Article(id=1240314274392896469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, articleNumber=null, orderNo=19, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1769097600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773643566940, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773643566940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080828949, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1240314266348213063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773643565021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804741433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=92, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240314275173037019, articleId=1240314274392896469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advances in infrasound technology for natural disaster early warning and monitoring, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Infrasound Monitoring has now emerged as a significant disaster monitoring technique. It enables the monitoring and assessment of natural disasters over extensive geographical areas using a sparse network of infrasound monitoring stations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of infrasound monitoring technology, encompassing the physical characteristics of infrasound propagation in the atmosphere, the hardware architecture of infrasound monitoring stations, and algorithms for infrasound event detection. It elaborates in detail on the application of the infrasound method in monitoring natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and avalanches, specifically its roles in source localization, event type identification, and disaster damage assessment. Due to its long−range monitoring capability and the extended propagation distances of infrasound through the atmosphere, it is susceptible to azimuthal deviations caused by factors such as atmospheric winds. This susceptibility compromises the accuracy and robustness of monitoring results. To enhance the performance of infrasound monitoring, it is recommended to integrate infrasound data with complementary datasets (e.g., seismic data) and to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the deep mining of correlations within multimodal data. Combining the physical principles governing infrasound atmospheric propagation with advanced signal processing methods will improve capabilities for determining source location, estimating energy release, and identifying event types. The infrasound monitoring method serves as a crucial, cost−efficient solution for large−scale natural disaster surveillance, enabling comprehensive analysis of diverse hazard types. With the advancement of artificial intelligence technology, infrasound monitoring is poised to enter a new stage of intelligent processing.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wei CHENG, Pengxiao TENG, Jirui ZHU, Yifan WANG, Yuexu FENG, Jun LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pengxiao TENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240314278893383729, articleId=1240314274392896469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=次声在自然灾害预警监测中的研究进展及应用, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

次声监测是一种重要的广域自然灾害监测手段,可以使用少量的次声监测站点对广域范围内的自然灾害进行监测与评估。论述了大气中次声传播的物理特性、次声监测站点的硬件组成、次声事件监测算法在次声监测技术中的应用,详细介绍了次声方法在地震、火山、雪崩等自然灾害监测中声源定位、类型识别和灾害损伤评估等的作用。由于次声监测距离远,其在大气中传播距离长,因此容易受到大气中风等因素的影响,造成方位角偏移问题,导致监测结果准确性与稳健性不足。为提高次声监测的性能,将次声数据与地震数据等进行融合处理,使用人工智能技术深度挖掘多模态数据间的关联性,将次声在大气中传播的物理特性与信号处理相结合,提高自然灾害定位、能量估计和事件类型识别的能力。次声手段可以对多种灾害进行监测分析,随着人工智能技术的发展,次声技术也将迈入智能化处理的新阶段。

, authors=

程巍,博士,研究方向为大气次声传播理论,电子信箱:

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滕鹏晓(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为次声探测技术,电子信箱:
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基于非线性渐进方程的次声传播能量损失分布图,颜色表示传播能量

损失,单位为dB;在100~300 km范围可观察到衍射效应透入声影区的次声波能量

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圆点表示事件位置估计,椭圆表示99%误差椭圆,蓝色实线、短横线和点线分别表示未进行方位角偏移修正、使用经验大气模型修正和使用真实混合大气模型定位计算的误差椭圆

