Article(id=1317089689249632668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=1770307200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791948252260, onlineDateStr=2026-10-14, pubDate=1789228800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791948252260, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791948252260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791948252260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317089654613070048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789228800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791948244002, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791948304422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=35, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317089689463542173, articleId=1317089689249632668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=From lighting conditions to light exposure history: Advances in the measurement and health effects of light exposure, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Light exposure is a critical environmental factor influencing human circadian rhythms, emotional regulation, and metabolic health. In recent years, it has become a central variable in the field of healthful lighting research. As relevant studies continue to accumulate, methodological paradigms are evolving from static to dynamic approaches, and from environment−based to individual−centered models. This paper reviews the development of light exposure research across four dimensions: theoretical mechanisms, indicator systems, measurement techniques, and health−related evidence. By summarizing five mainstream research paradigms, the paper identifies an ongoing shift from short−term experiments based on predefined lighting conditions to dynamic modeling of ocular light exposure in real−life settings, namely the concept of personal light exposure history. Further analysis reveals three major challenges facing the field: insufficient tools for measuring long−term health effects, a lack of standardized data frameworks for individualized exposure, and the high cost of accurate exposure history acquisition. In response to these issues, the paper proposes a development pathway focusing on high−fidelity measurement, data structure design, and predictive modeling. On this basis, a framework for light pollution assessment and governance is further developed, with personal light exposure history as its core. This framework proposes using individual health risk as the basis for quantifying pollution intensity, enabling a shift from measurability to evaluability and controllability in lighting governance. The study provides a theoretical foundation and methodological support for advancing both the mechanistic understanding and practical implementation of healthful lighting.

, authors=Yuxiao WANG1, Xin ZHANG1, 2, *, Shaowei CHENG3, Jianzhong JIANG4, Hao CAI5, authorsList=Yuxiao WANG, Xin ZHANG, Shaowei CHENG, Jianzhong JIANG, Hao CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317089692491829664, articleId=1317089689249632668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=从照明条件到受光史:光暴露的测度与健康效应研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

光暴露是影响人体昼夜节律、情绪调节与代谢健康的重要环境因素,已成为健康照明研究的核心变量。随着相关研究不断积累,其方法范式也正处于由静态向动态、由环境向个体的演进之中。从理论机制、指标体系、测量手段与健康证据4个层面,系统回顾了光暴露研究的发展路径。通过归纳5类主流研究范式,明确当前研究正经历从以“照明条件”为基础的短期实验,向真实情境中个体眼部光照的动态建模,即“受光史”的转变。进一步梳理表明,现阶段光暴露研究面临3方面核心挑战:长期健康效应测度不足、面向个体的标准化数据体系缺失,以及高精度受光史采集的成本壁垒。基于上述问题,提出以高保真测量、数据结构建设与预测建模为核心的发展路径。在此基础上,进一步构建了以受光史为核心的光污染评估与治理框架,提出将个体健康风险作为污染强度的计算基础,实现从“可测”走向“可评”与“可控”的治理转化。

, authors=王宇骁1, 张昕1, 2, *, 程少威3, 姜建中4, 蔡浩5, authorsList=王宇骁, 张昕, 程少威, 姜建中, 蔡浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张昕, authorNote=

