Article(id=1240314276930450414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, articleNumber=null, orderNo=13, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751644800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-05, revisedDate=1764000000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773643567545, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773643567545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080760182, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1240314266348213063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773643565021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804741433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=17, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240314277811253257, articleId=1240314276930450414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Noise and health: How to coexist with sound, columnId=1150494641880182997, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A correct understanding and accurate assessment of the health risks associated with noise are essential for formulating effective noise policies and for learning to live within noisy environments. This review systematically summarizes the pathways through which noise affects human health, identifies noise−related health impacts among specific population groups and within particular spatial settings, and explores the potential of soundscape approaches to enhance occupant well−being. The findings show that noise can cause physiological effects such as hearing loss, tinnitus, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep disturbances, and can also lead to psychological and cognitive consequences including annoyance and cognitive impairments. Certain population groups exhibit heightened vulnerability to noise exposure. Children, older adults, and individuals with high noise sensitivity are key susceptible groups. Compared with other spatial contexts, urban public spaces and residential environments require particular attention due to their pronounced noise−related health risks. In addition, positive soundscapes can facilitate psychophysiological restoration, alleviate cognitive fatigue, and improve the well−being of socially disadvantaged groups. Soundscape interventions are increasingly becoming an important approach, beyond traditional noise control, for improving the acoustic quality of urban environments.

, authors=null, authorsList=Hui MA, Chao WANG, Shan SHU, Kai CHEN, Hua SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240314281850368173, articleId=1240314276930450414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=噪声与健康:如何与声音共存, columnId=1150494642043760854, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技评论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

正确认识和准确评估噪声对健康的危害,是制定合理的噪声政策、学会在噪声中生存的关键。系统介绍了噪声对健康的影响路径;明确了特定人群和特定空间场所下的噪声健康影响,探讨了声景在提升居住者健康水平中的应用潜力。噪声不仅会引起听力损失、耳鸣、心血管疾病、睡眠障碍等生理影响,还会引起烦恼感和认知障碍等问题。特定人群在面对噪声暴露时会表现出更高的健康风险易感性,儿童、老年人和噪声敏感性人群是噪声健康影响的易感人群。相对其他空间场景,在城市公共空间与住宅空间中尤其要关注噪声的健康危害。此外,积极声景能够促进心理生理恢复并缓解认知疲劳,除噪声控制以外,声景干预也有望成为提升城市声环境品质的有效方法。

, authors=

马蕙,教授,研究方向为环境与建筑声学,电子信箱:

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. 道路交通噪声控制技术研发进展[J]. 科技导报, 2024, 42(20): 85-94., articleTitle=道路交通噪声控制技术研发进展, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242148036525236325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, awardId=51978454, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(51978454), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242148032045719593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242148032054108202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, companyId=1242148032045719593, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242148032062496811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, companyId=1242148032045719593, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242148035346636884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sfWXYIOdAn7qhqnKNTW42A==, figureFileBig=x9adOpKc/q1ebexQbz51mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035417940053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Basner等提出的噪声对睡眠的影响模型, figureFileSmall=sfWXYIOdAn7qhqnKNTW42A==, figureFileBig=x9adOpKc/q1ebexQbz51mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035510214742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2NdtcpOOtkBF5k2cT5wz+Q==, figureFileBig=ExAIeq+CHUbcCc6WK6TSng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035577323607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同年代不同文化背景下居民对交通噪声烦恼度对比, figureFileSmall=2NdtcpOOtkBF5k2cT5wz+Q==, figureFileBig=ExAIeq+CHUbcCc6WK6TSng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035631849560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Mam/pCNM/FwM9/ZUJR+yTA==, figureFileBig=V2PsQp9+7f/WJZRxg15Qww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035698958425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同噪声对儿童烦恼度和认知表现的影响, figureFileSmall=Mam/pCNM/FwM9/ZUJR+yTA==, figureFileBig=V2PsQp9+7f/WJZRxg15Qww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035766067290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f48UJAhaC/YgtYH/4MkY1Q==, figureFileBig=qrLwNL3tC5JQ+VQa5I/h1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035824787547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=CN, label=图4, caption=声环境与儿童不同行为期望的关联模式