, figureFileSmall=MRwxMSUraW/y+oU3wjZeyg==, figureFileBig=8woooto/6GxwmIHC4FCZjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148339635008078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314274392896469, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8zMCxgBxP3oSMQo5bgeApg==, figureFileBig=w8cIKFi3SdKiO5kV+MoQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148339693728335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314274392896469, language=CN, label=图8, caption=部署于云南的次声监测站对汤加火山喷发的次声信号PMCC检测结果, figureFileSmall=8zMCxgBxP3oSMQo5bgeApg==, figureFileBig=w8cIKFi3SdKiO5kV+MoQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148339769225808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314274392896469, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=facaU4j687r9YCEh0oHmrQ==, figureFileBig=E8VUbHOWYfC4t3LCmefGdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148339827946065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314274392896469, language=CN, label=图9, caption=部署于云南的次声监测站对2020年青海火流星的次声信号PMCC检测结果, figureFileSmall=facaU4j687r9YCEh0oHmrQ==, figureFileBig=E8VUbHOWYfC4t3LCmefGdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148339886666322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314274392896469, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 频率范围/Hz 灵敏度/(mV·Pa−1 动态范围/dB
MB2005 0.01~27 20 108
MB3a 0.01~28 20 109
Model 60s 0.01~245 80 118
ISA2016 0.003~20 150 100
), ArticleFig(id=1242148339966358099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314274392896469, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要次声传感器指标参数表

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参数 频率范围/Hz 灵敏度/(mV·Pa−1 动态范围/dB
MB2005 0.01~27 20 108
MB3a 0.01~28 20 109
Model 60s 0.01~245 80 118
ISA2016 0.003~20 150 100
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次声在自然灾害预警监测中的研究进展及应用
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程巍 1, 2 , 滕鹏晓 1, 2, * , 朱继瑞 3 , 王一凡 1, 2, 4 , 冯跃旭 4 , 吕君 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(4): 92-103
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (4) : 92 -103
次声在自然灾害预警监测中的研究进展及应用
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程巍1, 2 , 滕鹏晓1, 2, * , 朱继瑞3, 王一凡1, 2, 4, 冯跃旭4, 吕君1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院声学研究所,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院噪声与音频声学实验室,北京 100190
  • 3河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津 300401
  • 4中国科学院大学,北京 100190
通讯作者:
滕鹏晓(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为次声探测技术,电子信箱:
Advances in infrasound technology for natural disaster early warning and monitoring
Wei CHENG1, 2 , Pengxiao TENG1, 2, * , Jirui ZHU3, Yifan WANG1, 2, 4, Yuexu FENG4, Jun LÜ1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2Laboratory of Noise and Audio Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
  • 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00082
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次声监测是一种重要的广域自然灾害监测手段,可以使用少量的次声监测站点对广域范围内的自然灾害进行监测与评估。论述了大气中次声传播的物理特性、次声监测站点的硬件组成、次声事件监测算法在次声监测技术中的应用,详细介绍了次声方法在地震、火山、雪崩等自然灾害监测中声源定位、类型识别和灾害损伤评估等的作用。由于次声监测距离远,其在大气中传播距离长,因此容易受到大气中风等因素的影响,造成方位角偏移问题,导致监测结果准确性与稳健性不足。为提高次声监测的性能,将次声数据与地震数据等进行融合处理,使用人工智能技术深度挖掘多模态数据间的关联性,将次声在大气中传播的物理特性与信号处理相结合,提高自然灾害定位、能量估计和事件类型识别的能力。次声手段可以对多种灾害进行监测分析,随着人工智能技术的发展,次声技术也将迈入智能化处理的新阶段。

次声监测  /  灾害监测  /  多模态数据融合处理  /  人工智能次声

Infrasound Monitoring has now emerged as a significant disaster monitoring technique. It enables the monitoring and assessment of natural disasters over extensive geographical areas using a sparse network of infrasound monitoring stations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of infrasound monitoring technology, encompassing the physical characteristics of infrasound propagation in the atmosphere, the hardware architecture of infrasound monitoring stations, and algorithms for infrasound event detection. It elaborates in detail on the application of the infrasound method in monitoring natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and avalanches, specifically its roles in source localization, event type identification, and disaster damage assessment. Due to its long−range monitoring capability and the extended propagation distances of infrasound through the atmosphere, it is susceptible to azimuthal deviations caused by factors such as atmospheric winds. This susceptibility compromises the accuracy and robustness of monitoring results. To enhance the performance of infrasound monitoring, it is recommended to integrate infrasound data with complementary datasets (e.g., seismic data) and to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the deep mining of correlations within multimodal data. Combining the physical principles governing infrasound atmospheric propagation with advanced signal processing methods will improve capabilities for determining source location, estimating energy release, and identifying event types. The infrasound monitoring method serves as a crucial, cost−efficient solution for large−scale natural disaster surveillance, enabling comprehensive analysis of diverse hazard types. With the advancement of artificial intelligence technology, infrasound monitoring is poised to enter a new stage of intelligent processing.

