Article(id=1317089680970068399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=1774368000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791948250286, onlineDateStr=2026-10-14, pubDate=1789228800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791948250286, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791948250286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791948250286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317089654613070048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789228800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791948244002, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791948304422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317089908171322238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1317089654613070048, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=128, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317089681209143728, articleId=1317089680970068399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research on improving the system of light pollution prevention and control in China, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The problem of urban light pollution in China is becoming increasingly prominent, and accelerating the improvement of the system for preventing and controlling light pollution has become an urgent need. This article systematically reviews the regulations, policies, and practical experience of light pollution prevention and control in typical international countries and regions, and deeply analyzes the current situation, management system, and institutional standards of light pollution prevention and control in China. The study proposes to strengthen joint supervision among multiple departments, clarify the responsibilities of departments such as ecological environment, housing and construction, and transportation, and implement the responsibilities of source prevention and control and local government zoning management; Accelerate the improvement of the institutional system centered on overall planning, source prevention and control, classified management, and zoning control (requiring strict protection of special protection areas), and strengthen the promotion of green lighting and public participation supervision; synchronize and improve key standards such as light environment quality, emission limits, monitoring and evaluation, and zoning control, build a scientific, rigorous, collaborative and efficient light pollution prevention and control system, and continuously enhance governance capabilities and levels.

, authors=Xinyu WEI, He SUN*, Ang JIA, Ziwei YAN, Xiaotao WANG, authorsList=Xinyu WEI, He SUN, Ang JIA, Ziwei YAN, Xiaotao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=He SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317089684564586937, articleId=1317089680970068399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=完善中国光污染防治制度体系的研究, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当前中国城市光污染问题日益突出,加快完善光污染防治制度体系已成为迫切需求。系统梳理国际典型国家及地区光污染防治法规政策与实践经验,深入分析中国光污染防治现状、管理体制及制度标准存在的短板。研究提出,需强化多部门联合监管,明晰生态环境、住建、交通等部门职责,落实源头防控与地方政府分区管理责任;加快健全以统筹规划、源头防控、分类管理、分区管控(需要特殊保护区域严格保护)为核心的制度体系,强化绿色照明推广与公众参与监督;同步完善光环境质量、排放限值、监测评价、分区管控等关键标准,构建科学严密、协同高效的光污染防治体系,持续提升治理能力与治理水平。

, authors=魏新渝, 孙鹤*, 贾昂, 严自薇, 王晓涛, authorsList=魏新渝, 孙鹤, 贾昂, 严自薇, 王晓涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙鹤, authorNote=

魏新渝,正高级工程师,研究方向为水、噪声和光污染防治管理技术,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙鹤(通信作者),工程师,研究方向为光污染防治,电子信箱:
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魏新渝,正高级工程师,研究方向为水、噪声和光污染防治管理技术,电子信箱:

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魏新渝,正高级工程师,研究方向为水、噪声和光污染防治管理技术,电子信箱:

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完善中国光污染防治制度体系的研究
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魏新渝 , 孙鹤 * , 贾昂 , 严自薇 , 王晓涛
科技导报 | 政策建议 2026,44(17): 128-135
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科技导报 |政策建议 2026 , 44 (17) : 128 -135
完善中国光污染防治制度体系的研究
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魏新渝 , 孙鹤* , 贾昂, 严自薇, 王晓涛
作者信息
  • 生态环境部核与辐射安全中心,北京 100082
通讯作者:
孙鹤(通信作者),工程师,研究方向为光污染防治,电子信箱:
作者简介:

魏新渝,正高级工程师,研究方向为水、噪声和光污染防治管理技术,电子信箱:

Research on improving the system of light pollution prevention and control in China
Xinyu WEI , He SUN* , Ang JIA, Ziwei YAN, Xiaotao WANG
Affiliations
  • Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100082, China
出版时间: 2026-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00025
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当前中国城市光污染问题日益突出,加快完善光污染防治制度体系已成为迫切需求。系统梳理国际典型国家及地区光污染防治法规政策与实践经验,深入分析中国光污染防治现状、管理体制及制度标准存在的短板。研究提出,需强化多部门联合监管,明晰生态环境、住建、交通等部门职责,落实源头防控与地方政府分区管理责任;加快健全以统筹规划、源头防控、分类管理、分区管控(需要特殊保护区域严格保护)为核心的制度体系,强化绿色照明推广与公众参与监督;同步完善光环境质量、排放限值、监测评价、分区管控等关键标准,构建科学严密、协同高效的光污染防治体系,持续提升治理能力与治理水平。

