Article(id=1317089735730901752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1787587200000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791948263341, onlineDateStr=2026-10-14, pubDate=1789228800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791948263341, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791948263341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791948263341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317089654613070048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789228800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791948244002, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791948304422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=91, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317089737488315129, articleId=1317089735730901752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Review of evaluation and monitoring technologies for urban nighttime light pollution, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the acceleration process of urbanization, artificial light at night(ALAN) has become an essential supporting component for the operational and sustainable development of modern cities. Nevertheless, the widespread prevalence of ALAN has triggered increasingly severe urban light pollution problems. Existing research on light pollution has long been confined to the paradigm of localized monitoring and single−dimensional evaluation, lacking cross−scale and multi−dimensional systematic integration. This limitation has become a critical bottleneck hindering the refined governance of urban light pollution. This paper systematically reviews the research background and current progress of urban nighttime light pollution studies, and identifies the prominent challenges in current research: an incomplete evaluation index system that fails to fully cover the diverse and complex receptors of the light pollution, fragmented technical research methods, and the lack of a comprehensive monitoring mechanism.

, authors=Luoxi HAO1, 2, Guangzhi HU1, 2, Rongdi SHAO1, 2, Yezhen CAI1, 2, authorsList=Luoxi HAO, Guangzhi HU, Rongdi SHAO, Yezhen CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317089738293621498, articleId=1317089735730901752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=城市夜间照明光污染评价及监测技术研究综述, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着城市化进程的加快,夜间照明已成为现代城市运行与发展的关键要素,但其衍生的光污染问题也日益严重。光污染研究长期陷于“局部监测−单一评价”的定式,缺乏跨尺度与多维度的系统性统筹,这是制约城市光污染精细化治理的重要困境。系统论述了城市夜间照明光污染的研究背景与现状,并提出了当下面临的问题和挑战:评价指标体系不完善,难以覆盖光污染复杂的影响主体,技术手段碎片化,以及缺乏全面的监测机制等。通过重点梳理光污染在人居健康、生态环境和天文观测3个方面的具体影响以及对应的典型评价指标,在此基础上,从地面测量、空中观测及遥感监测3类主要技术层面出发,系统总结了当前主流的光污染监测手段及其适用场景,试图为光污染治理面临的问题提供一定的解决建议:构建空天地的多元监测体系、强化人因健康的光污染评价量化研究、利用先进算法搭建数据处理和智慧管控平台等未来发展方向,为城市夜间照明的科学管控提供理论支持与技术路径参考。

, authors=郝洛西1, 2, 胡广梽1, 2, 邵戎镝1, 2, 蔡烨震1, 2, authorsList=郝洛西, 胡广梽, 邵戎镝, 蔡烨震, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

郝洛西,教授,研究方向为城市光污染与人因健康,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5jyRnjH5d+tIwZNcnZXVTg==, magXml=PDdmwzyIS4UlxNAsCfvsTw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=o2dEx8TAtwnzgN2TlaY/hA==, pdfFileSize=795113, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yCmK7svhNC0S8NT218JM7A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1317089738910184194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=haoluoxi@tongji.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317089738985681669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, authorId=1317089738910184194, language=EN, stringName=Luoxi HAO, firstName=Luoxi, middleName=null, lastName=HAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 8409., articleTitle=Worldwide variations in artificial skyglow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317089748376728415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=61, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=曹军骥, 黄虹, journalName=科技导报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹军骥, 黄虹. 2025年环境科学热点回眸[J]. 