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Article(id=1301137649889206347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757347200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-09, revisedDate=1779724800000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788144989702, onlineDateStr=2026-08-31, pubDate=1786550400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788144989702, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788144989702, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788144989702, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301137643908128824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786550400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788144988276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788145858754, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=144, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301137650140864588, articleId=1301137649889206347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Deep tunnel solutions for urban flooding: Accelerating deep tunnel drainage infrastructure development in China, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Climate change has intensified extreme rainfall events and increased urban pluvial flooding risks, revealing the inadequacies of traditional drainage infrastructure. Deep tunnel sewer system (DTSS), as a kind of strategic resilient infrastructure, offers an important engineering pathway for enhancing drainage and flood−control capacity in high−density built−up areas of megacities and large cities through rapid conveyance, large−scale storage, peak attenuation, and environmental improvement. International practices indicate that deep tunnels can alleviate shallow drainage network bottlenecks under suitable hydrological, hydraulic, and operational conditions, while generating co−benefits in overflow pollution control, water environment improvement, and intensive land use. Domestic practices in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Wuhan, and other cities further demonstrate the potential of DTSS. Over a review of existing practices, this article analyzes the mechanisms and comprehensive benefits of DTSS, and identifies main issues in planning, construction, and operations of DTSS. It is argued that although DTSS cannot universally replace conventional drainage facilities, they serve as a strategic infrastructure backbone for urban areas featuring high density, intensified flood risk and substantial asset exposure to flood. Policy recommendations are proposed in terms of watershed−scale planning and design, investment and financing mechanisms, as well as construction and operation standards.

, authors=Xiaolu GAO1, Zihao WANG1, Wei LIU2, *, authorsList=Xiaolu GAO, Zihao WANG, Wei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137653013962839, articleId=1301137649889206347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=城市内涝 深隧解题——加快中国城市深层隧道排水基础设施建设的建议, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在全球气候变化影响下，极端降雨事件明显增加，导致城市内涝风险加剧，暴露出当前排水基础设施的短板。深层隧道排水系统（深隧）作为一种战略性韧性基础设施，凭借其快速输水、大容量调蓄和环境改善功能，为超大特大城市高密度建成区排水防涝能力提升提供了重要路径。国际实践经验表明，在具备适宜受纳水体、泵站能力和系统联调条件的城市，深隧能够显著削弱浅层管网瓶颈，提升排水防涝标准，并在合流制溢流控制、水环境改善和土地集约利用方面产生积极作用。广州、上海、武汉等国内案例进一步显示了深隧的应用潜力。梳理国内外经验，分析深隧基础设施提升排水防涝能力的作用机制，并从减灾、水环境、土地集约利用和长期运维等维度讨论其综合效益，论证了高密度、高风险、高资产暴露区域深隧的战略合理性和工程可行性。在此基础上，分析了深隧规划建设和管理运行中的主要技术难点和政策问题，提出加强顶层设计与分类推进、创新投融资与收益回收机制、完善技术标准与协同运维体系等建议。