光污染  /  光污染防治  /  制度体系  /  国际经验

The problem of urban light pollution in China is becoming increasingly prominent, and accelerating the improvement of the system for preventing and controlling light pollution has become an urgent need. This article systematically reviews the regulations, policies, and practical experience of light pollution prevention and control in typical international countries and regions, and deeply analyzes the current situation, management system, and institutional standards of light pollution prevention and control in China. The study proposes to strengthen joint supervision among multiple departments, clarify the responsibilities of departments such as ecological environment, housing and construction, and transportation, and implement the responsibilities of source prevention and control and local government zoning management; Accelerate the improvement of the institutional system centered on overall planning, source prevention and control, classified management, and zoning control (requiring strict protection of special protection areas), and strengthen the promotion of green lighting and public participation supervision; synchronize and improve key standards such as light environment quality, emission limits, monitoring and evaluation, and zoning control, build a scientific, rigorous, collaborative and efficient light pollution prevention and control system, and continuously enhance governance capabilities and levels.

light pollution  /  prevention and control of light pollution  /  institutional system  /  international experience
魏新渝, 孙鹤, 贾昂, 严自薇, 王晓涛. 完善中国光污染防治制度体系的研究. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (17) : 128 -135 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00025
Xinyu WEI, He SUN, Ang JIA, Ziwei YAN, Xiaotao WANG. Research on improving the system of light pollution prevention and control in China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (17) : 128 -135 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00025
