Article(id=1240314272778081167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, articleNumber=null, orderNo=18, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751990400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-09, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773643566555, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773643566555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080809478, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1240314266348213063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773643565021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804741433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240314273763742670, articleId=1240314272778081167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Recent advances in acoustic metamaterials: Multi−dimensional manipulations of sound wave and their applications, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

More than two decades of sustained development regarding acoustic metamaterials have not only unveiled a wide range of novel acoustic phenomena and provided abundant new mechanisms and methods for sound manipulation, but also introduced a new paradigm for acoustic wave control. In this article, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in acoustic metamaterials, introduce their anomalous acoustic properties and outline how artificially designed acoustic metamaterials enable multidimensional control of sound waves according to specific tasks. Covered topics include wavefront shaping, spatial distribution and directional control of sound energy, time−dependent and orbital angular momentum modulation in acoustic artificial systems. We also showcase the potential of metamaterials to address longstanding challenges in key areas such as noise reduction, room−in sound field control, and acoustic detection. Acoustic metamaterials are currently experiencing rapid development and are accelerating the transition from fundamental research to practical applications. In the future, they are expected to play a pivotal role in diverse areas such as ultrasonic diagnostics and therapy, stealth technology, and intelligent manufacturing.

, authors=null, authorsList=Bin LIANG, Yiju FANG, Jingjing LIU, Jianchun CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240314277551198333, articleId=1240314272778081167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=声超构材料前沿进展:声波多维调控及其应用, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

声超构材料在经历20余年的深度发展后,不仅揭示了大量的新奇声学现象,提供了丰富的声波调控的新机理与新方法,更带来了新的声波调控范式。回顾了声超构材料近年来的重要进展,介绍了其所具有的反常声学性质,列举了人工设计的声超构材料可根据需求实现对声波的多维调控方法,包括声超构材料对波阵面的重构、声超构材料实现声能量的空间分布调控和传播方向操控、声人工系统中的声波时变调控以及基于声超构材料的角动量调控等,并展示了其在噪声控制、房间声场调控、声学检测等重要领域中解决传统难题的潜力。当前声超构材料仍保持着迅猛的发展势头,并正在从基础研究向应用领域加速转变,未来有望在超声诊疗、装备隐身、智能制造等方面发挥关键作用。

, authors=

梁彬,教授,研究方向为声超构材料、智能化声学功能器件及复杂声场调控,电子信箱:

, authorsList=梁彬, 房怡菊, 刘京京, 程建春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XxjcSkfiAGYFW/EMdGzDQQ==, magXml=XxjcSkfiAGYFW/EMdGzDQQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8Rvwn/1oJbOOxQ1xxtsUmA==, pdfFileSize=7199338, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=z9tteXKdUCJGvn6Qaq69XA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5YeuGFcrZjsXpTRlCerjDw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242148255337881649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314272778081167, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liangbin@nju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242148255404990514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314272778081167, authorId=1242148255337881649, language=EN, stringName=Bin LIANG, firstName=Bin, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242148255463710771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314272778081167, authorId=1242148255337881649, language=CN, stringName=梁彬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio={"content":"

梁彬,教授,研究方向为声超构材料、智能化声学功能器件及复杂声场调控,电子信箱:

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梁彬,教授,研究方向为声超构材料、智能化声学功能器件及复杂声场调控,电子信箱:

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声超构材料前沿进展:声波多维调控及其应用
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梁彬 , 房怡菊 , 刘京京 , 程建春
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(4): 79-91
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (4) : 79 -91
声超构材料前沿进展:声波多维调控及其应用
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梁彬,教授,研究方向为声超构材料、智能化声学功能器件及复杂声场调控,电子信箱:

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梁彬,教授,研究方向为声超构材料、智能化声学功能器件及复杂声场调控,电子信箱:

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梁彬 , 房怡菊, 刘京京, 程建春
作者信息
  • 南京大学物理学院,近代声学教育部重点实验室,人工微结构科学与技术协同创新中心,南京 210093
Recent advances in acoustic metamaterials: Multi−dimensional manipulations of sound wave and their applications
Bin LIANG , Yiju FANG, Jingjing LIU, Jianchun CHENG
Affiliations
  • School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00080
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声超构材料在经历20余年的深度发展后,不仅揭示了大量的新奇声学现象,提供了丰富的声波调控的新机理与新方法,更带来了新的声波调控范式。回顾了声超构材料近年来的重要进展,介绍了其所具有的反常声学性质,列举了人工设计的声超构材料可根据需求实现对声波的多维调控方法,包括声超构材料对波阵面的重构、声超构材料实现声能量的空间分布调控和传播方向操控、声人工系统中的声波时变调控以及基于声超构材料的角动量调控等,并展示了其在噪声控制、房间声场调控、声学检测等重要领域中解决传统难题的潜力。当前声超构材料仍保持着迅猛的发展势头,并正在从基础研究向应用领域加速转变,未来有望在超声诊疗、装备隐身、智能制造等方面发挥关键作用。

声超构材料  /  声超构表面  /  多维调控  /  时变调控  /  声单向  /  人工静音通道  /  人工智能

More than two decades of sustained development regarding acoustic metamaterials have not only unveiled a wide range of novel acoustic phenomena and provided abundant new mechanisms and methods for sound manipulation, but also introduced a new paradigm for acoustic wave control. In this article, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in acoustic metamaterials, introduce their anomalous acoustic properties and outline how artificially designed acoustic metamaterials enable multidimensional control of sound waves according to specific tasks. Covered topics include wavefront shaping, spatial distribution and directional control of sound energy, time−dependent and orbital angular momentum modulation in acoustic artificial systems. We also showcase the potential of metamaterials to address longstanding challenges in key areas such as noise reduction, room−in sound field control, and acoustic detection. Acoustic metamaterials are currently experiencing rapid development and are accelerating the transition from fundamental research to practical applications. In the future, they are expected to play a pivotal role in diverse areas such as ultrasonic diagnostics and therapy, stealth technology, and intelligent manufacturing.