, authors=高晓路1, 王子豪1, 刘伟2, *, authorsList=高晓路, 王子豪, 刘伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘伟, authorNote=

高晓路，教授，研究方向为城乡规划、城市地理、区域可持续发展，电子信箱：

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘伟（通信作者），高级工程师，研究方向为城市给排水，电子信箱：
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高晓路，教授，研究方向为城乡规划、城市地理、区域可持续发展，电子信箱：

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高晓路，教授，研究方向为城乡规划、城市地理、区域可持续发展，电子信箱：

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项目主要功能规模能力指标建成/投运时间成效
　东京G−Cans[2]　分洪排涝　主隧长约6.3 km，内径约10.6 m，埋深约50 m　最大排放能力约200 m3/s　1993年开工，2002年首期通水，2006年全面运行　台风暴雨期间分洪减灾，缓解首都圈低洼区洪涝风险
　芝加哥TARP[3]　合流溢流（CSO）控制　隧道总长约 176 km，埋深约 45~106 m　总调蓄能力约6600万 m3　隧道系统2006年建成，水库分期投运　削减合流制溢流，改善芝加哥河和密歇根湖水质
　伦敦Thames
Tideway[4−5]		　CSO控制　主隧长约 25 km，内径约 7.2 m，埋深约 30~70 m　可截流约95%合流制溢流　2025年全线连通运行　减少污水入河，改善泰晤士河水生态环境
　新加坡DTSS[6]　污水控制　深隧及连接管网络约 206 km，埋深约 20~55 m　以重力流输送为主，减少中间泵站　一期2008年投运，二期2027年起分阶段投运　重构污水输送格局，释放土地并支撑新加坡的NEWater新生水体系
　吉隆坡
SMART[7]		　防洪与交通复合　隧道长约 9.7 km，内径约 13.2 m　最大调蓄能力约300万 m3　2007年投入运行　暴雨期分洪排涝，平时承担城市快速交通功能
　墨西哥城
TEO[8]		　排洪和污水控制　隧道长约 62 km，开挖直径约 8.9 m，埋深约 23~150 m　最大排放能力约150 m3/s　2019年建成投运　缓解城市排水压力，提升污水和洪水外排能力
　首尔新月雨水滞蓄排水设施[9]　分洪排涝　隧道长约 4.7 km，直径约 10 m，埋深约 40 m　滞蓄能力约32万 m3　2020年建成运行　提升易涝片区排水能力，降低短历时强降雨积水风险
　中国香港西部排水隧道[10−11]　分洪排涝　隧道长约 10.7 km，直径约 7~8.2 m，埋深约 30~170 m　最大排放能力约135 m3/s　2012年投入运行　截流山洪径流并排海，减轻低洼建成区排水负担
), ArticleFig(id=1301137655308247160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137649889206347, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深隧排水系统建设的典型案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目主要功能规模能力指标建成/投运时间成效
　东京G−Cans[2]　分洪排涝　主隧长约6.3 km，内径约10.6 m，埋深约50 m　最大排放能力约200 m3/s　1993年开工，2002年首期通水，2006年全面运行　台风暴雨期间分洪减灾，缓解首都圈低洼区洪涝风险
　芝加哥TARP[3]　合流溢流（CSO）控制　隧道总长约 176 km，埋深约 45~106 m　总调蓄能力约6600万 m3　隧道系统2006年建成，水库分期投运　削减合流制溢流，改善芝加哥河和密歇根湖水质
　伦敦Thames
Tideway[4−5]		　CSO控制　主隧长约 25 km，内径约 7.2 m，埋深约 30~70 m　可截流约95%合流制溢流　2025年全线连通运行　减少污水入河，改善泰晤士河水生态环境
　新加坡DTSS[6]　污水控制　深隧及连接管网络约 206 km，埋深约 20~55 m　以重力流输送为主，减少中间泵站　一期2008年投运，二期2027年起分阶段投运　重构污水输送格局，释放土地并支撑新加坡的NEWater新生水体系
　吉隆坡
SMART[7]		　防洪与交通复合　隧道长约 9.7 km，内径约 13.2 m　最大调蓄能力约300万 m3　2007年投入运行　暴雨期分洪排涝，平时承担城市快速交通功能
　墨西哥城
TEO[8]		　排洪和污水控制　隧道长约 62 km，开挖直径约 8.9 m，埋深约 23~150 m　最大排放能力约150 m3/s　2019年建成投运　缓解城市排水压力，提升污水和洪水外排能力
　首尔新月雨水滞蓄排水设施[9]　分洪排涝　隧道长约 4.7 km，直径约 10 m，埋深约 40 m　滞蓄能力约32万 m3　2020年建成运行　提升易涝片区排水能力，降低短历时强降雨积水风险
　中国香港西部排水隧道[10−11]　分洪排涝　隧道长约 10.7 km，直径约 7~8.2 m，埋深约 30~170 m　最大排放能力约135 m3/s　2012年投入运行　截流山洪径流并排海，减轻低洼建成区排水负担
), ArticleFig(id=1301137655396327545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137649889206347, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目功能类型规模特征建设状态主要功能主要成效
　广州东濠涌深隧试验段[12−13]截污排涝　试验段工程，联通浅层排水系统2018年建成运行　截流合流污水，提升片区排涝能力　排水标准提升至约10年一遇，CSO削减约70%
　上海苏州河深隧（试验段）[14]调蓄治污　主隧长约15~17 km，调蓄库容约70万~100万 m3试验段完成，
系统持续推进		　调蓄初期雨水，削减合流溢流　沿线排水标准提升至5年一遇，可应对100年一遇降雨情景
　武汉大东湖深隧（污水传输）[15−17]污水传输　主隧长约17.5 km，埋深约30~50 m2020年建成运行　收集并输送大武昌片区污水　服务约130 km2、约300万人，累计输水已突破10亿t
　浙江省扩大杭嘉湖南排后续西部通道工程[18−19]分洪排涝　工程总长约 29 km，排涝规模约300 m3/s2022年开工，
计划2028年完工		　分洪排涝，兼顾生态配水　建成后杭州城西防洪排涝标准可提升至50年一遇
　深圳前海—南山排水深隧系统工程[20−21]治污排水　深层排水系统，服务前海—南山片区在建推进中　旱季收污，雨季调蓄初雨并辅助排涝　削减初期雨水入海污染，提升片区排水安全
　北京CBD核心区外部雨水排除工程[22−23]调蓄排涝　隧道、泵站、调蓄设施组合在建推进中　核心区雨水外排与调蓄　提升CBD核心区雨水排除和地下空间安全保障能力
　成都中心城区污水深隧系统（规划）[24−25]调蓄治污　深层污水与合流调蓄系统规划研究阶段　缓解管网带压，削减合流溢流　支撑老城排水系统重构的方案论证
), ArticleFig(id=1301137655496990842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137649889206347, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国典型城市深隧和深层排水工程案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目功能类型规模特征建设状态主要功能主要成效
