Article(id=1273334884086047307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758729600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-25, revisedDate=1779120000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781516293784, onlineDateStr=2026-06-15, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781516293784, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781516293784, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781516293784, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1273334825638420729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781516279847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781519137123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=108, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1273334884497089101, articleId=1273334884086047307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Prospect of research on soft matter and complex fluid under microgravity, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is of great scientific significance and practical value to study soft matter and complex fluid systems by means of the unique conditions of the microgravity environment. This paper presents the characteristics of soft matter, complex fluids, and the related microgravity research. Notably, the establishment and operation of the China Space Station have provided strong support for the microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids. It summarizes the domestic and international research status in the field of microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids, and analyzes the challenges and difficulties including limited space resources, experimental technologies and equipment limitations, and the integration of theory and experiment. Looking forward, it identifies the key issues in the future microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids, and puts forward the vision of developing more advanced microgravity experimental equipment and technologies. Given the nature of the microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids, it is recommended to combine the multidisciplinary knowledge such as physics, chemistry, biology, and materials sciences for interdisciplinary and cross−institutional studies. Meanwhile, international cooperation should be carried out to jointly promote the vigorous development of this research field.

, correspAuthors=Shenghua XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wenze OUYANG, Shenghua XU, Yuren WANG, Hongwei ZHOU, Zhongyu ZHENG, Weibin LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1273334885033960015, articleId=1273334884086047307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究展望, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

借助微重力环境的独特条件,研究软物质和复杂流体体系有着重要的科学意义和应用价值。介绍了软物质和复杂流体,以及相应的微重力研究的特点。特别是中国空间站的建立和运营,给软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究提供了有力支持。综述了软物质和复杂流体微重力研究领域内的国内外研究现状,分析了研究中所面临的挑战和困难,包括空间资源的有限性、实验技术和设备的局限性、理论与实验的结合等问题。展望未来,指出了未来软物质和复杂流体微重力研究的焦点问题,提出了开发更为先进的微重力实验设备和技术的愿景。鉴于软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究的特点,建议结合物理、化学、生物、材料等多学科知识,进行跨学科、跨机构研究,同时开展国际合作,共同推动该领域的蓬勃发展。

, correspAuthors=徐升华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐升华(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为微重力下的复杂流体,电子信箱:
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欧阳文泽,副研究员,研究方向为复杂流体与软物质,电子信箱:

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序号微重力实验平台微重力水平(g持续时间
1落塔/落井[84]10−5~10−3几秒
2高空气球飞行[85]10−4~10−330~90 s
3飞机抛物线飞行[86]10−3~10−220~30 s/次
4探空火箭[87]10−5~10−33~15 min
5载人飞船、航天飞机[88]10−5~10−4数天到十几天
6人造地球卫星[89]10−7~10−5数天到数月
7长期空间站[9091]10−7~10−3长期
), ArticleFig(id=1273334892747285124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334884086047307, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同实验平台的微重力水平和时长

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号微重力实验平台微重力水平(g持续时间
1落塔/落井[84]10−5~10−3几秒
2高空气球飞行[85]10−4~10−330~90 s
3飞机抛物线飞行[86]10−3~10−220~30 s/次
4探空火箭[87]10−5~10−33~15 min
5载人飞船、航天飞机[88]10−5~10−4数天到十几天
6人造地球卫星[89]10−7~10−5数天到数月
7长期空间站[9091]10−7~10−3长期
), ArticleFig(id=1273334892818588293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334884086047307, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目或实验装置名称年份/年具体实验手段研究体系或内容
CDOT1995—1997 主要为光散射装置[104] 微重力下的硬球胶体体系[104]
PCS2001—2006 静态、动态光散射及布拉格散射[105] 二元胶体合金、胶体聚合物混合液、胶体分维聚集体、无序玻璃态向有序晶态的熵驱动相转变[105]
InSPACE2002—2012 磁场驱动和光学成像[106] 观测磁场下的磁流变场的真实3D低能结构形式;非球形超顺磁性分子动力学形态[106]
BCAT系列3−62003—2012 光学成像[107] 研究二元合金、界面结晶、相分离动力学、相分离与结晶的竞争、凝胶的老化[107]
ACE−H/M/T2012— 共聚焦显微、温控、电场等[108] 胶体结晶、玻璃化、自组装,凝胶、乳液等体系行为[108]
SHERE(Shear History Entensional Rheology Experiment)I: 2008—2011
II: 2016—2018
 流变仪、光学成像装置[109] 预剪切对聚合物溶液微观结构和黏弹性的影响[109]
SODI−COLLOID MODULE(Selectable Optical Diagnostic Instrument)2010—2011 基于近场散射光同时实现静态和动态光散射[110] 胶体聚集[110]
中国空间站流体柜复杂流体
模块
2022— 显微、流变、光谱、多角度静态和动态光散射[91] 胶体聚集、结晶、玻璃态体系等[91]
SMD装置,服务于PASTA,Hydrodynamics and coarsening of wet foams (FOAM−C),CompGran项目2018— 扩散波谱、显微成像[111] 不透明材料(如泡沫、乳液和颗粒材料)内部及透明材料内部的动态过程[111]
COLIS (Colloidal solids)2024— 静态和动态光散射、小角度散射、光子相关成像技术[112] 胶体、蛋白质晶体,胶体玻璃和凝胶的形成和动力学[112]
OASIS2015—2016 显微成像、微量液滴分配、温控系统[113] 自由悬浮近晶相液晶薄膜的界面与流体动力学行为[113]
), ArticleFig(id=1273334892910862982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334884086047307, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微重力实验项目或装置概要

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目或实验装置名称年份/年具体实验手段研究体系或内容
CDOT1995—1997 主要为光散射装置[104] 微重力下的硬球胶体体系[104]
PCS2001—2006 静态、动态光散射及布拉格散射[105] 二元胶体合金、胶体聚合物混合液、胶体分维聚集体、无序玻璃态向有序晶态的熵驱动相转变[105]
InSPACE2002—2012 磁场驱动和光学成像[106] 观测磁场下的磁流变场的真实3D低能结构形式;非球形超顺磁性分子动力学形态[106]
BCAT系列3−62003—2012 光学成像[107] 研究二元合金、界面结晶、相分离动力学、相分离与结晶的竞争、凝胶的老化[107]
ACE−H/M/T2012— 共聚焦显微、温控、电场等[108] 胶体结晶、玻璃化、自组装,凝胶、乳液等体系行为[108]
SHERE(Shear History Entensional Rheology Experiment)I: 2008—2011
II: 2016—2018
 流变仪、光学成像装置[109] 预剪切对聚合物溶液微观结构和黏弹性的影响[109]
SODI−COLLOID MODULE(Selectable Optical Diagnostic Instrument)2010—2011 基于近场散射光同时实现静态和动态光散射[110] 胶体聚集[110]
中国空间站流体柜复杂流体
模块
2022— 显微、流变、光谱、多角度静态和动态光散射[91] 胶体聚集、结晶、玻璃态体系等[91]
SMD装置,服务于PASTA,Hydrodynamics and coarsening of wet foams (FOAM−C),CompGran项目2018— 扩散波谱、显微成像[111] 不透明材料(如泡沫、乳液和颗粒材料)内部及透明材料内部的动态过程[111]
COLIS (Colloidal solids)2024— 静态和动态光散射、小角度散射、光子相关成像技术[112] 胶体、蛋白质晶体,胶体玻璃和凝胶的形成和动力学[112]
OASIS2015—2016 显微成像、微量液滴分配、温控系统[113] 自由悬浮近晶相液晶薄膜的界面与流体动力学行为[113]
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软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究展望
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欧阳文泽 1 , 徐升华 1, 2, * , 王育人 1, 2 , 周宏伟 1 , 郑中玉 1 , 李伟斌 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(10): 108-126
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(10): 108-126
软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究展望
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欧阳文泽1 , 徐升华1, 2, * , 王育人1, 2, 周宏伟1, 郑中玉1, 李伟斌1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院力学研究所微重力重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学工程科学学院,北京 100049
  • 欧阳文泽,副研究员,研究方向为复杂流体与软物质,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

徐升华(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为微重力下的复杂流体,电子信箱:
Prospect of research on soft matter and complex fluid under microgravity
Wenze OUYANG1 , Shenghua XU1, 2, * , Yuren WANG1, 2, Hongwei ZHOU1, Zhongyu ZHENG1, Weibin LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00057
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借助微重力环境的独特条件,研究软物质和复杂流体体系有着重要的科学意义和应用价值。介绍了软物质和复杂流体,以及相应的微重力研究的特点。特别是中国空间站的建立和运营,给软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究提供了有力支持。综述了软物质和复杂流体微重力研究领域内的国内外研究现状,分析了研究中所面临的挑战和困难,包括空间资源的有限性、实验技术和设备的局限性、理论与实验的结合等问题。展望未来,指出了未来软物质和复杂流体微重力研究的焦点问题,提出了开发更为先进的微重力实验设备和技术的愿景。鉴于软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究的特点,建议结合物理、化学、生物、材料等多学科知识,进行跨学科、跨机构研究,同时开展国际合作,共同推动该领域的蓬勃发展。

软物质  /  复杂流体  /  微重力  /  空间实验  /  中国空间站

It is of great scientific significance and practical value to study soft matter and complex fluid systems by means of the unique conditions of the microgravity environment. This paper presents the characteristics of soft matter, complex fluids, and the related microgravity research. Notably, the establishment and operation of the China Space Station have provided strong support for the microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids. It summarizes the domestic and international research status in the field of microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids, and analyzes the challenges and difficulties including limited space resources, experimental technologies and equipment limitations, and the integration of theory and experiment. Looking forward, it identifies the key issues in the future microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids, and puts forward the vision of developing more advanced microgravity experimental equipment and technologies. Given the nature of the microgravity research on soft matter and complex fluids, it is recommended to combine the multidisciplinary knowledge such as physics, chemistry, biology, and materials sciences for interdisciplinary and cross−institutional studies. Meanwhile, international cooperation should be carried out to jointly promote the vigorous development of this research field.