光污染是指过度、不恰当使用人工照明或者不恰当改变日光的照射条件,造成周围生活环境中人的视觉受到干扰的现象。随着城市化速度的加快以及夜间经济活动的频繁,光污染范围扩大、程度加深,对人民群众健康和生活环境造成负面影响,已成为不容忽视的环境问题。光污染干扰了生物的自然节律[1−4],对于人类而言,长期暴露于过量的夜间光照中可能会抑制人体褪黑素的产生,导致昼夜节律紊乱等问题,出现睡眠障碍、视力问题以及心理健康问题,如焦虑和抑郁[3,4]。道路交通等监控补光灯强闪光,会影响司机视觉辨识度甚至短瞬致盲,导致交通事故。汽车驾驶人夜间违法使用、滥用灯光的行为在中国道路上并不鲜见。中国每年夜间交通事故中,30%~40%与不规范使用远光灯(滥用远光灯)有关,且该比例呈持续上升趋势[5]。此外,不必要或低效的照明造成巨大的能源浪费,加剧碳排放。根据国际暗夜天空协会(International Dark-Sky Association,IDA)调查,发达国家因为不当照明所造成的能源浪费达到30%以上,按照该比例计算,中国每年至少有70亿kW·h的电被浪费,造成经济损失约42亿元,并增加二氧化碳的排放约700万t[6−7]。
随着中国经济水平尤其是城市化水平的不断提高,光污染问题日益严重,亟需开展城市光污染防治制度体系完善的研究。本文通过梳理国际典型国家和地区光污染防治管理经验,结合中国光污染防治现状及存在问题,提出下一步优化建议,为中国光污染防治提供参考。
自然光景是需要保护的重要资源。美国内政部国家公园管理局制定的《2006年自然保护区管理政策4.10》概述了在最大程度上保护公园自然光景以及保护夜空的责任。自然光景夜空是在没有人为光照的情况下存在的自然资源,具有价值[8]。
夜空是自然资源。自然黑暗的夜空是许多自然过程不可或缺的资源。我们通常认为黑暗的夜空是一种风景资源。但人们易忽视其对野生动物的重要性——地球近半物种为夜行性,许多依赖自然光暗模式完成导航、筑巢等关键行为。人工光会改变光暗模式,影响生态功能,如迁徙鸟类会因城市灯光偏离方向。此外,黑暗夜空与空气质量紧密相关,空气污染会降低夜空质量,夜晚雾霾会让星星黯淡,还会通过散射人工光加剧光污染,使夜空呈灰色[9]。
夜空是一种有价值的文化资源。纵观历史,夜空塑造了各个社会的信仰和传统。牛郎织女的神话故事与夜空的联系非常紧密。历史上,自然光照的夜晚环境是许多国家公园等历史结构的一部分。正如保持历史建筑完好无损,保护周围景观和特定时代的景色一样,人们也认识到自然夜空为该地区历史背景提供重要价值[10]。
夜空具有一定的经济价值。随着观星活动、天文节、满月远足、天文摄影等夜间公园活动的普及,自然光景对国家公园和周边社区的价值日益重要。通过对国家公园等周边社区的游客设施的观察发现,观星活动吸引了更多的游客,并给这些社区带来相应的经济效益。美国许多社区经济发展都来源于夜空价值[11]。中国深圳市国际暗夜社区大鹏西涌社区星空文旅成为深圳新名片,观星产品引流人气超高[12]。
光污染不像大气污染、水污染那样容易被人们察觉。人们往往难以直观地感受到长时间暴露在过量人工照明下对身体产生的慢性影响。光污染的程度在不同区域存在明显差异。在城市中心和商业区,由于人口密集、商业活动频繁,光污染问题通常较为严重。大量的高楼大厦、广告牌、霓虹灯等使得夜晚亮如白昼。光污染的危害是一个逐渐累积的过程,短时间内接触少量的光污染可能不会对人体或环境产生明显的不良影响,但随着时间的推移,长期暴露在光污染环境中,其危害会不断积累[13]。
目前对于光污染的衡量和评估缺乏统一、精准的标准和方法。光污染涉及多个因素,如光的强度、颜色、照射时间、照射角度等,这些因素相互交织,使得准确测量光污染的程度变得困难。不同的人对光的感受和耐受程度也存在差异,同样的光照环境,有些人可能觉得可以接受,而另一些人则可能认为是光污染[14]。
光污染防治立法能够促进照明习惯的改变,从保护生态环境和节能等方面指导夜间户外照明的进步和发展。一些国家和国际组织给出了光污染立法先例和指导文件,欧盟环境署与欧洲人类健康与环境中心2022年发布的报告《欧洲光照照明的回顾和评估》(Review and Assessment of Available Information on Light Pollution in Europe)对人工照明的立法进行了回顾[15]。IDA提出防治光污染的照明条例模板[16]。这些措施在战略上和利益相关者的投入结合起来实施,对光污染起到了有效控制。
欧盟层面在监督和管理光污染方面发布了一系列规定,旨在减轻光污染对人类健康、生态系统和生物多样性的负面影响,包括:(1) 《欧洲生态设计指令》(the European Ecodesign Directive)和《能源标签指令》(the Energy Labelling and Repealing Directive)。确保了照明设备的能源效率,但没有直接针对光污染给出具体规定;(2) 欧盟《欧洲绿色协议》(《the European Green Deal》)和《迈向空气、水和土壤零污染行动计划》(Towards a zero pollution for air, water and soil)。光污染被列为优先目标,旨在保护人类、动物和生态系统,并减少环境风险。