acoustic metamaterial  /  acoustic metasurface  /  multi−dimensional manipulations  /  time−varying modulation  /  acoustic unidirectionality  /  artificial silent channel  /  artificial intelligence
梁彬, 房怡菊, 刘京京, 程建春. 声超构材料前沿进展:声波多维调控及其应用. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 79 -91 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00080
Bin LIANG, Yiju FANG, Jingjing LIU, Jianchun CHENG. Recent advances in acoustic metamaterials: Multi−dimensional manipulations of sound wave and their applications[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (4) : 79 -91 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00080
声学是研究声波的激发、传播、接收及其效应的科学,是面向国家重大需求和经济主战场,且具有鲜明的需求导向、问题导向和目标导向特征的学科。声学具有极强的交叉性与延伸性,与材料、电子、人工智能、生命科学等现代科学技术的大部分学科深度交叉,形成了物理声学、水声学、音频声学、检测声学、生物医学超声等主要方向。而如何实现精准且高效的声波调控,正是大多数声学基础与应用研究领域所面临的重要共性问题。2022年“宁静中国”科技行动计划建议被正式提出,旨在应对新时代噪声污染源、噪声传播条件与居民主观反应等快速变化的新情况和新挑战,其核心需求在于通过不同方式实现对声波能量的高效吸收或隔离[15]。声波调控的关键在于利用各类声学材料对声波的幅度、相位、频率等不同属性实现灵活且高效的控制。然而,常规声场调控方法在简便性、多样性、精确性和操控维度等方面受制于天然材料的声学性质及声波自身的物理属性。以低频声波能量的隔离与吸收这一声学学科的经典问题为例,传统声学材料只能调控波长与材料尺度相当的声波,对低频声波的调控效果差,限制了器件的小型化和集成化及其在航空航天、装备减振等国家重大战略领域的应用。此外,声束的连续动态扫描在超声成像、水下目标定位和声呐通信等诸多领域中都发挥着关键作用,而传统方法通常依赖于发射装置的机械扫描或有源相控阵的波束整形来实时调控声束的空间指向性,存在成本高、尺寸大、主动控制系统复杂而精准操控困难等问题。为解决这些关键的科学和技术难题,不仅需要在声波调控底层机理层面的突破,更亟需声波调控所涉及的相关声学功能材料的研究范式的革新。
21世纪初出现的声超构材料作为具有奇异特性的新型人工材料,不仅可以产生自然材料无法实现的特殊声学性能,更提供了全新的材料研究范式,其表现出的重大科学价值及显著应用前景得到了各国科技界、产业界乃至国防部门的高度关注。声超构材料是一种由人为设计的亚波长微结构单元按周期性或非周期性排列构成的人工材料,可等效为具有反常声学参数的均匀介质(图1)。不同于天然材料的声学属性由原子和分子层面的微观性质决定,声超构材料的奇特性质主要源于作为其功能基元的“人工原子”的特殊几何结构及空间排列方式,提供了自然界不存在的声场调控能力和设计自由度,且具备质量轻、尺寸小及易集成化等优点,极大拓展了声学研究的视野。近年来,作为声学基础研究最前沿的方向之一,声超构材料这一新兴领域发展迅猛,取得了大量突破性进展,实现了常规方法难以或无法产生的各种特殊声波调控效果,并在噪声控制、水声通信、超声成像与检测等众多关键领域展现出广阔的应用前景。
