Article(id=1240314277416989692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, articleNumber=null, orderNo=21, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00077, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757606400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-12, revisedDate=1762099200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773643567661, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773643567661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080727075, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1240314266348213063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773643565021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804741433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=114, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240314278251655190, articleId=1240314277416989692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advances and prospects in installation and flight noise abatement procedures for large civil aircraft, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, in addition to traditional noise reduction measures targeting aircraft engine and airframe noise sources, increasing attention has been paid to engine–airframe installation noise control and noise abatement flight procedure technologies. In terms of installation noise control, this paper provides an overview of the generation mechanisms, influencing factors, and control techniques for jet and fan installation noise, as well as the application of computational aeroacoustics methods in noise mechanism analysis and prediction. For noise abatement procedures, the principles, applicable conditions, and effectiveness of standard departure procedures NADP 1/2 (Noise Abatement Departure Procedure), continuous climb/descent operations, and derated takeoff are introduced. The integration of performance−based navigation and multi−objective optimization is highlighted as a promising approach to achieving the coordinated optimization of noise reduction and flight performance. This paper systematically reviews the progress and development trends of these two key noise reduction approaches, aiming to contribute to the realization of the "Quiet China" initiative.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fei ZHOU, Lin LIU, Xiaodong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaodong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240314282303353036, articleId=1240314277416989692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=大型民机安装噪声与飞行程序降噪技术进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,除了传统针对飞机发动机与机体噪声源的降噪手段,发动机−机体安装噪声控制与飞行程序降噪技术日益受到关注。在安装噪声控制方面,综述了喷流与风扇安装噪声的形成机理、影响因素和控制技术,以及计算气动声学方法在噪声机理分析与预测中的应用;在飞行程序降噪方面,介绍了标准降噪离场程序NADP 1/2(noise abatement departure procedure, NADP)、连续爬升/下降运行、减推力起飞等措施的原理、适用条件及应用效果,指出基于性能的导航与多目标优化技术的融合,可实现噪声与飞行性能的协同优化。系统梳理了2类降噪途径的进展与相关技术发展趋势,以助力实现“宁静中国”目标。

, authors=

周飞,博士研究生,研究方向为气动声学,电子信箱:

, authorsList=周飞, 刘林, 李晓东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李晓东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李晓东(通信作者),教授,研究方向为气动声学,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vEf7rExyT1KaC5go+yzrkA==, magXml=vEf7rExyT1KaC5go+yzrkA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1SSVfXCfDXGkP29IscrhuQ==, pdfFileSize=10152940, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=V9GXCghY2+Bztm/TPdyDgg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+VlVEwAC4aB1jAqoUI0aBA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242147913028149697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314277416989692, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhoufei1995@buaa.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242147913091064259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314277416989692, authorId=1242147913028149697, language=EN, stringName=Fei ZHOU, firstName=Fei, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242147913158173124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1240314277416989692, authorId=1242147913028149697, language=CN, stringName=周飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio={"content":"

周飞,博士研究生,研究方向为气动声学,电子信箱:

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周飞,博士研究生,研究方向为气动声学,电子信箱:

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大型民机安装噪声与飞行程序降噪技术进展
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周飞 , 刘林 , 李晓东 *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(4): 114-126
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (4) : 114 -126
大型民机安装噪声与飞行程序降噪技术进展
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周飞,博士研究生,研究方向为气动声学,电子信箱:

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周飞 , 刘林, 李晓东*
作者信息
  • 北京航空航天大学能源与动力工程学院,北京 100191
通讯作者:
李晓东(通信作者),教授,研究方向为气动声学,电子信箱:
Advances and prospects in installation and flight noise abatement procedures for large civil aircraft
Fei ZHOU , Lin LIU, Xiaodong LI*
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00077
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近年来,除了传统针对飞机发动机与机体噪声源的降噪手段,发动机−机体安装噪声控制与飞行程序降噪技术日益受到关注。在安装噪声控制方面,综述了喷流与风扇安装噪声的形成机理、影响因素和控制技术,以及计算气动声学方法在噪声机理分析与预测中的应用;在飞行程序降噪方面,介绍了标准降噪离场程序NADP 1/2(noise abatement departure procedure, NADP)、连续爬升/下降运行、减推力起飞等措施的原理、适用条件及应用效果,指出基于性能的导航与多目标优化技术的融合,可实现噪声与飞行性能的协同优化。系统梳理了2类降噪途径的进展与相关技术发展趋势,以助力实现“宁静中国”目标。

民机噪声控制  /  安装噪声  /  计算气动声学  /  飞行程序降噪

In recent years, in addition to traditional noise reduction measures targeting aircraft engine and airframe noise sources, increasing attention has been paid to engine–airframe installation noise control and noise abatement flight procedure technologies. In terms of installation noise control, this paper provides an overview of the generation mechanisms, influencing factors, and control techniques for jet and fan installation noise, as well as the application of computational aeroacoustics methods in noise mechanism analysis and prediction. For noise abatement procedures, the principles, applicable conditions, and effectiveness of standard departure procedures NADP 1/2 (Noise Abatement Departure Procedure), continuous climb/descent operations, and derated takeoff are introduced. The integration of performance−based navigation and multi−objective optimization is highlighted as a promising approach to achieving the coordinated optimization of noise reduction and flight performance. This paper systematically reviews the progress and development trends of these two key noise reduction approaches, aiming to contribute to the realization of the "Quiet China" initiative.

