Article(id=1317089692814787160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=1780675200000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791948253109, onlineDateStr=2026-10-14, pubDate=1789228800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791948253109, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791948253109, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791948253109, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317089654613070048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789228800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791948244002, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791948304422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317089693058056793, articleId=1317089692814787160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=The impact of light pollution on astronomical observations and protective measures, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, economic development has driven rapid progress in urban and rural construction, alongside a growing public demand for stargazing activities, which have also become an important way to cultivate the spirit of exploration in young people. Due to the absence of national standards such as the Specification for Limiting Interference Light from Outdoor Lighting, the construction industry has used outdoor lighting in industrial, civil, and cultural landscape projects with considerable flexibility. This has led to the rapid expansion of light pollution caused by excessive artificial lighting at an annual rate of 7% to 10%. Light pollution not only exerts widespread effects on natural ecosystems but also poses a serious threat to scientific research that depends on dark skies—particularly astronomical observation—while diminishing the public stargazing experience. Monitoring in urban areas relies on costly fixed−point observation, whereas astronomical observatories have established continuous monitoring systems. This paper takes China's Xinglong, Lijiang, and Lenghu observatories as case studies to analyze the impact of light pollution on the efficiency and effectiveness of astronomical observation and compares their distinct approaches to light pollution control. The findings reveal that light pollution significantly reduces observatory performance and impairs the detection efficiency of deep−sky objects. The three sites have adopted different control strategies: Xinglong Observatory employs a mitigation model through light shielding and source optimization, Lijiang Observatory has developed a coordination model integrating with tourism development, and Lenghu Observatory has implemented a rigid governance model based on local legislation. By synthesizing these practical pathways, this study offers valuable experience and policy references for the protection of dark night skies amidst global urbanization.

, authors=Jing MA1, Chen YANG1, Kun WANG1, Licai DENG1, 2, *, authorsList=Jing MA, Chen YANG, Kun WANG, Licai DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Licai DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317089694538646114, articleId=1317089692814787160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=光污染对天文观测的影响与保护措施, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由于《室外照明干扰光限制规范》等国家标准的缺位,建设行业对工民建设和文化景观照明中户外灯光的使用相对随意,导致过度的人工光影造成的光污染以每年7%~10%的速度迅速增加。光污染不仅对自然生态系统造成广泛影响,也对天文观测等依赖暗夜环境的科学研究构成严重威胁。城镇区域的监测依赖成本高昂的定点监测,而天文基地已经形成了连续监测体系。以中国兴隆、丽江和冷湖3个天文台为案例,分析了光污染对天文观测效率和效果的影响,并比较了其在光污染治理方面的不同实践路径。研究发现,光污染显著降低了天文台的观测能力,削弱了深空天体的探测效率。3个天文台所在地区分别采用了不同的防控模式:兴隆县通过遮光与光源优化形成了延缓模式,丽江市结合旅游业发展形成了协调模式,冷湖镇依托地方立法推行刚性治理模式。总结了这些实践路径,为全球城市化进程中的夜空保护提供经验借鉴和政策参考。

, authors=马静1, 杨晨1, 王坤1, 邓李才1, 2, *, authorsList=马静, 杨晨, 王坤, 邓李才, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓李才, authorNote=

马静,硕士研究生,研究方向为天文台选址,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邓李才(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为恒星物理、星团物理与天文技术方法(光学台址勘选),电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=e3zNYwjSQkmlqo0Uau0c7Q==, magXml=Z19jpV1mEHMxp7imX8VIJg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ps3o6welDNzPsevwH62QvA==, pdfFileSize=1457840, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=t3Fhg59OzDxa97hdkB5ntw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tO5G5pSDAuPV/9jrS405qA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1317089694970659434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089692814787160, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=majing@stu.cwnu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1317089695109071468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089692814787160, authorId=1317089694970659434, language=EN, stringName=Jing MA, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317089695247483501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089692814787160, authorId=1317089694970659434, language=CN, stringName=马静, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西华师范大学物理与天文学院,南充 637009, bio={"content":"

马静,硕士研究生,研究方向为天文台选址,电子信箱:

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马静,硕士研究生,研究方向为天文台选址,电子信箱:

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数值的大小为不同方向亮度的贡献值标度减去${ 2\times {10}^{-6}\;\mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}\cdot \mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}^2)} $,0°为正北,90°为正东;冷湖天文台(绿色)、丽江观测站(红色)、