infrasound monitoring  /  disaster monitoring  /  multimodal data fusion processing  /  AI−enhanced infrasound technology
程巍, 滕鹏晓, 朱继瑞, 王一凡, 冯跃旭, 吕君. 次声在自然灾害预警监测中的研究进展及应用. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 92 -103 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00082
Wei CHENG, Pengxiao TENG, Jirui ZHU, Yifan WANG, Yuexu FENG, Jun LÜ. Advances in infrasound technology for natural disaster early warning and monitoring[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (4) : 92 -103 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00082
人类社会的发展经常会遭受自然灾害的影响,造成巨大的人员和财产损失。因此,实现自然灾害事件监测与预警对社会的发展具有重要的意义。次声监测作为新兴的灾害监测手段,使用相对低的成本实现对广阔区域内的自然灾害事件进行监测,为自然灾害的形成机制研究、预报预警等提供信息[14]。从采用单个次声传感器首次对火山喷发事件进行观测,到现在建立起的广域范围次声监测网络,经历了100多年的历史。目前,次声技术可以完成对火山、地震、泥石流、雪崩等破坏力巨大的自然灾害的快速监测,对灾害发生的时刻、位置和强度等进行有效评估[57],次声在灾害监测领域的重要性逐步增加。在对自然灾害进行监测的同时,对部分人类活动如火箭发射、爆炸事故等也可进行有效监测[8]
目前建立的次声监测网络虽然可以对全球范围内的自然灾害进行监测与预警,但是由于次声波在大气中进行远距离传播的物理特性和大气这一介质的不稳定性,次声监测手段还面临着诸多挑战。
次声波是频率在20 Hz以下的声波,因其自身可远距离传播的特性带来了独特的研究领域。声波在介质中的传播会伴随能量的衰减,在大气中声波能量的衰减主要可以分为“几何衰减”和“吸收衰减”,其中吸收衰减与声波的频率负相关,因此,相对于可听声波和超声波,次声波更低的频率使其在得相同条件下可以在大气中传播更远的距离。当次声波在大气中进行远距离传播时,大气的特性与封闭空间内“空气声学”的介质特性存在本质的差异。对于远距离传播的次声波,大气的温度等参数随高度分布呈现分层特性,此外由于大气经常处于不断的运动之中,因此可被认为是一种运动分层介质。作为一种复杂的运动分层介质,次声波在大气中传播时,受到大气中温度、风、黏滞系数等参数分布状况的影响,产生反射、折射、衍射和散射等效应[910]
由于大气中的温度和风速从地面到高空是连续分布的,因此次声波在不同的高度间会进行逐渐、连续的折射[11]。次声波的折射使其在大气中的远距离传播呈现通道传播的特性和影区效应,通常有对流层传播通道、平流层传播通道和热层传播通道等。在不同的大气垂直剖面参数状况下,热层传播通道稳定存在,而对流层传播通道和平流层传播通道则需要大气垂直剖面参数满足一定条件才能存在。影区的形成是由于次声波在大气中以地面与高空折返前进的通道传播方式前进,这一前进方式导致地面的一些区域无次声波传播的声线经过,从而形成影区。图1为同时具备热层和平流层传播通道情况下的声传播轨迹。大气中次声源的可探测距离受此种次声传播通道影响很大,传播通道的存在对次声源可探测距离、接收信号质量等次声波的监测能力具有重要影响。
真实大气中存在的散射体(如湍流、雨滴、雪片、雾粒等)会导致次声波传播的散射效应。其中湍流在大气中分布广泛,造成的散射效应显著。散射效应会导致部分次声波偏离原有传播路径,使得声波能量不局限于传播通道区域[1213],进入声影区。而当散射体比次声波波长尺寸更大时,会产生衍射效应,同样会使得声波能量透入影区[14]。为反映衍射效应对次声波传播能量分布的影响,使用非线性渐进方程对次声波在大气中的传播损失分布进行仿真,其结果如图2所示。