aircraft noise control  /  installation noise  /  computational aeroacoustics  /  noise abatement procedures
周飞, 刘林, 李晓东. 大型民机安装噪声与飞行程序降噪技术进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 114 -126 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00077
Fei ZHOU, Lin LIU, Xiaodong LI. Advances and prospects in installation and flight noise abatement procedures for large civil aircraft[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (4) : 114 -126 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00077
随着国民经济水平的飞速增长,中国民航业蓬勃发展。截至2024年底,中国境内有运输机场263个(不含香港、澳门和台湾地区),比上年底净增4个;全国民航运输机场完成起降1240.05万架次,比上年增长5.9%;全行业累积实现营业收入11341.5亿元,比上年增长10.8%[1]。根据国际民用航空组织(International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO)和波音公司的预测,到2036年全球货运量和客运量将分别以年均4.2%和4.7%的速度增长[23]。然而,随着航空运输规模的持续扩大,机场及其周边的航空噪声污染问题也日益突出。飞机在起飞、降落以及低空飞越的过程中产生的较高水平的噪声,会干扰机场周边居民的正常生活,造成人们烦躁情绪增加、干扰交流与工作、影响睡眠等不良影响。长期处于高噪声水平的环境中也会导致人们听力受损以及其他健康问题。一项针对机场附近居民的采样研究更是表明,生活在飞机噪音高地区的居民中风和心脏病致死的风险概率比在安静区域的居民高10%~20%[4]。航空噪声的种种不利影响引发了公众对创建宁静生活环境的诉求,各国政府和国际主要航空组织也制定了一系列标准以控制运行飞机的噪声水平。
以ICAO为例,其颁布的噪声适航标准中给出了详尽的飞行器噪声水平要求[5]。美国联邦航空局(Federal Aviation Administration,FAA)在发布的《联邦航空条例》(Federal Aviation Regulations,FAR)第36部中对民用飞机噪声标准作出了详细规定[6];中国则在中国民用航空规章(China Civil Aviation Regulation,CCAR)第36部中建立了航空器噪声审定标准体系[7]。民机噪声适航条例是民航工业的准入条件之一,只有噪声排放水平达标的机型,才能取得该国家或地区颁发的适航证书,获得在该区域内起降及飞越的权限。此外,日益严格的噪声适航标准也对飞机制造商的技术水平提出了更高的挑战。如图1所示的ICAO各阶段噪声适航标准变化趋势中,目前实施的第5阶段标准规定有效感知声压级(effective perceived noise level,EPNL)较第4阶段标准降低7 EPNdB[5]。此外,ICAO在CAEP/13会议上确定了最新的噪声适航标准,比第5阶段进一步降低6  EPNdB[8]。欧美国家已投入巨资进行安静飞机的设计、研究,而中国在民机设计方面起步较晚、经验匮乏,随着国产大型民用客机C919顺利首飞并投入商业运营[9],以及宽体客机C929等项目的持续推进,低噪声航空器成为实现“宁静中国”目标必须攻克的关键技术之一。