兴隆观测站(蓝色)

, figureFileSmall=c7n85mwIJ/LwYZIwlW3wow==, figureFileBig=YuRtoMgbG1vhXyIZ7n+A8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317089699139797648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089692814787160, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称站点位置采集时间200 km内积分值 W/(sr·cm2)50 km内等效积分值 W/(sr·cm2)
兴隆站(117.58°E, 40.39°N)2025年4月$ 4.44\times {10}^{-4} $$ 2.60\times {10}^{-4} $
丽江站(100.03°E, 26.70°N)2025年4月$ 9.91\times {10}^{-5} $$ 9.24\times {10}^{-5} $
冷湖站(93.38°E, 38.80°N)2025年4月$ 3.51\times {10}^{-6} $$ 2.93\times {10}^{-6} $
), ArticleFig(id=1317089699232072337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089692814787160, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2025年4月站点光污染数据和贡献值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点名称站点位置采集时间200 km内积分值 W/(sr·cm2)50 km内等效积分值 W/(sr·cm2)
兴隆站(117.58°E, 40.39°N)2025年4月$ 4.44\times {10}^{-4} $$ 2.60\times {10}^{-4} $
丽江站(100.03°E, 26.70°N)2025年4月$ 9.91\times {10}^{-5} $$ 9.24\times {10}^{-5} $
冷湖站(93.38°E, 38.80°N)2025年4月$ 3.51\times {10}^{-6} $$ 2.93\times {10}^{-6} $
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光污染对天文观测的影响与保护措施
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马静 1 , 杨晨 1 , 王坤 1 , 邓李才 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(17): 56-64
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光污染对天文观测的影响与保护措施
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马静1 , 杨晨1, 王坤1, 邓李才1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1西华师范大学物理与天文学院,南充 637009
  • 2中国科学院国家天文台光学天文重点实验室,北京 100101
通讯作者:
邓李才(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为恒星物理、星团物理与天文技术方法(光学台址勘选),电子信箱:
作者简介:

马静,硕士研究生,研究方向为天文台选址,电子信箱:

The impact of light pollution on astronomical observations and protective measures
Jing MA1 , Chen YANG1, Kun WANG1, Licai DENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
  • 2National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2026-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00029
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由于《室外照明干扰光限制规范》等国家标准的缺位,建设行业对工民建设和文化景观照明中户外灯光的使用相对随意,导致过度的人工光影造成的光污染以每年7%~10%的速度迅速增加。光污染不仅对自然生态系统造成广泛影响,也对天文观测等依赖暗夜环境的科学研究构成严重威胁。城镇区域的监测依赖成本高昂的定点监测,而天文基地已经形成了连续监测体系。以中国兴隆、丽江和冷湖3个天文台为案例,分析了光污染对天文观测效率和效果的影响,并比较了其在光污染治理方面的不同实践路径。研究发现,光污染显著降低了天文台的观测能力,削弱了深空天体的探测效率。3个天文台所在地区分别采用了不同的防控模式:兴隆县通过遮光与光源优化形成了延缓模式,丽江市结合旅游业发展形成了协调模式,冷湖镇依托地方立法推行刚性治理模式。总结了这些实践路径,为全球城市化进程中的夜空保护提供经验借鉴和政策参考。

光污染  /  暗夜保护  /  天文观测  /  生态文明

In recent years, economic development has driven rapid progress in urban and rural construction, alongside a growing public demand for stargazing activities, which have also become an important way to cultivate the spirit of exploration in young people. Due to the absence of national standards such as the Specification for Limiting Interference Light from Outdoor Lighting, the construction industry has used outdoor lighting in industrial, civil, and cultural landscape projects with considerable flexibility. This has led to the rapid expansion of light pollution caused by excessive artificial lighting at an annual rate of 7% to 10%. Light pollution not only exerts widespread effects on natural ecosystems but also poses a serious threat to scientific research that depends on dark skies—particularly astronomical observation—while diminishing the public stargazing experience. Monitoring in urban areas relies on costly fixed−point observation, whereas astronomical observatories have established continuous monitoring systems. This paper takes China's Xinglong, Lijiang, and Lenghu observatories as case studies to analyze the impact of light pollution on the efficiency and effectiveness of astronomical observation and compares their distinct approaches to light pollution control. The findings reveal that light pollution significantly reduces observatory performance and impairs the detection efficiency of deep−sky objects. The three sites have adopted different control strategies: Xinglong Observatory employs a mitigation model through light shielding and source optimization, Lijiang Observatory has developed a coordination model integrating with tourism development, and Lenghu Observatory has implemented a rigid governance model based on local legislation. By synthesizing these practical pathways, this study offers valuable experience and policy references for the protection of dark night skies amidst global urbanization.