通过对应分析得到图中各散点的坐标。从原点出发的相同方位、相邻区域内的散点之间

存在关联。散点间的距离越近,其关联越紧密

, figureFileSmall=f48UJAhaC/YgtYH/4MkY1Q==, figureFileBig=qrLwNL3tC5JQ+VQa5I/h1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035896090716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4ILvQPKINRFhFrAFZk7PCA==, figureFileBig=iBqlcW55xtG67Vp0KQRRzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148035954810973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=CN, label=图5, caption=大型室内公共空间的主要噪声源, figureFileSmall=4ILvQPKINRFhFrAFZk7PCA==, figureFileBig=iBqlcW55xtG67Vp0KQRRzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148036017725534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dL2czn1j/QPfrcueI7J6mw==, figureFileBig=TXQXuDVolKBi1hgzFkpdPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148036080640095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=CN, label=图6, caption=住宅健康声环境的特征以及各个特征与健康评价的定量关系

*表示在0.05水平上显著;**表示在0.01水平上显著

, figureFileSmall=dL2czn1j/QPfrcueI7J6mw==, figureFileBig=TXQXuDVolKBi1hgzFkpdPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148036156137568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7CcTSVvIQN5KKJ1orsOMrg==, figureFileBig=2zsLQxV+RFKiua4XESZsPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242148036231635042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314276930450414, language=CN, label=图7, caption=声环境对不同群体的健康恢复效益

*表示在0.05水平上显著;**表示在0.01水平上显著

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噪声与健康:如何与声音共存
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马蕙 1 , 王超 1 , 舒珊 2 , 陈凯 1 , 苏婳 1
科技导报 | 科技评论 2026,44(4): 17-26
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噪声与健康:如何与声音共存
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马蕙1 , 王超1, 舒珊2, 陈凯1, 苏婳1
作者信息
  • 1天津大学建筑学院,天津 300072
  • 2青岛理工大学建筑与城乡规划学院,青岛 266033
Noise and health: How to coexist with sound
Hui MA1 , Chao WANG1, Shan SHU2, Kai CHEN1, Hua SU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00079
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正确认识和准确评估噪声对健康的危害,是制定合理的噪声政策、学会在噪声中生存的关键。系统介绍了噪声对健康的影响路径;明确了特定人群和特定空间场所下的噪声健康影响,探讨了声景在提升居住者健康水平中的应用潜力。噪声不仅会引起听力损失、耳鸣、心血管疾病、睡眠障碍等生理影响,还会引起烦恼感和认知障碍等问题。特定人群在面对噪声暴露时会表现出更高的健康风险易感性,儿童、老年人和噪声敏感性人群是噪声健康影响的易感人群。相对其他空间场景,在城市公共空间与住宅空间中尤其要关注噪声的健康危害。此外,积极声景能够促进心理生理恢复并缓解认知疲劳,除噪声控制以外,声景干预也有望成为提升城市声环境品质的有效方法。

噪声与健康  /  特大空间  /  特殊群体  /  声景

A correct understanding and accurate assessment of the health risks associated with noise are essential for formulating effective noise policies and for learning to live within noisy environments. This review systematically summarizes the pathways through which noise affects human health, identifies noise−related health impacts among specific population groups and within particular spatial settings, and explores the potential of soundscape approaches to enhance occupant well−being. The findings show that noise can cause physiological effects such as hearing loss, tinnitus, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep disturbances, and can also lead to psychological and cognitive consequences including annoyance and cognitive impairments. Certain population groups exhibit heightened vulnerability to noise exposure. Children, older adults, and individuals with high noise sensitivity are key susceptible groups. Compared with other spatial contexts, urban public spaces and residential environments require particular attention due to their pronounced noise−related health risks. In addition, positive soundscapes can facilitate psychophysiological restoration, alleviate cognitive fatigue, and improve the well−being of socially disadvantaged groups. Soundscape interventions are increasingly becoming an important approach, beyond traditional noise control, for improving the acoustic quality of urban environments.