图2中可以观察到次声波主要能量通过平流层传播通道和热层传播通道进行传播,但是在影区内亦可以观察到透入的声波能量。
次声波独特的物理性质使得其在大气中的传播复杂且具有规律,次声源发出的次声波可通过部署的次声传感器阵列网络进行接收,并通过信号检测、识别等处理算法实现对次声源的有效监测。
大气中各种次声源产生的次声信号可以通过次声传感器转换为电信号进行采集,多个次声传感器组成的阵列可以完成次声事件的检测以及次声源方位计算等功能,而多个次声传感器阵列组成的网络可以对次声源进行定位,并对次声源的强度等参数进行估计。
次声传感器是大气中次声信号采集的最基本单元,通过压强、压差等方式将大气中的次声波进行记录。在20世纪50年代,次声传感器最初被设计用于监测爆炸[1516]。在国际监测系统进行建设后,为满足次声全球监测网络需求,美国、法国和中国都分别研制了高灵敏度的次声传感器,其中美国Chaparral Physics公司设计研发了基于改进的微分电容微气压计的Chaparral Physics Model系列次声传感器[1718],法国原子能和替代能源委员会设计研发了基于线性可变差动变压器的MB系列次声传感器,中国科学院声学研究所设计研发了ISA系列次声传感器,ISA系列次声传感器为电容式次声传感器,具有高灵敏度、宽频带的特性。上述传感器外观见图3
次声传感器的核心指标包括频率范围、灵敏度和动态范围等,全球主要传感器的参数如表1所示,这些次声传感器的频率下限低于0.01 Hz,可覆盖火山、地震、爆炸、飓风、海啸等次声事件的频率范围,其中ISA2016具有最低的频率下限和最高灵敏度,Model 60s在动态范围方面具有优势。目前,次声传感器的发展除持续提升核心性能指标外,正逐步向智能化、网络化、多传感器融合感知及野外环境适应性等方向拓展升级。
由于次声的低频特性,其信号频段范围与近地面风带来的风噪声频段范围基本重叠,次声传感器需要部署降噪装置来降低风噪声的影响。现在国内外通常使用的降噪装置为玫瑰型降噪管和降噪罩(图4)。玫瑰型降噪管的降噪原理为对采集到的信号进行空间滤波,使得相干的目标次声信号得以增强,而不相干的风噪声信号则得到抑制。玫瑰型降噪管入口到中心传感器的距离相等且几何对称,可获得较好的降风噪效果。降噪管占地面积大,建造成本高,适合固定式次声传感器配套使用[1920],而降噪罩虽然在降噪量上有一定的损失,但是运输方便、部署速度快,适合便携式次声传感器配套使用[2122]
次声阵列通常由3~9个次声传感器构成,根据接收到监测目标信号的频率范围确定阵元间距与阵列孔径[2324],阵元间距从几百米至几千米。单个次声阵列只能完成次声事件的检测和方位角估计,为了计算更多的次声事件参数,需要将次声阵列组建成次声阵列网络,可实现对次声源的定位。由于声波在大气中的传播速度较慢,而次声阵列网络通常覆盖至少上百千米的范围,同一声源发出的次声信号到达不同次声阵列的时间差可达数十分钟。通常需要通过次声传播时空关系对不同次声阵列检测到的次声事件进行同源判别,判别后使用定位算法计算声源的位置,并通过当量估计算法计算声源的强度[25]
目前,部署范围最大的次声阵列网络是国际禁核试组织(Comprehensive Nuclear−Test−Ban Treaty Organization,CTBTO)在全球范围内组建的国际监测系统(International Monitoring System,IMS)。IMS包含60个次声阵列,可对全球范围内的次声事件进行监测。在全球范围内,多个国家、地区和组织也有自行组建的区域性次声阵列网络。
对于次声阵列网络,通过阵列信号处理和网络化处理等方式对组成网络的各次声传感器采集信号进行计算,通过次声事件检测算法、次声事件类型识别算法和次声事件定位等算法完成次声事件的监测。