2000年,Liu等[6]率先开启了声超构材料领域的研究序幕。他们将硅橡胶包裹的铅块按立方晶格方式嵌入环氧树脂基体中,构建了局域共振型声超构材料。该结构的低频带隙源于偶极共振产生的负等效质量密度,允许在材料厚度仅为2 cm的情况下实现对400 Hz低频声波的有效阻隔,突破了传统声学中“结构尺寸需与波长相当”的限制。此后的众多研究表明,声超构材料的局域共振特性可赋予材料负质量密度、负体积模量以及零折射率等自然界材料不具备的极端声学参数,为声波操控提供全新的自由度[711]。2006年,Fang等[12]通过将周期性亥姆霍兹谐振器单元阵列耦合至波导管一侧,从理论与实验两方面验证了该结构的负等效体积模量响应及其在低频段产生的声波阻带效应。声超构材料的负等效质量密度和负等效体积模量的直观物理解释如图2所示:图中左手拿着一个网球(模拟超构材料单元),当施加一个外力F向右作用在球上时,球的加速度a却指向左侧,与外力方向相反,这代表球的惯性响应为负,即其等效质量为负值;而对于负体积模量,其物理含义可以理解为在用力向球内部施加压强时球的体积反而增大。
早期的声超构材料大多是由三维周期结构组成的体材料,尽管可以实现对声波传播特性的反常调控,但通常较为厚重、占用空间较大,且操控方式较为单一。围绕器件的小型化和集成化需求,“声超构表面”概念被进一步提出[1315]。不同于传统的三维声超构材料,声超构表面作为一种基于人工结构的二维超薄材料,能够在亚波长尺度上精确调控声波的传播特性,包括相位、振幅和波前形状等,进一步突破了声学器件在尺寸、性能和功能等方面的限制。通过设计不同结构单元的空间序构,声超构表面可实现波束偏转[16]、声波聚焦[17]、异常反射与透射[1819]、声隐身[20]以及声学全息[21]等各类新奇的声场操控现象,相关新原理和新技术有望推动超声成像、声通信、无损检测等领域的发展。图3为声超构材料与声超构表面的对比示意图。
声波调控的核心在于对声波的传播行为进行精准、灵活且高效的按需操控,这一能力依赖于对声波多个物理维度的调控。具体而言,声波作为一种典型的波动现象,其随时演化的空间声场的一般数学形式可以表示为:
$ p\left( {{{r}},t} \right) = A({{r}})\exp \left[ {{\text{i}}({{k}} \cdot {{r}} - \omega t+\varphi ({{r}}))} \right] $
式中包含声波的幅度、相位、频率、随时演化规律等多个维度的信息,其中Aφ分别为声压幅度和相位的空间分布,k为波矢,ω为圆频率,r是空间位置矢量,t为时间。
图4展示了声超构材料实现声波多维调控的示意图,其中各调控维度的具体含义如下:声波的能量调控是指通过共振吸收、增强散射或阻抗设计等机制调节声场的幅值或能量密度,实现对特定区域声能的放大、衰减或空间重分布;相位调控依赖于单元结构对等效声折射率或传播路径的调控,通过异常相位延迟实现波阵面的重构,从而支持波前整形、异常反射、聚焦成像和声学全息等功能;频率调控主要基于材料的色散特性、局域共振或多普勒效应等机制,用于选择、转换或调制声波的频谱成分,实现滤波、频率复用或隔离功能;通过将声波波阵面扭转成螺旋形态,可引入轨道角动量,实现声场携带拓扑相位、涡旋能量或旋转力矩等特性,赋能声学捕获与通信等新型应用;此外,通过引入具有外场响应特性的可重构超材料,可在时间和空间上动态改变结构的等效参数,从而实现声场时空演化规律的主动调控。声超构材料的多维操控能力极大提升了声波调控的灵活性和多样性,并有望促进声学相关技术的进步与革新。例如,在经颅超声成像中,声超构材料可以解决颅骨带来的阻抗失配问题,从而提升成像精度[2223];在水声通信中,引入频率与轨道角动量等复用机制可以增加频谱利用率,提高通信速率[2425];在声全息中,利用声超构材料对声波的幅度和相位进行解耦调控可显著提升全息图像的质量[26]。因此,声波的多维调控不仅是当前声学研究的前沿热点,更是一系列声学技术与理论发展的关键支撑。下面将分别介绍声超构材料在声波相位、能量、频率、角动量和时变演化等各个维度调控方面等的前沿进展。