科技导报, 2026, 44(1): 61-69., articleTitle=2025年环境科学热点回眸, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317089742756361001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, awardId=2023YFC3805303, language=CN, fundingSource=科技部国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3805303), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317089742815081258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, awardId=22dz1202400, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市科学技术委员会项目(22dz1202400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317089742882190123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, awardId=2025−0553−YB−15, language=CN, fundingSource=同济大学“医学+X”交叉研究项目(2025−0553−YB−15), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317089738704663291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317089738713051900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, companyId=1317089738704663291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317089738721440509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, companyId=1317089738704663291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1同济大学建筑与城市规划学院,上海 200092)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317089738809520894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317089738826298111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, companyId=1317089738809520894, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Ecology and Energy−Saving Study of Dense Habitat of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317089738834686720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, companyId=1317089738809520894, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2同济大学高密度人居环境生态与节能教育部重点实验室,上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317089742387262245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标指标含义参考阈值/建议值
人居健康 黑视素等效日光照度(m−EDI) 表征光环境对黑视素通路及昼夜节律系统刺激水平的光度量 ≤10 lx(习惯睡眠前约3 h建议值)
 CS值(circadian stimulus,CS) 表征光刺激可能引起的昼夜节律响应 已有研究以CS值0.05作为急性褪黑素抑制的工作阈值
 蓝光比例(blue light ratio) 表征光谱中短波成分的相对水平,与昼夜节律效应相关 趋势性建议:夜间减少短波光成分
 相关色温(correlated color temperature,CCT) 表征光源色表特征;不同CCT光源的光谱组成可能存在差异 不宜作为独立健康风险阈值,应结合m−EDI及光谱特性综合评价
 亮度、照度 住宅建筑外窗垂直面量测的照度,人行道照明灯具、LED屏幕、媒体立面等的最大亮度、平均亮度,评价视觉影响 E1−E4分区对应不同阈值
 阈值增量(threshold increment,TI) 夜间道路眩光程度的评价指标 主干路快速路10%,次干路10%,支路15%
 眩光评级(glare rating,GR) 多用于户外照明场景的眩光等级指标,反映不舒适感受程度 GR值越低越好;具体数值随应用场景而定
 PSQI(Pittsburgh sleep quality index) 区分睡眠质量的主观标准问卷 总分>5 通常被视为睡眠质量较差
 积极与消极情感量表(positive and negative affect schedule,PANAS) 评估个体当前的情绪状态 PA(positive affect)越高越积极,NA(negative affect)越高表示负面情绪越强
 SIGH−SAD(汉密尔顿抑郁量表−季节性情感障碍结构化访谈指南) 评估季节性情感障碍的核心症状 ≥20分常被视为SAD筛查阳性
生态平衡 光谱 不同物种的视觉系统在敏感度和响应的波长上存在差异 选择窄光谱灯具
 照度(illuminance) 表示单位面积上光通量大小,影响生态和天文环境 不同动植物有不同的阈值
 光照时间 光照时间过长会对动植物产生影响 在保持人类视觉所需条件的同时减少光强或持续时间
天文观测 夜空亮度(night sky brightness,
NSB)
 天文观测背景亮度指标,单位为mag/arcsec2,值越大越暗 ≥21.75 mag/arcsec2(专业观测要求)
 人工夜空亮度(artificial sky brightness) 根据新的高分辨率卫星数据和新的精确天空亮度测量值计算的天顶亮度 ≤14 μcd/m2(天文推荐值)
 上射光通比(upward light ratio,
ULR)
 户外灯具向上发出的光通量占比,用于衡量对星空的干扰 天文保护区E0要求0%;城市区E4不超过15%
), ArticleFig(id=1317089742462759718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光污染评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标指标含义参考阈值/建议值
人居健康 黑视素等效日光照度(m−EDI) 表征光环境对黑视素通路及昼夜节律系统刺激水平的光度量 ≤10 lx(习惯睡眠前约3 h建议值)
 CS值(circadian stimulus,CS) 表征光刺激可能引起的昼夜节律响应 已有研究以CS值0.05作为急性褪黑素抑制的工作阈值
 蓝光比例(blue light ratio) 表征光谱中短波成分的相对水平,与昼夜节律效应相关 趋势性建议:夜间减少短波光成分
 相关色温(correlated color temperature,CCT) 表征光源色表特征;不同CCT光源的光谱组成可能存在差异 不宜作为独立健康风险阈值,应结合m−EDI及光谱特性综合评价
 亮度、照度 住宅建筑外窗垂直面量测的照度,人行道照明灯具、LED屏幕、媒体立面等的最大亮度、平均亮度,评价视觉影响 E1−E4分区对应不同阈值
 阈值增量(threshold increment,TI) 夜间道路眩光程度的评价指标 主干路快速路10%,次干路10%,支路15%
 眩光评级(glare rating,GR) 多用于户外照明场景的眩光等级指标,反映不舒适感受程度 GR值越低越好;具体数值随应用场景而定
 PSQI(Pittsburgh sleep quality index) 区分睡眠质量的主观标准问卷 总分>5 通常被视为睡眠质量较差
 积极与消极情感量表(positive and negative affect schedule,PANAS) 评估个体当前的情绪状态 PA(positive affect)越高越积极,NA(negative affect)越高表示负面情绪越强
 SIGH−SAD(汉密尔顿抑郁量表−季节性情感障碍结构化访谈指南) 评估季节性情感障碍的核心症状 ≥20分常被视为SAD筛查阳性
生态平衡 光谱 不同物种的视觉系统在敏感度和响应的波长上存在差异 选择窄光谱灯具
 照度(illuminance) 表示单位面积上光通量大小,影响生态和天文环境 不同动植物有不同的阈值
 光照时间 光照时间过长会对动植物产生影响 在保持人类视觉所需条件的同时减少光强或持续时间
天文观测 夜空亮度(night sky brightness,
NSB)