次声事件的监测首先需要解决次声事件信号检测问题。次声传感器采集的波形是连续的,需要将次声事件产生的信号从连续采集的波形中检测出来。而由于次声阵列通常与次声源位置之间距离较远,经常会出现信噪比低于0 dB的场景,因此检测算法需要具备微弱次声事件信号检测能力。目前,最常用的检测算法是逐步多通道互相关方法(progressive multi−channel correlation,PMCC)[26]。PMCC算法基于次声阵列中不同传感器接收信号之间的相关性进行一致性判别,并通过时频域信号处理进行聚类检测。对于待检测信号段,PMCC算法通过分频与加窗处理将时频域分割为由独立单元组成的时频网格,其中分频处理使用2或3阶的切比雪夫滤波器,时间窗的长度选取与频带宽度成反比。对于每一个分割出的网格,分别计算网格中提取得到的特征参数,使用特征参数向量间的欧氏距离作为聚类判据进行信号检测,其检测处理的结果如图5(a)所示。
除了PMCC检测方法,基于F统计量的Fisher比值检测算法也是基于次声阵列进行次声事件信号检测的主要方法。该方法通过阵列信号处理对目标时间窗内的信号构造F统计量,并使用计算得到的Fisher比值衡量当前时间窗内的信号特征,使用阈值判别方法检测次声事件信号[8],其检测处理结果如图5(b)所示。Arrowsmith等[27]提出了一种自适应Fisher检测算法用于优化阈值的选取,降低了该检测方法的虚警率。
除了上述基于次声阵列的次声事件信号检测方法,还有使用单传感器采集信号的检测方法。长短时窗比检测算法是地震学中常用的事件信号检测算法,也可适用于次声领域。该方法通过长时窗衡量背景噪声水平,短时窗捕捉振幅的突变,对次声事件信号进行检测[2]。但是长短时窗比检测算法只能对信噪比高的次声事件信号进行可靠地检测,通常只会在不具备次声阵列条件的情况下使用。
次声监测中的次声事件检测技术是对灾害等进行监测和处理的基础,可基于次声阵列从持续观测的数据流中拾取事件信号,为后续进行次声事件类型识别和声源位置计算提供输入。针对次声检测技术的优化主要基于PMCC方法对时频域网格内的波形信息进行处理进行优化,提高次声阵列对次声事件的有效检测距离范围。
次声信号识别算法的核心是对次声事件信号进行特征提取,获得区分性特征,并通过分类器判别类型。识别算法的难点是从低信噪比、非平稳的复杂数据中区分不同声源事件的类型,核心要求在于特征提取的高效性与分类模型的泛化能力。
传统方法采用“分步优化”策略,首先通过人工特征工程以物理可解释特征刻画信号特性,再结合机器学习分类器进行识别。常用于次声信号分类的特征可按照性质分为时域特征、频域特征、时频域特征及熵特征。平均值、方差、峭度和短时平均过零率等时域特征主要反映次声信号时域信号的幅值、形状、冲击等方面的统计信息;以平均频率、谱质心、频谱滚降等为代表的频率特征表征了次声信号的频率成分特性;时频域特征包含了信号在时域频域丰富的关联信息,例如,时间尺度谱(time scale spectrum,TSS)和小波包变换(wavelet packet transformation,WPT)算法分别用以表征次声信号的脉冲能量分布和冲击瞬态特征。以谱熵、排列熵等熵值特征主要体现信号的复杂性和不确定性,同样在次声信号识别中被广泛采用。通过将机器学习分类器结合算法得到的特征,在典型事件分类识别中有良好效果。支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)[2831]、K近邻(K−nearest neighbor,KNN)[32]、随机森林[33]等分类模型通过监督学习过程建立特征与事件类别的映射关系。分类器基于优化算法调整内部参数,使损失函数最小化,迫使模型从特征差异中学习分类决策边界,并结合反向传播更新,最终形成具有泛化能力的分类规则,实现次声信号识别。然而,传统方法依赖专家经验筛选特征和特征参数设定,且难以处理类内差异大、噪声分布复杂的实际场景,其准确率难以得到进一步提升。