light pollution  /  dark−sky protection  /  astronomical observation  /  ecological civilization
马静, 杨晨, 王坤, 邓李才. 光污染对天文观测的影响与保护措施. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (17) : 56 -64 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00029
Jing MA, Chen YANG, Kun WANG, Licai DENG. The impact of light pollution on astronomical observations and protective measures[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (17) : 56 -64 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00029
随着城市化进程的加速,人工光源的过度使用对全球夜空环境造成了严重影响。根据相关调查,高速增长的光污染源直接导致全球向太空发射的人造光辐射量以每年约2.2%的速度增长[1]。这种增长不仅减少了人们仰望星空的机会,还对天文观测、生态平衡乃至文化遗产构成了严重威胁。以光学望远镜为例,它的观测效果高度依赖夜天光背景的亮度。国际天文学联合会(International Astronomical Union,IAU)估算,当天文台周围的天光亮度超过自然水平10%时,深空天体的探测效率将下降40%以上[2]。根据2016年《Science Advances》发布的“世界人工夜空亮度地图集”,全球超过80%的人口生活在光污染影响下[3]。更令人担忧的是,来自地面肉眼观测的数据表明,光污染的实际增长速度远高于卫星数据所反映的水平。2011—2022年,全球天文爱好者的观测数据显示,夜空背景亮度(即人眼可见的天光)以每年7%~10%的速度增加,现有的政策并未有效遏制这一趋势[4]。与此同时,全球约1/3的人口无法用肉眼看到银河,这说明了光污染对天文观测和公众认知构成了挑战[5]。中国的情况正是这一全球问题的缩影,例如兴隆、丽江等传统天文台正受到光污染扩散的影响,导致观测能力显著退化。新建设的冷湖天文台也面临着开发与保护之间的矛盾。这些区域性的具体案例与前文全球数据共同表明,光污染已成为全球范围内亟待应对与治理的问题。
光污染的治理不仅仅是技术问题,它还涉及科学、法律和文化等多个层面。国际社会已经通过立法、技术创新以及公众教育形成了多元化的治理模式[6−8]。相比之下,中国在冷湖成功制定了全国首部暗夜星空保护法规——《海西蒙古族藏族自治州冷湖天文观测环境保护条例》[9],但大多数地区仍缺乏光污染的量化评估标准和有效的约束机制,公众对暗夜保护的科学理解也还不够深入。如何在保障经济发展的同时守护暗夜环境,已成为生态文明建设不可忽视的命题。
本文将从光污染对天文观测的影响出发,比较分析兴隆县、丽江市和冷湖镇的光污染发展趋势,结合国际经验探索适合中国的本土化解决路径,并提出如何在城市发展和暗夜保护之间实现协同的策略。
光污染是地基天文台面临的重大挑战,天光背景的持续增长降低了望远镜探测暗弱天体的能力[10]。这种损害是系统性的,不仅限制了专业天文研究的深度,也剥夺了公众体验自然夜空的权利[11]。然而,光污染对天文观测的影响并非仅限于人工光源本身,大气中的污染物会放大这一效应。
这种放大效应具体体现在:空气中的污染物质,如PM2.5和PM10等悬浮颗粒,会进一步加剧夜空环境的退化。这些颗粒通过米氏散射效应显著改变了光的传播路径,它们将优先散射短波长的蓝光,形成弥漫性光晕,而长波长的红光则被吸收[12]。北京的研究数据显示,雾霾天气下,地面人工光源向上散射的光通量增加了40%,使夜空的亮度提升了2个星等,相当于自然夜空亮度的6倍[13]。更为严峻的是,污染物形成的“大气透镜”效应进一步扩大了光污染的影响范围。以远离城市的乡村为例,原本可达21.5 mag∙arcsec−2的自然夜空亮度,因区域污染物的传输,实际观测值常降至20 mag∙arcsec−2以下,这导致肉眼可观测到的银河核心轮廓逐渐模糊,直接损害了夜空景观的观测质量[14]。