王宇骁,博士研究生,研究方向为建筑光学,电子信箱:

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张昕(通信作者),教授,研究方向为建筑光学,电子信箱:
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王宇骁,博士研究生,研究方向为建筑光学,电子信箱:

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暴露类型典型指标主要健康通路健康响应曲线参考阈值时间特性“污染”界定
噪声暴露Leq、Lden、
Lnight、Lmax
 由基底膜毛细胞感知,经自主神经系统调节,影响睡眠、血压与心血管功能单阈值:
越小越好
Lden≤53 dB;Lnight ≤45 dB 考虑时间差异,对傍晚和夜间施加额外权重超标即污染
空气污染物暴露PM2.5、PM10、
NO2、O3、AQI
 污染颗粒穿透肺泡–血屏障,引发系统性炎症和氧化应激,进而影响心肺功能、代谢与肿瘤风险单阈值:
越小越好
年均:
PM2.5 ≤ 5 μg/m3;
PM10 ≤15 μg/m3
 年均、月均、日均等不同统计窗口,短期与慢性并行超标即污染
光暴露非视觉EML、m−EDI ipRGC介导信号传导至SCN,调节褪黑素分泌及下丘脑–垂体轴,进而影响神经活动、情绪状态与代谢功能双阈值:白天
过低,夜间
过高都不利
日间EML ≥
200 lux
夜间EML ≤
50 lux
 初步区分了日夜,尚缺乏成熟的时间加权模型尚无阈值界定
可见光UGR、DGP 由视杆与视锥细胞感知,经视觉通路至大脑皮层,影响眼部疲劳与注意力水平单阈值:
越小越好
UGR≤19;DGP<0.35 主要为瞬时测量超标即污染
), ArticleFig(id=1317089697634046425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089689249632668, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型环境暴露的健康效应及其“污染”界定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露类型典型指标主要健康通路健康响应曲线参考阈值时间特性“污染”界定
噪声暴露Leq、Lden、
Lnight、Lmax
 由基底膜毛细胞感知,经自主神经系统调节,影响睡眠、血压与心血管功能单阈值:
越小越好
Lden≤53 dB;Lnight ≤45 dB 考虑时间差异,对傍晚和夜间施加额外权重超标即污染
空气污染物暴露PM2.5、PM10、
NO2、O3、AQI
 污染颗粒穿透肺泡–血屏障,引发系统性炎症和氧化应激,进而影响心肺功能、代谢与肿瘤风险单阈值:
越小越好
年均:
PM2.5 ≤ 5 μg/m3;
PM10 ≤15 μg/m3
 年均、月均、日均等不同统计窗口,短期与慢性并行超标即污染
光暴露非视觉EML、m−EDI ipRGC介导信号传导至SCN,调节褪黑素分泌及下丘脑–垂体轴,进而影响神经活动、情绪状态与代谢功能双阈值:白天
过低,夜间
过高都不利
日间EML ≥
200 lux
夜间EML ≤
50 lux
 初步区分了日夜,尚缺乏成熟的时间加权模型尚无阈值界定
可见光UGR、DGP 由视杆与视锥细胞感知,经视觉通路至大脑皮层,影响眼部疲劳与注意力水平单阈值:
越小越好
UGR≤19;DGP<0.35 主要为瞬时测量超标即污染
), ArticleFig(id=1317089697705349594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089689249632668, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
范式时间窗空间/行为测量参考点眼部拟合度核心假设典型研究问题归类
P1 短时固定照明条件分钟−
小时级
 实验室场景,被试相对受限 给定照明参数或工作面传感器低 静态定点照明数据代表短期暴露 觉醒度、视觉功效 以光照条件拟合光暴露
P2 短时固定眼位照明条件分钟−
小时级
 实验室场景,被试相对受限 固定眼位传感器中 静态眼部照明数据代表短期暴露 觉醒度、视觉功效 光暴露
P3 固定点累计暴露史日级 实况场景,被试相对自由 固定工作面或场所传感器低 动态环境照明数据代表长期暴露 情绪、节律、工作绩效 以光照条件拟合光暴露史
P4 固定点累计眼位暴露史日级 实况场景,被试相对自由 固定眼位传感器中 动态眼部照明数据代表长期暴露 情绪、节律、工作绩效 光暴露史
P5 穿戴式眼部暴露史日级 真实场景,被试自由 穿戴式眼部光照传感器高 以个体为中心的照明数据代表个体受光史 情绪、节律、代谢 个体眼部连续光暴露史(受光史)
), ArticleFig(id=1317089697785041371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089689249632668, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光暴露研究的范式梳理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
范式时间窗空间/行为测量参考点眼部拟合度核心假设典型研究问题归类
P1 短时固定照明条件分钟−
小时级
 实验室场景,被试相对受限 给定照明参数或工作面传感器低 静态定点照明数据代表短期暴露 觉醒度、视觉功效 以光照条件拟合光暴露
P2 短时固定眼位照明条件分钟−
小时级
 实验室场景,被试相对受限 固定眼位传感器中 静态眼部照明数据代表短期暴露 觉醒度、视觉功效 光暴露
P3 固定点累计暴露史日级 实况场景,被试相对自由 固定工作面或场所传感器低 动态环境照明数据代表长期暴露 情绪、节律、工作绩效 以光照条件拟合光暴露史
P4 固定点累计眼位暴露史日级 实况场景,被试相对自由 固定眼位传感器中 动态眼部照明数据代表长期暴露 情绪、节律、工作绩效 光暴露史
P5 穿戴式眼部暴露史日级 真实场景,被试自由 穿戴式眼部光照传感器高 以个体为中心的照明数据代表个体受光史 情绪、节律、代谢 个体眼部连续光暴露史(受光史)
), ArticleFig(id=1317089697856344540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089689249632668, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型指标非视觉生理
相关性
测量
复杂性
优点局限性
描述性指标照度(illuminance, E)低低 普及度高、测量便捷 忽略光谱与时序,无法反映非视觉效应
相关色温(correlated color temperature, CCT)低低 表征光色冷暖倾向,直观易懂 缺乏生理含义,难以推断节律相关成分
基于生理
响应的指标
CS高中 可量化褪黑素抑制,解释路径清晰 对累积剂量与暴露时相的长期效应表征有限
EML高中 引入感光细胞权重,计算口径简洁 未显式区分杆体/锥体机制贡献
m−EDI高中 CIE S 026标准化α−opic EDI体系,便于跨研究可比与报告 未涵盖光照时间影响
DCLA高高 模拟节律调节过程,机制拟合强 需时序数据,通用性有限
), ArticleFig(id=1317089697969590749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1317089689249632668, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

光暴露评价的代表性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型指标非视觉生理
相关性
测量
复杂性
优点局限性
描述性指标照度(illuminance, E)低低 普及度高、测量便捷 忽略光谱与时序,无法反映非视觉效应
相关色温(correlated color temperature, CCT)低低 表征光色冷暖倾向,直观易懂 缺乏生理含义,难以推断节律相关成分
基于生理
响应的指标
CS高中 可量化褪黑素抑制,解释路径清晰 对累积剂量与暴露时相的长期效应表征有限