soft matter  /  complex fluid  /  microgravity  /  space experiment  /  China Space Station
欧阳文泽, 徐升华, 王育人, 周宏伟, 郑中玉, 李伟斌. 软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究展望. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (10) : 108 -126 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00057
Wenze OUYANG, Shenghua XU, Yuren WANG, Hongwei ZHOU, Zhongyu ZHENG, Weibin LI. Prospect of research on soft matter and complex fluid under microgravity[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (10) : 108 -126 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00057
软物质和复杂流体作为一种物质体系,在自然界、生命体、日常生活和工业生产中广泛存在[13]。常见的软物质和复杂流体体系包括高分子聚合物、胶体、液晶、生物大分子、泡沫、表面活性剂、颗粒物质等。软物质(soft matter)一词,最初由法国物理学家德热纳(Pierre−Gilles de Gennes)在1991年诺贝尔物理学奖颁奖典礼上发表的演讲中[4]正式提出,以替代传统的、让学生望而生畏的“复杂流体”这一称呼。很快,“软物质”这一名词和概念得到了科学界的普遍赞同。同时,近几十年来也促使了一门物理新学科,即软物质物理的出现和发展。
和金属、陶瓷、玻璃、晶体等“硬物质”不同,软物质和复杂流体是介于固体和理想流体之间的一种复杂体系,一般由固、液、气基团或大分子等为基本单元组成。这些组成单元之间的相互作用相当弱(如范德华力、氢键、静电作用等,约为kBT量级)[5],其运动和变化一般由热涨落和熵作用来主导,从而导致软物质和复杂流体具有如下典型特征。
1) 对外界小作用的大响应[6]。外界微小的物理或化学刺激,如温度、压力、电场、磁场、pH值的微小变化,都有可能引起软物质和复杂流体内部结构和性质的显著改变。例如,加一点卤水就可以使豆浆变成豆腐;加入少量的骨胶就能使墨汁的稳定时间得到大大延长;非常小的电场就改变了液晶分子的排列状态;硫化橡胶通过掺入微量硫,使其从液体转变为弹性固体;油墨中加入极少量的表面活性剂,表面张力即会发生明显改变,使油墨更好地附着在印刷基材上,显著提高油墨的印刷质量和效果;一些智能载药材料,如pH值响应的聚合物纳米颗粒,在正常生理pH值下药物能够稳定地包覆其中,当pH发生微小变化(如到达肿瘤组织周围略酸性pH值)时,即触发药物的大量释放,从而提高病变部位的治疗效果,同时减少对正常组织的副作用。
2) 丰富的自组织(装)行为[7]。软物质和复杂流体中的分子或颗粒等能够在一定条件下自发地形成特定的有序结构。这种自组织行为是基于分子间的弱相互作用和热力学驱动力,使得体系最终达到能量较低的稳定状态。例如硬球胶体悬浮液,只有熵作用达到一定的体积分数后,就能自组织形成有序的晶体结构,可以用作光子晶体、传感器等材料;生物体中的DNA分子通过碱基互补配对原则,自组装形成双螺旋结构,这对于遗传信息的存储和传递至关重要;气体分散在液体中所形成的泡沫,由于表面张力的作用,气泡之间互相挤压,最终会自发地形成一种类似蜂窝状的结构,这种结构具有一定的稳定性和特殊的物理性质,在食品、消防、材料制备等领域有广泛应用;嵌段共聚物由于不同链段之间的不相容性,在一定条件下发生微相分离,自组织形成球形、柱状、层状等有序的微相结构,被广泛应用于热塑性弹性体、纳米模板等领域。
3) 独特的流变性质[89]。软物质和复杂流体的流变性质一般也介于固体和液体之间,既表现出一定的黏性,又具有一定的弹性。其黏度和弹性模量等流变参数呈现出非牛顿流体的特征。例如,油漆(聚合物溶液)的剪切变稀现象,使油漆在涂刷过程中受到刷子的剪切作用,黏度降低,便于涂抹,而停止剪切后,黏度又恢复,以防止油漆流淌;橡胶是汽车轮胎的主要材料,它作为一种具有黏弹性的软物质,受到快速外力作用时,主要表现出弹性,而在长时间缓慢受力时,发生一定的黏性流动,导致橡胶产生不可完全恢复的变形,这就使汽车轮胎既能缓冲震动,又能有助于轮胎与地面摩擦力,保证行驶安全。
4) 亚稳性[10]。软物质和复杂流体体系常常处于亚稳态,即体系的能量不是最低的绝对稳定态,但由于存在一定的能量势垒,亚稳态的体系能够在一定时间内保持相对稳定。外界的微小扰动就有可能打破这种亚稳态,导致体系发生结构和性质的变化。泡沫通常就是亚稳态的,例如所形成的肥皂泡,虽然能够暂时稳定存在,但由于液体的排液作用、气体扩散等因素,泡沫会逐渐变薄、破裂,当受到风吹、震动或其他物理接触等外界干扰时,更容易破裂,从亚稳态转变为气液分离的稳定状态;蛋白质水溶液,如明胶溶液,分子间通过氢键、范德华力等作用形成三维网络结构,将水分子包裹其中,形成凝胶,这种凝胶状态也是一种亚稳态;化妆品中的水包油乳液,油滴分散在水相中,随着时间的推移,油滴可能会逐渐合并长大,最终导致乳液分层,实现从亚稳态向更稳定的相分离状态转变。
地面上的重力通常是一个不可忽视的因素,它对软物质和复杂流体的结构、性能和行为产生广泛而显著的影响[1112]。以胶体悬浮液为例,其中的胶体颗粒在重力作用下会发生沉降,较大或较重的颗粒沉降速度更快。经过一段时间后,体系会出现明显的分层现象,即底部颗粒浓度较高,上部则较低。这种沉降和分层破坏了体系的均匀性,改变了内部的微观结构[1315]。对于一定形状的颗粒或分子,如棒状液晶分子,重力作用下可能会发生一定程度的取向,使得分子长轴倾向于沿重力方向排列[16]。重力还会影响软物质和复杂流体的流变性能,即重力作用产生内部应力,从而改变其黏度和弹性等流变参数[17]。在重力作用下,软物质和复杂流体会承受一定的压力,这可能导致其力学性能发生改变。例如重力会使泡沫底部受到更大的压力,导致底部的气泡被压缩,从而使泡沫在垂直方向上的力学性能出现差异[1819]。在一些多相的体系中,重力会促进相分离的聚集过程。流体的流动也会受到重力驱动,形成自然对流[20],这种对流不但加快物质的混合和传递过程,还会干扰对扩散过程的研究,使实验结果出现偏差。
微重力环境是指物体在其中受到的重力作用远远小于在地球表面所受重力的环境。在这种理想的条件下,上述重力的影响被大大减弱,甚至几乎可以忽略不计,这就为研究软物质和复杂流体的本征性质提供了更纯净的条件[11,2122]。由于体系的结构和性质等往往受到微弱相互作用的支配,而重力可能掩盖了这些微弱作用的影响。微重力环境还可以大大减弱甚至消除重力引起的复杂效应,使研究人员能够更清晰地观察软物质和复杂流体分子间的相互作用、动力学过程和自组织机制。微重力环境还可以改变软物质和复杂流体的相平衡条件,发现一些在地面条件下难以观察到的新相态和相变现象[2327]。这有助于拓展软物质和复杂流体的相图,深化对物质状态和相变本质的认识。应用层面上,基于微重力下对软物质和复杂流体性质的研究,可以开发出具有特殊性能的新型材料,有助于优化地面上的材料加工工艺,改善工业生产配方和工艺,深入理解生命过程的分子机制,帮助药物开发、疾病诊疗等。
随着人类太空探索的不断深入,也需要了解软物质和复杂流体在太空环境中的行为。在太空站、航天器等空间设施中,涉及许多软物质和复杂流体材料,如润滑剂、密封材料、生物材料等[22,2829]。研究微重力环境下这些材料的性质和行为,有助于开发和优化适用于空间环境的材料和技术,保障空间任务的顺利进行。在长期的空间飞行中,宇航员的健康保障很关键。微重力下软物质和复杂流体的研究,有助于深入了解生物大分子(如蛋白质、DNA等)在微重力环境下的结构和功能变化,以及细胞和组织在微重力下的生长和代谢特性[3032],对于开发针对宇航员的健康监测、疾病诊断和治疗方法具有重要意义。在未来的深空探测任务中,可能需要利用外星资源进行材料合成和设备制造[3334]。微重力环境下软物质和复杂流体的研究,可以为外星资源的利用提供理论和技术支持。