Wesołowski[15]的实测数据揭示了光污染对天文观测的直接影响,发现城市中心夜空的表面亮度从2015年的18.70 mag∙arcsec−2恶化至2018年的16.73 mag∙arcsec−2。这一变化导致可观测天体的极限星等显著降低——周边乡村的观测条件从郊外天空退化为城市郊外过渡区间,这意味着天体必须增亮约1个星等才能被勉强看见。对于面亮度极低的彗星而言,这种背景光的抬升是致命的,除非发生大规模爆发使得彗星暂时增亮,否则即使使用中小型望远镜也无法观测。同样,暗弱的恒星和行星表面微弱的云带也会因为对比度下降而难以分辨。
Rajkhowa[16]进一步指出,光污染对观测不同类型天体的损害程度存在显著差异。其中,星云、星系等表面亮度较低的弥漫天体比点状恒星更容易受到天光背景的干扰:由于这些天体的光线均匀散布在较大的角面积上,其面亮度本就接近甚至低于城市上空的背景天光,一旦夜空亮度轻微上升,它们便会迅速失去对比度,旋臂、尘埃带等精细结构变得模糊乃至完全消失。作为直观的判别标准,能否凭肉眼看到银河的轮廓,便是衡量当地夜空黑暗度的有效指标——光污染严重时,银河的带状光晕将彻底消失在天光之中。此外,杂散光构成了另一重观测障碍:来自视场外的人工光源进入望远镜镜筒后,经非镜面反射或散射进入目镜,会在整个视场中形成一层均匀的光晕。这种杂散光不仅进一步降低了图像的整体对比度,还可能掩盖靠近视场边缘的暗弱目标,使天文观测的有效视场大幅缩窄。
有研究者对国家天文台兴隆观测站2004—2015年长达12年的夜空光谱数据进行了分析。结果显示,该站天顶方向的天空亮度在V波段和B波段分别增亮了约0.5  mag∙arcsec−2,同时光谱中还检测出来自周边城市人工光源的Hg I和Na I发射线[17]。这些人工发射线并非自然天光成分,而是叠加在目标天体光谱上的污染信号。当观测恒星、星系或类星体的光谱时,城市灯光中的钠灯、汞灯特征谱线会与天体的本征吸收线或发射线混杂,导致反演金属丰度、径向速度、红移等物理参数时产生系统性偏差。并且这类谱线污染无法通过简单的背景扣除消除,人工光源的强度会随着观测方向的变化而发生改变,这使得高精度光谱观测在光污染区域内变得极为困难。
面对日益严峻的光污染形势,暗夜资源的经济价值反而被激发出来,形成了保护与利用协同发展的新路径。光污染也会影响经济发展,特别是在与天文相关的旅游和文化产业上。观星活动、天文节和天文摄影等夜间公园活动日益成为周边社区的重要经济资源。观星吸引了大量游客,延长了其停留时间,从而带动了当地经济的增长。国内一些暗夜生态主题活动,如荧光海和萤火虫观光等,吸引了超过3000万人的在线观看[18]。此外,天文科普活动也为商户引流,线上线下的参与人数超过9600万,活动数量同比增长超过500%[19]。这些活动的推广促进了天文品牌文旅活动的开展,为当地带来了可观的经济效益。
光污染对天文观测的影响日益严峻,主要表现为人工光源导致的天光背景亮度增加,这直接压缩了望远镜的有效观测时间,降低了深空巡天等科研任务的效率。面对这一威胁,中国不同天文台址基于各自面临的光污染压力,初步探索出差异化的防控方法。例如:兴隆天文台通过设置遮光墙并大规模采用琥珀色发光二极管(light emitting diode,LED)灯,希望借此削弱蓝光成分来抑制光污染扩散;丽江天文台将暗夜保护与文化旅游深度融合,力求在控制光污染的同时带动当地经济与文旅产业协同发展;冷湖天文台则依托地方立法划定暗夜保护区,尝试构建覆盖全域的刚性治理框架,向系统化、常态化的光污染防控方向探索。
兴隆天文台位于河北省承德市兴隆县燕山余脉,海拔约 940 m,距北京仅120  km。1968 年建站时,京津冀夜间人造光源稀少,天光背景亮度可达 21.5 mag·arcsec−2[20]。然而进入21世纪后,区域城市化与景观照明迅速扩张:2000—2010 年,台站周边城镇夜间灯光总辐射迅速增长,导致大天区面积多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜(The Large Sky Area Multi−Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope,LAMOST)等大型仪器的有效观测时间缩减。国际天文联合会(International Astronomical Union,IAU)观测效率衰减模型表明,当台址邻域人造光亮度超过 15  cd·m−2时,望远镜的观测收益将进入负增长区[21]。兴隆县在 2007 年前后即逼近该阈值,光污染对深空巡天任务的约束陡然加剧。
