Article(id=1211302344147464618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=19, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758297600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-20, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=1763568000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineDate=1766726583753, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1765555200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767456000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766726583753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080372381, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1211302341744137007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='23', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765555200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766726583181, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330548003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=52, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211302344487203244, articleId=1211302344147464618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Food biomanufacturing: Paradigm shift in production from basic ingredients to formulation ingredients and additives, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Amidst the deep integration of technological revolution and industrial transformation, food biomanufacturing, powered by synthetic biology, is reconstructing the production paradigms of the food industry through cutting−edge approaches such as precision gene editing, AI−assisted enzyme engineering, and intelligent fermentation. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the bio−manufacturing of fundamental ingredients such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as food additives including colorants, sweeteners, and acidulants. It highlights the potential of microbial proteins, artificial starch, and functional lipids in enhancing production efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. However, several technical bottlenecks remain, including challenges in texture and flavor modulation of proteins, high costs in scale−up production, and the lack of comprehensive safety evaluation systems. To address these challenges, we propose strengthening AI−driven strain design, developing efficient carbon−fixing chassis cells, and establishing standardized nutrition and safety assessment frameworks to accelerate industrial translation. In conclusion, food bio−manufacturing holds promise for restructuring the global food supply chain and paves the way toward a green, efficient, and sustainable food system.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yunxiang LIU, Menglu SUN, Minghai WANG, Rui CHEN, Lihui ZHANG, He HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihui ZHANG, He HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211302345309286836, articleId=1211302344147464618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=食品生物制造:从基础原料到配辅料的生产范式革新, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在科技革命与产业变革深度融合的当下,食品生物制造正以合成生物学技术为引擎,通过基因精准编辑、人工智能(AI)辅助酶工程、智能发酵等前沿手段,重构食品工业的生产范式。综述了蛋白质、糖类、脂质等基础原料及食用色素、甜味剂、酸味剂等配辅料的生物制造进展,展示了微生物蛋白、人造淀粉、功能脂质等在提升生产效率、降低环境负担方面的潜力。如开发出多种新型替代蛋白,作为动物蛋白的潜在替代品;以微生物作为细胞工厂合成淀粉;利用可再生的非粮原料生产油脂。研究发现,当前食品生物制造仍面临技术瓶颈,如蛋白质质地与风味调控难、规模化生产成本高、安全性评价体系不完善等。建议加强AI菌株设计、开发高效固碳底盘、建立标准化营养与安全评价体系,以推动技术落地与产业升级。食品生物制造有望重构全球食品供应链,是实现绿色、高效、可持续食品体系的重要路径。

, authors=

刘云翔,博士研究生,研究方向为微生物蛋白开发及应用,电子信箱:

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张立慧(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为微生物蛋白开发及应用等,电子信箱:;
黄和(共同通信作者),教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为合成生物学,电子信箱:
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名称 甜度(相对于蔗糖) 热量/(kcal·g−1 代谢特点 口感缺陷 特殊功能 技术方向
D−阿洛酮糖 70% 0.4 不升血糖,70%尿排 无后苦味 可美拉德反应,潜在降糖功效 一步发酵法
甜菊糖苷 250~450倍 0 不吸收,不升糖 高浓度有苦味 潜在降压,改善肠道 Reb M酵母优化
赤藓糖醇 60%~70% 0.24 90%原样排出 清凉感 防龋齿 副产物碳源利用
), ArticleFig(id=1242146392878162248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302344147464618, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同甜味剂的特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 甜度(相对于蔗糖) 热量/(kcal·g−1 代谢特点 口感缺陷 特殊功能 技术方向
D−阿洛酮糖 70% 0.4 不升血糖,70%尿排 无后苦味 可美拉德反应,潜在降糖功效 一步发酵法
甜菊糖苷 250~450倍 0 不吸收,不升糖 高浓度有苦味 潜在降压,改善肠道 Reb M酵母优化
赤藓糖醇 60%~70% 0.24 90%原样排出 清凉感 防龋齿 副产物碳源利用
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食品生物制造:从基础原料到配辅料的生产范式革新
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刘云翔 , 孙梦璐 , 王明海 , 陈瑞 , 张立慧 * , 黄和 *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(23): 52-60
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (23) : 52 -60
食品生物制造:从基础原料到配辅料的生产范式革新
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刘云翔 , 孙梦璐, 王明海, 陈瑞, 张立慧* , 黄和*
作者信息
  • 南京师范大学食品与制药工程学院,微生物改造技术全国重点实验室,南京 210023
通讯作者:
张立慧(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为微生物蛋白开发及应用等,电子信箱:;
黄和(共同通信作者),教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为合成生物学,电子信箱:
Food biomanufacturing: Paradigm shift in production from basic ingredients to formulation ingredients and additives
Yunxiang LIU , Menglu SUN, Minghai WANG, Rui CHEN, Lihui ZHANG* , He HUANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2025-12-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00035
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在科技革命与产业变革深度融合的当下,食品生物制造正以合成生物学技术为引擎,通过基因精准编辑、人工智能(AI)辅助酶工程、智能发酵等前沿手段,重构食品工业的生产范式。综述了蛋白质、糖类、脂质等基础原料及食用色素、甜味剂、酸味剂等配辅料的生物制造进展,展示了微生物蛋白、人造淀粉、功能脂质等在提升生产效率、降低环境负担方面的潜力。如开发出多种新型替代蛋白,作为动物蛋白的潜在替代品;以微生物作为细胞工厂合成淀粉;利用可再生的非粮原料生产油脂。研究发现,当前食品生物制造仍面临技术瓶颈,如蛋白质质地与风味调控难、规模化生产成本高、安全性评价体系不完善等。建议加强AI菌株设计、开发高效固碳底盘、建立标准化营养与安全评价体系,以推动技术落地与产业升级。食品生物制造有望重构全球食品供应链,是实现绿色、高效、可持续食品体系的重要路径。

生物制造  /  合成生物学  /  食品基础原料  /  食品配辅料

Amidst the deep integration of technological revolution and industrial transformation, food biomanufacturing, powered by synthetic biology, is reconstructing the production paradigms of the food industry through cutting−edge approaches such as precision gene editing, AI−assisted enzyme engineering, and intelligent fermentation. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the bio−manufacturing of fundamental ingredients such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as food additives including colorants, sweeteners, and acidulants. It highlights the potential of microbial proteins, artificial starch, and functional lipids in enhancing production efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. However, several technical bottlenecks remain, including challenges in texture and flavor modulation of proteins, high costs in scale−up production, and the lack of comprehensive safety evaluation systems. To address these challenges, we propose strengthening AI−driven strain design, developing efficient carbon−fixing chassis cells, and establishing standardized nutrition and safety assessment frameworks to accelerate industrial translation. In conclusion, food bio−manufacturing holds promise for restructuring the global food supply chain and paves the way toward a green, efficient, and sustainable food system.