　广州东濠涌深隧试验段[12−13]截污排涝　试验段工程，联通浅层排水系统2018年建成运行　截流合流污水，提升片区排涝能力　排水标准提升至约10年一遇，CSO削减约70%
　上海苏州河深隧（试验段）[14]调蓄治污　主隧长约15~17 km，调蓄库容约70万~100万 m3试验段完成，
系统持续推进		　调蓄初期雨水，削减合流溢流　沿线排水标准提升至5年一遇，可应对100年一遇降雨情景
　武汉大东湖深隧（污水传输）[15−17]污水传输　主隧长约17.5 km，埋深约30~50 m2020年建成运行　收集并输送大武昌片区污水　服务约130 km2、约300万人，累计输水已突破10亿t
　浙江省扩大杭嘉湖南排后续西部通道工程[18−19]分洪排涝　工程总长约 29 km，排涝规模约300 m3/s2022年开工，
计划2028年完工		　分洪排涝，兼顾生态配水　建成后杭州城西防洪排涝标准可提升至50年一遇
　深圳前海—南山排水深隧系统工程[20−21]治污排水　深层排水系统，服务前海—南山片区在建推进中　旱季收污，雨季调蓄初雨并辅助排涝　削减初期雨水入海污染，提升片区排水安全
　北京CBD核心区外部雨水排除工程[22−23]调蓄排涝　隧道、泵站、调蓄设施组合在建推进中　核心区雨水外排与调蓄　提升CBD核心区雨水排除和地下空间安全保障能力
　成都中心城区污水深隧系统（规划）[24−25]调蓄治污　深层污水与合流调蓄系统规划研究阶段　缓解管网带压，削减合流溢流　支撑老城排水系统重构的方案论证
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城市内涝 深隧解题——加快中国城市深层隧道排水基础设施建设的建议
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高晓路 1 , 王子豪 1 , 刘伟 2, *
科技导报 | 政策建议 2026,44(15): 144-152
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科技导报 |政策建议 2026 , 44 (15) : 144 -152
城市内涝 深隧解题——加快中国城市深层隧道排水基础设施建设的建议
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高晓路1 , 王子豪1, 刘伟2, *
作者信息
  • 1北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院，北京 100044
  • 2北京城市排水集团有限责任公司，北京 101160
通讯作者:
刘伟（通信作者），高级工程师，研究方向为城市给排水，电子信箱：
作者简介:

高晓路，教授，研究方向为城乡规划、城市地理、区域可持续发展，电子信箱：

Deep tunnel solutions for urban flooding: Accelerating deep tunnel drainage infrastructure development in China
Xiaolu GAO1 , Zihao WANG1, Wei LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 101160, China
出版时间: 2026-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00041
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在全球气候变化影响下，极端降雨事件明显增加，导致城市内涝风险加剧，暴露出当前排水基础设施的短板。深层隧道排水系统（深隧）作为一种战略性韧性基础设施，凭借其快速输水、大容量调蓄和环境改善功能，为超大特大城市高密度建成区排水防涝能力提升提供了重要路径。国际实践经验表明，在具备适宜受纳水体、泵站能力和系统联调条件的城市，深隧能够显著削弱浅层管网瓶颈，提升排水防涝标准，并在合流制溢流控制、水环境改善和土地集约利用方面产生积极作用。广州、上海、武汉等国内案例进一步显示了深隧的应用潜力。梳理国内外经验，分析深隧基础设施提升排水防涝能力的作用机制，并从减灾、水环境、土地集约利用和长期运维等维度讨论其综合效益，论证了高密度、高风险、高资产暴露区域深隧的战略合理性和工程可行性。在此基础上，分析了深隧规划建设和管理运行中的主要技术难点和政策问题，提出加强顶层设计与分类推进、创新投融资与收益回收机制、完善技术标准与协同运维体系等建议。

深隧系统  /  防洪排涝  /  韧性基础设施

Climate change has intensified extreme rainfall events and increased urban pluvial flooding risks, revealing the inadequacies of traditional drainage infrastructure. Deep tunnel sewer system (DTSS), as a kind of strategic resilient infrastructure, offers an important engineering pathway for enhancing drainage and flood−control capacity in high−density built−up areas of megacities and large cities through rapid conveyance, large−scale storage, peak attenuation, and environmental improvement. International practices indicate that deep tunnels can alleviate shallow drainage network bottlenecks under suitable hydrological, hydraulic, and operational conditions, while generating co−benefits in overflow pollution control, water environment improvement, and intensive land use. Domestic practices in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Wuhan, and other cities further demonstrate the potential of DTSS. Over a review of existing practices, this article analyzes the mechanisms and comprehensive benefits of DTSS, and identifies main issues in planning, construction, and operations of DTSS. It is argued that although DTSS cannot universally replace conventional drainage facilities, they serve as a strategic infrastructure backbone for urban areas featuring high density, intensified flood risk and substantial asset exposure to flood. Policy recommendations are proposed in terms of watershed−scale planning and design, investment and financing mechanisms, as well as construction and operation standards.