noise and health  /  extra−large spaces  /  vulnerable groups  /  soundscape
马蕙, 王超, 舒珊, 陈凯, 苏婳. 噪声与健康:如何与声音共存. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 17 -26 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00079
Hui MA, Chao WANG, Shan SHU, Kai CHEN, Hua SU. Noise and health: How to coexist with sound[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (4) : 17 -26 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00079
2022年开始施行的《中华人民共和国噪声污染防治法》在噪声控制研究和实践中具有里程碑意义。该法选择在2022年6月5日“世界环境日”开始实施,旗帜鲜明地表明作为环境不可或缺的因素,声音与人乃至环境和谐共生关系的建立是极其重要的。噪声,常被认为是不想听的、不被人们需要的声音,是一种能给人们生理和心理带来危害的能量[1]。噪声的定义表明它与人们的健康紧密关联。
世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)分别在1999年和2009年颁布了社区噪声指南(Guidelines for Community Noise,CNG)和夜间噪声指南(Night Noise Guidelines,NNG),密切关注环境噪声对人们健康的影响,推动了相关研究的发展[2]。2011年,世界卫生组织以欧洲研究数据为基础,明确提出噪声会引起人们的耳鸣、心血管疾病、睡眠障碍、烦恼感和认知障碍等健康问题,并且预见随着城市生活中噪声源的不断涌现和噪声暴露量的不断增加,无论是在发达国家还是发展中国家,噪声仍将是引起公共健康的重要问题[3]
追溯起来,噪声对健康的负面影响最初在职业场所中为人们所认识。渐渐地,环境噪声(例如交通噪声、建筑施工噪声等)和社会噪声引起的健康影响也逐步引起人们重视。噪声对健康的影响涉及诸多方面,主要包括生理和心理(含情绪和认知)等影响路径。
噪声会导致人的听力损失,一次强烈的脉冲声就可能引起噪声性耳聋,而长期暴露在75~85 dB(A)以上的声压级下也可能会产生明显的听力损失。WHO指出全球10%的人口暴露在可能引起听力损失的声压级下,因此认为听力损失是一个普遍的公共健康问题[4]。有关全球疾病负担的研究[5]也发现听力损失已成为导致全球伤残调整寿命年(years lived with disability,YLD)的第13大重要因素。噪声对听觉健康的另一个影响是噪声会引发耳鸣,而耳鸣又作为一个中介因素,在很多方面会影响到人们的生活质量,包括干扰睡眠、引起情绪低落以及让人无法维持注意力等。
20世纪90年代,研究证实了噪声可以诱导应激激素的释放,并且发现道路交通噪声的影响更为显著[6]。有研究发现即便是低暴露量的噪声也可以通过影响夜晚节律、引发炎症、导致氧化应激等方式诱发心血管疾病[7]。噪声对健康的影响是逐步累积的过程,噪声暴露会通过干扰睡眠、日常交流及活动激活下丘脑−垂体−肾上腺和交感神经系统,引发烦恼与慢性应激反应[8]。这些应激反应又会引起皮质醇和儿茶酚胺的释放,进而诱发炎症、氧化应激和内皮功能障碍[9]。随着时间的推移,这些影响就会表现为血压升高、高脂血症和高血糖,最终导致冠状动脉疾病、心力衰竭和中风风险的增加[10]
睡眠障碍被认为是环境噪声引起的最严重的非听觉影响,主要表现为入睡延迟与早醒、深度睡眠与快速眼动睡眠减少、清醒时间与浅睡眠阶段增加等[11]。值得注意的是,睡眠质量的下降不仅会直接影响人们的身体健康,而且会引发人们不健康的生活状态,例如昼间激奋水平下降、工作效率降低以及生活质量低下等[2];这种问题在老年人、儿童、轮班工人、自身睡眠紊乱的人群中更加普遍和严重。图1显示的是噪声暴露引起睡眠障碍并随之导致健康问题的作用途径,可以看出噪声对睡眠影响的复杂性以及对健康影响的累积性。近年来,越来越多的研究不断表明噪声可以通过引起睡眠障碍而带来诸如糖尿病等代谢方面的疾病;因而,避免噪声对睡眠的影响也在很大程度上避免了噪声对健康的负面结果[12]