 天文观测背景亮度指标,单位为mag/arcsec2,值越大越暗 ≥21.75 mag/arcsec2(专业观测要求)
 人工夜空亮度(artificial sky brightness) 根据新的高分辨率卫星数据和新的精确天空亮度测量值计算的天顶亮度 ≤14 μcd/m2(天文推荐值)
 上射光通比(upward light ratio,
ULR)
 户外灯具向上发出的光通量占比,用于衡量对星空的干扰 天文保护区E0要求0%;城市区E4不超过15%
), ArticleFig(id=1317089742555034407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测维度设备技术特点局限
地面监测
照度计、亮度计 操作简单、成本低、适合局部光环境测量 数据离散,无法反映空间分布
天空质量仪(sky quality meter,
SQM)
 可测夜空亮度,量化区域光污染 光谱响应偏短波,与V波段不符,可能低估LED影响
数码相机+鱼眼镜头 获取全景光亮度分布,支持GR、TI等计算 图像处理复杂,需专业软件
光谱仪、高光谱相机 可获取光源光谱功率分布(SPD) 成本高,部署复杂,空间覆盖有限
多功能集成设备 同时获取多种数据指标,评估更全面 成本高、系统复杂、受天气干扰
天空监测
无人机搭载相机(如Sony NEX−7) 灵活机动,空间分辨率高,可识别单个光源 航空限高、续航限制、校准复杂
MINLU多传感器系统(相机+
光谱仪)
 多维度同步采集,适合城市尺度三维测量 平台稳定性、负载能力、应用成本限制扩展性
太空监测DMSP/OLS卫星传感器 提供全球尺度历史数据(1992—2013),覆盖广 空间分辨率低(~560 m),光谱范围有限
VIIRS/DNB(Suomi NPP) 分辨率提升(~400 m),每日更新,时效性强 仍为向上辐射测量,难反映水平方向污染
珞珈一号卫星 分辨率达130 m,适合城市精细研究 光谱范围窄,需地面验证支持
国际空间站拍摄的RGB图像 宽光谱响应,可补充卫星数据光谱不足 数据不连续、依赖人工拍摄与处理
), ArticleFig(id=1317089742655697704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089735730901752, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光污染监测技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测维度设备技术特点局限
地面监测
照度计、亮度计 操作简单、成本低、适合局部光环境测量 数据离散,无法反映空间分布
天空质量仪(sky quality meter,
SQM)
 可测夜空亮度,量化区域光污染 光谱响应偏短波,与V波段不符,可能低估LED影响
数码相机+鱼眼镜头 获取全景光亮度分布,支持GR、TI等计算 图像处理复杂,需专业软件
光谱仪、高光谱相机 可获取光源光谱功率分布(SPD) 成本高,部署复杂,空间覆盖有限
多功能集成设备 同时获取多种数据指标,评估更全面 成本高、系统复杂、受天气干扰
天空监测
无人机搭载相机(如Sony NEX−7) 灵活机动,空间分辨率高,可识别单个光源 航空限高、续航限制、校准复杂
MINLU多传感器系统(相机+
光谱仪)
 多维度同步采集,适合城市尺度三维测量 平台稳定性、负载能力、应用成本限制扩展性
太空监测DMSP/OLS卫星传感器 提供全球尺度历史数据(1992—2013),覆盖广 空间分辨率低(~560 m),光谱范围有限
VIIRS/DNB(Suomi NPP) 分辨率提升(~400 m),每日更新,时效性强 仍为向上辐射测量,难反映水平方向污染
珞珈一号卫星 分辨率达130 m,适合城市精细研究 光谱范围窄,需地面验证支持
国际空间站拍摄的RGB图像 宽光谱响应,可补充卫星数据光谱不足 数据不连续、依赖人工拍摄与处理
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城市夜间照明光污染评价及监测技术研究综述
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郝洛西 1, 2 , 胡广梽 1, 2 , 邵戎镝 1, 2 , 蔡烨震 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(17): 91-101
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (17) : 91 -101
城市夜间照明光污染评价及监测技术研究综述
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郝洛西1, 2 , 胡广梽1, 2, 邵戎镝1, 2, 蔡烨震1, 2
作者信息
  • 1同济大学建筑与城市规划学院,上海 200092
  • 2同济大学高密度人居环境生态与节能教育部重点实验室,上海 200092
作者简介:

郝洛西,教授,研究方向为城市光污染与人因健康,电子信箱:

Review of evaluation and monitoring technologies for urban nighttime light pollution
Luoxi HAO1, 2 , Guangzhi HU1, 2, Rongdi SHAO1, 2, Yezhen CAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Ecology and Energy−Saving Study of Dense Habitat of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2026-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00033
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随着城市化进程的加快,夜间照明已成为现代城市运行与发展的关键要素,但其衍生的光污染问题也日益严重。光污染研究长期陷于“局部监测−单一评价”的定式,缺乏跨尺度与多维度的系统性统筹,这是制约城市光污染精细化治理的重要困境。系统论述了城市夜间照明光污染的研究背景与现状,并提出了当下面临的问题和挑战:评价指标体系不完善,难以覆盖光污染复杂的影响主体,技术手段碎片化,以及缺乏全面的监测机制等。通过重点梳理光污染在人居健康、生态环境和天文观测3个方面的具体影响以及对应的典型评价指标,在此基础上,从地面测量、空中观测及遥感监测3类主要技术层面出发,系统总结了当前主流的光污染监测手段及其适用场景,试图为光污染治理面临的问题提供一定的解决建议:构建空天地的多元监测体系、强化人因健康的光污染评价量化研究、利用先进算法搭建数据处理和智慧管控平台等未来发展方向,为城市夜间照明的科学管控提供理论支持与技术路径参考。

城市夜间照明  /  光污染监测  /  光污染评价  /  人居健康  /  生态平衡  /  天文观测

With the acceleration process of urbanization, artificial light at night(ALAN) has become an essential supporting component for the operational and sustainable development of modern cities. Nevertheless, the widespread prevalence of ALAN has triggered increasingly severe urban light pollution problems. Existing research on light pollution has long been confined to the paradigm of localized monitoring and single−dimensional evaluation, lacking cross−scale and multi−dimensional systematic integration. This limitation has become a critical bottleneck hindering the refined governance of urban light pollution. This paper systematically reviews the research background and current progress of urban nighttime light pollution studies, and identifies the prominent challenges in current research: an incomplete evaluation index system that fails to fully cover the diverse and complex receptors of the light pollution, fragmented technical research methods, and the lack of a comprehensive monitoring mechanism.