鉴于软物质和复杂流体微重力下研究的重要性,近年来世界各国与科研组织进行了这方面的许多研究。例如美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)的生物和物理科学部(Biological and Physical Sciences Division,BPS),主要统筹NASA的生物和物理科学研究计划,软物质和复杂流体研究方向在其领域规划中越来越受到重视,已经成为未来优先支持的发展方向[35]。从20世纪90年代至今,NASA的物理科学计划支持了一系列软物质和复杂流体领域的空间实验项目,包括CDOT(the colloidal disorder−order transition)、PCS(physics of colloids in space)、InSPACE(investigating the structures of paramagnetic aggregates from colloidal emulsions)系列、BCAT(binary colloidal alloy test)系列、ACE(advanced colloids experiment)、OASIS(observation and analysis of smectic islands in space)、FOAM(foam optics and mechanics)、PASTA(particle stabilised emulsions and foams)、COMPGRAN(compaction and sound in granular matter)等,这些项目主要涉及软物质和复杂流体领域中的胶体、液晶、泡沫、颗粒物质的熵驱相变、自组装、流变特性、动力学过程等方面的研究[3637]。欧洲航天局(European Space Agency,ESA)也依托国际空间站(International Space Station,ISS)开展了一系列软物质和复杂流体方面的研究,例如利用搭载在ISS上的流体科学实验室(fluids science laboratory)进行了复杂流体中对流现象的研究[38];利用细胞生物学实验设施(cell biology experiment facility),研究了细胞在微重力环境中的行为,以及生物大分子(蛋白质、核酸等)在微重力环境下的折叠和相互作用[31]。近年来,中国在软物质和复杂流体微重力下的研究也取得了显著进展,研究机构涉及中国科学院力学研究所、中国科学院物理研究所、清华大学、上海交通大学等科研机构和高校,利用落塔、实践十号卫星、天舟系列货运飞船、天宫一号和天宫二号空间实验室以及中国空间站等所提供的微重力环境实验平台,研究方向涵盖胶体、液晶、颗粒物质等多个领域[21,3942]。多项相关研究表明,相比于地面常重力环境,微重力环境下软物质和复杂流体表现出迥异的行为和性质[43]。以下根据软物质体系的几种典型类型分别进行描述。
对于硬球胶体悬浮液,在胶体体积分数为0.545~0.580、空间微重力实验下形成的是随机六方密堆积(random hexagonal close−packed,RHCP)结构,而地面常重力下形成的结构中面心立方晶体结构(face−centered cubic,FCC)相比六方密堆积(hexagonal close−packed,HCP)含量更占优,这说明重力能够导致或促进FCC结构的形成[23]。进一步增加硬球胶体的体积分数,在地面上会形成玻璃态的样品(超过1年也没能结晶),放置空间微重力环境后,不到2周即完全结晶[23]。计算机模拟硬球体系的零重力结果也验证了这些空间微重力实验的发现[4445]。然而,关于重力如何作用于硬球胶体,导致地面和空间实验结果如此悬殊的具体原因,目前仍不清楚[4648]。利用时间分辨布拉格光散射研究硬球胶体在液−固共存区(φ = 0.528)的结晶动力学,发现结晶过程为晶粒生长与粗化同步进行,并观测到枝晶生长不稳定性,而在常重力环境下,地面重力产生的黏性应力与对流会破坏枝晶结构,难以形成稳定枝晶。而常重力和微重力下非水相硬球胶体晶体的高频剪切模量与动态黏度的对比结果表明,重力环境与微重力环境所得的线性黏弹性参数(剪切模量、动态黏度)在实验误差范围内完全一致,证明晶体结构、晶粒尺寸差异不影响宏观流变性质[49]。Okubo等[5051]在抛物线飞机上观测了带电胶体悬浮粒子的结晶动力学过程,发现和地面相比,成核速度和晶体生长速度都明显降低,他们把这个现象归因于胶体颗粒向下的沉降和重力引起的对流。胡树新等[40]在天宫一号飞行器上进行了胶体结晶实验,相比于地面,微重力环境下形成的胶体晶体样品稳定性更好。微重力下的蛋白质结晶实验也表明,与地面对照实验生长的晶体相比,微重力环境下对流的减少使得生长出更高质量的蛋白质晶体成为可能[5253]。最近,在中国空间站微重力环境下的带电胶体结晶实验表明,所形成的亚稳态体心立方晶体结构(body−centered cubic,BCC)晶体相较于地面常重力环境,其寿命得到了大大延长[42]
ISS微重力环境下,利用小角光散射(small angle light scattering,SALS)与直接成像研究了胶体−聚合物混合物的旋节线分解。由于微重力环境彻底消除了浮力干扰,观测到从早期扩散控制到后期界面张力驱动粗化的清晰转变,实验跨越5个时间数量级,相区尺寸增长超过3个数量级,完整地揭示胶体相分离全历程。而在地面环境中,胶体−聚合物相区超过毛细长度后会被浮力撕裂,仅能观测1个时间数量级,无法完整研究旋节线分解全过程。此外,在相分离速率上,地面条件要比微重力环境快30倍以上,显示了重力作用的巨大影响[54]
胶体−聚合物三相(贫胶体气相、富胶体液相、晶体固相)共存体系,在重力环境下气−液−固三相快速分层、沉降,形成清晰的水平分层界面,无连续网络结构。在微重力环境下无沉降和分层,先形成气−液结构,随后液滴内析出晶体并形成贯穿样品的晶体凝胶网络,使相分离在未达平衡时动力学冻结,晶体在样品内均匀分布、互相连接,形成晶体凝胶,这是在地面不可能出现的全新稳态结构[55]
在国际空间站微重力环境下,研究脉冲磁场调控顺磁性胶体的相转变动力学,发现体系存在扩散型热生长与磁场驱动弹道聚合2种生长机制,并确定了无量纲参数边界来区分相分离动力学区域,而微米级的顺磁性胶体颗粒聚集体在地面沉降速率极快,会改变结构演化,只有在微重力环境下极大降低沉降速率,才可以真实观测这一无干扰的相分离动力学与结构演变[56]
对聚集行为的深入研究既有重要理论意义也具有广泛的实用价值,在废水处理、生物、药品生产、江河中泥沙沉降等方面有不可忽视的应用背景,但重力引起的沉降、对流等都会对聚集过程产生影响,特别是随着聚集体的变大,这一影响效应也变得更为显著。国际空间站使用空间胶体物理实验(physics of colloids in space,PCS)装置中的动态和静态光散射方法对胶体聚集过程开展了研究,所使用的实验体系通过将胶体粒子和MgCl2溶液进行混合来开始快聚集过程。地面对比实验则是采用密度匹配的方式开展,胶体粒子与匹配后的分散剂的密度差为10−3 g/cm3。尽管地面的样品进行了密度匹配,但微重力下的结果仍然体现出与重力环境下有明显差异,在聚集过程的初期,微重力下团簇的生长与地面结果一致,随时间呈幂律关系,这也与扩散限制团簇凝聚(diffusion−limited cluster aggregation,DLCA)过程相一致。但一段时间以后,地面的团簇生长达到一个平台,尺寸不再变化,而微重力下的团簇在几周内一直保持幂律关系生长。基于对重力(体积力)和作用在表面上的流体动力学阻力的对比分析表明,微重力下引起的应变要比重力条件下小6个量级,因此团簇可以生长得更大[57]。另一类聚集过程的微重力实验研究,针对的是由临界卡西米尔作用引起聚集的体系,在国际空间站使用近场散射方法研究了不同温度条件下因胶体粒子吸引强度变化而引起的聚集过程差异,结果表明微重力和常重力下聚集体结构和生长动力学方面都有显著差异。在微重力环境下随着温度升高导致的吸引力增大,聚集体的分形维数不断降低,表明更加松散开放,但在常重力环境下,聚集体的分形维数和温度无关。在聚集动力学方面,微重力下的聚集体生长速度明显较低,并且表现出随时间变化的幂律关系,这表明只有在微重力条件下,才是纯扩散聚集[58]。实际上,不同类型聚集体系的聚集过程和相互作用情况往往有很大差异,静电相互作用和临界卡西米尔相互作用诱导的聚集过程的重力影响规律显然有很大不同。因此,对其他类型体系的聚集过程的微重力研究,对于完整认识聚集过程规律和重力的影响机理,仍是非常必要的。