噪声引起的烦恼感(noise annoyance)常用来表示人们对噪声普遍的、综合的反应和评价[13],而基于居民群体的主观烦恼度(community response to noise)也就成为噪声标准和政策制定的主要依据,常常用来作为噪声是否危害人们健康的底限标准。1978年,Schultz曲线[14]的建立在噪声影响的评价上具有里程碑意义,它量化了噪声暴露量与反应关系(expose−response relationship),揭示了主观烦恼度如何随着噪声暴露量的变化而改变。鉴于噪声烦恼度在政策制定和标准限值上的重要参考价值,因此准确衡量噪声带来的烦恼就格外重要。1993年,国际噪声研究组织(International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise,ICBEN)第6小组提出了建构标准化噪声调查问题和反应尺度的目标[15];在接下来的十几年中,国际噪声专家共同努力建立了英语、法语、德语、日语[1617]和汉语[18]等18种语言表达的标准噪声调查问题和主观噪声评价尺度。这些评价的标准化极大地促进了噪声对健康影响研究的纵向积累和横向跨文化比较,有力地推动了国际噪声政策的制定。
值得注意的是,噪声引起的烦恼度不仅与声源和暴露量等声学因素直接相关,也与人们的人口学特征、敏感性、态度等非声学因素密不可分[19]。Miedema等[20]通过大量的调查数据分析了非声学因素对于噪声烦恼度的作用,发现恐惧和敏感性对噪声烦恼度主观评价的影响最大:因不同恐惧程度引起的噪声烦恼度差异等同于19 dB(A)的噪声暴露量差所引起的烦恼度差别;而噪声高敏感性人群与低敏感性人群的烦恼度差异也相当于11 dB(A)噪声暴露量差所起到的效果。通过对中国开展研究的系统梳理[21],研究人员发现噪声敏感性、对声源的态度、健康状态、对居住环境的满意度和受教育水平都会影响到中国居民噪声烦恼度评价。图2(a)显示的是天津市2008和2017年关于道路噪声烦恼度的评价;相同的噪声暴露水平下,不同年代的居民的噪声烦恼度相差很大[2223]。同样,图2(b)表明对于同样暴露水平的高速铁路噪声,中国居民表现出比法国和日本居民更高的烦恼度[24]。这些跨年代、跨文化的比较都说明噪声烦恼度在很大程度上被非声学因素所影响,因此噪声政策的制定需要不断更新调查数据作为基础,才能制定出真正保护人们健康的噪声政策与标准。
噪声对工作效率和认知成绩的负面影响在许多研究中被证实,且在不同年龄的人群中均有所体现[2526]。然而,Thompson等[27]的系统性综述指出,高或中等质量的证据表明噪声暴露分别与老年人或儿童的认知障碍存在关联,暗示或许应当优先关注噪声对老年人或儿童的认知影响。Fuks等[28]的研究表明,社区噪声暴露水平与老年群体的整体认知能力和结构性实践能力受损相关。Weuve等[29]的研究表明,社区噪声水平每增加10 dB(A),65岁以上人群的轻度认知障碍的患病几率增加36%。针对噪声对儿童认知影响的研究也证实了噪声对儿童阅读能力[30]和注意力[31]等认知表现的影响。一项系统的实验室研究[32]揭示了不同的噪声类型对儿童短时记忆、注意力、阅读和计算等不同层级认知任务的影响。结果发现:在短期噪声的作用下,虽然可以通过更多的认知努力来保证作业成绩不显著降低,但是这种努力是以损害健康为代价的。声压级越高、认知任务越复杂,在噪声环境下完成相应认知任务引发的烦恼度就越显著增加(图3)。
特定人群在面对噪声暴露时会表现出更高的健康风险易感性,这类易感群体主要包括处于发育关键期的儿童、生理机能衰退的老年人、以及具有噪声敏感特质的个体等。
相较于成人,儿童的身心发育以及认知和行为能力尚未完全发展成熟。因此,儿童预测和应对噪声的能力有限,这使得他们可能更容易受到噪声的危害。另外,儿童对噪声的感知也与成人存在差异[33],这导致他们难以准确评估噪声的危害。因此,深入理解噪声对儿童的影响对于促进个体的健康发展具有重要意义。
关于噪声对儿童生理健康的影响,现有研究得到了并不一致的结果。在心血管方面,有研究发现儿童血压随着噪声水平的增加而显著升高[34],而其他研究未观察到这种关联[35]。针对神经内分泌方面的研究同样呈现了不一致的结果,部分研究报告了噪声与儿童皮质醇及其代谢物指数的显著关联[35],而其他研究则未能验证这一发现[36]。根据Dzhambov等[37]的荟萃分析,研究方法上的差异(包括噪声评估方式、生理测量方式以及儿童样本的年龄范围等)可能是导致该领域研究结果不一致的原因。