该计划旨在到2050年将空气、水和土壤污染降低到对人类健康和自然生态系统无害的水平,这也包括对光污染的控制;(3) 欧盟绿色公共采购(EU green public procurement,GPP)和《生物多样性战略》(the biodiversity strategy)。欧盟通过非约束性文件形式提出相关建议,例如GPP准则,该准则推广可减少光污染及其对生物多样性、天体观测清晰度造成不利影响的相关举措。要求使用“合理可行尽量低”(as low as reasonable achievable,ALARA)方法使用尽可能低的照明水平;要求安装条件下向上光通量为零;提出进一步限制侵入性光线和眩光等。2021年6月,欧洲议会在全体会议上决定通过《生物多样性战略》,文本中有2个非常重要的地方提到了光污染。首先是承认光污染改变了人类、动物和植物的自然夜间光水平,从而对生物多样性产生负面影响,损害动物的迁徙、夜间和繁殖活动,也导致昆虫和传粉者被日益强大的光源吸引,而且通常没有任何屏蔽。其次,欧洲议会要求欧盟委员会到2030年减少室外人造光作为目标,就成员国如何减少夜间人造光提出最佳措施[15]。
欧盟各国光污染防治法规中采取的有效光污染防治措施包括:分区管理、向上光通量控制,最大亮度,光通量和蓝光控制等。以法国为例,2018年12月27日,法国生态和包容性转型部颁布实施了《关于预防、减少和限制光污染的法令》(Order of 27 December 2018 Relating to the Prevention, Reduction and Limitation of Light Pollution),该法令提出了照明时间要求、灯具发出的光在水平面以上的比例限值、安装灯具的光通量限值、特殊区域的色温限值等具体要求[17]。对于不合规安装的惩罚应与固定装置的数量成正比;要求对现有产生大量光污染或属于严重污染类别的设施进行改造;任何照明装置都必须由专业照明工程师进行照明设计(少于5个灯具的低功率家庭装置除外)。西班牙皇家法令《户外照明装置能效条例》(The Energy Efficiency Regulation for Outdoor Lighting Installations)及其补充技术要求给出了户外照明装置应满足的设计、执行和维护的技术条件,以防止夜间光污染,并减少干扰光。要求根据每个区域活动类型,对光污染防治区域进行分类,不同区域光污染的防治应满足上射光通比以及干扰光限值要求。此外,欧盟各国法律层面还规定如下:1) 任何一个市辖区的公共和私人夜间户外照明安装光通量的年增长率不能超过2%;2) 任一市辖区公共和私人夜间户外照明用电量的年增长率不得超过1.5%;3) 应尽可能精确地将照明装置发射到被照明表面外的向下通量的比例降至最低[18−19]。
在美国有23个州、哥伦比亚特区和波多黎各制定了减少光污染的法律。大多数州法律仅限于安装在州内的建筑、设施或公共道路上的户外照明设备[20]。一些州为了促进节能,提高公共安全、美学价值和天文研究能力,颁布了“黑暗天空”立法。最常见保护黑暗天空的立法要求包括:安装灯具确保向上发光通量尽量低;使用低眩光或低功率照明;用完全屏蔽的照明设备替换非屏蔽的照明设备;要求规定某些照明的使用时间等。科罗拉多州的法律要求安装新的户外照明设备时需要考虑成本、节能、减少眩光、尽量减少光污染,保护自然夜间环境,当输出大于一定量流明时,必须全面禁止。加利福尼亚州法令法典规定了户外照明标准。亚利桑那州的光污染法可以追溯到1986年,法律规定,除紧急情况、建筑和机场导航照明外,所有户外照明设备必须完全或部分屏蔽。在午夜到日出之间使用自动装置熄灭。其他一些州则设法鼓励在地方一级采取此类措施。例如,新罕布什尔州就把保护黑暗的天空作为乡村特色的优先事项。为此目的,州法律鼓励市政当局通过法令和条例,以节约能源和尽量减少光污染。海滨照明对鸟类和海洋生物的影响也是许多沿海州关注的问题。例如,在佛罗里达州制定《全州照明示范条例》,指导地方政府制定保护孵化海龟的政策。此外,IDA和美国照明工程协会共同提出《照明条例示范》,供各个城市参考以制定条例防止、减轻光污染。
为了有效控制和减少光污染的影响,韩国政府积极采取措施,不断推进防治工作的进行,制定了光污染防治法规标准体系,详见图1。韩国于2019年修订实施了《人工照明光污染防治法》,目的是防止人工照明过度发光对公众健康或环境造成的危害,并以环保的方式管理人工照明,使所有公民都能生活在健康和愉快的环境中。关于照明环境分区管理,《人工照明光污染防治法》规定城市市长或州长可以指定发生或可能发生光污染的区域为照明环境管理区域,并将韩国所有地区分为以下4类光环境管理区:E1(保护自然绿地)、E2(保护生产绿地)、E3(保护住宅区人居环境)、E4(保护半工业和商业区人居环境)[21]。韩国《人工照明光污染防治法实施令》为每个光环境管理区制定了具体的照度、亮度阈值。如果不遵守规定,地方当局有权根据违法行为的数量处以较高的处罚[22]。除了法律法规政策的制定,韩国政府还实施了一套安装管理标准,这些标准涵盖了照明设备的亮度、色温等关键参数,以确保照明系统在满足基本照明需求的同时,不会对周围环境造成过度的光污染[23]。此外,政府还鼓励企业和研究机构开展相关技术研究,开展光污染防治工作计划以寻找更有效的光污染防治解决方案。通过这些措施的实施,韩国在光污染防治方面取得了一定的进展,提高了公众对光污染问题的认识。