泡沫和乳液是不同的体系,它们的分散相(气泡和液滴)、界面类型(气液界面和液液界面)、失稳机理等存在差异,但也有一些类似性,例如均为多相分散体系,具有巨大的相界面;均为热力学不稳定体系,自发趋向聚结、破泡、破乳等趋势;一般都依靠表面活性剂稳定界面等。因此将两者放在同一节进行讨论。
泡沫中两相分别为气相和液相,因此密度差异极大,受重力影响也更为明显。在地面条件下,由于重力作用会导致快速排液,因而高湿泡沫(φ>20%)无法稳定研究,在抛物线飞机、探空火箭和国际空间站都开展了泡沫的微重力实验研究[59]。研究结果表明,微重力下泡沫起泡性、稳定性与地面相比显著提升,甚至地面无法起泡的不稳定体系在太空也可稳定起泡,典型结果包括:地面条件下在30 s内快速坍塌的泡沫体系,微重力下的泡沫可在10 s后保持稳定状态,30 min内无明显衰减。这是因为微重力下排液受到抑制,并且由于高湿泡沫中气泡呈准球形形状,所以气泡之间的薄膜相对较厚,也抑制了聚结[60]
此外,研究发现消泡剂在微重力下基本失效。在地面条件下,消泡剂依靠疏水颗粒在浮力作用下进入液膜引发破裂,微重力下浮力消失,颗粒无法进入液膜,同时泡沫液膜因高含液量保持较厚,消泡剂无法发挥破泡作用[6061]。由于在微重力下缺少重力排液,因而地面依赖重力的泡沫干燥过程在微重力下无法实现,研究人员还提出了在微重力下泡沫干燥的全新方法,将泡沫置于多孔支撑体上,仅依靠毛细力吸收泡沫内液体,通过调控多孔介质参数精准控制泡沫最终含液量,建立的理论模型与实测结果高度吻合[62]
乳液体系一般为双分散体系(油+水),因此两相的密度差不像泡沫那样大,但地面上乳液液滴也会因密度差产生重力上浮或沉降,掩盖由布朗运动、界面作用、聚并主导的本征动力学;微重力完全消除重力驱动运动,首次实现乳液本征行为的精准测量[63]。研究结果表明,微重力下乳液老化在早期和后期有不同的机制,在早期小液滴之间相互聚并,液滴平均尺寸快速增大,伴随显著弹道运动;在后期则是小液滴与大液滴聚并,无弹道运动,液滴动力学行为是布朗扩散。其中,弹道运动是因为2个液滴合并后界面面积骤减,表面活性剂脱附形成浓度梯度,通过马兰戈尼效应驱动周围液滴发生瞬时定向运动而导致的。
泡沫、乳液的流变性质与其内部结构密切相关,例如,由于小气泡比大气泡更难形变,因而泡沫中的气泡尺寸增大会导致其弹性模量的减小。扩散波谱装置可以无扰动地观测泡沫、乳液的微观流变性质,因此在微重力环境下也开展了相关研究[64],发现存在漫游气泡,形成特殊尺寸分布,并得到了干泡沫尺寸随时间的R∝t1/2和湿泡的Rt1/3的粗化规律。对于乳液体系的均方位移测量结果表明,初始刚乳化时均方位移随时间关系的幂指数大于1,液滴动力学为超扩散;在粗化的中期,为布朗扩散过程,幂指数约等于1;长时间后,幂指数约为0.75,为亚扩散过程。这些研究分属SMD−FOAM(泡沫)、SMD−PASTA(乳液)项目,但均使用软物质动力学(soft matter dynamics,SMD)装置开展研究。
由于泡沫和乳液都存在巨大的相界面,均为热力学不稳定体系,以及不同相之间存在密度差等特点,在常重力环境下与微重力环境下的行为差异十分显著,更深入的微重力研究有望发现新的现象和规律,理解体系的本征行为特性和相关机制。
液晶的研究主要涉及分子自组装行为、相变动力学以及对外场(如电场、温度)的响应机制,这些基础研究是推动液晶材料设计与优化的关键。很多软物质体系本身具有流动性和有序性,因此,液晶的结构和特性在不同类型的软物质系统或相关问题研究中都相当普遍,例如胶体、流变学、聚合物、玻璃态、自组装等[6567]
重力对液晶系统起着重要作用,在地面常重力环境下,重力和渗透压梯度之间的平衡导致沉积扩散平衡,即密度分布随高度变化,这往往对于液晶相变产生影响,文献[68]中,盘状液晶样品在长时间存放下,在重力作用下可出现各向同性相、向列相和柱状相以及无定形沉积物的分布。而微重力条件能消除重力引起的对流和沉降,为探索液晶的本征特性提供理想平台。中国实践十号返回式卫星搭载了胶体材料箱[69],实现了微重力下液晶相变的实验研究,结果表明在微重力下的相变浓度稍高,说明重力引起的浓度分布变化会促进液晶转变[70]。此外,在微重力条件下,剪切诱导双折射的弛豫时间显著增加。
NASA在国际空间站液晶研究中的OASIS项目,在微重力条件下实现了准二维液晶薄膜的流体动力学实验,研究了近晶相自由悬浮薄膜中的流体动力学流动、扰动的弛豫等行为。为了实现相关的微重力研究,其实验装置能够制造出极薄的液晶液泡,并通过气体的剪切等方式在液泡上创建微米大小的岛,可实现温度梯度控制和电场加载,并能够进行微距和显微图像采集[71]。在国际空间站的微重力条件下,该研究可在完全消除对流效应的情况下,利用液晶相可流动且具有一定有序性的特点,得到了球形近晶相液泡在不均匀温度场中由于温度梯度而产生的二维流动行为规律[72]
但目前液晶的微重力研究还相对较少,然而从已有的微重力研究来看,微重力下可以避免重力沉降引起的材料不均匀性影响,可以在消除对流的情况下拓宽和理解流动性和有序性的相互作用,这对于相关的新型液晶相材料的研究以及相关的复杂拓扑结构的认识和理解都有重要的学术价值。
颗粒物质是由大量离散、宏观可见的固体颗粒形成的复杂离散体系,它广泛存在于星球表面和人类生存的环境中,颗粒物质虽然由固体组成,但是却有流动性,但又与液体、气体等流体不同,因此其不同于一般的固体、液体和气体,显示出奇异的、有时有悖于常理的特性。因其由宏观可见的固体颗粒组成,在微重力环境下,颗粒可以以悬浮形式存在,因而与地面条件下会出现显著的差异。
振动颗粒介质可呈现对流、表面波、流化等类流体行为,但地面实验受重力干扰,难以区分碰撞非弹性与重力的作用。在Mini−Texus 5探空火箭的微重力条件下的研究,消除了重力对颗粒运动的影响,让非弹性碰撞成为唯一主导相互作用,排除地面实验中重力与共振的干扰,结果表明低密度情况下颗粒表现出无规则运动,空间分布均匀类气态,中高密度下均匀流化态失稳,形成静止致密团簇,由于排除了重力作用,可以确证团簇由非弹性耗散导致,并进一步揭示了非弹性碰撞主导下的颗粒流化与团簇形成规律[73]。对于非球形的棒状双分散颗粒混合颗粒气体,微重力实验与数值模拟的研究结果证实了Haff定律适用于均匀颗粒冷却,并发现较重颗粒平均动能更高,能量均分被打破,在排除了重力干扰的情况下揭示了颗粒纯碰撞动力学[74]
在实际颗粒物质流动时往往涉及剪切或侵入过程,微重力研究对于理解相关机理及深空探测(如其他重力环境的星球探测等)有重要意义。地面与微重力环境下的颗粒活塞压缩实验的对比研究结果表明,活塞探测会使颗粒体系致密化并最终发生堵塞,且微重力下堵塞临界堆积分数更低,原因是地面重力提供颗粒重排的驱动力,可形成更高密度稳定结构,而微重力下内聚力主导、无侧向重排动力,颗粒在低密度下即形成刚性力链而堵塞。同时,微重力下堵塞态无蠕变,地面则会发生屈服和流动,该结果对太空粉体输送与小行星表壤探测等研究具有参考价值[75]。对颗粒材料的侵入阻力和流变特性的微重力研究表明,微重力下侵入阻力的速率敏感性远高于常重力环境,在1g条件下阻力几乎不随速度变化,这是因为微重力下颗粒间压力极低,黏性摩擦主导,呈类液体流变,而常重力环境下高压力抑制惯性数,呈准静态流变[76]。微重力、常重力与超重力环境下利用泰勒—库埃特剪切装置对颗粒流的研究证实,主剪切流与重力无关,但径向二次对流在微重力下几乎消失、在1.8g下显著增强,颗粒塑性变形也随重力增大而升高。重力通过调控颗粒间摩擦力与力链分布决定塑性变形强度,是驱动颗粒对流的核心因素[77]
由于颗粒物质中的颗粒一般是宏观可见的,显然重力的影响很大,不同的重力环境间颗粒间压力、摩擦力等因素的差异会导致不同的行为规律。此外,基于未来深空探测的背景,考虑到不同星球表面重力加速度的不同,除了微重力和常重力环境的对比之外,低重力或超重力的颗粒物质行为研究也有重要的价值。