近年来,深度学习基于其对信号层次化特征的自主建模能力,实现了信号到类别“端到端”的自动化算法流程,为次声事件分类提供了新工具。不同于传统方法依赖人工定义特征,神经网络通过堆叠的非线性变换层,将原始次声信号逐级抽象为高维表征,用以构建信号到类别间的抽象映射关系,图6展示了一种基于深度学习的次声事件类型识别模型结构。卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)作为基础架构,通过层级卷积操作聚焦信号局部特征。一维CNN可直接处理原始波形,利用滑动卷积核提取短时窗内的波形变化模式;二维CNN则针对时频图进行空间卷积,同步捕捉频率分布与时变规律[3437]。长短期记忆网络(long short−term memory,LSTM)通过隐状态传递机制建模长时序关联[38],其门控单元能选择性记忆关键节点,双向结构则能融合信号前向传播与逆向衰减特征。而基于自注意力的神经网络突破了局部感受野限制,通过计算信号片段间的全局相关性,可自主识别远距离特征依赖。研究显示,有机融合上述架构的复合模型在复杂场景下表现出更优的判别能力。
次声事件的定位需要使用次声阵列网络完成计算。在次声阵列网络中,单个次声阵列可检出事件信号并计算其来波方位角。基于单个阵列的检测结果信息,可使用同源事件匹配算法对不同阵列检测到的事件信号进行匹配[39],基于匹配上的阵列检测结果对声源经纬度坐标进行计算。由于次声事件距离次声阵列网络中各阵列的距离通常可达到数百千米乃至更远,为保证定位的精度,通常使用非线性最小二乘迭代法(基于盖革法)[40]或网格搜索法[41]对声源位置进行计算,主要考虑远距离传播条件下地球作为球体对定位结果计算的影响。在真实大气中,垂直于次声波传播方向的大气横向风会使传播路径偏离理论方向,增加后方位角的计算误差而导致定位误差增大[4244]。为了降低真实大气中的定位误差,可基于大气参数模型进行传播仿真,对收到横向风影响的方位角偏移进行修正,对于远距离情况下的次声事件可降低定位误差[45],不同大气参数模型的修正效果如图7[45]所示。张天予等[4647]将伪线性估计器的思想引入次声事件定位,通过求解闭式解的方式避免了前述定位算法的收敛性问题。除了对次声源经纬度位置的计算,对声源高度的计算近年也有突破。Shang等[48]提出的基于射线追踪反演的声源高度定位方法对火流星事件的高度进行了准确的计算,为基于次声监测的声源高度估计提供了新的思路。
次声监测中的次声源定位方法基于次声阵列网络接收的次声事件数据,在远距离对次声源的经纬度位置和高度进行计算,为次声监测提供了有价值的声源信息。而次声在经过远距离传播时会受到大气中风的影响产生侧向偏转,从而导致声源定位出现偏差。为了降低这一真实大气传播带来的影响,将次声波在大气中的传播特性与定位算法相结合正在成为次声定位技术中的热点。
次声传感器阵列网络的硬件平台和次声监测算法的数据处理方法在实际部署应用中可以对地震、火山、滑坡、雪崩、火流星和强对流天气等自然灾害声源进行监测,也可对火箭发射、化学爆炸和核爆等人类活动事件进行观测。
自然灾害声源根据不同的灾害强度,产生次声波的可监测距离范围存在差异。地震、火山和火流星等可能出现极强的灾害性事件,如8级以上的大地震、大规模火山喷发和超强火流星,这类事件可能在全球范围被次声阵列接收到。天然地震中最常见的是构造地震,地面下一定深度的应力释放会导致地震的产生,释放的部分能量向地面传播,引起地表的振动。地表振动与近地面大气耦合,产生的空气振动在大气中进行远距离传播,这种地震产生的次声信号被称为“震中次声”[49]。另外部分地震能量在地球内部进行传播,在传播到次声传感器部署位置附近时,引起地面振动并耦合产生空气振动,这种被观测到的次声信号被称为“本地次声”。除了上述两种地震引起的主要次声信号类型,在地震波传播路径中存在的地形起伏(如山脉)也会耦合产生可观测的次声信号,被称为“衍射次声”[50]。地震产生的不同次声信号中,“本地次声”的传播速度基本等同于地震波的传播速度,因此可最早被监测到,而“震中次声”由于被激发的强度高且主要传播路径在大气中,使用其进行震中定向定位的准确性最高。在实际观测中,2024年日本能登地震[51]、2025年拉萨定日地震[52]等地震事件都被次声阵列网络有效监测,对于地震事件而言,次声技术正逐渐从辅助性监测手段转变为震源参数反演的核心数据源之一。