面对亮化压力,兴隆天文台首先借鉴夏威夷莫纳克亚与智利帕拉纳尔等国际台址的做法,启动技术改造。自 2011 年起,兴隆台址与照明企业合作,将半径 5  km内的道路与景观灯统一替换为主峰波长590  nm的琥珀色LED,能够有效降低天文测光的背景噪声[22]。为减少近地散射光的影响,台站沿主要光源方向建造了高遮光墙,并结合自然地形坡度进行遮挡,有效抑制了大部分杂散光。在科研楼内部,所有窗户均加装了多层遮光窗帘和极低透光率的偏振膜,大幅减少了室内光线外泄。
除技术改造之外,兴隆天文台也尝试对制度层面进行突破。2010年初,国家天文台与原国家环保部取得联系,双方共同草拟了《天文光学观测环境保护管理规定(草案)》,国家天文台希望通过建立保护区、敏感区或防治区的方式对夜天光进行保护,但最终该规定没有成功落实。与此同时,国家天文台委托哈尔滨工业大学光电子技术研究所作了一份《城市灯光污染可行性研究报告》,主要针对兴隆县的户外灯改造提出技术方案,并核算了相关的经费。
兴隆县的实践表明,单纯依赖技术补救难以抵消区域城市增亮的问题,且缺乏强制性法规的配合会降低治理成效。总体而言,兴隆天文台的实践代表了中国暗夜保护的第一代模式:依靠技术补救与行政倡议成功放缓光害增速,并在全国率先提出夜光基线标准,为后续丽江“利益共享”与冷湖“前瞻立法”的升级路径奠定了关键的技术与政策基础。
丽江天文台位于云南省丽江市玉龙县太安乡高美古村,海拔约 3200  m,地处低纬高原稀薄大气区,平均视宁度常年优于 0.9 arcsec;建台初期(2007 年)测得天光背景亮度21.8 mag·arcsec−2[23]。自 2010 年起,丽江市进入旅游快速扩张阶段,旅游人数大幅度上涨;受夜间消费兴盛驱动,城区灯光强度等值线已由古城区外约 8  km推扩至高美古台址附近的 15  km 半径范围内[24]。
国际同类高原旅游区的治理经验表明,单纯的禁令难以长时间实施,而“以保护促收益”的模式则更具有可持续性。美国亚利桑那州“暗夜星空走廊”通过关停景区灯光换取观星门票溢价[25]。借鉴此思路,丽江市自2018 年起构建了“科研保护为主,科普旅游为辅”的防控体系,以实现天文科研与文旅经济的耦合共生。具体措施是进行分区管理,严格保护核心观测区,禁止非科研人员进入;在科研区外围建立科普旅游区域,限定开放时间段集中于日落后2 h到23∶00前,通过时空隔离的手段降低干扰;政府也积极推动暗夜保护,例如安装住宿遮光设施、落实行为规范宣讲与预约限流。
丽江市在光污染治理与星空文旅融合方面展现出前瞻性制度创新。2024年12月—2025年5月,在政府引导与市场化运作的双重机制下,丽江市推出“观星季”系列深度游产品,包括高美古双子庄园星空科研游、玉龙雪山星空深度游等,通过满足游客多元化、个性化需求,将生态保护与夜间经济相互赋能,探索出一条全新的丽江模式。
丽江市的案例表明,暗夜保护与经济开发并非不可调和。丽江通过将观星体验融入旅游产业链,成功在游客数量激增的同时保护了暗夜环境。这一模式将光污染治理从单纯依赖政府的做法转变为市场共同承担的责任,为未来更高强度的光污染管理提供了实践经验。
冷湖天文台位于青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州冷湖镇赛什腾山脉,海拔约为4200 m。该地区由于特殊的地理环境,具有极为干旱的气候特征,年均晴夜概率达到82.25%,平均视宁度为0.75 arcsec,同时年降水量极低、空气湿度较低,且可沉降水汽的中位数为2 mm,为天文观测提供了优越的自然条件[26]。冷湖之所以在中国新一代光学—近红外台址比选中脱颖而出,与德令哈SONG节点的失败密不可分:2009—2017年,德令哈市夜空亮度因城市扩张变亮了1000倍,直接暴露了“先建站、后治理”的末端补救模式的脆弱性。
2017年,当地政府对选址团队承诺会对冷湖全域进行光污染管控;2023年,《海西蒙古族藏族自治州冷湖天文观测环境保护条例》正式实施,条例将冷湖天文观测环境区域向外50 km内的区域确定为暗夜保护核心区,将暗夜保护核心区边界向外50 km的区域确定为暗夜保护缓冲区[9]。同时,严格规定了暗夜保护核心区内的光源种类和亮度,以及所有户外固定夜间照明设施的照射方向。目前,冷湖已经将全域1.78万km2纳入暗夜星空保护区。2024年以来,冷湖镇多次组织当地商户召开联席会,宣讲暗夜星空保护相关要求,并与镇区宾馆、商超、餐饮等经营性场所签订《关闭外设灯源承诺书》,积极做好光污染治理引导工作。