artificial light at night  /  light pollution monitoring  /  light pollution evaluation  /  human health  /  ecological balance  /  astronomical observation
郝洛西, 胡广梽, 邵戎镝, 蔡烨震. 城市夜间照明光污染评价及监测技术研究综述. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (17) : 91 -101 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00033
Luoxi HAO, Guangzhi HU, Rongdi SHAO, Yezhen CAI. Review of evaluation and monitoring technologies for urban nighttime light pollution[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (17) : 91 -101 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00033
夜间照明已然成为维持城市运行、保障人民安全,激活城市景观甚至促进夜间经济的重要手段,但同时也带来了不可忽视的环境问题——光污染。国际暗夜协会对于光污染的描述:“不当或过度使用人造光,可能对人类、野生动物和气候造成严重的环境影响[1]”。国际照明委员会(International Commission on Illumination,CIE)将光污染定义为人造光累积产生的不利影响[2]。近年来,光污染导致夜空亮度持续上升,天文观测条件不断恶化,生态系统被扰乱,居民生理节律亦受到干扰,光污染问题逐渐引起政府、学界与公众的广泛关注。
夜间光污染具有时空变化显著、影响因素复杂、监测难度大以及评价体系不健全等特点。因此,如何科学、系统和高效地开展光污染监测,并建立有效的评价指标体系,是当前研究的关键问题之一。尤其是在“双碳”背景下,低碳绿色理念已深刻融入城市空间治理与存量发展之中[3]。城市夜间照明作为重要的基础设施,推动其绿色转型和科学监管的工作迫在眉睫,这不仅是防治环境污染的关键,也是实现低碳绿色城市更新、提升人居环境质量的内在需求。
本文旨在系统梳理国内外城市夜间照明光污染的研究进展,提出当前研究面临的挑战,并重点围绕光污染影响和评价、光污染监测技术2个方面展开。首先,回顾光污染研究的发展脉络和重点领域;其次,对人居健康、生态平衡与天文观测等维度的光污染影响和评价进行归纳总结;最后,从地面、天空与太空3个层面论述主流光污染监测技术。
国外对城市夜间照明光污染的研究起步较早,起初主要围绕对天文观测的干扰问题展开。早在20世纪60年代,欧美地区的天文学家就注意到城市照明造成的天空亮度升高显著削弱了天文台的观测效果。1986年,Garstang[4]提出城市夜空照明模型,对城市光源产生的天空亮度进行了定量模拟,为后续研究的理论建模奠定了基础。该模型首次将灯光分布、地形、大气散射等因素纳入考量,为预测光污染对城市的影响范围提供了依据。1988年,美国成立了国际暗夜协会(International Dark−Sky Association,IDA),致力于保护自然夜空和制定科学照明政策。该组织倡导“暗夜保护”理念,并与多国地方政府合作设立“暗夜保护区”,制定照明设计标准,限制过度照明和不当朝向的光源。
随着遥感技术的发展,全球尺度的光污染监测成为可能。为推动光污染治理与公众意识提升,2001年,Cinzano等[5]基于美国国防气象卫星计划(Defense Meteorological Satellite Program,DMSP)搭载的线性扫描业务系统(operational linescan system,OLS)夜光数据绘制了全球首张人工夜空亮度地图——《世界人造夜空亮度地图》(World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness),揭示了当时全球超过1/3人口生活在几乎看不到银河的环境中的情况。极大推动了光污染在环境科学与城市规划领域的跨学科研究。目前美国国家海洋与大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)提供的可见光红外成像辐射计套件(visible infrared imaging radiometer suite,VIIRS)夜光遥感数据成为主要数据源之一,具有高辐射灵敏度和连续观测能力,被广泛用于城市照明强度评估与光污染趋势分析[6]。
近年来,除天文影响外,国外研究也高度关注光污染对于人居健康与生态系统的影响。大量实证研究发现,夜间暴露在过强亮度或过高色温的人造光下,会干扰人体昼夜节律,抑制褪黑素分泌,从而影响睡眠质量、免疫功能,甚至可能增加患癌风险[7]。另外,生态学研究表明,光污染已成为影响城市与野外动植物行为和生态节律的重要因素,夜间照明会干扰昆虫的趋光行为、鸟类迁徙路径以及植物的生长周期,尤其对夜行性物种造成持续性生态影响[8]。
除了学术界与公众组织的积极参与,CIE作为全球权威的照明标准制定机构,也在光污染治理中发挥了重要的技术指导作用。CIE自2003年起即关注人造光对环境的负面影响,发布了技术报告CIE 150: 2003《室外照明设施干扰光影响限制指南》(Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations),为城市户外空间照明设计中防止眩光、限制上射光等提出了具体建议,并在2017年进一步发布《CIE 150:2017》修订版,在原有基础上更新了环境区分类(E1~E4,从暗夜区到城市核心区),并引入了包括阈值增量(threshold increment)、天空辉光(sky glow)和垂直照度限制(vertical illuminance limit)等更加系统的评价参数。这些参数在多个国家与地区被作为制定地方照明规范的重要依据[9]。此外,CIE还与国际电工委员会(International Electrotechnical Commission,IEC)、国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization,ISO)合作,构建跨国照明产品设计与环保性能的评估体系。