deep tunnel sewer system (DTSS)  /  urban flooding  /  resilient infrastructure
高晓路, 王子豪, 刘伟. 城市内涝 深隧解题——加快中国城市深层隧道排水基础设施建设的建议. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (15) : 144 -152 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00041
Xiaolu GAO, Zihao WANG, Wei LIU. Deep tunnel solutions for urban flooding: Accelerating deep tunnel drainage infrastructure development in China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (15) : 144 -152 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00041
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近年来，全球气候变化显著改变了降雨的时空分布，极端强降雨频发，城市内涝风险急剧增加。统计资料显示，2020—2023年，全国城市年均发生内涝灾害超120次，年均直接经济损失约300亿元，累计影响超过2000万人次。2025年“七下八上”防汛关键期，全国有330条河流发生超警以上洪水，其中77条超过保证水位、22条刷新历史纪录，多地出现“城市看海”。如河北省易县单日降雨量447.9 mm，北易水河暴涨引发大面积内涝；涿州继“23·7”海河流域特大暴雨后再次严重积水，局部水深达1.5 m；郑州、深圳、东莞等地亦发生严重内涝，造成交通中断与基础设施损失。这些灾害事件暴露出中国城市防洪排涝体系在规划、建设、管理和运维方面的结构性短板。
归纳起来，突出问题主要集中在以下方面：一是城市规划建设与排水防涝体系衔接不足。早期设防标准偏低且与高速城镇化进程中的城市扩张不同步；城市建设中不透水地面比例不断上升，绿地和湿地被压缩，自然排水系统受损；填湖造地、河道功能多元化和占用行泄洪通道，使河湖水系的天然调蓄功能减弱。二是排水基础设施建设与维护滞后。在老城区基础上的增量扩展导致“新老系统”匹配不良，老城区普遍存在排水管网老化、管径偏小、雨污合流等问题，而对既有管网的改造多为点状修补、缺乏统筹，导致网络结构碎片化、整体排涝能力受限；运维不到位引发的淤堵与破损进一步削弱了排水效能。三是应急管理体系不健全。在实际工作中，暴雨洪涝预警灵敏度不足、响应不及时、抢险资源分布不均、专业力量薄弱等问题仍较为突出。
习近平总书记强调：“地下管网是城市的‘里子’工程，面子里子要一起要，要更重里子”。《城市内涝治理系统化实施方案编制大纲》已将防洪调蓄设施与排水设施改造列为系统治理的重点[1]。在此背景下，地下深层隧道排水系统（简称深隧，deep tunnel sewer system，DTSS）成为应对内涝的重要选择。顾名思义，深隧就是在地下深层建设的大容量通道与调蓄设施，主要有防洪分洪型、排涝调蓄型和合流制溢流控制型3个类型。作为兼具行洪调蓄与水环境改善功能的基础设施，深隧不仅能够在暴雨期间承担截流、输送、调蓄和调控功能，显著缓解浅层管网能力瓶颈，而且通常与泵站、河湖水系和污水处理设施联动，发挥溢流控制和污水输送等功能。近20~30年来，深隧已被越来越多的国家和地区视为应对气候变化下城市内涝问题的战略性解决方案。
1 国内外深隧排水系统建设实践
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目前，全球已有40多个城市建成或在建深隧系统，主要集中在人口高度密集且内涝风险高的特大城市。表1对部分已建成的深隧排水系统进行了梳理。日本东京首都圈“外郭放水路”（G−Cans）埋深约50 m，由6.3 km的主隧及5座巨型竖井构成，设计排洪能力200 m3/s，将洪水导入江户川（图1）。20年来，G−Cans已在多次台风中发挥重要作用[2]。美国芝加哥的“隧道和水库计划”（tunnel and reservoir plan，TARP）被称为全球最复杂的深隧系统，包含约176 km长的隧道、264座竖井、若干水库与泵站，按10年一遇暴雨标准分期实施，主要功能是解决合流污水溢流问题。