复杂声场重构等诸多声学问题都可归为声波波阵面的调控问题,而利用声超构材料的相位调控功能可以在亚波长的空间尺度上实现对波阵面的任意整形。2013年,Li等[13]设计了一种反射式声超构表面器件,如图5(a)所示,通过空间折叠延长声传播路径来引入可操控的反射相位延迟,并依据广义Snell定律[27]对波阵面上的相位分布进行重新设计,实现了以小尺度平面结构对大波长低频声波的精准操控。为了进一步实现对声波透射相位的操控,该团队提出了一种透射型声超构表面的设计思路(图5(b)),该结构由4个并联的亥姆霍兹共振腔和1根直管组成,通过两者的耦合共振作用,可实现对透射声波的传输相位在0~2π范围内的全覆盖调控,与此同时可保持较低的插入损耗[28]。此外,Xie等[29]设计了一种如图5(c)所示的锥形迷宫式的透射型超构材料,并实验演示了基于高阶衍射的负折射、平面波−倏逝波转换等多种声场操控效果。为了突破上述基于Fabry−Pérot共振和亥姆霍兹共振机制的声超构材料在工作带宽方面的固有限制,2016年,Zhu等[30]发展了一种螺旋型的三维超构材料,得益于声阻抗在空间上的渐变分布,该结构具有非色散的高等效折射率特性(图5(d))。2017年,Xie等[31]将数字超表面的概念引入到声学体系中,设计了基于布尔元素序列的编码超表面,实现了在宽带范围对声波传输相位的二值化调控,极大简化了声场操控和超表面设计的方式(图5(e))。当前,基于声超构材料的声波调控研究大都聚焦于单一均匀介质中(如水和空气),而跨介质复杂体系中的声波调控在跨域通信、经颅成像、空耦换能器检测等领域同样具有重要的学术内涵和应用价值。尽管具有阻抗匹配功能的声学超材料可在一定程度上解决非均一介质系统的阻抗失配问题[3234],但跨介质声波的相位调控仍是一个难题。2023年,一种具有高效水−空声耦合功能的声超构表面的提出为水−空气界面上的阻抗失配和相位操控难题提供了“一石二鸟”的解决方案,可在产生跨水空的声学透明(即声波能够近乎无损耗地穿过水−气界面)的同时,对透射声场的空间形态进行任意重构,并基于此实现了在空中对水下低频声信息的高灵敏度远程监听[35],推动了声场调控研究从面向简单均匀系统到复杂跨介质系统的跨越(图5(f))。
声波能量的调控与若干国家重大需求密切相关。根据操控方式和对象的不同,声波的能量调控可主要分为以下3个基本范畴。(1) 声能的衰减与隔离调控:基于材料结构设计及相关物理机制主动或被动地抑制声波的能量传播,实现对声能强度的有效减弱或在传播路径上的隔离,是噪声治理、声学隐身等领域的关键技术路径;(2) 声能空间分布的调控:利用超构表面调控声波在空间传播的传递函数,实现声能在特定区域的聚焦、均匀分布或多点操控,以及声全息等复杂声场调控效果;(3) 声单向调控:通过结构非对称性、非线性效应、时变调制等手段,实现声波能量在某一方向上有效传播而在反方向传播受限或被抑制,在构建声学二极管、非互易器件以及水下通信与目标隐身等应用中具有重要意义。在声能量的吸收和隔离方面,Ma等[36]于2014年提出了一种基于杂化共振机制的薄膜型吸声超表面,如图6(a)所示,通过在镶嵌质量块的薄膜背侧放置刚性板,在薄膜和刚性板间可发生多次反射,利用结构最低阶的本征模式和二阶本征模式间的杂化耦合,能够在反共振频率附近处实现阻抗匹配并获得一个几乎完美的吸收峰(吸收系数高达0.994),且结构的厚度仅为波长的1/133。此类薄膜型超构材料由于在低频段的负质量密度特性和结构紧凑性被广泛应用于声能量的吸收调控[3739],但是同时也伴随着机械强度低、预应力控制难等问题。除此以外,常见的用于声能吸收调控的超材料还包括Helmholtz共振型吸声超材料[4044]和Fabry−Pérot共振型吸声超材料[4547]。例如,Jiang等[48]设计了一种由多个渐变长度的Fabry−Pérot共振管组成的人工结构,构建了超宽带声吸收超材料,通过将不同频率的声波局域在不同位置处并利用热黏滞效应进行耗散,实现超宽频范围的高效声能吸收,表现出结构简单、选材自由、结构刚性强等显著优势(图6(b))。上述研究主要针对空气中声能的吸收调控,而在水下环境中,声能吸收同样具有重要意义,尤其在水下装备隐身等重要领域。由于水和大多数材料如塑料、金属等的声学阻抗相差不大,对水下声波实现刚性材料假设存在极大困难,因此无法直接将空气声超构材料的结构设计直接照搬到水下声学环境中使用,必须针对水下声波发展专门的超表面器件设计理论。2022年,Qu等[49]设计研制了一种由阻抗匹配复合超材料构成的超薄水下吸声器(图6(c)),实现了8.9 mm平均厚度的实验样品对4~20 kHz宽频水下声波的高效吸收。此外,如图6(d)所示,超疏水薄膜材料在水环境中可实现广角宽频超声全反射,形成了一种超声绝缘“皮肤”,在水下可在表面形成一个稳定的空气/水界面,通过提供一个声学阻抗极端失配的软边界条件(声学阻抗相差可达4个数量级),实现水下宽带、高效的声波隔离调控[50]。