EML高中 引入感光细胞权重,计算口径简洁 未显式区分杆体/锥体机制贡献
m−EDI高中 CIE S 026标准化α−opic EDI体系,便于跨研究可比与报告 未涵盖光照时间影响
DCLA高高 模拟节律调节过程,机制拟合强 需时序数据,通用性有限
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从照明条件到受光史:光暴露的测度与健康效应研究进展
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王宇骁 1 , 张昕 1, 2, * , 程少威 3 , 姜建中 4 , 蔡浩 5
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(17): 35-45
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (17) : 35 -45
从照明条件到受光史:光暴露的测度与健康效应研究进展
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王宇骁1 , 张昕1, 2, * , 程少威3, 姜建中4, 蔡浩5
作者信息
  • 1清华大学建筑学院,北京 100084
  • 2清华大学宽禁带半导体超越照明材料与技术全国重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 3中建玖合发展集团有限公司,北京 100160
  • 4军事科学院国防工程研究院,北京 100036
  • 5南京工业大学 城市建设学院,南京 211816
通讯作者:
张昕(通信作者),教授,研究方向为建筑光学,电子信箱:
作者简介:

王宇骁,博士研究生,研究方向为建筑光学,电子信箱:

From lighting conditions to light exposure history: Advances in the measurement and health effects of light exposure
Yuxiao WANG1 , Xin ZHANG1, 2, * , Shaowei CHENG3, Jianzhong JIANG4, Hao CAI5
Affiliations
  • 1School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Widegap Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3China Construction Jiuhe Development Group Ltd., Beijing 100160, China
  • 4Defense Engineering Institute Academy of Military Sciences, People's Liberation Army of China, Beijing 100036, China
  • 5College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
出版时间: 2026-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00026
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光暴露是影响人体昼夜节律、情绪调节与代谢健康的重要环境因素,已成为健康照明研究的核心变量。随着相关研究不断积累,其方法范式也正处于由静态向动态、由环境向个体的演进之中。从理论机制、指标体系、测量手段与健康证据4个层面,系统回顾了光暴露研究的发展路径。通过归纳5类主流研究范式,明确当前研究正经历从以“照明条件”为基础的短期实验,向真实情境中个体眼部光照的动态建模,即“受光史”的转变。进一步梳理表明,现阶段光暴露研究面临3方面核心挑战:长期健康效应测度不足、面向个体的标准化数据体系缺失,以及高精度受光史采集的成本壁垒。基于上述问题,提出以高保真测量、数据结构建设与预测建模为核心的发展路径。在此基础上,进一步构建了以受光史为核心的光污染评估与治理框架,提出将个体健康风险作为污染强度的计算基础,实现从“可测”走向“可评”与“可控”的治理转化。

光暴露  /  受光史  /  非视觉效应  /  健康照明  /  光污染  /  测度

Light exposure is a critical environmental factor influencing human circadian rhythms, emotional regulation, and metabolic health. In recent years, it has become a central variable in the field of healthful lighting research. As relevant studies continue to accumulate, methodological paradigms are evolving from static to dynamic approaches, and from environment−based to individual−centered models. This paper reviews the development of light exposure research across four dimensions: theoretical mechanisms, indicator systems, measurement techniques, and health−related evidence. By summarizing five mainstream research paradigms, the paper identifies an ongoing shift from short−term experiments based on predefined lighting conditions to dynamic modeling of ocular light exposure in real−life settings, namely the concept of personal light exposure history. Further analysis reveals three major challenges facing the field: insufficient tools for measuring long−term health effects, a lack of standardized data frameworks for individualized exposure, and the high cost of accurate exposure history acquisition. In response to these issues, the paper proposes a development pathway focusing on high−fidelity measurement, data structure design, and predictive modeling. On this basis, a framework for light pollution assessment and governance is further developed, with personal light exposure history as its core. This framework proposes using individual health risk as the basis for quantifying pollution intensity, enabling a shift from measurability to evaluability and controllability in lighting governance. The study provides a theoretical foundation and methodological support for advancing both the mechanistic understanding and practical implementation of healthful lighting.