自从2006年建成投运以来，已证明显著改善了密歇根湖的水质[3]。英国伦敦泰晤士河Tideway隧道同样是以合流污水控制为主要目标，使进入泰晤士河的溢流事件降至5%以内[4−5]。新加坡DTSS深层隧道排水系统通过重力系统实现了污水主干线和集中处理厂的整合，污水处理厂由6座减少至3座，释放了150 hm2土地用于商业与公共开发[6]。马来西亚吉隆坡SMART隧道是全球首个兼具交通与排水功能的深隧，可在暴雨期间拦蓄约300万m3洪水，平时则作为城市道路使用（图2）[7]。墨西哥城Emisor Oriente是全球最长的污水深隧之一，兼具排洪和治污复合功能[8]。此外，一些特大城市用深隧来解决重点地区的排涝问题，如韩国首尔除了已投用的新月雨水滞蓄排水设施外，正于江南、冠岳、老城光化门等商圈和人口高度稠密的易涝片区建设多条深层排水隧道，定点提升其排涝能力[9]；香港通过西部、荔枝角与荃湾等排水隧道在山前截流暴雨径流并直排外海，显著减轻了低洼区的排水负担[10−11]。
从实施成效来看，深隧通过深层通道和大容量调蓄削弱浅层管网瓶颈，在部分高风险片区显著提升了排水防涝能力，提升幅度取决于设计标准、库容规模、下游受纳水体、泵站能力和运行调度水平。同时，深隧也成为兼顾防洪、水污染防治、土地与能源效率提升，乃至辅助交通的综合性基础设施。例如，东京与中国香港主要强调深隧的分洪功能，采取快速排海措施；伦敦与芝加哥聚焦合流污水溢流控制与水生态恢复功能；新加坡在建设污水主干网的同时，注重深隧在释放土地价值和降低能耗方面的作用；吉隆坡则探索深隧与城市交通的复合，为深层地下空间的平急多用提供了启发。在已建案例中，如芝加哥与新加坡，深隧系统成为流域级骨干排水基础设施的重要组成部分。
与表1案例呼应，我国近十几年中启动了一批城市深隧的建设，广州、上海、武汉等地的深隧工程实践已由“试验先行”进入“系统化联调”阶段。表2列举了主要已建、在建和规划中城市深隧的工程参数与进展情况。广州东濠涌深隧是中国首个地下深层隧道排水试验工程，2014年底开工，已于2018年建成运行，这条深隧将东濠涌流域的排水标准从1~3年一遇提升至10年一遇，合流污水溢流削减率提高了70%左右[12−13]。上海苏州河深隧试验段于2016年开工，目前仍在推进，预计建成后能大幅提升苏州河沿线排水系统标准，在百年一遇降雨情景下降低区域性积水和运行中断风险，显著减少合流污水溢流。同时，深隧建设与苏州河两岸的城市更新项目协同推进，预期会产生更加广泛的经济、社会和环境效益[14]。武汉大东湖深隧是国内目前长度处于前列的主城区污水深隧，服务大武昌片区约130.35 km2，惠及300万人口。自2020年投运以来，累计输水已突破10亿t，不仅对东湖、长江及周边水体水环境改善发挥了作用，而且为主城区污水系统优化和土地集约利用创造了条件[15−17]。在建中的浙江省扩大杭嘉湖南排后续西部通道工程在规模和埋深上在我国首屈一指，建成后将显著增强钱塘江流域防洪排涝能力[18−19]；深圳前海—南山排水深隧系统工程集污水收集、初期雨水控制和极端降雨排涝于一体，预计建成后将大幅改善前海湾水环境并提升片区排涝能力[20−21]；在建的北京CBD核心区外部雨水排除工程按100年一遇暴雨进行设计，建成后将有效保障核心区地上及地下空间的安全运行[22−23]。此外，成都中心城区污水深隧系统正在进行工程规划研究[24−25]。
国内外实践体现了高密度建成区对排水基础设施的需求，以及深层隧道排水系统的重要应用价值。特别是在高密度、高风险、高资产暴露且浅层排水提标受限的建成区，深隧能够跨越式提升排水防涝能力，并在减灾、水环境改善、土地集约利用等方面发挥作用。当然，深隧并非普适性方案，作为流域级的大型基础设施，深隧在供需匹配、工程投入、运维保障及资源生态约束方面存在很高门槛。多数中小城市内涝仅集中在1~5 km的局部片区，依托管网升级、小微调蓄与海绵城市即可达到治理目标，盲目建设深隧会造成功能冗余。深隧的单公里造价和建设周期远高于浅层改造，存在淤积、溢流等隐患，且对专业运维团队与智能调度体系有较高要求。此外，深部地下空间资源的不可逆占用、地下水文格局和地质构造的改变和扰动等资源生态风险也是深隧建设中必须考虑的重要方面。因此，对于仍具备地表调蓄空间、河道整治空间和浅层管网改造条件的城市，还是应该优先采用海绵城市、管网更新、泵站改造和河湖水系整治等综合措施。