在声能空间分布的调控方面,除了简单的声波聚焦、自弯曲等常见的声场调控效果外,声全息技术可以实现对空间声能分布的任意重构,在超声成像与治疗、建筑声学及粒子操控等多个领域具有重要的应用价值。Zhu等[26]在2018年提出了损耗型声超构材料设计理论,通过引入可调的能量损耗作为额外的设计自由度,实现了对声波振幅和相位的解耦操控,并实验演示南京大学校徽等复杂图像的重构(图6(e)),图像质量相比传统的纯相位方法显著提升。2020年,Zhang等[51]通过对声波幅度和相位的双重调控,在实验上观测到了Hopf link和Trefoil knot三维拓扑涡旋声场,研究证实了通过小尺寸器件构造纽结涡旋场的可能性(图6(f))。2025年,Zeng等[52]发展了基于高像素二进制超表面的水下三维多功能、高分辨声全息技术,可以支持多个频率和不同成像深度的编码,极大提升了振幅型全息超表面的信息容量(图6(g))。在声波能量的方向调控方面,如何打破互易性是波动物理学中极具研究价值的重要问题,可极大丰富对物态的调控方式,这对于声学体系尤为关键。受制于线性非时变声学体系中的互易原理,声波长期被认为仅能对称传输,这也是传统声学理论与技术的基础。为打破这一传统认知并实现声波的非互易传输,2009年,Liang等[5354]提出了通过引入非线性来打破系统互易性的机制,并研制了声二极管器件。如图6(h)所示,声二极管模型由声子晶体和强非线性媒质组成,当频率为f0的基波从左向右入射,由于f0正好处于线性滤波器的带隙,所以声波被完全反射;而当基波从右向左入射时,声波经过非线性媒质转化为二次谐波不在声子晶体的带隙内,可以透射到结构的左侧,从而实现了对声能量的整流功能。2019年,Ding等[55]进一步提出了利用高品质含流谐振腔来增强非互易效应的物理机制,首次在实验层面实现了声学陈绝缘体,并观察到了受拓扑保护的声学单向边界态,实现了高效、稳定的非互易声传输(图6(i))。为了解决非线性和背景流场的引入所带来的频率失真、隔离度有限以及机械噪声等问题,该团队还提出了一种基于时变调制实现声学合成磁场的新机制,设计并实验构建了具有动态耦合特性的声学共振体系[56]。如图6(j)所示,在特定条件下,2个动态耦合的初始相位将构成打破互易性的合成磁场,并与静态耦合进行干涉,首次实现了具有高隔离度、高正向传输率、高保真度以及功率无依赖等优异特性的声波单向传输。最近,Nii等[57]利用纳米级铁磁体阵列作为衍射光栅,通过磁场调控实现了声波向上/向下衍射强度的显著差异(非对称性达2%),且该效应随磁场方向变化而可逆,在声表面波体系中实现了非互易衍射现象。
声波的频率调控是声学研究中的关键问题,在通信和检测等诸多领域中具有广阔的应用前景。脉动气泡等介质的不均匀性可以显著增强等效非线性系数,但是仍存在作用距离长、频移大小固定、谐波成分复杂及依赖高声强驱动等局限,使得小振幅低频声波不可能只产生单一模式的谐波,无法实现高效高纯度的频率转换。2022年,Wang等[58]提出了一种基于旋转超表面的线性频率转换机制,通过旋转具有螺旋相位分布的超表面,在远小于波长的尺度内实现了可听声频段声波的高效、高纯度的频率转换。该机制的直观物理图像解释如图7(a)所示,有螺旋形相位分布的超表面可将平面声波转换为具有螺旋形波阵面的涡旋束,通过驱动超表面稳定旋转可以产生旋转多普勒效应,进而实现频率转换。另一方面,尽管当前非线性效应已被广泛应用于无损检测、高强度超声聚焦、参量阵和声悬浮等领域,其在声学超分辨率声波调控方面的潜力尚未被揭示。在声波传播过程中,存在2种典型的非线性效应,即累积非线性效应和局域非线性效应。累积非线性效应是传统非线性声学应用的主要机理,典型应用包括利用参量阵产生低频强指向性的声束以及在高强度超声成像中产生高次谐波。然而,与基波的拉格朗日密度相关的局域非线性效应常常被忽视。2024年,Zhong等[59]提出了利用局域非线性效应来实现深度亚衍射极限声操控的物理机制(图7(b)),利用2列垂直交汇的超声源来分别搭载具有特定频率差异的2列超声波束,产生了具有高频载波衍射特性的低频声束,实现了低频声波在远场(声源的瑞利距离以外)的高分辨率聚焦和操控(空间分辨率高达波长的1/38),为声波的精准操控提供了新的可能性。近期,Zhong等[60]进一步利用声学超表面将高频载波调制成特殊的自弯曲声束,使得高频载波可以绕过障碍物在特定区域产生差频波,有望为私人语音通信、沉浸式空间音频等应用提供新的解决思路。
