效性能的关键因素,同时确认纤维取向主导材料的各向异性响应[81]。而在天然纤维复合材料的力学性能预测中,SHAP分析确定纤维−基体比例等特征与性能的定量映射关系[82]。此外,Cai等[83]通过SHAP和LIME(local interpretable model−agnostic explanations)对ML模型在全局和局部可解释性进行解析,分析表明应变速率和纤维体积分数是影响FRCs动态断裂强度的主要因素,其中应变速率在不同范围内的响应机制表现出高度非线性。
不确定性量化通过建立概率预测框架,系统评估预测结果的可靠边界,为工程决策提供至关重要的风险评估依据。其中,高斯过程回归(Gaussian process regression,GPR)等概率模型能提供预测置信区间。在碳纤维复合材料的多尺度性能预测中,GPR精准量化组分性能波动引起的宏观刚度变异,模型预测即使组分属性发生±5%的微小变化,也会导致宏观轴向刚度产生约±0.067%的不确定性[84]。在热固性聚合物固化过程预测中,随机动力学模型通过量化原材料和工艺参数的不确定性,准确预测关键固化事件的输出分布函数[85]。此外,贝叶斯推断方法则提供了基于实验数据反向更新参数不确定性的能力,通过宏观刚度和强度数据显著降低碳纤维单向复合材料微观参数的不确定性[86]。蒙特卡洛模拟可准确预测纤维取向分布不确定性对有效弹性常数的影响[87]
数据驱动方法以其强大的非线性映射、特征提取与多模态数据处理能力,为FRCs性能预测提供有效途径。然而,该方法在FRCs领域的深入应用与工程化落地,仍面临从数据基础、模型本质到系统集成等挑战。
1) 数据基础薄弱。高质量、跨尺度实验数据获取成本高昂,导致可用于训练的典型样本稀缺[8889]。现有数据高度集中于常规静态力学性能,存在偏差;而热、电、化学等多场耦合性能数据积累不足,且数据采集与标注标准不统一。这使得模型的泛化能力受限,对未知材料体系或极端工况的预测可靠性降低,数据中的系统性偏差可能被模型继承并放大,从而制约其在实际应用中的适用性。
2) 模型内在局限。“黑箱”模型决策逻辑不透明,其外推能力普遍不足,且难以严格保证预测结果与物理规律的一致性。此外,模型预测中的不确定性(如认知不确定性、偶然不确定性)尚未得到充分量化与有效传递[90]。这损害了预测结果的工程可信度与安全认证接受度,物理失真的预测可能导致设计失误,而不确定性的缺失则使基于风险的稳健优化决策缺乏依据。
3) 系统集成困难。现有模型多局限于“给定材料−预测性能”的正向分析,缺乏从预设性能目标到材料配方与工艺参数的逆向设计能力。这种单向性与工业界“设计−制造−服役”一体化、闭环优化的需求脱节,导致先进数据驱动技术多滞留于学术研究阶段,难以与工业制造系统深度集成,科研成果转化率低下。
4) 动态适应困难。实际生产中的工艺参数波动、材料批次差异,以及长期服役环境下的性能退化,均是复杂的动态时变过程。现有模型通常建立在静态、理想的假设之上,难以有效表征和捕捉这些复杂动态因素的影响。这导致模型在实验室条件下表现良好,但在真实工业环境中的长期适用性、稳定性与鲁棒性不足,无法为复合材料的全生命周期可靠性管控与预测性维护提供稳定支撑。
为系统克服数据驱动方法在FRCs性能预测中面临的核心挑战,并充分发挥其工程应用潜力,未来研究将呈现出从孤立技术突破向体系化融合发展的趋势,以及单点关键性能预测与主要性能预测并举的局面。其发展将重点围绕以下关键方向展开。
1) 构建多尺度融合的复合材料数据系统。建立多源跨尺度的复合材料数据库,完善涵盖“材料组成—工艺参数—微观结构—功能性能”全链条的复合材料数据。在此基础上,积极引入自监督学习技术,从大量未标注的工艺图像、声学信号等数据中自动学习有效表征,以降低对昂贵人工标注的依赖。同时,通过发展跨模态数据融合方法与物理约束下的合成数据生成技术,在保障数据安全的前提下,系统性地解决数据稀缺与异构性难题。
2) 发展物理引导的可解释ML框架。推动数据驱动与物理引导的不断融合,通过将复合材料领域中的各向异性本构关系、损伤演化准则等物理知识,以硬约束或物理正则化方式深度嵌入DL架构,从根本上确保预测结果的物理合理性。进一步,引入主动学习策略,通过智能采样算法主动选择对模型优化最有价值的数据进行实验或计算,显著降低获取高成本数据的代价,并明确给出预测值的置信区间,增强模型的可信度。
3) 实现性能导向的逆向设计与参数优化。完善性能预测结果与参数的映射关系,基于GAN、变分自编码器与强化学习等先进算法,结合多尺度的复合材料基本数据,形成材料配方、工艺参数、目标性能的多模态数据平台,并实现复合材料性能预测与性能导向的逆向设计。
4) 建立全生命周期集成的数字孪生系统。构建与物理实体同步的数字孪生体,融合嵌入式传感器数据与在线学习算法,建立从复合材料制造、性能预测、服役性能监测到剩余寿命评估的全生命周期数字孪生系统,推动复合材料性能预测向动态智能制造方向发展。
  • 中国科学院科技服务网络计划(STS)黄埔专项项目(STS−HP−202306)
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2025年第43卷第24期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00009
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
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中国科学院科技服务网络计划(STS)黄埔专项项目(STS−HP−202306)
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    1中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳 518055
    2广州金发碳纤维新材料发展有限公司,广州 510555
    3中化数智科技有限公司,北京 100080
    4中国信息通信研究院,北京 100191

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高明(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为材料复合与智能改性技术,电子信箱:;
喻学锋(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为材料智能创制,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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