目前,针对飞机发动机及机体的传统噪声源降噪方法,研究人员已经开展了大量研究[1015]。然而,随着适航噪声限值日趋严苛,仅依赖传统降噪已难以在有限设计裕度内满足更高适航噪声标准。因此除传统噪声源噪声控制外,2类噪声控制技术值得引起关注:一是针对安装效应噪声的控制,机体表面与不同部件之间产生的安装噪声常被低估,已有多项研究表明安装效应噪声对适航噪声的贡献不可忽视[1619];二是民机降噪程序(noise abatement procedures,NAPs),通过优化飞行轨迹、推力、速度等运行参数的合理调整,可实现对噪声的有效控制,目前常用的方法主要有降噪优先跑道、降噪离场程序、推力管理等。本文将围绕上述2方面,系统梳理国内外最新进展,并探讨其未来的发展潜力与应用前景,助力突破降噪瓶颈。
图2所示,典型大型民用客机的飞行剖面一般划分为8个阶段,依次为:滑出、起飞、爬升、巡航、下降、进近、着陆和滑入。
为评估飞机在上述关键阶段的噪声表现,ICAO Annex 16[5]与CCAR−36部中规定[7]了3个基准测量,噪声测量点具体示意如图3所示:(1) 边线测点位于跑道中心线垂直方向450 m,用于测量起飞过程中最近侧飞行时的噪声;(2) 飞越测点设在跑道起点延长线6500 m,用于测量飞机起飞爬升阶段飞越该点的噪声;(3) 进近测点位于跑道入口前方2000 m,用于测量飞机着陆进近时飞越该点的噪声。
在飞机噪声适航审定中,认证指标普遍采用EPNL作为评估对象。EPNL计算过程包括以下关键步骤:首先将噪声在24个1/3倍频带的声压级转换为瞬时感觉噪声级(perceived noise level,PNL);随后针对每个时刻的频谱计算纯音修正因子,得到瞬时纯音修正感觉噪声级(tone−corrected perceived noise level,PNLT),取其最大值PNLTM,并进一步引入持续时间修正因子D,最终得到EPNL。因此,EPNL评估不仅考虑了声源强度和频谱特征,还综合反映飞行轨迹、速度变化等性能参数对测点噪声的影响。
传统噪声源可以分为2大类,即机体噪声和发动机噪声。机体噪声主要由起落架、前缘缝翼和后缘襟翼等增升装置引起,此类结构在飞行过程中暴露于来流中,会导致强烈的非定常流动;发动机噪声则主要以喷流噪声和风扇噪声占主导,相比传统单部件噪声源,还存在一类安装噪声源,此类噪声源主要来自于机体表面与不同部件之间的相互干扰,对于采用常规翼吊式涵道风扇发动机的飞机,安装噪声主要包括风扇后传噪声与机翼的干涉、喷流噪声与机翼的干涉和起落架与机翼的干涉,其中前两者可归为发动机安装噪声源(图4)。
Delfs[20]对某型中短程飞机(发动机涵道比为10~12)在进近状态下的噪声源分布进行了深入研究。图5(a)展示了常规分解方法下噪声源占比情况,可看出机体噪声水平已经与发动机噪声水平相当,甚至略高于发动机噪声。图5(b)则在常规分解方法的基础上考虑安装噪声的影响,结果显示安装噪声对适航噪声总的贡献量大于3 EPNdB。因此从抑制安装效应的角度进行降噪具有较大的潜力和工程应用价值。
涡轮风扇发动机是现代大型民机所使用的动力部件,其典型噪声源的分布演变如图6[21]所示。在其发展的早期,喷流噪声是涡扇发动机最主要的噪声来源,此时的发动机涵道比小,发动机喷流速度高,根据Lighthill发现的喷流噪声声功率与喷流速度8次方成正比规律[2223],喷流噪声的声功率很大。随着涡扇发动机涵道比的增大,发动机喷流的速度逐渐降低,风扇噪声的重要性逐渐凸显。
现代大涵道比涡扇发动机的喷流噪声以亚音速喷流混合噪声为主,然而,研究人员在增升装置尾缘附近的表面发现一处导致喷流下游方向中低频噪声增加的噪声源[2426],该噪声源便是来源于喷流与邻近结构(例如吊挂、增升装置)间相互作用的喷流安装效应噪声。当飞机处于起飞和降落阶段,增升装置的开启会使尾缘襟翼的位置更加接近喷管尾流,此时喷流安装效应噪声更为显著[27]。此外,随着发动机涵道比的增大,发动机尺寸也相应增大。为确保发动机与地面之间有足够的离地间隙,发动机的安装位置需要更加靠近机翼,从而不可避免地增强了喷流与机翼之间的相互作用,并使喷流安装效应噪声增大[19]。数值模拟结果表明,喷流安装噪声对于飞机声学足迹的贡献可达4 EPNdB[28],因此,深入研究喷流安装噪声的形成机理、影响因素及其控制方法,对于发展高效降噪技术和设计更为静音的大型民用飞机具有重要意义。