囊泡是生物膜理想模型,可模拟红细胞、细胞膜等生物组织,对剪切流中巨型磷脂囊泡的动力学与流变学研究中,通过调控内外黏度比与约化体积,发现囊泡在低黏度比时绕流转动,姿态稳定,黏度比超过临界值后,出现翻滚运动,整体周期翻转,黏度比很高时则出现姿态振荡类似呼吸的运动状态。地面条件下由于沉降和贴壁的影响,导致运动畸变,抛物线飞机的微重力研究消除了沉降与壁面干扰,首次定量获得了翻滚运动数据,角度呈规则周期振荡,基于实验结果还修正了Keller–Skalak理论,并建立囊泡悬浮液有效黏度公式[78]
微重力环境使蛋白质晶体生长过程仅依靠分子纯扩散完成,是制备高品质蛋白质晶体、开展精细结构解析的理想实验平台。近10余年来,国内外依托国际空间站、中国空间站持续开展天地对照实验,在晶体生长规律、结构解析能力、生物医药应用等领域取得系统性成果,极大推动了结构生物学与空间生命科学协同发展[7980]
在晶体宏观形态与生长行为层面,地面重力环境中,蛋白质分子易受重力作用发生沉降,溶液内部形成明显自然对流,造成晶体生长速率不均,易产生孪晶、空位、包裹体等微观缺陷,晶体尺寸偏小、外形规整度较差,大批量结晶重复性偏低。而空间微重力条件下,流体对流基本消失,溶质输运平稳缓慢,晶体成核数量可控,生长界面均匀稳定,最终获得的蛋白质晶体粒径更大、外形完整度更高,晶体均匀性显著优于地面试样。大量天地比对实验证实,微重力生长晶体体积通常可达地面样品的3~5倍,晶粒完整性大幅提升[52,81]
在晶体衍射性能与结构解析精度上,天地差异更为突出。地面制备的蛋白质晶体普遍存在晶格畸变与镶嵌无序问题,衍射信号弱、背景噪音高,难以实现高分辨率数据收集,对于膜蛋白、复合功能蛋白、疾病相关的难结晶蛋白,其解析难度极大。微重力生长的蛋白质晶体晶格排布更为有序,水分子结合态与蛋白柔性区域构象更接近天然生理状态,衍射分辨率普遍优于地面晶体,可获得更优的衍射质量,能够清晰识别氨基酸侧链排布、活性位点氢键作用、配体结合位点等精细信息,为阐明蛋白作用机制奠定坚实基础。例如,最近中国科学院生物物理研究所饶子和团队,通过中国空间站的在轨蛋白质结晶实验,获得了微重力条件下噬菌体Topo II的ATPase结构域的晶体,与地面条件下的电镜结构相比,晶体衍射数据显示其2个活性中心表现出不同的镁离子结合模式,同时清晰地揭示了三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的结合位点,能够解决地面结构中难以确认结合位点的难题[8283]
微重力实验平台主要包括落塔、抛物线飞机、探空火箭、卫星、空间站等,不同平台的微重力时长和微重力水平有较大差异(表1),同时不同平台的实验费用也有很大差别。除了使用各类平台外,对于一些胶体体系,也可以使用密度匹配的方式,使得分散相粒子与分散介质的密度相匹配来减少重力沉降的影响。但很多研究对象难以实现密度匹配,且对于需要控温的体系,重力引起的对流仍然难以避免,因此大部分的微重力研究仍需借助上述各类微重力实验平台来开展。对于不同类型的软物质体系来说,除了有些颗粒物质体系的相关过程较快,可以利用短时间微重力实验平台如落塔来研究之外,其他很多软物质体系的相关过程较为缓慢,一般需要长时间的微重力实验,因而必须在卫星或者空间站进行实验研究。
软物质涵盖胶体、乳液、泡沫、高分子溶液、颗粒物质等许多不同的体系,但有一些共性的特征,如小作用引起大变化、相互作用较弱、丰富的自组装行为、体系介于流体与固体之间等,因此需要对其组分和内部结构的观测、黏弹性的测量以及外力或扰动的引入、结构调控等观测和调控手段。目前主要的观测手段包括显微成像、光散射技术、光谱测量、流变测量等,主要的调控手段包括光镊、微流控、外场调控等。
显微光学成像技术是对软物质体系的微观、介观尺度的结构、形态演变和运动行为进行直接观测和记录的最直接的观测手段之一,随着共聚焦显微、结构光照明(structured illumination microscopy,SIM)等显微技术的出现,使其在成像的时间分辨率和空间分辨率方面均有了很大的提升[9294]。显微光学成像技术除了观测之外,还可以基于显微图像中也存在粒子散射的光学信息,通过微分动力学显微分析(differential dynamic microscopy,DDM)方法获得散射样品动态信息[95],该分析方法可以结合散射的灵敏度和显微镜的直接可视化优势,仅通过显微图像就得到许多时空相关系统的动力学性质,包括中间散射函数、储能和损耗模量、扩散系数等。
对于很多需观测的颗粒尺寸小于显微分辨率的体系,往往使用光散射技术来进行测量,主要包括静态光散射(static light scattering,SLS)和动态光散射(dynamic light scattering,DLS)。激光被不同尺寸和结构的颗粒散射后在不同散射角度上的光强分布不同,SLS技术就基于这一原理,主要通过测量软物质体系在不同散射角度下散射光的强度,以此获取有关软物质的结构、分子大小、相互作用等多方面信息[96]。由于溶液中的微小颗粒的布朗运动,在固定方向上动态光散射通过测量散射光的强度会随时间的波动,因此所得到的散射光强会随时间发生波动,该波动带有与颗粒布朗运动相关的信息,动态光散射即可基于相关器采集到的光强相关函数,分析得到颗粒的扩散系数和粒径分布[97],这对于胶体的聚集和稳定性、胶束、微乳液结构、纳米颗粒尺寸分布、高分子链的运动和松弛过程、生物大分子的流体力学半径和聚集程度等方面的研究都是非常有用的测量手段。此外,基于显微成像的DDM分析方法其实质上也是进行图像相关分析,这一点与动态光散射方法类似,因此动态光散射同样可以得到中间散射函数、储能和损耗模量等相关的动力学性质[49]。对于高浓度体系,与动态光散射有一定类似性的扩散波谱实验方法[98],可以利用多重散射特点,也能够基于相关器采集的相关函数得到体系的储能和损耗模量。
光谱测量是一种重要的光学分析技术,它通过测量材料对不同波长光的反射率或透射率来获取材料的结构、成分和物理化学性质等信息。当光照射到取向高分子材料表面时,由于分子链在不同方向上的光学性质差异,反射光的强度和偏振特性会发生变化,通过测量反射光谱的偏振依赖性,可以确定高分子链的取向程度和方向。在研究胶体或高分子的结晶结构方面,由于结晶区域具有更规则的排列,反射光谱会产生特定的反射峰[99],基于这些峰的位置和强度可得到结晶度、晶粒大小、晶面间距和晶格结构等参数。
流变学是研究物质变形和流动的科学,流变学测量手段则是用于定量描述材料流变性质(如黏性、弹性等)的实验方法和技术。前面已经提及,基于显微成像的DDM方法和基于光散射的动态光散射、扩散波谱等方法,可得到体系的储能和损耗模量,因而能够开展体系微流变性质的研究。但实际上,很多情况下更关注的是软物质体系的宏观流变性质,则一般通过对材料施加可控制的外力(应力/应变/剪切速率等),同时精确检测材料的响应(应变/应力/黏度等),通过两者的定量关系,推导材料的流变学参数,从而描述材料在力的作用下的流动和变形规律[100]
对于调控手段来说,光镊技术可以直接对软物质体系的微介观尺度基本组成单元进行操控,还可以实现微小力的测量[101]。由于光镊装置本身需要用到显微技术进行成像,也需要用到显微物镜实现光束的高度会聚,因此其可天然地与显微成像技术耦合,一方面通过显微技术进行高精度观测,另一方面同时使用光镊技术进行人为操控。
微流控是一种以精确控制和操控微尺度流体为核心,在微纳米尺度空间中对流体进行定向输运与处理的关键科学技术。其核心能力在于将传统生化实验中的样品制备、反应、分离及检测等关键步骤,高度集成于一个仅数平方厘米的芯片平台上。该技术的基本特征与最大优势体现在:能够在整体可控的微尺度系统中,将多种单元技术进行灵活组合与规模化集成。微流控技术可用于操控微量物质,并在空间和时间上控制其成分、温度和外部场。由此可见,微流控技术在软物质研究中也是重要的调控手段[102]
软物质的一个重要特性是对外界微小作用的敏感和非线性响应,因此在软物质实验研究中,外界作用的调控也是必要的研究手段,光镊和微流控技术在一定程度上都是针对微介观尺度的直接调控,而通过施加温度调控、电场和磁场调控等则是偏宏观的外界作用或调控形式[103],对于温度、电场或磁场敏感的很多软物质体系,这些外场的引入可以有效调控体系的结构和动力学。