国际对光污染的研究经历了一场显著的范式演变:从早期聚焦于单一维度天文观测的物理干扰,逐步跨越至涵盖人居生理健康、生态系统及社会政策的多维复合影响范式。在技术路线上,实现了从局部的理论数理建模,向依赖高辐射灵敏度遥感卫星(如VIIRS)的大尺度连续动态监测跃升;评估手段也从早期简单的防眩光指导原则,发展到如今以CIE体系为代表、涵盖阈值增量、天空辉光等指标的系统化、可量化的标准评价框架。
中国对城市夜间照明光污染的关注起步相对较晚,最初也主要集中在天文学领域,关注城市扩张对天文台观测环境的影响。进入21世纪,随着城市照明工程的大规模推广,尤其是景观照明、功能照明和商业照明在一线城市的迅速普及,光污染问题日益凸显,研究领域逐渐从天文学拓展至城市规划、生态环境与公共健康等多学科交叉领域。
在理论研究方面,国内学者借鉴国外的天空亮度模型,结合城市实测数据,开展了城市夜空亮度分布特征、光污染扩散规律等方面的研究。例如,刘鸣等[10−11]通过天津城市夜天空亮度监测,分析了夜天空亮度的分布特性及其基本模型。苏晓明等[12]通过对夜间图像所表征的天空亮度分布进行灰度分级,绘制了呼和浩特市天空光污染地图。此外,一些研究也引入了多源遥感数据(如Luojia−1、Suomi 国家极轨伙伴关系卫星(Suomi National Polar−orbiting Partnership,Suomi NPP)搭载的 VIIRS)与地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术,对大尺度夜间灯光空间格局进行时空分析和建模,例如李家艺等[13]基于“珞珈一号”夜光遥感影像对南京市的夜间光污染进行监测,基于计算得到的夜间照度分析南京市的夜间光污染分布状况。
在人居健康方面,近年来的研究开始关注高强度夜间照明对居民生理节律干扰、心理压力、睡眠质量及患病风险等的影响[14]。汪统岳等[15]研究了光照强度和时间对人员褪黑素和睡眠节律的短期影响,得出夜间的强光刺激会加剧节律相位的后移,导致入睡时间的延迟和睡眠质量下降的结论,Chen等[16]通过对上海、香港的多个商业街区共计800余测点的测量和研究,得出上海和香港分别有47%和86%测点测得的昼夜节律刺激(circadian stimulus,CS)超过0.05,将会抑制褪黑激素,对昼夜节律产生影响。
在生态环境方面,景观生态学者也指出人工照明对城市湿地、鸟类栖息地、昆虫繁殖行为等造成潜在风险,马剑等[17]在2010年前后展开了多种鸟类的现场及实验室“光刺激—行为反应”的定量化统计研究,找到了一些鸟类行为与光环境特性之间初步定量化的规律,开发出了适用于候鸟光生态实验的观测与统计技术。熊睿雨等[18]通过光污染对人体、动植物的全健康影响的研究,提出光污染的4个等级以及风险阈值,并表明夜间光污染干扰人与动植物的昼夜节律等,造成人体癌症、代谢、失眠、心境障碍等疾病,对动物造成进食、定向、肿瘤、繁殖、心理和睡眠障碍等问题,且影响植物的物候与传粉。
国内对于光污染的管理方面,虽已经在《环境保护法》第42条中认定了光辐射是环境污染的一种表现,在《生态环境法典》中提出了防治要求,但缺少光污染防治的专门立法[19],在相关规范方面,目前制定了一些关于干扰光的测量、阈值要求的规范,例如GB/T 35626−2017《室外照明干扰光限制规范》和GB/T 38439−2019《室外照明干扰光测量规范》中对商业、居住、公园、城市道路等区域的干扰光进行了界定和限制,GB/T 34973−2017《LED(light emitting diode)显示屏干扰光现场测量方法》对显示屏的干扰光进行了详细的规定,等等。但对于光污染目前的分区体系方法尚未统一,对于光污染的阈值没有形成共识[20]。
相比之下,国内光污染研究起步较晚,其研究范式经历了从早期的“借鉴学习”向“应对高密度城市环境”的本土化拓展。随着国内大规模城市照明工程的建设,研究视域迅速从天文学拓展至城市规划、人居健康与生态保护等的交叉领域。并逐步从“引进国外模型与局部实测”,向高分辨率遥感(如“珞珈一号”)与多源数据融合转变。尽管如此,国内尚未完全形成面向中国高密度城市形态的本土化数据库,且光污染治理的相关指标碎片化,光污染对生态、健康影响的量效关系尚处于研究阶段,对于各类光污染源仍缺乏统一、系统的评估标准与技术规范,对于光污染的监测手段较为单一、监测手段亟待向网格化与智能化更新。
尽管关于城市夜间光污染的研究逐渐增多,影响机制亦得到一定程度的探讨,但整体而言,现有研究体系仍存在多方面的问题,亟待进一步梳理与完善。
首先,光污染的影响范围广泛,涉及多尺度的城市空间和多维度的影响主体。但当前研究大多只针对于某一维度或单一场景,缺乏对人、生态系统与城市空间关系的系统性认识。城市夜间照明不仅影响居民的生理节律和心理健康,还对城市生物多样性、昆虫行为及生态平衡构成威胁,同时严重干扰天文观测活动。然而,不同研究领域之间尚未建立统一的研究框架和体系,导致成果碎片化、评价口径难以对齐。
其次,光污染评价指标体系尚不健全。目前规范中常用的光污染评价指标包括亮度、照度等,涵盖范围较窄,局限于灯具本身的参数,难以覆盖光污染复杂的影响主体,更难以全面评价光污染在环境生态中的复杂表现。此外,不同研究可能选用不同的测量方式和指标体系,存在数据不可比、评价结果差异显著的问题,限制了城市尺度上的宏观评价与治理决策。
最后,光污染的监测手段零散、数据获取方式分化严重。现阶段的光污染监测手段主要包括地面实测(如照度计、光谱仪)、卫星遥感和图像处理等。其中,地面实测受限于成本与布点密度,难以形成大尺度、高频率的数据覆盖;遥感技术虽能提供宏观的空间分布信息,但其分辨率与时效性有限;而图像识别与深度学习技术虽展现出一定的潜力,但在标准化、可解释性及实际部署方面仍处于探索阶段。目前尚缺乏一种可兼顾精度、效率与适用性的综合监测机制,也未形成覆盖多维目标的统一数据体系。