light exposure  /  light exposure history  /  non−visual effects  /  healthful lighting  /  light pollution  /  measurement
王宇骁, 张昕, 程少威, 姜建中, 蔡浩. 从照明条件到受光史:光暴露的测度与健康效应研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (17) : 35 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00026
Yuxiao WANG, Xin ZHANG, Shaowei CHENG, Jianzhong JIANG, Hao CAI. From lighting conditions to light exposure history: Advances in the measurement and health effects of light exposure[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (17) : 35 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00026
光照作为地球生命进化中的关键环境线索,在调控生物昼夜节律和维持生理稳态方面发挥着核心作用[1]。对人体而言,光照主要通过2条途径发挥其生物学效应:一是皮肤对特定波段光的吸收,可促进维生素D合成,改善血管舒张与血压调节等[2−3];二是眼部光感系统输入,激发视觉及非视觉反应,尤以后者为健康照明研究重点[4]。非视觉通路中,光刺激经视网膜内ipRGCs(intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells)传递至视交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN)等中枢区域,进而调控代谢、认知与情绪等系统功能[5]。光通过皮肤与眼部通路介入多系统生理调节过程,其剂量与成分构成其对健康影响的基础,使得光暴露成为非视觉健康研究中最具代表性的核心变量。
与皮肤日照不同,非视觉光生理效应的强度与模式几乎完全由照射至视网膜的光谱强度与时序特征决定[6]。研究显示,特定波长、强度和时间模式的光照可显著调控褪黑素分泌,进而影响睡眠质量与昼夜节律稳定性[7];同时,也作用于情绪与认知系统,如蓝光可提升警觉性,但也可能诱发情绪紧张[8]。据此,学界日益将“光暴露”界定为眼部接收的光照量,可在瞬时或累积尺度以物理指标表征。因此,本文所讨论的“光暴露”也特指眼部所接收的光谱辐照度及其时间积分,并包括其光谱组成与时序变化(表1)。
随着学界对光暴露健康效应认识的深化,暴露的测量方法也在不断演进。传统方法多限于实验室,以固定点位或工作面照度作为自变量开展短期实验,控制性良好,但难以代表真实环境,结论应用性受限[9]。近年来,照明技术与传感设备进步推动研究转向实地测量与长期监测,旨在揭示日常光暴露对健康的更全面影响。穿戴式设备的出现使眼部光暴露的跟踪式测量成为可能,显著提升了数据与眼部实际接收量的拟合度与时空精度[10]。研究逐步确认,长期光暴露模式对非视觉健康效应意义重大,不规律的光照节律可能导致心血管疾病、代谢紊乱等慢性健康风险[11−13]。因此,类效应难以通过短期实验捕捉,相关研究对于光暴露的测度已逐渐转向长期、个体化、动态化的测量方法。
随着城市化进程加速与昼夜照明环境的深刻变化,在光污染治理逐步进入政策视野的背景下,如何建立覆盖“测量—评估—控制”的管控架构,已成为健康照明领域面临的核心挑战。为梳理既有研究缺口,填补其与治理间的断点,本文旨在系统梳理光暴露领域的核心概念与研究范式,总结其在理论框架、技术手段与方法学上的演进。进一步,基于节律与代谢等关键健康通路的实证研究,识别当前受光研究中的核心瓶颈。在此基础上,构建以健康风险为量化基础的光污染评估与治理框架,提出实现从机制认知到政策转化的目标路径,为光环境治理提供科学支撑与行动抓手。
光是自然界最具时序性的外源因子,在进化意义上构成昼夜节律同步的主要外源时间线索之一[14]。其健康作用除支持图像形成与环境感知外,还通过独立于视觉认知的非视觉通路调控昼夜节律、神经活动与代谢稳态[15−16]。该通路的核心在于位于视网膜的ipRGCs,其既接收来自视杆细胞与视锥细胞的上游整合信号,又具备对短波波段更高敏感性的感光能力[17]。ipRGCs中的M1亚型向下丘脑SCN投射,是哺乳动物昼夜节律同步的关键路径[18]。光信号经此通路整合后,一方面抑制褪黑素分泌调节睡眠—觉醒周期[19],另一方面经下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴调控皮质醇分泌,并通过自主神经系统调节心率与体温,形成非视觉效应的整体调控网络[20−21]。
不同时间尺度的光暴露可引发不同层级的生理响应。分钟级的短暂光刺激即可迅速提升警觉度[22−23];持续数小时的强光暴露能够显著抑制褪黑素分泌,产生节律相位调整[24−25];日至周尺度的规律昼光–暗光模式有助于强化昼夜节律的稳定性[26−27];而长期处于不规律光–暗循环或夜间过度光暴露,则通过累积性节律错位和内分泌扰动,与肥胖、抑郁、心血管疾病等长期健康风险的升高显著相关[28−29]。