除了地面软物质体系的实验研究外,这些实验手段在微重力研究中也被广泛应用,表2列举了目前在航天飞机和空间站(包括国际空间站和中国空间站)的长时间微重力实验平台中开展微重力研究的典型实验项目和装置、具体实验手段和研究体系。可以看出,目前显微、流变、光散射、光谱、外场调控等手段都已很好地支持了相关微重力研究,但微重力下的调控手段目前仍有不足。国际空间站的光学显微镜模块曾有计划耦合光镊装置来提高主动调控能力,在NASA对于未来软物质科学微重力研究中的前景报告中也提到[22],空间显微系统应耦合光镊,以实现非接触、高精度粒子操控,还可实现主动扰动和施加外力,从而更有效地研究微重力下软物质动力学。此外,针对未来空间实验的小型化、高通量需求,以及软物质样品的精确操控与动态控制需求,亟需微流控装置实现自动化、大规模的样品处理和交换,并实现持续改变样品性质的能力。
目前已针对不同类型的软物质体系开展了大量的微重力实验研究,发现了诸多新的现象,加深了对被重力掩盖的相关过程的基本规律和机理的认知。然而,软物质体系的空间微重力研究还存在很多问题和挑战。
在科学实验方面,空间资源相对地面来说极度受限[2122],舱内体积、功耗、质量、航天员操作时间、样品数量都严格受限,难以像地面一样做大量并行实验,此外实验样品在轨实验前,往往需要较长时间的发射和在轨等待时间,而软物质体系在配比后的长期稳定保存也存在困难。在实验手段方面,空间实验目前测量手段较多,但调控手段仍然较少,未来光镊、微流控、多场调控等手段对于深入研究微重力下的软物质行为也是必不可少的。
幸运的是,软物质和复杂流体所研究的样品,其内部组成单元的空间尺度通常比较小(纳米到微米尺度)[24],这就可以使实验设备高度小型化和集成化。然而,实验设备的小型化和集成化,在技术上颇具挑战。以研究复杂流体流变特性的设备为例,既要保证其能精确测量微小力和变形,又要将其缩小到适应平台空间,对仪器设计和制造工艺要求极高[8,41,111112]
在微重力环境下,软物质和复杂流体样品的制备、操控与地面有很大不同。例如制备胶体晶体样品时,地面上重力会影响颗粒沉降和分布,微重力虽消除了重力沉降,但颗粒间的相互作用和布朗运动影响更显著,难以精确控制颗粒排列和组装过程。同时,操控样品进行各种实验操作也需要成熟有效的手段[114],像在微重力下精确注入试剂、移动和固定样品等都不易实现[39]
在技术上,由于天地通信延迟,无法实时手动操控,例如寻找合适的显微观测位置,难以像地面那样快速实时调整,而是需要经过采集图像—下传—判断—调整—再采集图像等过程,实验效率相比地面更低。此外,高速成像会产生海量数据,而星地传输带宽有限,也给实验过程带来一定困难。
事实上,软物质和复杂流体体系的微重力实验对数据测量的精度和实时性要求都很高。一些关键物理量,如微弱的力、微小的形变和浓度变化等,测量难度较大[115116]。而且微重力实验平台的数据传输能力有限,尤其是在一些短期飞行的平台上,大量实验数据可能无法及时、完整地传输到地面,影响后续分析和研究。
很多软物质和复杂流体体系都要经历长时间的微重力实验,这样,除了需要持续的资源供应,包括能源、材料、水和食物(如果涉及宇航员参与的实验)、数据存储与传输等,太空环境对实验设备和样品的长期稳定性也都有着很大影响。长期处于微重力环境中,实验设备要面临诸多考验。例如太空中存在的大量宇宙射线和高能粒子会对电子设备的芯片和电路造成辐射损伤,影响设备的正常运行[117]。同时,微重力环境下设备的机械部件可能会出现润滑失效、磨损加剧等问题,导致设备故障[118]。而实验设备的维护和更新更是一项极具挑战性的任务。这就要求实验设备在设计时,要具备高度的可靠性和可维护性,但目前要完全满足这些要求还存在一定难度。实验样品长期处于或暴露于太空环境中,其稳定性也会受到很多影响,从而使最终实验结果偏移或偏差。例如太空辐射不但能够与软物质和复杂流体中的分子发生相互作用,导致分子链断裂、交联或产生自由基,还可能引发内部的化学反应,改变其成分和性能,使其在长期实验过程中无法保持稳定[119]。如果软物质和复杂流体体系包含生物分子,如蛋白质、DNA等,辐射还会对生物活性产生严重影响,甚至可能会破坏生物分子的三维结构,使其失去原有的功能[32]。很多软物质和复杂流体体系对温度很敏感,在不同的温度下会发生相转变,如玻璃化转变、固液转变等[6]。在太空温度环境下,软物质和复杂流体可能会经历频繁的相转变,这会改变其物理和化学性质[120]。一些实验样品在太空或真空环境中,其挥发性成分迅速蒸发。例如含有溶剂、增塑剂或其他挥发性物质的样品,这些成分的损失会导致材料的组成和性能发生变化。另外,软物质和复杂流体样品表面还可能发生氧化、吸附或污染等现象,这些表面变化会影响其亲水性、疏水性、生物相容性等性能,进而影响实验中的稳定性和应用效果[121]
此外,开展微重力实验成本极高,包括实验平台建设和维护费用、实验设备研发和制造费用、样品运输费用等。这使得很多科研团队因资金限制无法开展相关研究,限制了软物质和复杂流体微重力研究的广泛开展。
理论与实验的结合,对于深入理解软物质和复杂流体在微重力下的行为和性质,促进该研究领域的发展至关重要[122123]。一方面,理论模型能够对软物质和复杂流体在微重力环境下的行为进行预测和指导,帮助研究人员确定实验的参数范围、实验条件和测量方法等。通过理论计算,研究人员可以预测软物质和复杂流体在不同条件下可能出现的现象,从而有针对性地设计实验,提高实验效率和成功率。另一方面,模型也需要通过实验来验证其准确性和可靠性。通过对比实验结果和理论预测,研究人员可以发现理论模型中存在的不足,进而对其进行修正和完善,使理论能够更精确地描述软物质和复杂流体的实际行为。尽管如此,理论和实验的结合过程中常常面临一些问题。
为了便于理论分析,往往需要对体系进行简化,建立理想化的模型[124]。然而,软物质和复杂流体体系本身具有高度的复杂性,包含多种相互作用和复杂的动力学过程,模型简化可能会忽略一些重要的因素,导致理论预测与实际实验结果存在偏差[125]
在实验和模拟的对比方面,计算机模拟的尺度往往与实验难以匹配,实验中软物质体系大、时间长,而粗粒化模拟经常难以覆盖真实尺度。重力的影响往往是通过多种不同机制对软物质行为产生影响,这在模拟中往往也难以进行非常合理的建模。然而,从原子尺度到宏观尺度的跨尺度模拟,迄今为止都是一个巨大的挑战,目前还缺乏有效的理论方法和计算工具来准确描述软物质和复杂流体在多尺度下的行为[126]
在组织层面,软物质和复杂流体的科学研究涉及到很多方向,而不同研究方向和团队的样品和实验流程差异较大,新的空间实验需要新研设备,新的团队需要沟通协调事项繁多,且空间项目周期长、门槛高,需要投入大量精力积累经验,才能有效完成空间实验全流程。
中国空间站的建成,为软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究提供了一个非常理想的平台和环境[91,127]。现已建成的实验柜中,流体柜、变重力柜、手套箱和低温储存柜都能够支撑软物质和复杂流体相关方向的研究,如自组织行为、相分离和相变、流变性质等。尤其是流体物理柜,内部配备了复杂流体模块,拥有显微观察、流变测量、静态光散射和动态光散射测量等功能,可实现对空间实验样品从微纳米尺度到毫米尺度的跨尺度显微测量,还能原位测量样品的黏度等关键流变参数,为研究软物质和复杂流体的微观结构和流变特性提供了有力支持。变重力柜能够模拟不同的重力水平,使研究人员可以系统地研究重力对软物质和复杂流体性能和行为的影响,对比不同重力条件下软物质和复杂流体的变化规律。手套箱为软物质和复杂流体实验提供了一个相对封闭、洁净的操作空间,便于进行样品的制备、处理和一些精细的实验操作,减少外界环境对实验的干扰。低温储存柜可用于保存对温度敏感的样品,确保样品在实验前的稳定性,为开展长期的软物质和复杂流体研究提供保障。
尽管中国空间站为软物质和复杂流体研究提供了卓越的微重力环境和先进实验设备,但目前还存在一定的局限性。除了前面所述的太空环境对实验样品的影响、资源供应等限制外,空间站实验平台上具体能够搭载的实验设备和样品数量也受到限制,这意味着在同一时期内,可开展的实验项目数量有限,无法满足所有研究方向和实验需求。且现有的实验设备的功能和性能也存在一定的局限性,例如一些测量仪器的分辨率、灵敏度等可能无法完全满足一些前沿研究的要求。
1) 胶体、泡沫、悬浮液、乳液和颗粒物质。现实世界中,到处都充斥着粒子、液滴和气泡等物质,从古至今关于这方面的研究也一直吸引着人们的兴趣[5]。胶体、泡沫、悬浮液、乳液和颗粒物质,通常还被作为模型体系来研究一般物质或材料的组织与动力学演化过程。因此,它们在软物质和复杂流体领域的基础研究中一直占据着很重要的地位。