为探究喷流安装效应的噪声机理和影响因素,研究人员通常会在喷管附近放置一固体表面,并通过改变喷流轴线、喷管出口平面与固壁表面及固壁尾缘的相对位置或距离,观察喷流远场噪声的变化情况[29]。当固体表面放置于喷流流场的无旋区域时,固体表面尾缘对对流压力波的散射作用会引起强烈的声放大[30],Ffowcs−Williams等[31]研究表明,上述现象是由于流体动力学压力波在几何不连续(即尾缘)处的阻抗变化引起的,该声源的强度与喷流速度的5次方成正比;当平面位于喷流的有旋区域内时,切向流产生会引起额外的湍流边界层尾缘噪声[32]。对于一般的客机来说,其喷流安装效应噪声通常源于上述的第2种相互作用,即机翼位于喷流流场的无旋区域内,这为喷流安装效应的研究划定了基本的范围与框架。Lyu等[30]和Dowling等[33]对喷流安装噪声的物理机制与理论建模方法开展研究,将其建模为Lighthill四极子源与近场喷流不稳定波在尾缘的散射过程,其实验结果表明,不稳定波散射在低频噪声增强中占主导作用,且近场喷流不稳定波仅在尾缘局部区域发生散射,其轴向尺度对散射过程影响有限;可通过尾缘处不稳定波的局部功率谱密度的解析方法对低频远场噪声实现准确预测,并通过大量实验验证了该混合模型的有效性[34]。在此基础上,Lyu等[35]进一步提出了考虑后掠翼尾缘散射的新型解析模型,解释了后掠尾缘对喷流安装噪声的削弱机制,该模型基于Schwarzschild方法,结合Amiet理论推导远场声压,能够准确预测后掠翼结构对安装噪声的影响,且与实验结果较为吻合。Jente等[18]采用实验方法研究了喷流安装噪声对襟翼参数的敏感性,并发现喷流安装效应噪声对发动机轴线和襟翼尾缘之间的垂直距离十分敏感,而发动机出口对襟翼尾缘之间的水平距离变化相对不敏感。Xu等[36]通过实验研究识别出喷流安装噪声的2个主要来源:一是机翼对喷流噪声的反射(主要影响高频噪声),二是喷流与机翼之间的相互作用(主要影响低频噪声),并通过相似性分析,发现低频喷流安装噪声与喷流大尺度湍流结构噪声谱具有良好相似性,为发展和验证喷流安装效应的预测方法提供了支撑。Bai等[37]对双涵道热喷流安装噪声中的多重纯音进行了分析,并揭示纯音来源于向下游传播的Kelvin−Helmholtz波包和一组向上游传播的喷流势流核心中的声学模态之间的耦合作用,表明模态切换机制和振幅调制机制在喷流安装效应的纯音噪声的产生中是共存的。
喷流安装噪声的控制亦是研究与工程人员所关心的一个方面。Mengle等[25]通过实验方法测量了周向非均匀锯齿喷管和传统锯齿喷管对安装效应噪声的影响,得出起飞和着陆工况下部分锯齿形喷管构型能有效减少喷流安装效应噪声。Jawahar等[38]对比了襟翼尾缘处理对喷流安装效应的影响,实验结果显示多孔材料尾缘相较于锯齿形和鳍片式尾缘能够在中低频段实现更多的降噪,具有较好的降噪潜力。Jawahar等[39]实验测量了斜出口喷管对喷流安装噪声的影响,发现斜出口喷管相较于圆形喷管能够使低频噪声降低约3~4 dB,但同时会使高频噪声增加5 dB左右。近远场相干性的分析表明,斜出口喷管不仅能有效削弱喷流的流体动力扰动,同时还能抑制尾缘散射效应所产生的噪声辐射。Audiffred等[40]采用一种反前馈流动控制的方法消除喷流内部的波包,以达到降低喷流安装噪声的目的,该方法能够有效降低喷流安装效应噪声,为喷流安装噪声的控制提供了新思路。
为准确预测喷流安装噪声的贡献,可建立基于实验、理论分析及数值模拟的数据库,并整合已有的喷流混合噪声预测模型,构建新的喷流安装效应噪声预测模型。引入喷管出口马赫数、总温比、喷嘴几何参数、安装结构的位置与长度等参数进行噪声预测,以实现复杂飞行状态和安装构型下喷流噪声频谱的快速预测,为大型民机发动机选型、吊挂布局优化及适航性评估提供关键支撑。
图5图6所示,在目前的大涵道比涡扇发动机中,风扇噪声的占比已经超过喷流噪声所占的比重,成为航空发动机最主要的噪声源。风扇噪声可以分为通过进气短舱向外辐射的前传噪声和通过外涵道并经过喷流剪切层向外辐射的后传噪声。针对风扇前传噪声的研究与控制技术,在过去的几十年中已经得到了广泛的研究,而风扇的后传声问题则更为复杂,相关机理与降噪措施的研究更具挑战性。风扇噪声在向后传播时会穿过外涵道流体与外部流之间形成的剪切层,产生复杂的散射与折射现象;同时,对于数值计算来说,声波穿过剪切层会引起Kelvin−Helmholtz不稳定波,从而干扰声学解的准确性并增加边界处理的复杂性,给风扇后传声及安装噪声的预计及降噪设计带来困难。