日本环境省针对光污染防治,制定了系列标准,并指导地方制定条例(图2)。日本环境省于1998年制定了《光污染对策指南》,旨在通过优化室外照明,营造良好的光环境,为防止全球变暖作出贡献,并经过多次修订,最新版本为2021年的修订版。《光污染对策指南》定义了不同类型的光环境,给出了良好光环境形成的必要条件,包括配光、上方光通量比、亮度(亮度分布)、光颜色(相关色温)的指导值等[24]。2000年,环境省制定了《区域光环境规划编制手册》,用于指导地方制定区域照明环境计划。2001年,环境省制定了《光污染防治制度指南》,用于指导地方政府建立光污染防治制度体系,采取光污染防治措施,增强光污染防治意识。据此,日本国家层面上构建了2个星空保护区:西表石垣国立公园和东京都·神津岛村;地方政府制定了光污染防治条例,如《井原市守护美丽星空光污染防治条例》《鸟取县星空保全条例》等。此外,一些景观规划如《石川县金泽市金泽风格的夜间景观整备计划》(2014年3月)、《东京都晚安景观规划指南》(2019年9月)给出照明行业光污染防治要求[25]。
《中华人民共和国生态环境法典》(以下简称《法典》)从法律层面将光污染防治纳入监管体系。新增光污染防治章节,共7条,涵盖光污染定义、管理体制、规划控制、产品光限值、照明设施光污染防治、玻璃幕墙光污染防治、分区管理等内容,构建了严密的光污染防治制度体系。然而,这一制度框架在实际运行中仍面临诸多挑战。
在管理体制方面,光污染防治涉及生态环境、住房城乡建设、自然资源、市场监管等多个部门,当前亟需根据《法典》要求理清职责边界。生态环境部门在《法典》中被明确为对光污染防治工作实施统一监督管理部门,但具体执法权限、监测手段和处罚依据等尚不健全;城市照明管理分散于市政、城管等不同机构,缺乏统一的规划审批与事后监管机制。
在制度体系方面,光污染防治相关重要制度的落地根基尚不牢固。当前,中国虽已初步建立起统筹规划、源头防控、分类管理、分区管控的光污染防治制度框架,但与之配套的法规政策仍存在不完善、不细化的问题,未能形成上下衔接、协同发力的制度闭环,导致制度落地缺乏明确指引和有力支撑,在重点领域光污染管控上,短板尤为突出。不少城市将夜间灯光亮度等同于现代化水平,盲目追捧“不夜城”建设理念,过度打造夜间景观,大型LED显示屏、动态灯光秀等新型光源大量投放使用,其高亮度、高色温、高频闪烁的特性,不仅严重干扰城市光生态平衡,还对人体健康和生物节律造成潜在影响。同时,建筑玻璃幕墙的应用规模持续扩大,部分高层建筑的镜面反射效应形成局部区域强烈眩光,既干扰道路交通通行安全,也严重影响周边居民的正常生活作息。道路照明领域还存在结构性失衡问题,过度照明与照明不足现象并存。部分城市路段的照明照度远超国家规定标准,造成能源浪费的同时加剧光污染;而城乡结合部及农村地区,由于缺乏科学的规划引导和规范管理,照明设施布局散乱、配置不合理,光侵扰问题同样突出,未能形成全覆盖、均衡化的照明管控格局[2]。
在标准体系方面,中国现行光污染相关标准数量少、层级低、覆盖面窄。国家层面仅有《城市夜景照明设计规范》《建筑照明设计标准》等少数标准涉及光环境参数,且多为推荐性标准,强制性约束力不足。标准内容侧重于照明工程技术指标,对光污染生态影响、健康风险评估等方法学标准几乎空白,中国当前尚缺乏光环境质量标准、光污染监测评价标准、光污染排放标准以及光污染防治分区管理技术规范等。大部分地方尚未开展光环境监测工作,尚未形成业务化的光污染监测网络,无法为精准治理提供数据支撑。
综上所述,中国光污染防治虽已取得立法层面的重要突破,地方也积累了一些经验[26−27],但在管理体制机制协同、制度体系完善、标准体系建设等方面仍存在明显短板,亟需借鉴国际经验,构建与生态文明建设要求相适应的光污染防治体系。
光污染治理是生态文明建设的重要内容,也是实现人与自然和谐共生的必然要求。要让每一束光既照亮前行之路、又守护生命健康,既扮靓城市风貌、又坚守生态底线。下一步,建议在《法典》及相关法律框架下,严格落实光污染防治有关规定,借鉴国际经验与地方实践,持续推进光污染治理体系和治理能力现代化。