2 深隧提升排水韧性的作用机制与综合效益
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2.1 改善排水能力的机制
深隧提升排水能力的关键在于重构城市排水系统的水力控制格局。通过将部分暴雨径流或合流溢流引入埋深更大的隧道系统，深隧能够降低浅层管网关键节点的控制水位，减少满管、顶托和地面溢流风险。
与此同时，深隧巨大的库容在调蓄方面也能发挥显著作用。通过与末端泵站、排放口联动控制，可根据需求改变入流峰值或使其后移，从而降低下游断面的等效峰流。深隧规划设计与大型合流制溢流控制实践通常将库容、入流竖井、末端泵站和运行控制作为整体系统进行评估[26]。已有研究采用动态波模型及联动调度仿真对上述效应进行了定量评估[27]，在考虑顶托效应、河道回水等边界条件情况下，通过多方案比较论证了深隧在防涝标准提升与合流溢流（combined sewer overflows，CSO）削减方面的潜在综合优势[28−29]。
2.2 建设施工技术可行性
中国在大直径盾构制造、复杂地层掘进、超深基坑支护、智能在线监测及地下工程风险防控等领域已形成较完整的技术体系与装备能力，地下空间开发技术进入自主原创与系统集成阶段。国产盾构机已实现全球领先，目前全球市场每10台盾构机中约有7台为中国制造，2026年世界最大直径的高铁盾构机“领航号”（最大开挖直径15.4 m）完成崇太长江隧道11.18 km水下段施工；针对复杂地层掘进的压力自适应系统、带压换刀作业装备及超前注浆加固等核心技术在多元地质条件下实现常态化应用；百米级深基坑“分区组合支护”的设计理念与工艺体系日趋成熟，已经具备系统性工程推广能力；施工风险预控中的智能预警和闭环管控技术也在不断增强。
技术装备和工程经验的积累为城市深层隧道建设提供了有力支撑。但深隧建设是一项复杂的系统工程，除了施工装备与技术能力外，埋深、选址、线路走向、竖井布局、周边既有建（构）筑物的保护，以及后期的长效运维条件等，也是极为关键的因素。因此，需要从顶层规划和前期可行性研究阶段开展多方案的系统比选，综合考虑技术装备能力、工程施工条件、运维需求、资源生态约束和建设施工运维风险，保障深隧项目科学布局、安全可控、长效运行。
2.3 深隧的综合经济效益
深隧具有“高初始投资、长期韧性收益”的典型特征，其全生命周期综合收益包括直接减灾收益、交通和商业中断损失减少、水环境改善收益、土地机会成本节约、污水处理系统优化收益以及长期运维成本等，此外，深隧还能够带动地下工程装备、智慧运维、排水模型和绿色建造等相关技术发展，提升城市基础设施建设的系统集成能力[26]。从表1可知，全球深隧建设发展的历史不过20~30年，深隧项目的综合经济效益测算主要是基于模拟评估，全生命周期管理的经验仍有待积累和总结。总体而言，虽然建设和运维成本巨大，投资回收期长，但从防洪减灾、环境改善与全生命周期综合效益看，在高密度、高风险、高资产暴露区域，深隧的技术经济可行性是成立的。
世界银行相关研究显示，在低收入和中等收入国家，每投入1美元用于提升基础设施韧性，可获得3~5美元的收益[30−31]。东京外郭放水路[2]投资约2300亿日元（约合130亿元人民币），2002年首期使用以来已减少1484亿日元的洪灾损失，并降低了首都圈“停摆”风险；伦敦Tideway通过多方案比选，选定“最为经济、高效”的深隧排水方案[4]。相关研究测算显示，广州东濠涌深隧投资约7.7亿元，静态投资回收期约为12年，预计50年间可减少内涝损失约40亿元[12−13]。在土地资源高度紧张的超大特大城市，深隧节省的地上空间能形成巨大的土地机会成本和土地再开发收益，这也是深隧项目多布局于高密度、高资产暴露大都市的重要原因之一。
3 中国深隧建设面临的关键制约
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近年来，国内外深隧建设技术迅速发展，但仍面临不少制约因素，主要包括规划论证、建设风险和运维管理机制3个方面。
3.1 规划统筹与系统边界约束
一是流域尺度和系统边界论证不足。深隧的效能取决于上游汇水范围、浅层管网连通性、下游受纳水体水位、末端泵站能力、污水处理厂负荷以及应急排放条件。如果仅以局部片区径流量匹配隧道规模，容易形成系统不畅的新问题。如芝加哥TARP工程初期仅针对中心城区溢流污染和内涝问题设计，对下游受纳河道的承受能力考虑不足，建成以后下游的泄洪瓶颈使暴雨工况下深隧无法排空，后期不得不追加投资实施泵站扩容和设施改造，整体效益明显降低。在滨江、滨海和平原河网城市，深隧出流能力受潮位顶托、河道水位、泵站能力和排放窗口约束，更需要强化流域尺度的规划统筹，开展多情景、全周期的系统联调论证，避免局部功能冗余、投资浪费与运行风险。