图7所示为风扇后传安装噪声的来源示意图,其主要源于发动机尾部发出的声波在传播过程中与机翼等结构的相互作用,关键机制包括机翼反射、尾缘散射以及排气速度剪切层的折射作用。由于这一过程十分复杂,涉及声波在非均匀流场中传播的反射、散射、剪切层折射等现象,通常需要综合运用理论解析和数值模拟的手段进行建模与研究。
常见的用于模拟风扇噪声声传播的方法有4种,即边界元法、抛物线法、有限元Helmholtz法和线化欧拉方法,其中频域下Helmholtz有限元法和时域下的线化欧拉方法配合高精度的数值格式可以较为准确地模拟噪声传播,在风扇后传噪声问题的求解中应用更为广泛[41]。Chappuis等[42]基于理论分析发展了一种风扇后传安装噪声的预测方法,可以评估飞机水平尾翼对尾吊式发动机的声屏蔽作用,并将模型预测结果与有限元计算及实验结果对比,指出声源的准确建模对于解析预测方法的重要性。Papamoschou[43]结合实验测量的结果发展了一种基于边界元方法的风扇后传安装噪声的预测方法,该方法能够很好地预测风扇后传噪声的指向性并捕捉到了安装效应的影响,这一结果将有助于飞机飞越感知噪声的建模与预测。Zhang[44]提出了多模态线性欧拉方程方法用于求解外涵道多模态噪声的传播问题,该方法采用高阶气动声学和数学方法,并简化了一些剪切项以抑制剪切层失稳,能够较好地预测风扇后传噪声。邱昇[45]基于线化欧拉方程推导了其抛物线近似方程,把双向声传播的耦合问题近似成单向声传播问题,采用高阶频散保持格式和低频散低耗散龙格库塔时间推进格式数值求解抛物线方程,得到风扇后传噪声声传播预测结果,显著提高了风扇后传声的三维声传播计算效率。
风扇后传声的适航噪声预测同样受到工程及研究人员的关注。Clark等[46]和Nesbitt等[47]利用NASA/Boeing PAA&ASN项目和波音QTD 2项目的飞行试验数据对已有的飞行噪声预测程序ANOPP进行优化,能够考虑风扇叶尖等参数对远场噪声的影响,同时更加准确地预测了安装效应对风扇后传噪声指向性的影响,将风扇后传的宽频噪声的预测精度从(+10/−20) dB提升至±3 dB,纯音噪声的预测误差从±25 dB提升至±5 dB。
风扇后传声及安装噪声的降噪技术的研究思路大致分2种,一种是通过安装声衬或减小风扇转静干涉噪声以抑制风扇后传噪声。另一种是利用机翼的屏蔽效应或探索新的动力布局形式以减小风扇噪声向远场自由空间传播。Li等[48]通过数值模拟方法计算了风扇出口导流板后掠以及轴向位置对风扇后传噪声的影响,并指出风扇的宽频噪声受导流板形态的影响较小,而纯音噪声随着导流板后掠角度的增大而减小。Nark等[49]利用实验的方法评估了短舱分流支板声衬的降噪效果,为风扇后传降噪及改进支板结构的声学处理提供了思路。霍施宇等[50]利用有限元方法建立了排气道声衬声阻抗参数优化模型,根据设计工况和结构约束条件设计了一套发动机排气道声衬,并利用实验方法进行验证,为风扇后传声的降噪声衬设计提供重要支持。除传统降噪方法以外,美国和欧洲的研究人员积极探索新型气动布局对发动机噪声的影响。例如,通过将发动机安装于水平尾翼上方,可利用机翼的声屏蔽效应减少发动机噪声向地面的传播[5152]。翼身融合式飞机、桁架支撑机翼式飞机的声屏蔽效应也被研究者广泛研究与关注[5354]。Leifsson等[55]采用多学科优化进行飞机低噪声设计的研究,该方法将噪音限制作为设计约束,以优化飞机的气动性能及最小化最大起飞质量,研究表明桁架支撑式机翼飞机相较于传统悬臂机翼飞机的噪声水平可能相当或更低。
计算气动声学(computational aeroacoustics,CAA)因高精度的时空离散格式和无反射边界条件这2个关键特点,已广泛应用于研究气动噪声的产生机理和传播特性。针对安装效应所引起的噪声问题,CAA同样适用于噪声机理分析及噪声预测问题。