胶体是由分散相粒子分散在连续相中形成的体系。在微重力环境中,重力沉降效应几乎消失[23,2526,42],研究重点包括胶体粒子的自组装行为、相分离动力学以及胶体晶体的形成机制。泡沫是由气体分散在液体中形成的多相体系。微重力环境下,泡沫的稳定性和结构演化与地面有很大不同。由于没有重力引起的液体排液现象,泡沫的寿命会显著延长,研究人员可以更深入地研究泡沫的微观结构、泡沫膜的稳定性以及泡沫的流变特性[62]。悬浮液是固体颗粒分散在液体中形成的体系。在微重力下,悬浮液中的颗粒沉降和团聚行为受到抑制,颗粒的分布更加均匀[22]。研究主要集中在悬浮液的稳定性、颗粒的动力学行为以及悬浮液的流变性能。乳液是一种液体以微小液滴的形式分散在另一种不相溶的液体中形成的体系。微重力环境下,乳液的稳定性和相分离过程与地面不同。由于重力引起的液滴沉降和聚并现象减少,乳液的动力学过程更加缓慢,研究人员可以更精确地研究乳液的形成机制、液滴的大小和分布以及乳液的稳定性[63]。颗粒物质是由大量离散颗粒组成的体系,如沙子、谷物等。在微重力下,颗粒物质的堆积结构、流动性和动力学行为与地面有很大差异[17]。研究重点包括颗粒的堆积密度、颗粒间的摩擦力和碰撞力以及颗粒物质的流动特性。
2) 非平衡态下的自组织。有很多软物质和复杂流体系统常常处于非平衡态,用传统的平衡态热力学与统计力学变得难以处理[128]。另外,现代的很多材料加工过程也主要在远离平衡态下进行,因此,理解和认识非平衡现象已经成为21世纪科学发展的核心任务之一。
活性物质是一种典型的非平衡态软物质和复杂流体体系,它由大量自驱动单元组成,这些单元能从周围环境摄取能量并转化为自身运动。例如生物体系中的细菌、细胞,以及人工合成的自驱动胶体粒子等[129]。活性物质会展现出集体运动行为,如形成漩涡、集群等有序结构,这与平衡态下的物质行为截然不同。在地球上,重力对活性物质的性质和行为起着至关重要的作用,特别是在微观尺度上。目前所研究的许多活性体系中的粒子,难以实现密度匹配,在地面上很容易沉降,这就使实验往往只在二维空间中进行。而在微重力环境下,重力的影响被极大地削弱,这就为研究三维活性粒子系统打开了新世界的大门[32]。到目前为止,在微重力环境下开展的活性物质研究很少,已发表的工作为1例在探空火箭上对光驱动活性胶体的研究,利用DDM方法获得活性胶体运动的初步实验数据[130],未来随着实验研究的深入和实验技术的发展,活性胶体的微重力研究必将会带来重要的新发现。无重力条件下,还可以研究探索一些被重力掩盖较弱的力,例如波动引起的卡西米尔力和它们的多体效应[115116]。在微重力环境下,活性物质还可能表现出与地面不同的模式。例如,细菌群体或自驱动胶体粒子很可能形成更规则、更大规模且更持久的集体结构,用于实现基于活性物质的功能材料。总之,活性物质的微重力研究通过削弱或排除重力因素的影响,可以使得活性物质原本被掩盖的一些性质得以凸显,从而为该领域的研究带来新的机遇和挑战。
远离平衡态的自组织过程,还是“机器制成机器”(machines made out of machines)的一种实现的可能途径[29,131132]。例如微米级别的机器,在简单相互作用下就能够自组装形成更复杂有趣的结构,从而制造出更大规模和尺度的机器。这一点和生物系统的运作方式很类似:原则上来说,每一个生命体都可以看作是由大量更为细小的机器单元(细胞、分子马达等)所组成的自组装机器[30,133]。制成的人工机器系统,其内部单元或颗粒之间存在多种多样的相互作用,从而之间能够通信、感知和互相响应。因此,通过“机器制成机器”途径,所制作出的人工机器也与生命体运作方式相同,它们不但能够移动、通信、变形并感知和操控环境,而且能够实现自修复、自复制、计算、学习、进化等功能。要广泛地实现这些智能机器的实际应用功能与价值,就要求能够深入理解目前还知之甚少的复杂动力学及协同作用原理。通过研究和探索这些人工机器的组织、驱动、运作的原理,预期还会出现一些新相变、新现象以及新科学领域。
近年来,仿生软物质在科学界引发了广泛的关注和兴趣[28]。自然界中的活体生物堪称最为精妙的“工程师”,它们能构建出许多以人类现有制造技术难以企及的独特结构,并展现出相应的神奇功能。科学研究的核心目标是深入剖析这些生物功能背后潜藏的基本设计准则,进而凭借所掌握的这些知识,研发出具有创新性的新一代材料。不过,研究的征程并非一帆风顺,而是面临着诸多棘手的挑战[129],其中的一大挑战是人工合成材料的开发。科研人员期望打造出与生物的神经系统、肌肉组织相类似的人工合成材料,借助这类材料去制造具备智能的机器人。这不仅要求材料在性能上接近生物组织,还需满足机器人制造所涉及的各项复杂需求。另一个重大挑战是复杂功能的自组织。在生命系统里,生物能够巧妙地实现大小可精准调控的组装过程。与之形成鲜明对比的是,绝大多数无机材料往往只能形成无限延展的大尺度结构,例如常见的晶体。且在尺寸控制组装方面,当前的合成方法与生物学中的高效组装方式相比,存在明显的滞后。未来若能掌握设计合成自限结构的自组装技术,有望催生出一系列变革性的前沿技术。为了实现这些目标,构建单元需要具备纳米尺度上进行任意形状编程的能力,并且要能够精确设计具有kBT精度的各向异性相互作用。
3) 软物质超材料。超材料是通过人工设计和构造,具有天然材料所不具备的超常物理性质的复合材料。它的设计理念是通过在微观或宏观尺度上对材料的结构进行精细调控,从而实现对电磁波、声波、热流等物理场的独特操控。与传统材料不同,超材料的功能不是由组成材料的具体物质所决定,而是由其内部基元的微观结构决定的[134]
由软物质和复杂流体制造超材料,是一个新兴且极具潜力的研究领域,已吸引了科学家和工程师的关注[28]。该领域将软物质与复杂流体的独特性质和超材料的可设计性相结合,通过特定的结构设计与组装,赋予其天然材料和传统超材料所不具备的新颖物理特性,具体表现为:① 柔韧性和可变形性。这类超材料具有良好的柔韧性和可变形性,能在较大程度上发生可逆变形,且不会丧失超材料的特性。例如,可弯曲、折叠甚至拉伸的超材料器件,在可穿戴设备、柔性电子等领域具有广阔的应用前景。② 刺激响应性。软物质和复杂流体通常对温度、pH值、电场、磁场、光照等外界刺激具有响应性,基于此制造的超材料也保留了这一特性,能够实现对物理性质的动态调控。如某些温度响应的软物质超材料,其光学或电磁性质会随温度变化而改变。③ 生物相容性。许多软物质,像生物大分子、水凝胶等,都具有良好的生物相容性。用它们制造的超材料可应用于生物医学领域,能更好地与生物组织兼容,减少排异反应。
微重力环境为软物质和复杂流体制造超材料提供了独特而有利的条件[11]。在地面上,由于重力和对流的影响,很难制备出尺寸较大且结构均匀的软物质超材料。微重力环境有利于克服这些问题,可以制造出更大尺寸、更均匀的超材料样品,满足一些实际应用对材料尺寸的要求。微重力也为软物质的自组装过程提供了更宽松的条件,有助于形成一些在地面难以实现的新型结构。例如,某些具有复杂拓扑结构的软物质超材料,在微重力环境下可能更容易通过自组装的方式形成,从而拓展了超材料的结构和性能范围。
受制于当前的技术水平、空间环境、实验设计等因素,现有微重力和复杂流体所用的实验技术,还存在一定的局限性。例如中国空间站现有的流体物理实验柜中的复杂流体模块[91],在现有条件下,不仅测量精度和分辨率不足,而且对于温度、压力、电磁场等其他实验操控的范围和精细度也不够;有不少软物质和复杂流体的微重力实验,需要实时、动态地观测三维空间的动力学演化过程,目前的空间站设备还难以实现全方位、多角度的、多层次的实时三维微观成像,这对于深入理解软物质和复杂流体体系的三维结构、相行为尤其是相关的微观物理机制,带来了一定的困难。因此,亟需要在现有地面实验技术的基础上,进一步改进和革新空间微重力技术和实验平台,以满足未来前沿研究的需求。
微重力环境下,软物质和复杂流体体系的结构演变,往往非常缓慢且细微,需要高分辨率的成像技术来捕捉其动态变化。共聚焦显微镜能够很好地满足这些研究需求,为深入了解软物质和复杂流体的结构、动态行为和相互作用提供强大的工具[135]。它有以下优势:高分辨率成像,可清晰观察到软物质中纳米至微米尺度的结构细节;光学切片能力,可以对样本进行无损伤的光学切片,避免了传统显微镜因样本厚度导致的图像模糊问题;三维重建,可以实现软物质三维结构的重建,直观地展示其空间分布和形态特征;多通道荧光成像,可同时检测多种荧光标记物,用于研究软物质和复杂流体样品中不同组分的分布和相互作用。