建立生态环境、住建、交通、城管等多部门联合监管机制,避免权责不清。住建部门作为行业主管部门,应担负起光污染源头防治,包括建筑物玻璃幕墙、室外照明、户外广告等光污染源头防治主体责任,指导各地开展城市照明的总体设计,明确城市光污染管控要求及指标。生态环境部门对光污染防治起到监督管理的职责,应立足于制定光排放对人和生态环境“有害环境影响”的监测和评估方法,构建光污染防治法规标准体系,指导地方开展光排放影响评估工作。交通部门应优化道路照明及监控设计,减少眩光。县级以上地方人民政府应当根据实际情况,开展光污染防治分区管理,加强需要保护区域的人工光的管理和控制。地方各级人民政府在规划城市照明布局时,应当根据生态环境保护、科学研究、交通安全、节能降碳等要求,合理安排功能照明、景观照明等布局。在保证公共安全的前提下,鼓励采用高光效、低亮度、定向、自调光等照明产品、照明技术,避免人工光过量或不恰当使用(图3)。
根据光污染的特点,光源防控极为重要,应建立健全统筹规划、源头防控、分类管理和分区管控的一整套制度体系。
1) 加强统筹规划。中国实施城市照明建设规划政策,强调城市照明总体设计与重点地区照明规划设计,制定了《城市照明建设规划标准》(CJJ307)和《城市夜景照明设计规范》(JGJ/T163),据此,城市功能照明建设,是通过适度提升环境亮度,来保障生活和生产安全,但并非城市整体,而是分区、分时、分级管控,尤其体现在城市景观照明建设的分区管控政策中:城市照明建设规划应优先保障功能照明,因地制宜建设景观照明,避免过度建设。各级人民政府及其有关部门制定、修改国土空间规划和相关规划,应当充分考虑城乡区域开发、改造和建设项目可能产生的光污染影响,统筹规划,合理安排土地用途和建设布局,防止、减轻光污染。
2) 推广绿色照明。优化照明设计,制定照明产品光限值标准以及城市照明分时分级控制标准。根据照明功能给出照明关闭和开启时间限制要求,配备照明开启自动装置,提出限制照明的总体目标,控制能源消耗总量。推广低色温、防散射的照明产品。制定照明产品光污染限值标准要求,并定期对产品使用时的光污染情况进行监督抽测。光污染严重的城市制定光污染改善规划,对城市照明进行优化,淘汰落后设备设施。
3) 完善分类管理。按照来源分为功能照明(道路、施工等照明)、景观照明、玻璃幕墙和广告等光污染防治,对每一类别分别提出敏感区域侵入光、眩光、天光和变化光污染控制要求,对于天光则采取城市整体控制方法,规定任何区域和街道照明均不允许有向上的光通量。
4) 推进光污染防治分区管理(特殊区域严格保护)。分区管理是对不同类型的照明环境管理区,实施差异化的管控措施。实施分区管理有助于优化城市照明效果,满足不同层次的用光需要,也有助于节约能源和降低光污染。分区管控是解决光污染问题的有效手段,科学划分管控区域,实施差异化治理,根据城市不同区域的照明需求,对城市照明进行合理划分和管理。包括对不同功能区(如商业区、工业区、居住区等)的照明亮度、光源方位和密度进行事先规划,以避免光污染的产生。例如,商业区可以适当提高照明亮度以吸引顾客,但应限制过度照明和光污染的产生;居住区则应注重照明舒适性和节能性,综合考虑安全、休息、健康等因素,避免对居民造成光干扰。在自然保护区、天文台周边等需要保护夜间环境的区域,设立“暗夜保护区”。在这些区域内,更加注重对自然环境的保护,采用特殊照明方案,限制夜间照明强度和时段,减少人工光源的干扰,为天文观测、生物多样性保护等提供更有利的条件。
此外,还应加强科普宣传与公众监督。通过宣传教育,提高公众对暗夜保护重要性的认识。鼓励居民关闭非必要夜间照明,减少光污染对环境和生态的影响,倡导“适度照明”理念。建立公众举报平台,鼓励居民参与光环境治理。
光污染防治标准体系包括光环境质量标准、各类产品光限值标准、光污染监测评价规范、光污染的排放标准及行业污染防治标准(照明设施光污染防治标准、玻璃幕墙光污染防治标准)和光污染分区管控技术标准等,光污染防治标准间的关系图见图4。中国光污染防治标准体系尚不完善,尤其是生态环境标准类标准,国家层面尚未颁布相关标准要求。中国国家层面当前亟需制定的标准包括光环境质量标准、光污染监测评价标准、光污染排放标准以及光污染防治分区管理技术规范等。并需根据环境管理要求以及经济技术水平,修改完善产品光限值标准、行业污染防治标准。

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00025
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-14
  • 出版时间:2026-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 修回日期:2026-03-25
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    生态环境部核与辐射安全中心,北京 100082

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孙鹤(通信作者),工程师,研究方向为光污染防治,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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