冷湖镇的做法证明,立法前置、建立严格的标准对夜空天光背景的监测能够有效地保护暗夜环境,从根本上避免后期补救困境。与依赖经济激励和智能调光的丽江模式相比,冷湖走出了一条通过法规硬性约束实现暗夜保护的第3代路径,为中国乃至全球高原荒漠新台址建设提供了可操作、可复制的方案。
兴隆县是以技术手段补救的起点,丽江是通过经济与生态共生的方式实现观测保护与旅游发展并行,冷湖镇则通过硬性法规的实施和严格的光环境控制,提供了最终的解决方案。兴隆依靠遮光墙等技术手段将增亮曲线减弱,但无法从根本上遏制京津冀的城市光溢出。丽江借助星空文旅收益和智能调光,将保护成本嵌入地方经济,达到了观测品质与旅游增长的平衡。冷湖在动工前就以硬法规和圈层分区锁住光环境,维持世界一流暗夜环境。3个台址经验表明,对于已有台址,可以先尝试监测和使用低色温改灯减少光害,再融入收益反哺分担长期费用;对于新建台址,则可以尝试采用立法加持续监测,能够以最低的周期成本保护科研级夜空。
为了进一步评估兴隆、丽江和冷湖天文台周边的光污染状况,本研究基于2025年4月的夜间灯光遥感数据,分析了3个台址在300 km范围内扣除本底值的人工光源贡献值(简称贡献值)分布,并结合极坐标图进行光污染模式的对比分析。
本研究采用公开的对地遥感数据进行光环境评估。数据来源于美国国家海洋和大气管理局和美国宇航局联合开发的极轨卫星SNPP VIIRS (suomi national polar−orbiting partnership visible infrared imaging radiometer suite)的对地观测结果,数据的空间分辨率为15 arcsec,时间分辨率为月度归档。本文采用的是月度无云合成Day Night Band数据(monthly cloud−free DNB composite),该数据提供了全球范围内卫星对地观测的夜间灯光遥感数据,文件类型为GeoTIFF格式,并经过DEFLATE压缩,所有数据的单位为nW/(sr·cm2),为了统一为国际单位,本文对该数值进行换算为W/(sr·cm2)。该量表示的是辐射亮度,是没有经过人眼视见函数加权的量。3个台址具体的数据如表1所示。该数据依据当月所有的晴夜图像,剔除了月光和云的影响。
光污染贡献值的计算基于距离衰减模型,将遥感数据所测量的地面光源垂直方向的实际亮度乘以一个比例系数。该系数由光源到天文台的距离(单位km)与50 km比值的−2.5次方决定[27]。此处的50 km是作为暗夜环境保护的一个典型范围的尺度。这意味着随着距离的增加,光污染贡献值呈幂律衰减,通过这个公式计算出对观测站点天空背景亮度的实际贡献值能更好地反映同距离对台址的影响大小。
从遥感图像(图1)可见,兴隆天文台所处的京津冀核心区呈现出强烈的光污染聚集区。图中以兴隆为圆心,50 km半径范围内已形成高亮度密集区,最大辐射亮度高达$ 7.07\times {10}^{-6}\;\mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}\cdot \mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}^2) $,色阶由红至黄,表明该区域光源分布密集、亮度集中。从图1(b)可以发现,最突出的光污染是50 km内自正西至正北方向的几个光源区,包括所在地的兴隆县城,而西南至东南方向的大型城市贡献了巨大的基础光污染,光污染的西南方向与北京市主城区位置高度一致。这一结果与前文所述京津冀城市群快速扩张、夜间照明持续增强的趋势相吻合,也进一步说明尽管兴隆天文台采取了更换LED光源、设置遮光墙等多项技术治理措施,但其观测环境依然面临持续性、方向性极强的光污染外压。