噪声对儿童心理健康的影响通常基于父母评估的“长处与困难问卷(strengths and difficulties questionnaire,SDQ)”的结果来衡量,该问卷包括5个分项:情绪症状、品行问题、多动/注意缺陷、同伴交往问题和亲社会行为[38]。研究表明,噪声暴露与问卷总分通常无显著关联,但在多动/注意缺陷维度上表现出较为一致的阳性结果[3940]
噪声对儿童的行为也会产生负面影响。2023年,一项研究[41]从儿童主体视角考察了短期噪声暴露对其即时行为反应的影响。该研究结果显示:在面对机电噪声和交通噪声时,儿童普遍产生回避环境的倾向;而在儿童声、动物声等声环境中,儿童则表现出更强的社交意愿或独处休憩倾向(图4)。该研究不仅证实了短期噪声暴露对儿童行为存在即时影响,也揭示了积极声环境对儿童健康行为的塑造潜能。
随着年龄增长,老年人的生理机能逐渐衰退,其应对环境压力和修复损伤的能力相应下降,这使得老年人成为噪声危害的易感群体。关注老年群体的噪声健康风险将有助于建设优质的康养环境,并减轻公共卫生服务的巨大经济负担。然而,目前针对老年群体的噪声健康影响的研究仍较为匮乏,现有研究主要关注噪声暴露与老年人认知功能衰退的关联[27]
认知衰退不仅是老年功能退行的重要特征,也是阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病的主要预测指标,与老年人的死亡率直接相关。几项大样本研究均证实了噪声对老年人认知功能的负面影响。Cantuaria等[42]揭示了交通噪声暴露与阿尔茨海默病和认知障碍患病率的显著相关性。Weuve等[29]进一步量化了该风险,提出噪声每增加10 dB(A),轻度认知障碍和阿尔茨海默病的患病风险分别上升36%和29%。需要指出的是,老年性听力损失与认知衰退的密切关联已成为普遍共识,表明老年功能退行和潜在健康问题可能会加剧噪声对老年人的负面影响。
噪声敏感性作为一种与噪声水平无关的稳定内在特质,可以衡量个体对特定噪声水平和噪声质量的感知,也与个体的健康风险密切相关。大量研究表明,噪声高敏感性个体在心血管疾病[43]和心理与精神健康问题[44]等方面表现出更高的易感性。值得注意的是,虽然少数研究[45]显示噪声暴露与特定健康风险的关联可能被噪声敏感性所介导,但现有证据更倾向于支持噪声敏感性本身是导致健康问题的独立影响因子,而非中介或调节变量[46]。这些发现均强调了在评估噪声健康风险时考虑特定敏感性群体的重要性。
城市公共空间是城市生活的空间载体,既包括城市公共开放空间,也涵盖了各类大型室内公共空间。良好的城市公共空间声环境有助于居民的压力缓解和身心修复,而嘈杂的声环境会加剧烦恼感等负面情绪,不利于居民的长期健康。一般来讲,城市公共开放空间易受到道路交通、建筑施工噪声以及商业活动等各种噪声源的影响[47]。噪声会增加居民的认知负荷,从而导致沮丧和烦躁等负面情绪,进而降低人们对公共场所的喜爱程度[48]
人群密集的大型室内公共空间是极易产生噪声的场所,包括特大交通空间、大型餐饮空间、大型商业空间等。大型室内公共空间的主要噪声源如图5所示,包括外部噪声、广播噪声、设备噪声(包括暖通、清扫等各类设备)和人群噪声等,其中噪声水平最高的经常是人群噪声。通过对国内8个大型候车厅的调查发现,环境噪声级均在61~69 dB(A)[49],远超WHO推荐的55 dB(A)健康标准。特大空间中噪声对健康的影响不仅体现在声舒适度上,也体现在对使用者的行为能力的影响上。一项关于航站楼值机大厅声环境对旅客视觉搜索影响的研究[50]发现,噪声会显著影响旅客视觉搜索的效率和正确率,直到声压级降低至55 dB(A)时正确率才恢复至正常水平。
住宅声环境和居住者的健康与福祉密切相关,与办公、休闲等日常场景相比,人们在住宅场景下更容易因噪声产生烦恼[48]。住宅声环境涉及复杂的声源构成,包括来自室外的噪声和室内邻里之间的噪声。邻里噪声可诱发生理压力和社会心理压力,并显著影响心理健康[51]。此外,邻里噪声所引起的烦恼又可能直接和间接引发很多健康问题[52],例如睡眠问题、头痛或偏头痛、心血管疾病等。
建立健康的住宅声环境关系到居住者的切身利益。有研究系统调查了住宅健康声环境的特征[53],以及各个特征与健康评价的定量关系(图6)。从居住者视角看,声环境引起的依恋感、私密感、自主感和控制感被认为是住宅健康声环境的特征,其中控制感和依恋感尤为关键。研究发现[5455],来自楼上邻居的脚步声总是显著降低了居住者体验到的控制感和依恋感;应当高度重视楼板撞击声(尤其脚步声和拖动家具声)对声环境健康评价的影响,其负面健康效应已经超过道路交通噪声。值得一提的是,最新修订的《住宅项目规范》(GB 55038—2025)[56]尤其强调了楼板隔声性能的提升,这也从政策层面证实了国内楼板隔声性能的普遍不足以及楼板撞击声防治工作的紧迫性。