以风扇安装效应为例,可针对风扇后传安装噪声开展精细化、高保真的高精度数值模拟研究,以深刻理解安装效应的物理本质,并获取高时空精度的压力和速度等流场信息。可使用FW−H方程、线化欧拉方程或声类比方法将非稳态流动扰动映射为声源项,实现流动−声场的解耦与远场声压预测。Reboul等[56]采用混合方法对风扇后传的宽频噪声进行模拟,通过求解完整的欧拉方程来实现声传播计算,其中欧拉方程中的非线性项增强了数值计算的稳定性,计算所得远场结果与实验一致性较好。陈超等[57]采用高精度计算气动声学方法求解2.5维时域线化欧拉方程以评估风扇的后传声及外涵道声衬的降噪效果。Redonnet等[5860]发展了一套高精度的时域CAA算法并将其应用于涡扇发动机风扇后传声的评估之中[5152](部分结果如图8所示),并探讨了发动机安装效应的影响及潜在的降噪措施,为深入理解风扇噪声的物理传播过程提供有力支撑。
目前,除对噪声源的直接控制外,许多机场还针对航空器运行实施了多项管理措施,包括宵禁时段管理、最大允许噪声级、噪声附加费、发动机试车限制、辅助动力装置运行限制等。其中,飞行程序降噪作为一类与飞机性能密切相关的运行手段,逐渐成为降低环境噪声影响的重要手段。根据ICAO的建议,降噪程序主要包括以下措施[61]:(1) 降噪离场程序;(2) 连续爬升/下降进近程序;(3) 调整进近角度、错列着陆、或位移着陆阈值;(4) 低功率/低阻力进近剖面;(5) 着陆后最小化反推力使用;(6) 噪声优先跑道和噪声优先航线。
传统的标准起飞离场程序以操作简便、剩余爬升梯度充裕为主要优势,然而此类起飞方式会带来显著的噪声问题,故ICAO提出了2种标准化降噪离场程序(noise abatement departure procedures,NADP),即NADP 1和NADP 2,以缓解飞机离场带来的噪声问题。其中,NADP 1主要针对跑道出发端附近的噪声敏感区,NADP 2则侧重于跑道远端社区的降噪需求[62]图9为2种程序的典型起飞剖面,主要区别在于收襟翼/缝翼和开始加速的高度不同,NADP 1是在达到规定的最大高度之前即开始加速,NADP 2则是在达到规定的最大高度时才开始加速。
连续爬升运行(continuous climb operations,CCO)与连续下降运行(continuous descent operations,CDO)是ICAO于2013年正式发布的2种绿色进离场方式,其剖面示意图如图10所示。ICAO对CCO的定义[63]为“一种由空域设计、程序设计及空中交通管制支持的运行方式,使得离场航空器在起飞后能够在尽可能大的范围内持续不断地爬升,采用最佳爬升推力和爬升速度,直至达到巡航高度”。该运行方式可引导飞机按照灵活且最优的飞行路径运行,不仅有效降低了跑道端及边线测点的噪声,还在降低燃油消耗和废气排放等方面展现出优势。CDO则被定义为[64]“一种由空域设计、程序设计和空中交通管制协同保障的运行方式,使进场航空器在进近过程中能够在最大程度上持续下降,通常采用最低发动机推力,并理想状态下保持低阻力构型,直至到达最后进近定位点之前”。与CCO类似,该方式通过减少中间平飞段,使飞机更长时间处于高效巡航状态,从而有效降低燃油消耗、排放与运行噪声。连续下降进近(continuous descent approach,CDA)作为CDO的一种典型实施形式,通过对进近剖面的优化,可有效降低飞机进近阶段的噪声水平。2004年,麻省理工学院(MIT)研究团队与波音公司联合开展了CDA试飞试验[65],通过对B767和B757运行数据的测量分析,发现采用CDA程序的航班在7条典型飞行路径上的噪声峰值相较传统进近方式降低了3.9~6.5 dB,充分证明了其降噪潜力。
然而,上述降噪程序本质上属于速度剖面优化范畴,其降噪效果受多重运行约束影响。如机场交通流量、气象条件以及噪声敏感区空间分布等因素,均可能对程序的执行效果造成影响。近年来,研究者开始引入多目标协同优化方法以弥补这一不足。例如,Diaz等[66]基于噪声和燃油消耗建立了多目标模型,完成了CCO的轨迹优化工作。Khardi[67]将噪音、燃油消耗和运行限制纳入优化框架,提出一种最优CDO垂直剖面设计方法。此外,基于性能的导航(performance−based navigation,PBN)程序因其具有高精度导航性能和不依赖地面导航设施的特点,逐渐成为优化飞行程序的重要工具。郝帅[68]针对厦门高崎机场,利用PBN飞行程序设计了融合气压垂直导航的连续下降进近方案,改善了CDA运行的连续性与有效性。Errico等[69]对多种垂直剖面进行评估,量化了PBN在CDA运行方面的降噪收益。PBN程序同样适用于CCO,可支持飞机在离场阶段实现持续不断的爬升,进一步减少整体噪声暴露水平[70]。由此可见,多目标优化与PBN技术的深度融合,或将为突破传统速度剖面方法的约束、实现进离场噪声与性能的协同优化提供新的技术路径。