声波的轨道角动量由于具备独特的动力学性质及模式正交性,近年来已成为操控声波的一个新的自由度,其产生和调控研究不仅具有重要的科学意义,更在声波通信等领域具有显著的实际应用价值,吸引了国内外大批学者对其产生和调控机理的深入研究。例如,声学轨道角动量已被证明可作为独立于时间和频率的新的编解码自由度来扩充声学通信的信道容量,并兼容传统的波分、频分等复用技术。另一方面,轨道角动量能够对单个粒子实施精准的空间诱导或旋转操控,相比传统的驻波和行波声镊具有操控精度高、操控自由度多等重要优势,在医学超声、生物物理和材料科学等众多领域具有重要的应用价值。传统产生声波轨道角动量的方法需要利用多个呈轴对称分布的换能器阵元来构成有源相控阵[6162],通过独立编址每一路声源的相位,在发射面产生所需的螺旋形相位分布从而实现涡旋束调制(图8(a)),这类方法具有较好的实时性和灵活性,可以任意调节轨道角动量的拓扑荷数和方向,但也伴随着控制电路复杂、成本高和混叠效应显著等问题[61]。相较有源相控阵方法,无源材料和声学人工结构为角动量调制提供了更为简单且有效的选择。2004年,Gspan等[63]提出利用光声效应产生涡旋声波的方法,如图8(b)所示,通过将激光照射在具有螺旋梯度厚度的吸声体上,能够在吸声体的另一侧激发出具有螺旋相位的出射涡旋声波。2016年,Jiang等[64]提出了利用声学共振引入声角动量的新机制(图8(c)),设计制备了具有效率高、尺寸薄及结构平整等优势的声角动量人工器件,并在理论和实验中高效、准确地生成了预设阶数的声涡旋场。2017年,Esfahlani等[65]设计了一种基于螺旋结构的超表面并进一步地将角动量人工器件的厚度压缩至波长的1/3。2021年,Gao等[66]通过将人工声学阻抗超表面与全息原理结合并对近场倏逝波进行空间调制,实现了自由空间中涡旋声束的远距离辐射及多路复用。不同于上述介绍的三维涡旋声束,二维涡旋声束所携带的轨道角动量在面上粒子操控和片上声通信等领域具有更加显著的应用优势。为了将声学人工体系中的角动量调控拓展至二维系统中,Liu等[67]提出了一种在二维体系中“扭曲”单声源动量的物理机制,构建了基于声超构材料的单声源声波马达,以声波为唯一驱动源实现了对目标载荷的非接触式高速旋转操控(图8(d)),极大地简化了角动量器件的构造并丰富了声学人工体系的角动量操控手段。当前,随着对声学角动量和超材料研究的不断深入,声学人工体系中的轨道角动量调控正朝着集成化、紧凑化和多样化的方向不断发展,人工角动量器件在满足角动量调控能力的基础上,还有望通过与聚焦、无衍射、扩散等不同声场调控功能的兼容结合,更广泛地适用于各类重要应用场景。
声场的时变调控研究具有重要的科学意义,在各种国家需求中产生广泛应用,例如高速广角的声束动态扫描对水下目标定位和B模式超声成像等关键问题均至关重要。但现有的时变声场调制技术通常依赖由大量独立控制的换能器组成的阵列,存在成本高、复杂度大等难题。尽管声超构材料以其超越天然材料物性极限的新奇声学特性提供了一种简单、紧凑和低成本的解决方案,能够以亚波长空间分辨率重塑声波波前,但现有的被动式声超构材料无法在制造完成后自由调控声学功能,极大限制了其实用性和通用性。2019年,Tian等[68]提出了一种可编程声超构表面的设计思路,如图9(a)所示,利用流体控制系统调控侧置谐振器的液面高度来对其等效声质量进行调节,实现声波相位和幅度的动态连续调控,并基于此演示声波定向、波束塑形以及声能流开关等多种二维声波调控功能的切换。2021年,Chen等[69]设计并构建了具有时空调制特性的可编程声超构材料,通过对超材料的阻抗特性引入行波调制,打破了时间空间反演对称,实现了声波模式的非互易转变,并利用超薄非互易人工器件对两侧的基波和谐波产生了“有来无回”的操控效果,如图9(b)所示。此外,Zhou等[70]提出了耦合免疫莫尔声学超表面概念(图9(c)),通过引入面外传播的波矢,可以突破近场层间耦合对莫尔效应的限制,实现了与层间距离解耦的面外莫尔声束动态调控。为了进一步突破现有声波动态调控机制对有源控制系统的固有依赖,Liu等[71]提出了基于无源静态声学超表面的声波动态调控机制,并构建了一种新型超构声呐器件。如图9(d)所示,该器件由二值化幅值编码的超薄单元组合而成,通过将单一声源发射的合成频率梳转化成具有相同频率间隔和空间间隔的声焦点阵列,引入频率梯度这一新的声波操控自由度,并基于此在焦平面后利用时空声干涉效应产生可连续旋转的动态扫描声束,实现了“以静制动”的声场调控效果。这为声场的时变调控开辟了新的自由度,并有望在水下探测、超声诊疗等重要领域产生实际应用。