随着非视觉光生理研究的深入,学界在光暴露表征的问题上逐步从控制性实验走向动态化实地测量,形成了由“照明条件近似”到“个体眼部连续光暴露史(下文简称受光史)重建”的方法论演进路径。本文所称受光史指光暴露史谱系中以眼部入口相关量为参考点、嵌入真实行为过程并以连续时序累积表征的长期暴露过程。为系统梳理这一演进趋势,本文提炼出当前主流的5类研究范式(表2)。
P1与P2属于短时实验范式,常用于受控环境中设定固定照明条件或眼位,用于探讨光照对觉醒度、认知反应与视觉功能的即时影响。P3与P4拓展至日尺度累计暴露评估,以固定点或接近视野的测量手段拟合个体受光,在操作性与生态性间取得平衡,广泛应用于节律、情绪与绩效研究。P5代表当前范式前沿,通过穿戴式光照设备,记录贴近眼部的高频数据,真实重建个体在动态行为背景下的光照接收过程,强调暴露数据的个体差异性,更贴近“受光史”的概念,适用于分析需长期追踪的复杂健康风险演化过程。
当前,随着非视觉效应机制研究的深入与测量技术的持续进步,光暴露研究正在由静态、受限、均质的实验设定,逐步演进为动态、个体化、高保真的受光史建构过程[30]。作为连接光照环境与健康风险的关键桥梁,受光史正日益成为该领域研究的核心路径之一。
对光与健康的研究,首先取决于如何量化光的暴露。现行体系大致分为2类:基于传统可见光参数的描述性指标与基于光谱敏感性函数加权的生理相关指标(表3)。
照度与相关色温作为传统光环境参数,前者表示单位面积上的入射光通量(lx),后者则以与该光源色品最接近的普朗克辐射体温度表征光的色调倾向,因测量简便、标准化程度高,长期用于视觉照明评价与标准制定[31−32]。然而,这类指标本质上为波段综合量,未纳入不同感光细胞通道对不同光谱成分的感受差异,难以捕捉非视觉效应机制,因而在节律相关研究中建立因果路径的能力有限。
近年来,已发展出的功能性指标体系以感光细胞的光谱敏感性函数为基础,对光源实际光谱进行加权计算,具有更强的生理解释力。以节律刺激量(circadian stimulus,CS)为代表的节律模型类指标,通过建立夜间光刺激与褪黑素抑制之间的非线性函数关系,可量化短时节律干扰效应[33−34];等效黑视蛋白照度(equivalent melanopic lux,EML)及黑视蛋白等效日光照度(melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance,m−EDI)均基于黑视蛋白的光谱敏感性对实测光谱进行加权,并以既定参照体系将结果表达为等效照度,便于跨研究与工程应用的统一报告:其中,EML作为工程化的melanopic等效量已被WELL健康建筑标准(WELL building standard)等体系采用[35];m−EDI作为CIE S 026标准化α−opic EDI体系中的指标,以CIE标准照明体D65为参照进行等效换算[36]。更进一步,节律光累积(diurnal circadian lighting accumulation,DCLA)模型引入节律时间权重函数,累积24 h内的光照剂量以预测节律相位变化,将建模视角从瞬时响应扩展为时序累积[37]。
当前光暴露测量的主流方法可分为如下3类。
1) 环境监测。该方法通过在室内固定位置部署光照传感器,长期记录点位光环境数据,因操作简便、成本较低,广泛应用于基础研究与照明评估[38]。然而,该方法本质上仅能代表固定点位的光照条件,所获取的光照数据与视网膜实际暴露之间存在系统性偏差。
2) 仿真模拟。该方法基于建筑模型与虚拟观察者视角,模拟计算角膜照度或视野方向性加权后的眼部光刺激,适用于设计阶段或缺乏实测条件的光暴露重建[39−40]。近年来,多个工具已支持非视觉指标输出:如ALFA(adaptive lighting for alertness)和Lark基于Radiance引擎,可输出melanopic EDI、CS等节律指标[41−42];传统软件如Ladybug、Daysim、DIALux也可结合角膜照度计算间接推算节律效应[43−45]。该方法的局限性在于其精度受限于模型与输入参数,在缺乏真实行为数据时,难以满足实时追踪需求[46]。
3) 跟踪式测量。得益于传感器微型化发展,可安装于眼镜框、胸前、肩部等位置的穿戴式设备,可在日常活动中连续记录个体接收到的光照数据,其结果更接近角膜平面的实际暴露,是研究非视觉效应的关键工具[47]。但测量精度受佩戴位置影响明显:手腕测量与眼部相比,室内环境下的偏差可达27%[48]。此外,该方法仍面临设备成本高、佩戴依从性差等问题,尤其是具备高光谱分辨能力的设备,其价格与数据处理成本常常成为大规模研究应用的瓶颈。
总体而言,环境监测与仿真模拟适用于宏观评估与前期设计,而跟踪式测量则首次使真实场景下的个体化连续追踪成为可能,正逐步成为连接光照行为与节律机制的关键手段。
为梳理光暴露对健康的作用机制及其研究基础,在指标体系与测量方法的基础上,从昼夜节律与神经功能、生理代谢与慢性疾病2个维度,分别揭示特定时间窗下的即时调节作用与日常暴露模式的累积性影响。