二是地下空间规划统筹协调难度大。深层隧道多布局于高密度建成区地下，其线路走向、埋深设置、竖井选址和泵站用地，往往与轨道交通、综合管廊、地下道路、既有市政管网、高层建筑桩基和地下商业空间存在交叉影响。当前我国尚未形成统一完备的地下空间基础数据库与全周期规划管控体系，各类设施信息不透明、空间管控碎片化，易导致深隧在规划、施工、运维及检修全流程中与既有地下建（构）筑物发生空间冲突，进而引发设计变更、工期延误与投资增加。因此，深隧项目必须在前期规划阶段即开展全域地下空间资源核查、冲突风险识别、多方案线位比选及竖井用地可行性论证，避免进入施工阶段后被动调整带来的风险与成本。
3.2 工程实施与安全运行风险
一是复杂建成环境下的施工扰动风险高。深隧多位于人口密集、建筑密集和地下设施密集区域，施工过程涉及深竖井、长距离盾构、复杂地层穿越和既有设施保护。对于超高层建筑、轨道交通和重要市政管线密集区域，隧道埋深可能与建筑桩基或地下结构影响范围重叠，若线位选择、地层加固和施工控制不当，可能引发地层损失、差异沉降、结构变形和周边设施运行风险。因此，应在设计阶段开展建筑基础、轨道交通、地下管线和地质风险的综合识别，在施工阶段建立自动化监测、动态反馈和分级预警机制。
二是深隧运行工况复杂，长期安全维护要求高。深隧在暴雨期间可能经历短时高流量入流、压力波动、空气裹挟、竖井水气交换和泵站高负荷运行等复杂工况，极端情况下可能产生气爆、涌水、倒灌或应急溢流风险[32]。在运行过程中，隧道还面临泥沙淤积、腐蚀、检修空间受限和设备老化等问题[33−34]。与常规浅层管网相比，深隧运行更依赖实时监测、模型预测、泵站联动和专业化检修[35−36]，应提前考虑并预留运行维护、检修通道、沉积物清理和极端工况处置条件。
3.3 运行调度与监管制度约束
一是跨部门调度权责仍需理顺。深隧运行涉及水务、住建、生态环境、应急管理、交通、气象和污水处理单位，暴雨期间需要在入流控制、泵站启停、污水处理厂负荷、受纳水体水位和应急溢流之间快速决策。若缺乏统一调度主体、数据共享机制和分级响应规则，深隧可能难以发挥系统效能。
二是应急溢流监管规则不清。深隧在极端暴雨条件下可能需要实施应急溢流或临时排放，但现行水环境监管体系对其监测频次、达标判定、豁免条件、信息公开和责任边界缺乏专门规定，容易造成运行单位“不敢排、不会排”或事后责任认定困难。为避免安全目标和环境目标脱节，应建立面向极端降雨情景的应急溢流判定规则、监测记录制度和信息公开机制，明确工程运行的边界条件和责任划分。
三是运行绩效评估机制不足。深隧建成后的实际成效不能仅以工程规模、库容或隧道长度衡量，而应从内涝风险削减、合流制溢流控制、水环境改善、泵站联调效率、应急溢流次数和运行维护成本等方面开展长期评估。目前相关指标体系和后评估制度尚不完善，容易造成“重建设、轻绩效”的问题。因此，应建立面向全生命周期的运行绩效评估机制，为后续项目立项、标准修订和投资决策提供依据。
4 政策建议
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深隧建设投资大、周期长、系统耦合度高，必须避免简单工程化推进。我国应将其纳入城市韧性基础设施体系，在明确适用边界的基础上，分类推进规划建设、投融资、标准规范和协同运维。
4.1 纳入城市韧性基础设施体系，建立分类准入机制
建议国家层面将深隧纳入城市排水防涝能力提升、气候适应型城市建设和城市更新相关政策体系，组织编制深层排水隧道规划建设导则。项目论证应以流域为单元，统筹汇水范围、浅层管网、泵站、河湖水系、污水处理厂和受纳水体条件，开展多情景水文—水力模拟和全生命周期成本收益评价，避免单纯以局部片区工程需求推动建设。
建议建立深隧项目分类准入机制。优先支持超大特大城市、重要功能区、老城合流制片区、滨江滨海低洼区和浅层排水系统提标受限区域开展深隧论证；对仍具备地表调蓄、管网改造、河湖水系整治和泵站扩容条件的城市，应优先采用常规综合治理措施。深隧项目立项应满足高风险暴露、浅层扩容受限、系统联调条件明确、全生命周期综合效益可论证等基本条件，防止不加区分地推广建设。