基于声超构材料优异的声波多维调控功能,近年来衍生出一系列具有高性能与新功能的声学人工器件,实现了各种超越常规方式的特殊声波操控效果。然而,针对不同维度的调控方法在实现难度方面存在明显差异,导致其应用发展呈现分层趋势。其中,相位调控与能量调控等具有相对成熟的理论模型和工程化实现手段,已催生出一系列性能优异的声学功能器件,并在噪声控制、房间声学、通风隔声等实际场景中展现出广阔的应用前景。相比之下,基于频率、角动量、时变演化等更高阶维度的声波调控大多仍处于概念验证和原理性演示阶段,但这些前沿方向正与人工智能、类脑计算等新兴技术深度融合,有望推动声学人工器件向智能化、多功能化及系统化应用发展,为该领域的未来突破奠定重要基础。
作为典型例子,噪声治理不仅关乎人民生活水平与幸福指数的提高,更在航空航天、光刻机减振和武器装备性能提升等重大问题中起着至关重要的作用,创新发展噪声控制科技当前已成为建设“宁静中国”的必然需求。其核心物理需求是如何发展新型吸隔声材料、结构对声波能量进行低频、宽带、高效的吸收或隔离。当前噪声控制的主要难点在于:传统吸声材料如多孔材料和穿孔板等存在厚度大、不通风、不环保、质量大等固有问题,而有源降噪技术的成本较大且控制系统复杂;另一方面,吸/隔声材料的尺度通常与波长在同一数量级,因此低频声吸收就需要用到厚度为分米甚至米量级的材料,占用空间过大,难以实际应用。相比常见的吸隔声问题,管道环境中的噪声控制具有更加迫切的重大需求,如大飞机发动机研发、大型风洞建设、绿色环保建筑设计及潜艇通流管道设计等,不仅要求在有限的空间内实现高效的吸隔声,还要保持管道自身的功能,即允许除声波外其他任意形式能量的自由通过(如光、气流等)。针对这一关键问题,南京大学梁彬和程建春团队设计提出具有高效隔声、绿色环保、选材自由和自由通风等显著优势的新概念声学功能器件,能够实现类似“人工静音通道”的“风能过,雨能过,声音不能过”的奇特效果。图10(a)为该团队研制的代表性器件,包括基于相干耦合弱共振的皮肤式消声器和基于模式杂化的宽带通风静音单元[7273]。此外,Xu等[74]提出了一种基于机器学习辅助的连续Fano共振机制,实现了可调谐的宽带通风隔声。在房间声学领域,声超构材料的发展促进了声扩散体等功能器件的革新。2018年,基于超表面的声人工扩散体的出现突破了经典扩散体设计理论的局限,能够以超薄平面结构对入射声能量实现强扩散式反射。传统施罗德扩散体及声学超表面扩散体的结构对比如图10(b)所示,后者将扩散体器件的厚度由波长的1/2减小至1/20,并具有可比拟商用产品的声扩散性能,同时展现出尺寸超薄、表面平整、质量轻盈、制备简单及用料节省等重要优势[75]。该团队进一步将该技术用于解决小尺寸房间中的回声颤动严重、声场均匀度差等问题,能够以超薄平面结构对房间声场的均一性进行有效调控,并已成功应用于广播电台室内房间的声学环境改造。
随着声学人工体系的复杂性及多样性日益增长,以调控空间声场分布为主要目标的人工材料尚无法独立完成声学成像及检测、信息处理等完整任务,具有特定功能的声学人工器件的按需设计亦难于实现。这些挑战性问题影响着当前声学人工结构基础研究的持续深化并制约了其大规模的实际应用。近年来,人工智能与声学等波动系统的深度融合为解决复杂、非线性、甚至传统方法难以处理的物理问题提供了全新的思路与工具。因此,通过与人工智能等新兴研究领域深度融合,研制直接面向复杂任务的声学人工体系及相关智能化器件,不仅可突破当前声学人工器件在功能与性能方面存在的瓶颈,更可为解决国家重大需求背后的声学“卡脖子”问题提供新的思路,将具有重大的学术意义及显著的应用价值,为声学人工器件替代传统声学器件及在各类实际场景中的规模化部署提供重要保障。声学超构神经网络能够通过具有由深度学习设计的特殊序构的声超构表面的调制,使透射信号聚焦于接收面上的对应位置处。从而使得声超构单元集合具备实时、无源地完成特殊任务的“智能”,例如通过分析散射声场来识别物体形状,如图10(c)[76]所示。此外,人工智能在声学人工结构的逆设计、超声成像以及信息解码等多个领域中得到了广泛应用,并展现出显著的优势。在人工结构逆设计方面,人工智能算法能够在复杂的多维参数空间中快速搜索和优化,显著提高了声学结构设计的效率与创新性,突破了传统设计方法的局限[73, 7778];在超声成像领域,结合深度学习技术,不仅提升了成像分辨率与速度,还实现了低信噪比条件下的图像重建和目标识别能力[7981];而在信息解码方面,人工智能能够从复杂的声场数据中提取关键特征,实现对调制信息、物体形状甚至运动状态的准确解析,为声通信、智能传感等应用提供了智能化解决方案[8283]。这些进展进一步推动了声学人工结构向智能化、自适应方向的发展。