火山作为最重要的自然次声源之一,是次声灾害监测的重点研究目标。历史上次声波信号首次被仪器采集的记录就是1883年对喀拉喀托(Krakatoa)火山喷发事件的次声观测结果[53]。火山的喷发类型多样,如斯特龙博利式喷发、普林尼式喷发等,次声观测手段可以对不同的喷发类型进行有效的判别[54]。火山喷发强度的差异可导致接收次声波幅度与周期存在差异,据此可以估计火山喷发指数。2022年,汤加王国的洪阿哈阿帕伊岛火山发生了普林尼式喷发,火山喷发指数达到6级,全球的次声阵列几乎都监测到了该火山喷发事件,其绕地球传播多圈的次声信号仍可被观测到[55],部署于云南的次声阵列PMCC检测结果如图8所示。相对于地震手段对火山的监测,次声方法对于火山喷发近地面的效应观测效果更好,在火山口附近部署的次声阵列有助于对火山喷发的物理过程、火山口的通道几何结构等进行更精细化分析[56]
火流星声源的特性与地震和火山差异巨大,该声源是一种高空高速运动声源,流星体以高超音速进入大气层后会产生声爆,流星体形成狭窄的马赫锥,近似为一种圆柱形线声源沿运动轨迹径向传播,从而被次声传感器接收监测到[57]。火流星本身的直接坠落及其运动过程产生的声爆信号均会造成人员财产损失。火流星通过声爆产生的次声信号可在极其广阔的范围被监测到,从而对其进行预警,同时也可对其释放的能量进行估算[58]图9展示了部署于云南的次声监测站点对2020年青海火流星事件的PMCC检测结果。2013年俄罗斯车尔雅宾斯克的火流星事件是有记录以来能量最大的次声事件之一,基于次声手段估算其释放能量达到500 kt三硝基甲苯(TNT)当量,其产生的次声信号在环绕地球2圈后仍可被次声传感器监测到[5960]。现有的全球性次声阵列网络可对火流星提供经济高效的全球监测能力,并正在对火流星声源的运动特性进行更加深入的研究[61]
滑坡、泥石流和雪崩都是容易产生重大人员财产损失的自然灾害,液相、固相在运动的过程中会引起空气振动从而产生次声波,此外引发的沟岸振动也会产生次声波,这使得次声波可以在较远距离被监测到[62]。雪崩通常发生在高海拔的山地区域,最初对雪崩的监测基于单个次声传感器的观测信号通过幅度阈值进行判别,这种方式的误报率较高[63],因此现在主要使用次声阵列对雪崩进行监测[64]。使用次声方法可以对雪崩灾害的发生进行检测,并将其从背景干扰事件中识别以进行准确的预警。部署在阿尔卑斯山西北部的次声阵列在2009—2010年检测到的次声事件高峰期与雪崩活动高峰期存在一致性,验证了次声对雪崩事件检测可行性。除检测外,研究者还探索使用次声阵列对雪崩运动过程的速度进行监测,并结合雪崩动力学模型估算积雪体积与质量,为雪崩后的灾害恢复工作量提供了定量参考[65]
泥石流产生次声波的方式与雪崩比较类似,但是泥石流事件的可检测信号与雪崩差异较大[66]。泥石流在流动过程中和遇到地形变化都会产生次声信号[67],但是流动过程产生的信号难以使用相关性进行检测,因此坡度变化或冲击拦沙坝产生的次声波信号是泥石流监测预警的关键。使用次声阵列在泥石流危险区域附近部署,可对泥石流灾害位置进行检测与定向,基于声速与泥石流速度的差异完成预警[68]
滑坡灾害的次声监测主要用于对滑坡的预警、滑坡类型的判别和灾害强度的评估。中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所通过建设在云南东川的次声监测网发现,滑坡体运动产生的次声信号幅度与滑动速度的3次方正相关,这一结论为灾害强度的评估提供了量化依据[69]。对于滑坡类型的判别,在1~3 Hz范围内存在的特征峰可以区分顺层滑动和崩塌灾害[70]。而滑坡的预警可以在地表出现大规模滑坡前通过次声信号与降雨量、地表倾斜数据融合判别完成,可将预警事件提前至灾害发生前30 min,该方法在川藏铁路沿线试点中有效避免了多起潜在事故[71]
次声监测具有监测距离远、建设成本低等优点,但是也具有声传播速度慢、信号时变性强等挑战。为了进一步提升次声手段对声源参数的计算准确性,将次声监测与其他监测手段进行融合监测是重要的发展方向。