应用方面,美国与欧洲多座枢纽机场已开展了CCO与CDA大规模验证试飞[71−74],并已进入常态化应用阶段。例如,洛杉矶国际机场的运行数据显示,以波音737为例,优化剖面可在保持航班容量的同时,使机场周边噪声暴露区域减少约16.4%[75]。国内CCO/CDO技术的应用也取得了实质性进展[76]。2016年,广州白云国际机场完成中国首次CCO/CDO程序试运行,成为亚洲第4个、亦是中国民航首个实施该程序的国际枢纽机场。2018年,北京首都机场将技术应用于超大流量终端区,验证了其在复杂空域中的可行性,同年,昆明长水机场证明了CCO/CDO技术在高原机场环境下的适用性。
在现代民用飞机的起飞离场阶段,发动机噪声通常为主导噪声源,主要包括风扇、压气机、燃烧室、涡轮和喷流噪声。发动机推力大小直接影响喷流速度,而根据Lighthill声学类比理论,喷流速度会直接影响喷流噪声的大小。飞机在实际飞行中起飞质量通常低于最大起飞质量,因此在满足飞行安全和性能要求的前提下,可适当降低起飞推力,即采用减推力起飞的方式起飞[77]。减推力起飞技术最早被用于欧美军民用飞机延长航空发动机使用寿命,降低运营和维护成本,随着其降噪效果被广泛验证,已成为机场普遍采用的噪声控制手段[78]
根据CCAR−36部规定,减推力最早实施点不得低于距跑道某一特定高度,且最晚应在最大起飞推力下的PNLTM−10 dB区间前完成,否则无法实现有效的噪声降低,因此需科学确定减推力实施点。如图11所示,实际操作中,发动机噪声的时间历程主要表现为2种典型模式[79]:一是噪声级单调增加(蓝线),此时只需保证减推力结束点的PNLT低于PNLTM−10 dB,过渡过程不影响最终的减推力稳态噪声;二是即使减推力结束点噪声低于开始点(红线),但减推力开始点噪声可能高于PNLTM−10 dB,从而对噪声评定不利。因此,减推力起飞的有效噪声级应取减推力开始点和结束点PNLT恰好小于PNLTM−10 dB时的较大值。
在实际工程应用中,主流减推力起飞技术包括2种:一是减推力等级起飞方法,二是灵活温度减推力起飞方法。减推力等级方法(图12(a))通过在发动机数字式全权限电子控制系统(full authority digital engine control,FADEC)中预设一个较低的推力等级来降低发动机转速,从而达到减小起飞推力的目的,可比做人为地将一个大发动机当作一个小的发动机来使用。灵活温度法(图12(b))则是在FADEC中输入一个高于实际外界环境温度的假定温度,将发动机的转速调低,以此减小起飞推力,且FAA对灵活温度法的减推力幅度作出了规定,要求其最大减推力值不得超过起飞推力等级的25%[80]。值得注意的是,减推力等级方法因被视为“另一台发动机”,在适航审定上需与正常推力等级相同地通过适航审批程序;而灵活温度方法本质上是在同一台发动机的不同温度限制下运行,无需额外的适航审定[81]
当飞机以较大起飞质量运行,尤其是在需要最大起飞质量起飞时,减推力等级起飞和灵活温度减推力起飞方法将不再适用,此情况可引入自动起飞推力控制系统(automatic takeoff thrust control system,ATTCS)。ATTCS是飞机起飞过程中使用的完整自动系统,可通过工作发动机上的其他装置增加发动机功率以得到预期的推力/功率增量,在正常起飞期间,ATTCS起飞推力最多可减少10%[82]。对于社区噪声的影响,ATTCS具有双重性,一方面,发动机转速的降低有助于减少发动机自身噪声,有利于降低社区噪声;另一方面,推力的降低会导致飞机爬升轨迹变低,飞机更靠近场外噪声测量点,反而可能增大社区噪声。Zhang等[83]以某宽体民用飞机为例,发现ATTCS可使侧线噪声降低约1.6 EPNdB,但同时使飞越噪声增加约1.5 EPNdB,最终社区噪声累计裕度变化较小。因此,ATTCS对飞机社区噪声的整体作用需结合飞机飞行轨迹和发动机噪声水平进行综合评估。目前,由于系统复杂性、适航取证和运营需求等因素,导致制造商对于ATTCS在大型客机上的应用依然较为谨慎,故目前搭载ATTCS的主流民用飞机均为支线飞机,包括ARJ21、ERJ190和SSJ100。