在典型的实验室被试内交叉设计中,Chang等[49]发现睡前持续使用发光设备可显著延迟入睡、抑制褪黑素并降低次日警觉;Mason等[50]与He等[51]研究表明,即使100 lx低照度光照亦能改变心率变异性、诱发胰岛素抵抗,而清晨照度约1000 lx的短波富集白光照明则可前移节律、提升睡效与警觉。除节律外,光对认知与情绪也存在即时影响:Leichtfried等[52]发现晨光可能降低持续注意性任务表现,但可提升主观情绪评分,Borisuit等[53]和Ru等[54]则指出天然光或较高照度的照明与更积极的情绪评分相关。总体而言,清晨–日间的较高光刺激通常与警觉提升相关,夜间光刺激更可能引发节律与神经功能扰动,情绪效应的方向与大小在不同研究条件下存在差异。
长期观察中,已发现了光照模式对神经健康的长期影响。Porcheret等[55]发现高纬或晚日落地区学生生物钟显著延后,Liu等[56]和Figueiro等[57]则发现晨光干预与日间节律光暴露可提前入睡、降低抑郁风险。Siraji等[58]与Fitton等[59]进一步指出,白天高日照与节律光暴露者积极情绪水平更高、压力与抑郁得分更低。
多项研究已揭示了光照时间窗与波长对自主神经系统与代谢稳态的快速干扰作用。Mason等[50]发现,夜间较低照度的室内照明即可诱发交感神经兴奋、降低心率变异性,并在次日导致胰岛素抵抗水平显著上升。Cheung等[60]比较晨/晚蓝光暴露的代谢效应,发现蓝光可增强胰岛素分泌,晚间暴露还引发血糖峰值升高。
在人群流行病学研究中,Park等[61]发现,女性在睡眠期间开灯或电视,5年内体重增加风险显著升高,肥胖发生率上升33%;Koo等[62]基于遥感夜光数据发现,居住于夜间遥感夜光强度更高区域的人群,其肥胖率更高且睡眠质量更差;Kim等[63]则通过穿戴设备实测,观察到糖尿病、高血压等代谢性疾病的患病率与夜间光照水平升高显著相关;Prajapati等[64]发现,夜间户外人造光可能与某些乳腺癌亚型患病风险存在正相关。这些研究强调,夜光暴露可能通过扰乱昼夜节律和内分泌调控,成为城市人群慢性代谢紊乱的环境诱因。
当前实验证据已建立起光照节律调控与慢性代谢风险之间的多路径关联,表明昼明夜暗的光照模式是维持代谢稳态的基本前提,而人工光污染的普遍存在正持续侵蚀这一生理边界。因此,要在机制建模与健康风险评估中刻画这种跨时域累积效应,个体受光史具有关键价值,但针对个体长期眼部光照暴露过程的P5范式仍明显不足,构成当前研究的重要空白。
要在未来实现从“照明条件”向“受光史”范式的转变,推动健康照明走向机制解释与干预落地,亟需突破以下关键挑战。
当前光暴露健康研究在“测量目标”与“测量手段”之间存在明显结构性不匹配。大量研究仍以环境照度或照明参数作为暴露代理,难以揭示角膜平面入射光条件及其跨时域累积过程,进而阻碍了光暴露−健康机制的解释与评价模型的建立,使得照明标准、光污染治理与节律光疗等应用端缺乏剂量化依据。
亟需开发具备高时间分辨率、高依从性的眼部光谱测量设备,以具备α−opic指标感知能力的传感器为优选。在此基础上,构建以角膜平面光谱测量及其派生的α−opic时序指标为核心的表征体系,作为受光史的基础表征。同时,推动受光史与节律、代谢等指标的同步测量,建立从光暴露到生理响应的完整因果链,为光干预与标准制定提供科学支撑。
作为跨昼夜、多尺度、强行为依赖的多维个体化时序数据,受光史的复杂性远超传统照明研究中以单点参数或短时测量为主的数据组织方式。在照明实验正逐渐从短时、静态参数报告转向跨昼夜连续记录与个体尺度表征的背景下,现行实验设计与数据记录方法仍停留于传统模式,缺乏跨昼夜连续记录的统一标准。尤其是记录粒度、采样频率与数据格式的差异性,使研究间的数据难以有效整合,也阻碍了数据库的建立。
亟需制定覆盖测量周期、采样频率、记录维度的受光史实验逻辑,并明确配套的元数据体系,涵盖人口学特征、与节律和视功能相关的个体差异信息、地理与时区背景、环境分类、行为模式等,以支持群体分析与大数据建模。在此基础上,推动受光史数据库的结构化与标准化,以促进系统性元分析,为光暴露的风险评估与干预提供统一的数据接口支撑。
穿戴式设备的成本与佩戴问题限制了其在大样本、长周期、真实场景下的研究与实践需求。目前,尚缺乏精度、成本与普适性之间取得良好平衡、可替代穿戴式传感器的受光史获取路径,阻碍了受光史数据在流行病学研究和个性化健康服务中的拓展。
为此,应发展结合行为轨迹与空间模型的预测建模路径,对眼部光照时序数据进行还原。可通过短期实测的受光史数据,结合行为、环境数据等训练模型,预测长时段受光史,从而显著降低数据采集负担,为受光史在城市照明规划与数字健康平台中的嵌入奠定基础。
随着穿戴设备与人工智能的发展,个体受光史的采集精度、机制建模与数据标准化已具备初步技术条件。在此基础上,面向未来的光污染评估与治理,本章旨在探索如何将“可测”的光暴露转化为“可评”与“可控”的治理路径,构建系统化框架。由于环境端指标在照明设计与源头控制中具备良好的工程可操作性,本章框架侧重于在健康风险评估与治理决策环节引入受光史表征,与现有指标体系形成分工协同。
基于既有描述性指标的光污染评价体系主要基于环境中照明排放的物理属性,忽略光是否被实际接收,更难以反映其对节律、代谢健康的长期潜在风险。本文提出以健康风险为核心的光污染界定方法:某测点是否构成污染,应由其在特定时段对人群产生的健康风险水平决定。基于此逻辑,构建了覆盖测点、个体与区域的多层级污染评估框架,核心机制如下
$ {E}_{p}\left(t\right)\stackrel{健康风险}{\Rightarrow}{P}_{p}\left(t\right)\stackrel{个体轨迹}{\Rightarrow }{R}_{i} $