4.2 创新投融资与收益回收机制
针对深隧建设投资高、回收周期长、直接收费能力弱的特点，应建立复合投融资机制。中央和省级财政可重点支持跨区域、跨流域和国家级示范工程；地方政府可通过专项债、政策性开发性金融工具和长期保险资金筹措建设资金；对具备稳定运营现金流或片区综合开发条件的项目，可依法依规引入社会资本参与建设和运维。
深隧的收益不仅体现在排涝能力提升本身，也体现在内涝损失减少、水环境改善、土地集约利用、滨水区更新、污水系统优化和城市运行安全提升等方面。建议探索城市更新收益、水环境治理绩效补偿、排水服务费、土地增值收益和保险减灾收益等多渠道回收机制，将深隧带来的外部收益部分反哺工程建设和长期运维。可借鉴新加坡等城市将污水系统重构与土地集约利用相结合的经验，在符合我国土地管理和城市更新政策的前提下，探索将深隧带来的土地释放、片区更新和环境改善收益部分反哺建设与运维。
4.3 建立全生命周期标准体系和协同监管机制
建议在现有城市防洪、雨水调蓄、室外排水和城市排水工程项目规范基础上，完善深隧全生命周期标准体系。一是研究制定深层排水隧道规划、设计、施工、验收、运行、监测和绩效评估专项技术导则[37−40]，明确适用场景、设计边界、埋深与线位控制、既有建筑保护、竖井安全、淤积腐蚀防控、检修维护和应急运行要求。
二是推进雨量、水位、流量、水质、泵站运行、受纳水位和结构健康监测的实时接入，建设服务暴雨预警、联合调度、应急溢流判定和运行绩效评估的数字化平台[35,41]，形成从监测、预警、调度到评估的闭环管理机制。同时在设计和施工标准中同步纳入绿色建造、交通疏解、噪声振动控制和碳排放管理要求。
5 结论
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国内外经验表明，深隧工程应作为流域级骨干排水基础设施进行系统谋划。其建设成效取决于规划边界、受纳条件、埋深线位、既有建筑保护、投融资机制和协同调度体系的整体匹配。深隧的综合效益不仅体现在防洪减灾能力提升上，也体现在水环境改善、土地集约利用、城市运行安全保障和长期韧性收益等方面，尤其在高密度、高风险、高资产暴露且浅层排水系统提标受限的建成区，其综合效益更为突出。因此，深隧不应被简单理解为替代海绵城市、管网更新和河湖整治的单一工程措施，而应作为高密度建成区排水韧性提升的战略性补充和骨干支撑。
下一阶段，应重点推进3方面工作：一是建立深隧项目分类准入和国家级示范评估机制，形成可复制、可评估、可持续的建设模式；二是深化极端降雨条件下的流域级规模测算、冗余配置、水气输运、淤积控制和系统调度方法研究，为工程设计和安全运行提供科学依据；三是构建覆盖规划、建设、运行、监管和绩效评估的全生命周期制度体系，推动深隧与城市更新、水环境治理、地下空间开发和智慧城市建设协同实施。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42371244)
文献
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2026年第44卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00041
  • 接收时间：2025-09-09
  • 首发时间：2026-08-31
  • 出版时间：2026-08-13
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  • 收稿日期：2025-09-09
  • 修回日期：2026-05-26
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42371244)
作者信息
    1北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院，北京 100044
    2北京城市排水集团有限责任公司，北京 101160

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刘伟（通信作者），高级工程师，研究方向为城市给排水，电子信箱：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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