随着社会生活水平的提高,人们对于城市声环境的期望日益提升,不仅满足于降低噪声带来的健康危害,而且追求能够放松身心、缓解压力的积极声环境。研究表明,主动营造良好舒适的声景能对人们的健康和福祉产生益处[57]
声景研究关注个体或群体对声环境的心理感知,因此居民心理健康成为声景研究的重要议题。良好的声环境不仅有助于缓解因城市噪声引发的烦恼,而且可以减轻焦虑、抑郁等负面心理状态,促进身心放松和情绪稳定[58]。当前,健康声环境研究已经逐渐拓展至神经生理学领域,关注其对生理健康的调节机制,尤其是自主神经系统的响应,常用的生理指标包括脑电、心电、皮肤电和肌电等。在实验研究中,通常将这些生理指标的变化作为评估个体健康反应的重要依据。除了心理/生理健康以外,良好声环境还可以缓解认知疲劳,促进认知功能的恢复[59]
与普通成年人相比,儿童、老人及心理疾病患者在声环境的需求和感知上存在很大差异,因此良好声环境在提升其健康福祉方面的潜力也获得越来越多的关注[60]。研究发现儿童群体在教室中偏好音乐声和嬉闹声,在公园中则更倾向于鸟鸣和流水等自然声[61]。通过实验研究进一步证实这些声音可以有效促进儿童皮肤电、心率等生理健康的恢复[62]。如图7(a)所示,喷泉声在皮肤电恢复方面表现显著,而公园背景声则对心率恢复的效果最佳。如图7(b)所示,针对老年人的实验研究[63]则表明,在社区公共空间中引入自然声可以有效缓解其负面情绪并激发积极情绪。
目前,声景对城市居民健康的积极效益已得到广泛认可。如何逐步营造健康城市声环境,将理论研究成果转化为设计方法,是未来城市声环境的研究重点。根据健康声环境相关研究成果,结合声景设计研究实践,建构了健康声环境的理论框架(图8)。提出通过噪声控制、安静区划、感官交互、声景干预的营造策略,逐步恢复、维持和提升城市声环境健康品质。
针对噪声控制的研究在一定程度上缓解了噪声的负面效应[6465]。而随着声景研究的深入发展,积极干预或许将成为继噪声控制以外提升城市声环境品质的关键方法。如何将声景理论转化为可操作、具实效的实践策略,已成为当前学界关注的问题。引入自然声源是最常见且易于实现的策略之一,一方面可以通过掩蔽效应降低人工噪声的感知显著性;另一方面,自然声因契合人类对自然的固有偏好,通常具有较高的恢复性潜力。
随着研究的深入,噪声对人们的健康影响逐步被证实,这些基础研究也成为制定噪声政策和标准的有力依据,在人们与噪声的共生中为人们的健康保驾护航。然而,也应当看到中国相关的基础研究还不足够,期待未来研究在以下3方面做出努力。
1) 噪声反应基础数据库的建立与完善。在同样的噪声暴露条件下,不同群体的感知和受影响程度不同,这与人群的社会文化背景、态度、敏感性等非声学因素有着紧密的关系。因此,建立与完善中国居民的噪声暴露量与反应关系的基础数据库是制定合理的噪声政策、切实保证中国居民的身心健康的基石。
2) 复合噪声影响的深入研究。随着中国的快速发展,新的噪声源不断涌现,同时多声源复合影响情况也愈发常见。多声源的影响规律、感知机制、评价方法以及控制标准都需要更系统深入的研究。
3) 健康声环境的建立与维护。建立健康舒适的声环境,一方面要抑制噪声的负面影响、发挥声音的积极作用;另一方面也要基于不同人群的不同状态进行智能化设计,以建立一个全方位的支持性的健康声环境。在此方面,还需要进行更多、更系统的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51978454)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00079
  • 接收时间:2025-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-05
  • 修回日期:2025-11-25
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(51978454)
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    1天津大学建筑学院,天津 300072
    2青岛理工大学建筑与城乡规划学院,青岛 266033
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