$ P\mathrm{_{region}}=F(P_p\left(t\right),R_i) $
式中,$ {E}_{p}\left(t\right) $表示待评估区域的某测点$ p $处的人眼光暴露期望值,$ {P}_{p}\left(t\right) $表示该测点对标准个体在该时刻构成的单位风险潜势,$ {R}_{i} $表示个体$ i $在其移动轨迹中所积累的健康风险。$ P\mathrm{_{region}} $表示在区域尺度上,所有测点或个体风险水平的聚合结果,$ F $表示聚合函数。$ {E}_{p}\left(t\right) $的量纲取决于所选光照物理指标,而经转化为健康风险后的$ {P}_{p}\left(t\right) $、$ {R}_{i} $和$ P\mathrm{_{region}} $本质上是对健康风险的密度或潜势的评估,其量纲取决于风险转换系数及聚合函数的具体定义。
要实现该框架下的污染强度评价,其首要步骤是获得待评估位置的$ {E}_{p}\left(t\right) $。具体可通过3种技术路径实现:其一,对于已建成区域,可选取具代表性人群,借助穿戴式设备开展实地测量,如图1所示;其二,可依托既有受光史数据库,构建基于行为与轨迹信息的预测模型,在保证估算精度的同时降低实测成本;其三,对于尚处规划阶段的环境,可通过构建区域光场与人群行为的数字孪生模型,开展仿真模拟,预先评估拟建设区域施加光暴露的潜力。
为实现从受光史到个体健康风险的转化,基于已有文献中的机制建模成果,可初步总结个体健康风险评估的框架性模型为
$\begin{split} {R}_{i}=& \int\nolimits_{0}^{T}\left[\alpha {\omega }_{\alpha }\right(t){E}_{i,p}\left(t\right) +{\beta \omega }_{\beta }\left(t\right)\mathrm{max}\left({E}_{i,p}\right(t)-\\& {E}_{{\mathrm{risk}}}(t),0)+\gamma \mathrm{max}\left({E}_{i,p}\right(t)-{E}_{{\mathrm{thr}}},0)]{\mathrm{d}}t \end{split} $
式中,$ {R}_{i} $表示第$ i $个个体在时间周期$ [0,T] $内的综合健康风险评分,模型中的3项对应以下3类已具备研究支撑的光照通路:第一项为节律调节因子,基于光暴露在不同时段的节律风险差异建立;第二项为慢性累积因子,用于捕捉长期低剂量暴露引发的慢性风险;第3项为瞬时峰值因子,通过设定阈值识别短时强光对交感神经与视觉系统的急性刺激。三者分别对应短期调节、长期累积与瞬时刺激效应,构成光影响健康的核心路径。$ \alpha $、$ \beta $和$ \gamma $分别代表3个影响因子的权重。$ {E}_{i,p}\left(t\right) $为个体$ i $在地点$ p=p_i\left(t\right) $处、时间$ t $时的眼部受光水平,可依据数据条件选用不同光谱加权方式的照度。$ E\mathrm{_{thr}} $为急性刺激的风险阈值,$ E\mathrm{_{risk}}\left(t\right) $为时间$ t $处的慢性暴露风险阈值,$ {\omega }_{\alpha }\left(t\right) $和$ {\omega }_{\beta }\left(t\right) $分别为不同时段的时间权重函数,用以囊括生理敏感性的时间异质性。
在个体健康风险模型的基础上,为评估特定测点在特定时刻对潜在个体健康风险的单位贡献强度,可进一步追溯光污染的环境来源,并定义测点级瞬时光污染强度指标为
$\begin{split} {P}_{p}\left(t\right)=&\;{\alpha {\omega }_{\alpha }\left(t\right)E}_{p}\left(t\right) +{\beta \omega }_{\beta }\left(t\right)\mathrm{max}\left({E}_{p}\right(t)-\\&{E}_{{\mathrm{risk}}}(t),0)+\gamma \mathrm{max}\left({E}_{p}\right(t)-{E}_{{\mathrm{thr}}},0) \end{split} $
该指标用于模拟“若有标准个体在该时刻经过此点”,其所受健康风险的即时强度,是环境对个体产生健康风险的期望值。为衡量测点在一定周期内的平均风险水平,可进一步定义其周期污染负荷指标为
$ \overline{P}_p=\frac{1}{T}\int_0^TP_p\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t $
式中,$ {\bar{P}}_{p} $表示测点$ p $在周期$ T $内的平均污染强度,作为反映其环境源头强度的基本指标。
测点级指标可通过穿戴设备回溯个体轨迹、或基于行为模型进行统计估计,兼具可观测性与生理效应指向性,可剥离人口流量因素,确定环境本身“产生污染的能力”。