当前声超构材料已经取得一系列显著进展,并处于从基础研究逐步迈入实际应用的关键阶段。在这一关键节点,仍面临许多亟待突破的关键科学和技术难题,需要更多的研究人员投身其中。主要挑战包括:(1) 结构尺寸与工作带宽之间的矛盾问题。当前声超构材料/超表面已具备在亚波长尺度上对声波幅度、相位、频率等属性进行灵活调控的能力。然而,器件的小型化与宽频带响应之间仍存在固有矛盾,解决该问题亟需在基本物理层面的创新。例如研究发现,在等温条件下吸声结构的因果律极限可以被打破,基于此可以研制出厚度超越绝热极限的低频宽带吸声器件[84]。(2) 水声环境中超构材料的适配与创新。相较于空气声环境,水下声超构材料的发展相对滞后,尤其是水下低频波段,这主要由于水与常规固体材料间的阻抗差较小,难以形成理想的声学硬边界,现有的空气声超构材料经验无法直接照搬到水下环境中使用,需要新的理论设计。与空气中通常采用硬质材料的超材料设计不同,在水下引入气泡等软材料可以显著改变背景介质的本构关系,从而为水下声波调控提供新的途径,另一方面,利用水下的流固耦合效应也可拓展水声超材料的设计自由度。(3) 面向复杂环境的声波调控理论。现有声学人工体系通常忽略黏滞性、非线性、非均匀性等因素的影响,而这些因素在很多声学场景中往往不可忽视。为了推动声超构材料适用于真实的物理系统,必须对存在非线性、非均匀性等因素的复杂声学人工体系建立高效率、高鲁棒性及高可靠性的理论方法。(4) 人工智能驱动的智能化声学人工器件。当前的大部分声学人工器件都存在功能单一、工作频带窄及重塑性差等问题,其逆向设计问题的求解代价也相对高昂。如何以实际问题为导向实现自动适配复杂任务的智能化声学人工器件也是未来需要解决的重点问题之一。
尽管上述挑战仍然存在,随着声超构材料理论体系的进一步完善和制造业相关技术的发展以及与现有声学技术的高效融合,声超构材料有望在设计标准化、材料通用性以及器件协同优化等方面实现突破,并逐步完成从实验室走向工程应用的跨越,为水下通信、医疗超声、结构监测、智能声学器件等领域注入强大动力,为相关声学技术的发展提供创新源泉。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFA1404402)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12304493)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12174190)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20230767)
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2026年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00080
  • 接收时间:2025-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-09
  • 修回日期:2026-01-15
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFA1404402)
国家自然科学基金项目(12304493)
国家自然科学基金项目(12174190)
江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20230767)
作者信息
    南京大学物理学院,近代声学教育部重点实验室,人工微结构科学与技术协同创新中心,南京 210093
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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