除上述典型降噪飞行程序与推力管理外,实践中还发展了噪声优先跑道/航线、大角度进近和位移着陆阈值等降噪程序。噪声优先跑道是指在机场运行条件允许的前提下,优先使用对附近社区噪声影响较小的跑道起飞或着陆,噪声优化航线则使飞行路径尽量避开人口密集区,Xie等[84]验证了以上2种方式的有效性,在夏季和冬季分别将跑道向南和向北位移600 m,发现暴露于高噪声水平的人群显著减少;采用优化起飞路径后,夏季和冬季暴露在噪声级大于70 dB的人口分别减少18.50%和10.94%。大角度进近程序通过采用大于标准3°的进近角度,以提高进近阶段的飞行高度从而降低地面噪声水平,德国航空航天中心[85]在对波音737−700进行的飞行测试中研究了不同大角度的进近工况,发现当进近角为5.5°时,最佳噪效果达4.6 dB(A)。位移着陆阈值则是通过将着陆区域向内侧移动,使飞机在跑道附近保持更高的飞行高度,从而降低噪声污染。
发动机−机体安装噪声与飞行程序降噪技术,或将成为满足更严苛的民机适航标准的关键技术。本文围绕这2条技术路线进行综述,认为未来一段时期可望在以下3方面取得突破。
1) 发动机−机体安装效应作为一种非典型但不容忽视的噪声源,其本质是喷流与风扇噪声在传播过程中与机体结构发生复杂干涉现象导致。针对喷流安装噪声,需进一步明确剪切层扰动、尾缘结构参数等因素对噪声的影响规律;针对风扇后传安装噪声,则需进一步深入探究剪切层折射与结构散射机理,同时,面向尾吊布局、翼身融合、桁架支撑翼等新一代低噪声构型,亟需系统开展安装效应的声学评估,为后续构型设计与噪声优化提供支撑。
2) CAA在揭示气动噪声的产生机理及传播特性方面已发挥关键作用,尤其在风洞试验条件受限的背景下,未来长时间内其仍将是研究安装噪声问题的核心手段。然而,现阶段CAA的应用仍面临网格分辨率不足与计算资源需求高等问题。后续研究需发展更精确的模拟方法以准确分辨更小尺度的结构,以提高对剪切层、尾缘散射等关键区域的解析能力。同时,随着图形处理器(GPU)及中央处理器(CPU)/GPU混合并行计算框架,CAA计算效率有望实现显著提升。
3) 飞行程序降噪作为一种非源项类的运行优化手段,部分典型措施已在欧美地区得到广泛应用,并在实践中展现出良好的降噪潜力。近年来,随着中国民航业对节能减排与生态环境保护日益重视,飞行程序优化逐步纳入机场运行管理与航班调度体系,部分枢纽机场已开始探索相关应用,相信未来将有更多机场推进程序降噪的常态化应用。同时,伴随PBN等先进技术的应用,应加快其与多目标优化策略的融合,推动形成兼顾飞行性能与环境要求的飞行程序。

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2026年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00077
  • 接收时间:2025-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-12
  • 修回日期:2025-11-03
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    北京航空航天大学能源与动力工程学院,北京 100191

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李晓东(通信作者),教授,研究方向为气动声学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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