综上所述,当前光污染研究呈现出“目标多样−指标割裂−手段分散”的特征。这种割裂与分散直接导致了实际治理效能的大打折扣:一方面,管理部门难以根据碎片化、不兼容的标准和数据划定统一的执法红线;另一方面,长期以来,中国光污染监测以地面定点测量为核心,部分城市通过车载天空质量仪、照度计夜间巡查作为补充,但这类方式成本高、效率低、覆盖范围有限,无法精准反映复杂城市空间内光污染的动态变化,制约了治理工作的推进。因此,如何建立统一的评价框架、发展全面的监测技术体系,成为当前光污染管控亟待解决的核心问题。
为了科学评价光污染,需要根据光污染影响的不同对象构建针对性评价指标体系。当前国际与国内研究普遍将光污染影响划分为3大类:影响人居健康、破坏生态平衡与干扰天文观测,并在此基础上总结相应的监测参数和评价方法(表1)。
夜间照明光污染对人体健康尤其是睡眠质量和昼夜节律有显著影响,因此,建立科学合理的人居健康评价指标体系,成为光污染监测和控制的重要内容。当前,研究中覆盖了多项指标评估光环境对人体的生理和心理影响,主要包括视觉舒适度评价指标以及非视觉影响评价指标。
首先,蓝光比例作为光谱特性的重要组成,直接关系到褪黑素抑制效果。短波长光对人体昼夜节律系统具有较高的生物效应权重,夜间应关注光源短波成分及其所形成的黑视素刺激,以降低不适宜光暴露对昼夜节律的影响[21−22]。
另外,黑视素等效日光照度(melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance,m−EDI)是基于内在光敏视网膜神经节细胞(intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells,ipRGCs)相关光谱响应建立的光度量,用于表征光环境对人体非视觉昼夜节律系统的刺激水平。m−EDI综合考虑了光源光谱功率分布及黑视素作用光谱,相较于传统照度能够更直接地反映光环境的昼夜节律效应。相关专家共识建议,在习惯睡眠前约3 h内,眼部m−EDI应尽量控制在10 lx以下,以降低夜间光暴露对昼夜节律和睡眠的不利影响[21−22]。
CS(circadian stimulus)值用于表征光刺激可能引起的昼夜节律响应,其取值随光谱组成和光照水平变化。已有城市户外照明研究以CS值0.05作为急性褪黑素抑制的工作阈值,用于识别夜间光暴露可能产生的非视觉生理影响[16]。
相关色温(correlated color temperature,CCT)是表征光源色表特征的重要参数。不同CCT光源的光谱组成存在差异,但CCT本身不能完整表征光环境的非视觉生理效应,实际影响还与光照水平及光谱功率分布密切相关。因此,夜间光环境评价不宜仅依据CCT判断健康风险,而应结合m−EDI等光谱加权指标综合评价[16,23]。
视觉舒适度方面,GB/T 35626−2017《室外照明干扰光限制规范》中提到了多个限制指标,例如在住宅建筑外窗垂直面量测的照度,可以用于评价对居民睡眠及视觉的干扰,以及人行道照明灯具、LED屏幕、媒体立面等的最大亮度、平均亮度,对于不同的环境区域(E1、E2、E3、E4)都有不同的阈值要求。
除此之外,眩光值(glare rating,GR)也是评价眩光对人体视觉影响的主要指标。眩光是光污染引发眼睛不适和视疲劳的重要原因,GR指标多用于户外体育场馆、广场等场景,从10~100对应不同的感官等级[24]。阈值增量(threshold increment,TI)是评价夜间城市道路眩光的重要指标,TI值越高,表示眩光越严重,视觉性能下降越明显,CJJ45−2015《城市道路照明设计标准》[25]规定了3个道路等级阈值增量的最大值:主干路快速路10%、次干路10%、支路15%。
除采用客观指标外,研究亦广泛借助主观量表评估睡眠质量、昼夜节律紊乱程度及情绪状态等主观感受。匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)是由Buysse等[26]于1989年开发的用于评估过去1个月睡眠质量和障碍的标准化问卷,包括主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时长、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、睡眠用药和日间功能障碍7个子量表,最终得出总评分(0~21分)。
在评估光污染可能引发的负性情绪方面,积极与消极情感量表(positive and negative affect schedule,PANAS)可以通过评估个体当前的情绪状态来探究光污染与情绪之间的关系[27]。同时,汉密尔顿抑郁量表−季节性情感障碍结构化访谈指南(the structured interview guide for the Hamilton depression rating scale−seasonal affective disorders,SIGH−SAD)将21项汉密尔顿量表的结构化访谈与另外8个项目合并,被广泛用于研究昼夜节律紊乱与季节性抑郁之间的关系[28]。
总体来说,现有人居健康评价指标各具优势和局限性。基础光度学(照度、亮度)与视觉舒适度指标(TI、GR)标准成熟、测量简便,是目前规范执法的基础,但无法量化光环境的非视觉生物学效应;宏观光谱参数(蓝光比例、CCT)直观易用,适合作为前端采购与设计的筛选标准,但易因“光谱掩蔽”等低估实际危害。前沿的非视觉生理指标(m−EDI、CS值)虽能精准反映人体生理节律和心理感受的终端结果,但户外光环境复杂,难以进行精细化评估。主观量表(PSQI等)易受个体及环境混杂因素(如噪音、作息习惯)的干扰。
夜间人造光干扰了生态系统中许多物种对昼夜节律的感知与行为调节,光污染对动植物的影响日益受到生态学与环境科学领域的关注。研究发现,许多野生动物的觅食、迁徙、繁殖行为依赖于自然的昼夜光照变化,而人工光照的持续照明、光谱变化和亮度增强,会导致动物行为错乱、生态位竞争加剧,甚至影响种群生存。
研究表明,夜间照明的光谱分布可能对生物体行为、物种间相互作用以及相应的群落结构产生重要影响。这是因为不同物种的视觉系统在敏感度和响应的波长上存在差异,例如,跳蛛拥有毛状体色觉,其受体敏感性最大值位于紫外线、绿色和蓝色波段;在植物中,光敏色素系统对红光较为敏感,动物中的隐花色素在光谱的蓝光和紫外光部分较为敏感[29−30]。因此,与较宽光谱光源相比,发射窄光谱光线的照明技术可能具有较小的生态影响[31]。