相比之下,位于云南丽江天文台所面临的光污染压力则明显缓和,基于2025年4月同源遥感数据,丽江站在200 km半径内的积分辐射亮度为$ 9.91\times {10}^{-5}\;\mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}\cdot \mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}^2) $,仅为兴隆站的22.3%。图2为丽江站周边的光污染分布。蓝色的边界线为河流,白色区域为永久雪线以上的冰雪区。遥感数据显示,该台址周边的最大辐射亮度为$ 5.42\times10^{-7}\; \mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}\cdot\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}^2) $,50 km范围内虽有局部红色高亮区域,但主要集中在丽江古城区及其北侧旅游区,分布形态以斑块为主,亮度边界相对清晰。100 km以外区域光源分布迅速稀疏,未呈现持续扩展态势。这一空间特征也印证了前文所述丽江光污染主要受夜间旅游消费与景区照明驱动,具备较好的区域调控潜力。得益于“观星收益反哺治理成本”的制度创新,丽江目前仍能在保护天文观测条件的同时维持一定的经济活动水平。
与上述2个天文台相比,冷湖天文台相应的遥感图像几乎呈现出理想的“暗夜状态”。图3除台址外沿个别方向零星可见极低亮度点外,整个300 km范围内几乎无大面积人工光源分布,最大辐射亮度仅为$ 3.11\times {10}^{-7}\;\mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r}\cdot \mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}^2) $,且主要集中在遥远的边缘城镇。50 km范围内光照接近为零,未见任何系统性光晕结构。这一分布形态几近原始的无人区,与冷湖自2021年1月1日零时起实施的地方性光污染防治法规规定的状态高度一致,亦充分体现出其在选址初期即通过划定保护区、核心区与缓冲区等方式,提前锁定暗夜底线的策略优势。在前文中提到的“冷湖模式”在此得到了明确的数据支撑。
为了比较3个天文台在不同方向上的光污染分布特征,绘制了基于遥感数据的角度分布图。图4显示,兴隆台址在正北方向(0°~50°)和西北方向(270°~310°)出现显著峰值,反映出其受城市群多方向照明影响显著。丽江的光污染主要集中于东北方向(30°~60°)、东南方向(90°~160°)等具有一定指向性,主要来自城区与旅游区照明。冷湖在全角度范围内贡献值均极低,曲线近似平坦,表明其远离主要光源、光环境保持理想。整体来看,3个天文台分别代表了“多向强干扰”“局部中等干扰”和“近零污染”的3种典型光污染格局。
综上所述,遥感数据清晰地揭示了3个天文台在光污染强度与空间结构上的差异。兴隆处于高强度、广覆盖、多方向的城市群照明核心区,光污染压力最大;丽江面临中等强度、局部聚集型的旅游照明干扰,具备调控空间;而冷湖则依靠法律保障与地理隔离,维持了极低水平的光污染背景,代表了中国暗夜保护的新一代模式。遥感分析的引入,不仅为传统观测经验提供了数据支撑,也为后续的天文台址规划与光污染治理策略提供了直观依据。
前述全球夜空增亮的趋势表明,光污染已超越局部环境议题而成为影响多学科、多领域的系统性问题。因此,有必要从科学价值、经济创新2个维度阐明暗夜保护的核心意义。
1) 科学观测价值。夜光天空背景亮度是决定地基光学望远镜探测极限的关键外部变量[28]。以30 m级望远镜单夜运行成本约数百万元的估算,若暗夜品质下降导致观测效率损失 10 %,相当于每年浪费上亿元科研资源。因此,维持接近自然的夜空亮度是确保高端科学装置投资回报率的先决条件。兴隆天文台之所以建设遮光墙、更换琥珀色LED灯、加装遮光窗帘,正是为了以技术手段延缓光污染的蔓延,守住望远镜的观测能力。冷湖天文台通过立法划定核心区与缓冲区,从源头上避免人造光侵入,则是为了以更低的生命周期成本维持世界一流台址的先天暗夜品质。每一项具体的管控措施,最终都服务于同一个目的:确保科学装置的投资回报率和前沿发现能力。此外,可被肉眼清晰观测的星空是一个启发性极强的教育场地。全球项目“Globe at Night”已收集3 000 万条星等观测记录,利用众多数据修正卫星夜光模型误差[29]。在中国,部分中学的天文社团积极参与国际小行星搜寻活动(international asteroid search campaign,IASC),取得了显著成果。例如,2008年,北京航空航天大学附属中学和中国民航大学的学生在IASC活动中成功认证了一颗近地小行星[30]。