次声信号与地震信号都是介质振动产生的,可远距离被次声手段探测到的次声事件往往也能耦合产生地震信号,反之亦然。互相耦合产生的信号之间的关联性使得将观测次声数据与地震数据相结合提升监测能力成为了研究的热点。Ronac等[72]通过同一事件次声与地震数据联合构建的数据集,采用深度多模态学习方法构建了结合卷积神经网络和长短时记忆网络的神经网络架构,获得了比纯地震数据训练模型更强的地震事件与爆炸事件的分类性能。基于该研究成果,可深入探索同一事件次声数据与地震数据之间的耦合特性,并设计网络挖掘地震信号极化特性与次声信号之间的关联性,进一步提高事件分类的准确率和稳健性。此外,在不具备大型传感器阵列网络的条件下,基于同址建设的次声阵列和地震台采集的信号可以通过联合处理,基于次声与地震信号之间的相位差信息计算来波方向,并进一步探索在复杂震相情况下基于次声与地震信号到达的时差对声源坐标的估算。
随着人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术的发展,结合次声监测的多个方面研究,产生了许多基于AI技术的新方法,逐步推进该领域走向精细化、集成化、自动化。作为AI技术的核心组成部分,机器学习在众多领域中被广泛应用。其中的深度学习依托大量数据和高性能计算实现了由数据输入端到任务输出端的自动化学习,可以适用于次声监测研究的自动化检测和复杂信号识别场景。
传统检测方法需要基于传感器阵列进行多通道联合事件信号检测,而神经网络模型通过对信号的细节非线性模式捕捉,可由单一传感器通道数据处理完成检测。Witsil等[73]使用基于物理模型的生成包含事件和非事件的合成训练数据,利用生成的数据训练神经网络模型,并对热释放速率(HRR)实验中的真实爆炸数据的实现了单通道检测。近年来,深度学习方法逐渐成为次声信号分类识别的主流,尤其是CNN在特征提取方面相较于人工特征工程表现出显著优势[74]。同时,应用半监督学习和生成式网络,可有效克服标注数据样本稀缺的难题,实现了小样本场景下的分类识别准确率提升。
未来研究可以基于构建具备物理含义的可解释模型、开发数据增强方法以缓解小样本困境,以及对次声信号与其他手段的多模态信息融合分析等方向,开展基于AI的次声监测方法,突破传统方法在阵列处理、特征提取、小样本等方面的难题。
地震、火山喷发、泥石流等自然灾害事件均会产生可远距离传播的次声波,这使得次声成为一种重要的灾害监测手段。通过实时采集数据的次声传感器阵列网络,可使用检测、类型识别和定位等算法对广域范围内的灾害事件进行预警,降低造成的人员财产损失。基于采集数据的深入分析可以计算声源的强度等参数,对灾害事件的破坏程度进行评估。由于次声波在大气中远距离传播特性对参数评估存在重要影响,而现阶段处理方法通常会忽略这一点,可结合AI技术将次声传播与现有监测方法进一步深化研究,并于次声在大气中传播的物理特性相结合,提高远距离次声监测处理的性能,为自然灾害的监测预警提供更加可靠的信息。

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2026年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00082
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2026-01-23
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    1中国科学院声学研究所,北京 100190
    2中国科学院噪声与音频声学实验室,北京 100190
    3河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津 300401
    4中国科学院大学,北京 100190

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滕鹏晓(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为次声探测技术,电子信箱:
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