人工夜间照明已被证明在不同强度下具有生态效应。例如,在约10 lx的照明条件下,多种观赏植物的花期被观察到延迟和提前,而在约4 lx的照明条件下,北美知更鸟的晨间歌唱开始时间提前[32]。减少光照强度对当地动物生态系统的益处,很大程度上取决于它们对光的敏感性,而这种敏感性也在很大程度上取决于它们眼睛的结构及其大小。例如,具有折射叠加复眼的昆虫,通常比具有聚焦叠加复眼的昆虫在较低光照条件下看得更清楚[33]。因此,需要在保持人类视觉所需条件的同时减少光强或持续时间。
Schofield等[34]在河流环境开展的实地实验共记录26种石蛾,结果显示6500 K LED捕获的石蛾数量超过3000 K LED的1.6倍,表明较高色温光源可能增加部分水生昆虫成虫的趋光风险。另外,相关规范也表明,应使用遮光罩、控制光照方向和选择暖色调光源(如琥珀色或红色)以减少对水生生物的干扰。确保光源不会直接照射到水体或水生生物的栖息地,使用屏蔽灯具以减少光污染[35]。
总体来说,生态光污染评价主要依赖光谱、照度与光照时间等核心物理维度,其优势在于能直观量化人造光对自然节律的影响程度,有助于快速划定生态暗区边界。然而,现有指标在跨物种普适性上存在明显短板:不同动植物对特定波长的敏感阈值差异巨大,难以在宏观尺度上提取出兼顾多物种的光谱最优解。
人造光污染对天文观测的干扰最为直接且严重,其影响不仅体现在观测精度下降、背景干扰增加,还限制了天文台址的选择与建设,甚至威胁到专业与业余天文活动的可持续性。随着LED等高亮度光源在城市的广泛应用,夜空亮度迅速增加,天文观测所需的暗夜环境正在急剧萎缩。国际天文学联合会(International Astronomical Union,IAU)和IDA等组织长期致力于推动减少光污染、保护观测环境,已提出一系列评价指标与推荐标准。
天文观测要求高度黑暗和稳定的天空背景,天空亮度(night sky brightness,NSB)是最直接的测量指标。根据国际暗夜协会(IDA)推荐,天空亮度应高于21.75 mag/arcsec2才能满足专业观测需求。而人工天空亮度(artificial sky brightness)则反映了从城市上空产生的光污染强度,是根据新的高分辨率卫星数据和新的精确天空亮度测量值计算的天顶亮度,建议控制在14 μcd/m2以下,避免对星空造成显著掩盖[36]。
上射光通比(upward light ratio,ULR)是衡量室外照明装置对天空光污染影响的关键指标,表示灯具在安装使用状态下向天空发射光通量的比例。CIE在《CIE 150: 2017》中对不同环境等级提出了明确的ULR限值建议,例如对于天文保护区(E0区)要求ULR为0%,而对于城市商业区(E4区)则允许不超过15%。ULR已被多个国际标准纳入光污染评估体系,是城市光污染治理中设计与审查的重要参数[9]。
天文观测类的评价指标体系目前相对最为成熟。NSB与人工夜空亮度能够直观、量化地评估天空辉光水平,ULR则作为高效的前端管控参数。但其局限性同样客观存在:夜空亮度实测极易受云层等气象条件扰动,同时,ULR存在“重直射、轻反射”的评估盲区,无法有效衡量和约束高密度城市建成区由地面或高反射率建筑立面造成的严重二次反射光污染。
现有研究中对光污染的评价往往涵盖指标较为单一,评价体系较为零散,且每类指标都有其局限性,应加强多维度的光污染评价体系建设,综合评价光对人居、生态、天文的影响。
光污染的监测技术体系根据观测尺度和平台类型大致可分为地面监测、天空监测和太空监测3个层次(表2)。这些技术在测量原理、适用范围和数据特征上各具特色,共同构成了光污染研究的观测基础。随着光污染问题的日益突出,监测技术的发展也呈现出从单一参数测量向多维度综合评估的演进趋势[37]。
地面监测技术是光污染研究中最基础的监测手段。这类技术主要通过部署在地面的各类传感器对光环境进行定点或移动测量,其优势在于能够获取高精度的局部数据,特别适合城市街区、生态保护区等特定区域的光污染评估。常用的地面监测设备包括单点测量设备和成像设备2大类。单点测量设备中,照度计和亮度计是最基础的工具,前者用于测量受照面的光照强度(单位为lx),后者则用于测量光源或反射面的亮度(单位为cd/m2)[38]。这些设备操作简单、成本低廉,但只能提供离散点的测量数据,难以反映光污染的空间分布特征。为了克服这一局限,天空质量仪(sky quality meter,SQM)等设备被开发出来,通过测量天顶方向的夜空亮度(单位mag/arcsec2)来评估某一区域的光污染程度[39]。不过SQM的光谱响应偏向短波长,与天文观测中常用波段存在差异,这可能会低估LED的光污染影响[40]。
近年来,随着数码摄影技术的发展,配备鱼眼镜头的数码相机逐渐成为地面监测的重要工具。这类成像设备可以一次性捕获整个视野场景范围内的光亮度分布,通过专业软件处理后能够生成伪彩色亮度分布图,甚至计算眩光GR、阈值增量TI等指标,为研究光污染的空间特征提供了全新视角[41]。更专业的监测则依赖于光谱仪和高光谱相机,这些设备能够解析空间中光源的光谱功率分布(spectral power distribution,SPD),为评估不同光源的生态影响提供关键数据[42]。此外,也有许多测量设备集成了若干种功能,例如可以测量光谱功率分布的照度计和亮度相机等。然而,地面监测技术也存在明显局限,除了受大气条件干扰外,其空间覆盖范围有限,难以反映区域尺度的光污染情况。
天空监测技术是介于地面和太空监测之间的重要补充,主要通过无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)或高空气球搭载传感器进行机动灵活的观测。这类技术的最大优势是能够突破地面固定观测点的限制,实现三维空间的光污染测量。典型的应用包括使用Sony NEX−7等轻型相机搭载无人机对城市照明系统进行航拍监测,这种方法的实测空间分辨率可以达到亚米级,能够精确识别单个路灯的光辐射特性[43]。也可以将多个设备集成,如MINLU(multi−instrument nighttime light unit)监测系统将3台功能各异的相机与光谱仪集成在无人机或高空气球平台上,可以同步获取200 m高度范围内的光辐射多维度数据[44]。不过,这类技术也面临诸多挑战,除了受航空管制限制外,复杂的设备校准流程和有限的续航能力都制约着其大规模应用,此外,由于观测高度相对较低,天空监测的数据代表性通常局限于城市尺度,难以支撑更大范围的综合分析。