光镊技术,也被称为激光光镊,在软物质和复杂流体研究领域,它凭借非接触、高精度、实时动态监测等优势,已经成为探索软物质和复杂流体特性和行为的有力工具。在微重力环境下,光镊可以实现对单个细胞、胶体颗粒、生物大分子、乳液滴等的精确操控和定位[136]。通过光镊技术,可以研究或测量细胞的力学性质、胶体颗粒的相互作用、聚合物链动力学等。
微流控技术,为软物质和复杂流体的制备、性能研究和应用开发提供了新的途径和方法[137]。微流控芯片通常体积小、质量轻,非常适合搭载各类航天器进入太空。利用微流控芯片,能够精确控制微重力下软物质和复杂流体样品的流动和混合,实现对化学反应和物理过程的实时监测。例如,在微流控芯片中研究乳液的形成和稳定性,通过调节流速、通道尺寸等参数,可以深入了解乳液的制备机制和影响因素。微流控芯片还可以用来研究软物质和复杂流体的流变行为,测量流变性质,如黏度、弹性模量等。对于微小样品的力学性能测试,模拟生物体内力学环境和响应行为等,也都可以通过微流控芯片来实现。
针对前述的挑战,未来软物质和复杂流体空间实验可以向标准化、微型化、高通量、自动化、智能化方向发展。例如,采用微流控装置,把样品量压缩,并可实现一次运行高通量处理成千上万的样品,解决像地面一样难以做大量并行实验的问题;可在使用具有长期稳定的样品的基础上,通过自动进样、混合等流程,实现样品的自动化现配现做,减少航天员干预,以及软物质体系的长期稳定性问题;光镊、微流控、多场加载等新的调控手段将可以更加深入地认识和理解软物质体系行为的本质规律。随着人工智能技术的发展,针对天地通信延迟,无法实时手动操控的问题,可利用AI处理,实现自动化、智能化的显微成像、光镊捕获、微流控操控等流程,进而在下传数据时可只回传有效数据,从而降低传输压力。AI的发展也可用于模拟和建模方面,例如用机器学习加速模拟,实现大尺度体系仿真,在轨观测数据和地面实验数据直接用于训练模型,模型反推指导实验设计,并完善微重力和重力下的理论建模。空间实验的标准化、自动化、智能化发展,还有助于统一样品盒和实验流程,减少新研设备的人力物力投入,降低空间项目周期和门槛,并大幅降低单次实验成本。
在微重力环境下,开展软物质和复杂流体研究,是一个极具前沿性的跨学科领域,它融合了物理、化学、生物、材料等多学科知识[13]。值得一提的是,在人们的传统观念里,仍然将材料、计算机和机器人视为截然不同的领域。然而,未来的软物质和复杂流体研究,将逐渐模糊这些界限。例如由活性物质人工制造的软体机器,可以自主循环地处理信息,而无需依赖外部电池或计算机[29,133]。“信息是物理的”(information is physical),这一观点很早就由IBM的兰道尔(Rolf Landauer)提出[138]。著名物理学家费曼(Richard Phillips Feynman)在关于计算的讲义中,也阐释了这一理念[139]。事实上,信息与热力学存在着深刻的联系。要制造出能够信息处理、自主计算的机器,必然要求人们对信息科学、材料设计、物理学等领域的交叉融合和深度理解。
未来的软物质和复杂流体研究,将进一步加强物理、化学、生物和材料等学科理论的深度融合。综合运用多种先进技术手段是未来研究的重要趋势。例如,结合先进的显微镜技术、光谱技术和成像技术,从不同尺度和角度研究软物质和复杂流体在微重力下的结构和性能变化。同时,利用数值模拟技术(如蒙特卡洛模拟、分子动力学模拟、有限元模拟)对实验结果进行预测和验证,实现实验与模拟的协同创新。
软物质和复杂流体微重力研究的成果将在更多领域得到应用。例如,在航空航天领域,用于开发航天器的密封材料、润滑剂和传感器等;在生物医学领域,用于制备药物递送系统、组织工程支架和生物传感器等;在能源领域,用于开发高性能的电池电解质和电极材料等。随着研究的深入,软物质和复杂流体微重力研究将为解决人类面临的能源、健康和环境等重大问题提供新的途径和方法。
由于微重力实验资源有限,开展国际合作和跨机构协作将成为必然趋势。不同国家和地区的科研团队可以共享实验平台和数据资源,共同开展大型研究项目。例如,新建成的中国空间站,为软物质和复杂流体微重力研究提供了宝贵的实验平台[91],各国科研团队通过合作可以充分利用这一资源,加速研究进程,取得更具影响力的研究成果。同时,科研机构、高校和企业之间的合作也将更加紧密,实现产学研的深度融合,推动软物质和复杂流体微重力研究成果的产业化应用。
软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究是当前科学界具有重要意义的研究领域。微重力环境为我们打开了一扇全新的大门,可以摆脱重力的束缚,去窥探软物质和复杂流体那些隐藏在常规条件下的奥秘。除了“揭示奥秘,追求真理”这类科技工作者孜孜以求的目标外,研究软物质与复杂流体体系的性质、规律等,还与人们的日常生活、工业技术以及生命体系密切相连。在以人为本的现代社会,其研究对于人们的衣食住行、健康、环境、安全等方面的重要性不言而喻。社会文明的发展和改善人们生活的迫切需求,也为软物质和复杂流体研究提出了许多挑战性课题。这些课题不仅是对科研工作者的考验,更是推动科学进步的动力源泉。
中国空间站的建成与运营为软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究搭建了前所未有的广阔平台。它提供了长期、稳定且接近理想状态的微重力环境,使得科研人员能够开展更多深入、系统的实验。相较于以往利用落塔、抛物线飞机、探空火箭等平台进行的短期、间断性研究,空间站让持续观测软物质在微重力下的长期变化成为可能,大大拓展了研究的深度与广度。然而,现有空间站所提供的实验技术和设备仍存在一些不足,例如高精度测量和原位观测手段等仍需进一步提升。再加上有限的实验资源、高昂的空间实验成本、太空环境对实验设备和样品稳定性的负面影响、理论模型与实验的结合问题等,这些都制约着软物质与复杂流体微重力研究的发展。
“长风破浪会有时,直挂云帆济沧海。”展望未来,软物质和复杂流体的微重力研究方兴未艾,充满了希望和机遇。未来的研究焦点主要集中在胶体、泡沫、悬浮液、乳液和颗粒物质,非平衡态下的自组织及软物质超材料等方面。新建成的中国空间站刚刚进入蓬勃发展的运营期阶段。借助中国空间站的优势,并辅助于落塔、抛物线飞机、探空火箭等其他平台所提供的微重力实验机会,这些研究方向有望取得突破性进展。随着科技的不断进步,我们有望开发出更先进的设备与测量技术来提高实验效率和精度。所谓“单丝不成线,独木不成林”,跨学科研究和国际合作成为趋势,通过整合多学科知识与全球科研力量,必将为该领域的发展注入新的活力。
  • 中国载人航天工程项目(胶体的聚集和相转变的微重力研究,微重力下胶体体系的玻璃态转变及流变行为研究)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0503503)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00057
  • 接收时间:2025-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-06-15
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-25
  • 修回日期:2026-05-19
基金
中国载人航天工程项目(胶体的聚集和相转变的微重力研究,微重力下胶体体系的玻璃态转变及流变行为研究)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0503503)
作者信息
    1中国科学院力学研究所微重力重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学工程科学学院,北京 100049

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徐升华(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为微重力下的复杂流体,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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