在获取个体健康风险$ {R}_{i} $和测点污染强度$ {P}_{p}\left(t\right) $之后,可通过不同类型的聚合函数$ F $将个体与测点数据转化为区域尺度的光污染强度$ P\mathrm{_{region}} $。考虑光污染治理中的多维目标需求,借鉴噪声污染与大气污染治理中的区域暴露评估模型,本文提出3类区域综合评价指标。
1) 总量导向。区域平均污染强度
$ P\mathrm{_{average}}=\frac{1}{AT}\iint_{A,T} P_p\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t\mathrm{d}p $
式中,$ A $为研究区域面积。该指标反映在研究区域与时段内的整体光污染强度水平,强调暴露总量的控制。适用于宏观尺度的城市分区对比、污染热区识别与资源分配优化,为制定普遍性治理策略提供依据。
2) 底线导向。高风险超限比例控制
$ {P}_{{\mathrm{risk}}}=\frac{\displaystyle\iint\nolimits_{{P}_{p}\left(t\right) > {P}_{{\mathrm{thr}}}}^{}1dtdp}{AT} $
该指标量化污染强度超过健康阈值$ P\mathrm{_{thr}} $的时空比例,关注潜在高风险区域的频度识别与应急响应。适用于夜间光暴露强度波动剧烈的区域干预,支持以底线控制为目标的健康保障策略。
3) 公平导向。群体差异与风险分布分析
$ P\mathrm{_{Disparity}}=\frac{1}{2n^2\mu}\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n\left|R_i-R_j\right| $
式中,$ n $为群体人数,$ \mu $为群体平均健康风险。该指标基于基尼系数的计算方法,旨在衡量群体内部的风险分布不均程度。数值越高,表示健康负担在群体中越不均衡。适用于评估光污染治理中的环境公平性,辅助识别脆弱人群与重点保护对象。
鉴于光污染兼具群体与个体影响、排放与行为双重成因,其治理需分为环境侧的刚性制度管控与个体侧的柔性行为引导,分别对应自上而下的政策干预与自下而上的实践路径。
1) 在环境层面,光污染治理的核心在于建立与健康风险指标相衔接的分区限值体系,并将其嵌入现有城市照明管理与环境评估制度中。应依据区域功能与人群特征,为3类指标设定差异化限值与技术规范;在规划与评估阶段,以总量导向设定区域光污染负荷上限;在设计与验收阶段,利用底线指标筛查高风险照明设施,引导亮度、时长、角度或光谱等精细调控;在运行阶段,建设基于个体光暴露的重点区域监测系统,结合穿戴设备数据,识别超限区域。
2) 在个体层面,治理策略应基于“行为—受光—健康”因果机制,构建可推广的日常行为引导体系。可将个体受光差异转化为可视化指标,用于识别夜班、老年等高风险群体,并通过穿戴感知与建模开发光暴露App,实现实时风险反馈与空间/时段提示。针对节律调节能力较弱者,应引入专门干预模块,如节律友好照明的部署,实现精准补偿与个体化调控,提升治理的包容性与适配性。
随着光环境对健康影响机制的不断揭示,健康照明研究正处于由控制性实验走向真实场景建模、由瞬时效应分析走向跨时域机制建构的范式跃迁期。“受光史”不仅为节律干预与污染治理提供技术抓手,更可能成为链接个体感知行为与城市环境决策的重要中介变量。如何在数据、机制与制度之间建立稳定耦合,或将决定照明科学未来的实践边界。
  • 清华大学(建筑学院)−中建玖合发展集团有限公司超特大城市社区空间与建筑技术联合研究中心资助项目(2025B2)
  • 军事科学院国防工程研究院资助项目(2024−YJGFGC−F1066)
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2026年第44卷第17期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00026
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-14
  • 出版时间:2026-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 修回日期:2026-02-06
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清华大学(建筑学院)−中建玖合发展集团有限公司超特大城市社区空间与建筑技术联合研究中心资助项目(2025B2)
军事科学院国防工程研究院资助项目(2024−YJGFGC−F1066)
作者信息
    1清华大学建筑学院,北京 100084
    2清华大学宽禁带半导体超越照明材料与技术全国重点实验室,北京 100084
    3中建玖合发展集团有限公司,北京 100160
    4军事科学院国防工程研究院,北京 100036
    5南京工业大学 城市建设学院,南京 211816

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张昕(通信作者),教授,研究方向为建筑光学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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