太空监测技术通过卫星遥感实现了对全球光污染的宏观监测,这类技术最大的特点是能够提供连续的空间覆盖和长期的时间序列数据。目前主流的卫星传感器包括DMSP搭载的OLS、Suomi NPP上的VIIRS 昼夜波段(day/night band,DNB)等[6]。其中DMSP/OLS作为最早的夜间灯光监测系统,空间分辨率约560 m,光谱范围在470~950 nm,其1992—2013年的历史数据是研究全球光污染长期变化的重要基础[45]。VIIRS/DNB传感器则将空间分辨率提高到400 m,并实现了每日数据更新,大大提升了监测的时效性[46]。近年来,中国发射的“珞珈一号”(Luojia−01)卫星进一步将分辨率提升到130 m,光谱范围为480~800 nm,为城市尺度的精细研究提供了新的数据源[47]。除了专业卫星外,国际空间站上宇航员拍摄的夜间地表照片也成为了重要的补充数据,使用尼康D5等专业相机拍摄的RGB图像具有更宽的光谱响应范围,能够弥补卫星传感器在光谱信息上的不足[48]。然而,太空监测技术也存在固有局限,例如所有卫星传感器都只能测量向上的辐射,无法获取水平方向的光污染数据,这导致其对生态影响的评估能力受到制约[49],而且云层覆盖、大气散射等因素都会影响数据质量,通常需要结合地面观测进行校准和验证。
综合来看,当前的光污染监测技术已经形成了多平台、多尺度的观测体系,但各类技术都有其特定的适用范围和局限性。由于单一尺度的监测技术存在不可忽视的“盲区”:卫星遥感难以测算垂直立面污染,且精度不够,而地面测点难以对区域整体光污染情况进行评价。通过多源数据融合,才能消除时空壁垒,实现从宏观态势感知到微观精准溯源的闭环监管,实现光污染的精细化、全面化治理。因此构建多元融合监测体系具有必要性。正如当前环境科学前沿领域所验证的,依托大尺度、多源数据融合的“天−地”协同观测范式,能有效克服单一手段的局限,在捕捉环境因子空间异质性与精准溯源方面具有显著优势[50]。随着这些技术的发展,光污染监测将逐步从单一的亮度测量转向涵盖光谱特性、时空动态和生态影响的综合评估,为光污染的精准防控奠定科学基础,提供全面手段。
尽管光污染相关研究取得了显著进展,但从整体来看,当前的监测技术体系还较为零散,理论研究与实际治理之间仍存在明显脱节。为进一步推动光污染评价与监测工作的系统化与规范化,提出如下建议与展望。
1) 构建多尺度、多源融合的监测体系。当前对于光污染的监测多依赖单一数据来源(如地面亮度计或遥感),而城市光污染具有显著的空间异质性与时变特征,亟需整合地面传感器网络、天空全景相机、空中定点监测及高分辨率遥感影像等多源数据,建立空天地一体化的多尺度监测体系。尤其应推动低成本、高频次的夜间图像自动采集系统在城市各类区域部署,为动态监测与应急评估提供支撑。
2) 完善光污染管理与评价标准。目前中国在光污染相关标准制定方面仍相对滞后,现行规范主要以照度、亮度等物理参数限值为主,缺乏对人体健康、生态平衡和夜空观测的具体化差异化控制。建议结合城市土地利用类型、生态敏感性与夜间活动特征,构建具有中国特色的城市光污染分区管理框架,制定相应的分区评价指标与限值阈值体系。
3) 强化人因健康量化研究。目前光污染对人居健康的研究多停留在理论建模与实验验证层面,缺乏在实际城市环境下的长期实证数据积累和阈值量化。建议加强多学科合作,基于真实城市居民夜间活动轨迹与光照暴露数据,结合睡眠质量、心理状态及激素水平等生理指标,构建人因响应数据库,推进以人为本的光污染健康风险评价指标量化。
4) 推进光污染智能化管控平台建设。在智慧城市建设背景下,应充分利用物联网、人工智能与GIS等新兴技术赋能光污染治理,例如运用深度学习算法识别光污染。构建可视化、实时化、智能化、多模态的城市光污染监管平台,凭借先进的算法技术处理复杂的光污染数据源。并通过接入城市照明控制系统、定点监测系统与居民反馈机制,实现城市夜间照明的智能调控、超标预警与快速响应,形成完整的光污染监测—反馈—调节的管控链条。
综合而言,本文跳出传统单一技术或单一学科视角的局限,构建“影响机制—评价指标—监测技术”的系统评述框架。为打破当前光污染治理中面临的“数据孤岛”与“标准壁垒”提供系统的理论梳理,也为未来从“被动响应式防治”向“主动智慧型管控”的城市照明精细化管理提供了清晰的技术路径参考。
  • 科技部国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3805303)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会项目(22dz1202400)
  • 同济大学“医学+X”交叉研究项目(2025−0553−YB−15)
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2026年第44卷第17期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00033
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-14
  • 出版时间:2026-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2026-08-25
基金
科技部国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3805303)
上海市科学技术委员会项目(22dz1202400)
同济大学“医学+X”交叉研究项目(2025−0553−YB−15)
作者信息
    1同济大学建筑与城市规划学院,上海 200092
    2同济大学高密度人居环境生态与节能教育部重点实验室,上海 200092
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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