2) 从经济创新的角度出发,夜空所蕴含的资源潜力正在逐步显现,并成为区域转型与绿色发展的新动能。暗夜资源并非经济发展的负资产,相反,它可以转化为具有持续现金流的“夜间资本”。丽江天文台正是通过科研保护为主,科普旅游为辅的防控体系,将光污染治理从单纯依赖政府拨款转变为市场共同承担的责任,这样做既保护了暗夜,又创造了新的旅游增长点。这一模式表明,经济创新意义上的暗夜保护,需要依托分区管理、行为规范宣讲、预约限流等具体措施才能落地。国际暗夜公园联盟统计显示,完成暗夜认证后,当地一年内的观星旅游收入平均增长 30 %以上,且增长幅度与减少照明成本大体相抵[31]。这一增长不仅提升了旅游人次与消费水平,还有效带动了住宿、交通、文创产品等相关产业链的发展。同时,由于暗夜保护强调控制不必要的人造照明,也带来了显著的能源节约效果,照明电力支出的下降与旅游收入的提升大致相抵,从而实现经济收益与环保效益的双赢。
综上,暗夜环境的保护不仅关乎天文学等基础科学的发展,也蕴含着推动区域经济转型与绿色创新的巨大潜力,更在生态系统稳定性与生物多样性维护中发挥着关键作用。夜空不仅是天文观测的技术条件,更是一种跨越科研、产业与生态的复合型资源。面对全球光污染持续加剧的趋势,从科学研究到公共科普、从经济发展到生态安全,各领域都亟需共同参与、协同应对,构建可持续的暗夜保护机制,以实现人与自然的深度和谐共生。
中国3大光学天文台的治理实践为全球光污染的治理提供了参照:冷湖通过《海西蒙古族藏族自治州冷湖天文观测环境保护条例》确立的“立法”模式,成功将核心区天光亮度稳定在21.9~22.1 mag∙arcsec−2[32],证明严格的空间管制与制度创新能够实现经济发展与暗夜保护的双赢;丽江创造的旅游收入增长与暗夜保护的平衡案例,展现了市场机制在环境保护中的潜力;而兴隆站虽因城市扩张面临观测效率下降的困境,但早期的技术探索为后续治理积累了经验。这些实践表明,光污染治理需要因地制宜。
面对全球光污染加速恶化的趋势,中国有必要构建以实时监测、刚性立法与柔性教育为核心支柱的暗夜保护体系。首先,应加快建设全国统一的夜天光亮度监测网络,实现对光污染变化进行动态追踪与实时预警。其次,以冷湖的经验为基础,推动地方性暗夜保护立法,明确“暗夜保护”的空间边界和光环境管控标准,将其作为具备强制力的刚性手段纳入生态环境管理体系之中。最后,要以公众教育为补充,借助校园科普、夜空文化传播的方式,使公众在感知与体验中逐步形成对夜空价值的认同与共鸣,作为长期可持续的柔性引导机制,推动形成全民参与的保护氛围。
在城市化进程不可逆转的现实背景下,唯有通过技术、制度与文化的协同推进,才能在发展中为夜空保留最后的宁静。这不仅是保障天文学发展的基本条件,更是全社会应共同承担的生态责任与文明担当。
  • 科技基础资源调查专项(2023FY101100)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(12233009)
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2026年第44卷第17期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00029
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-14
  • 出版时间:2026-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 修回日期:2026-06-06
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科技基础资源调查专项(2023FY101100)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(12233009)
作者信息
    1西华师范大学物理与天文学院,南充 637009
    2中国科学院国家天文台光学天文重点实验室,北京 100101

通讯作者:

邓李才(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为恒星物理、星团物理与天文技术方法(光学台址勘选),电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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