biomanufacturing  /  synthetic biology  /  basic food ingredients  /  formulation ingredients and additives
刘云翔, 孙梦璐, 王明海, 陈瑞, 张立慧, 黄和. 食品生物制造:从基础原料到配辅料的生产范式革新. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (23) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00035
Yunxiang LIU, Menglu SUN, Minghai WANG, Rui CHEN, Lihui ZHANG, He HUANG. Food biomanufacturing: Paradigm shift in production from basic ingredients to formulation ingredients and additives[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (23) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00035
食品产业是国民经济支柱产业,关乎社会稳定、民生保障及国家战略安全。2023年,中国粮食产量已达13908亿斤,虽然农业生产总量位居前列,但同样也是全球主要的农产品进口国,同年进口粮食总量达到1.62亿t,深刻揭示了国内农业生产面临的严峻资源约束。随着居民食物消费升级,食物供求将长期面临紧平衡局面。2022年,党的二十大报告中“树立大食物观,发展设施农业,构建多元化食物供给体系”的提出,为牢牢端稳饭碗、满足居民食物消费升级需求提供了关键指导方针[1]
生物制造是以可再生生物质为原料,替代传统生产路线,实现绿色高效生产,具有低碳循环、反应条件温和、产物效率高等特征。食品生物制造是生物制造技术在食品产业链中的应用分支,合成生物学是实现食品生物制造的重要手段,利用基因工程、酶工程、发酵工程等现代生物技术可以对食品基础原料(如蛋白质、糖类、脂质)进行优化替代,对食品配辅料进行创新(如代糖赤藓糖醇、酸味剂L−苹果酸)[2]。基于合成生物学的食品生物制造,可以突破资源限制,利用微生物高效合成日常所需的食品组分,降低对动植物原料依赖;通过减排、固碳等手段还可助力食品的低碳绿色制造;提升安全与健康性,生产无化学残留的食品配辅料;驱动产业升级,实现传统发酵食品的定向风味调控,以绿色可持续方式满足未来食品需求。
本文对合成生物学在蛋白质、糖类、脂质等食品基础原料及食品配辅料的生物制造应用案例进行总结,并进一步分析食品生物制造面临的机遇与挑战(图1)。
蛋白质是生命体的必需物质,在维持生命体生命活动中扮演重要角色。据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)报告显示,预计到21世纪中叶,世界人口将增至近100亿,与此同时,全球对于食物蛋白的需求也将增长50%,这种增长对食物蛋白的生产效率与质量构成了挑战[3]。目前,研究人员已经开发出包括微生物蛋白、细胞蛋白、植物蛋白在内的多种新型替代蛋白,作为动物蛋白的潜在替代品。据波士顿咨询公司预测,替代蛋白市场到 2035年可达到9700万t,价值2900亿美元,并将继续增长,其中微生物蛋白占比33%,被认为是最具潜力的发展方向[4]
微生物蛋白作为一种新兴的替代蛋白来源,具有独特的优势。(1) 高营养价值。微生物蛋白含有丰富的营养物质,如必需氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂质、维生素和矿物质等,具有较高的营养价值[56]。(2) 高生产效率。微生物蛋白倍增时间短,例如细菌、酵母为0.33~2 h,藻类为2~6 h,效率远高于传统畜牧和农作物(分别为1~2年和几个月)[7]。(3) 环境友好。微生物蛋白生产消耗的水土资源更少,产生的温室气体也更少,且无需使用化肥、杀虫剂等有害物质,在环境保护和可持续发展方面具有显著优势[78]。(4) 生产方式鲁棒性强。微生物蛋白的生产可控性强,不受季节及气候变化的影响,因其基因改造的易操作性,更适用于实现特定功能蛋白的精准制造[910]
微生物细胞中含有较高含量的优质蛋白质,通过大规模培养可获得大量微生物细胞,经过适当加工处理后,能够获得微生物菌体蛋白,此类蛋白可作为优质蛋白来源应用于相关领域。其中,以镰孢霉(Fusarium venenatum)为来源的真菌蛋白(mycoprotein)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)为来源的酵母蛋白(yeast protein)是2类具有代表性的微生物菌体蛋白。在1985年,英国Marlow Foods公司利用丝状真菌中的镰刀脉胞霉成功生产出微生物肉(Quorn™),该产品是目前最知名的微生物蛋白落地应用之一[11]。利用镰孢霉菌获得的菌体蛋白,具有蛋白含量高、膳食纤维丰富、不含胆固醇等特点,生产1 kg真菌蛋白的碳排放量仅为肉类的10%,一个工业规模165 m3的发酵罐一次可以生产25万根香肠所需要的蛋白[1213]。酵母是公认的最广泛用于生产真菌蛋白的来源,在战争时期,酵母曾替代了近1/2的进口蛋白质,作为军队和民众饮食中蛋白质的重要来源[14]。这些不同的酵母菌种在食品发酵、生物制药及环境保护等多领域做出了重大贡献[1517]。在2023年底,安琪酵母股份有限公司申报的酵母蛋白被批准为新食品原料,成为中国审批通过可用作食品原料的第一类微生物蛋白。酿酒酵母可以产生多种蛋白酶,易被人体吸收[1819];可以合成人体所有必需的氨基酸,营养价值丰富[2021];大众接受度高且生产过程对环境友好,具有绿色安全的优势。
天然牛奶作为最理想的优质蛋白来源,其营养成分包含乳蛋白、生物活性肽、脂肪等,具有维持生命活动、促进生长发育及增强免疫力等多种功能[22]。全球乳制品需求不断增长,有数据显示,到2028年鲜奶进口量预计将达到90万t[23]。但目前天然牛奶面临养殖成本高、公共卫生安全及生产的可持续性等问题,亟待产业升级换代。近年来,包含基因编辑、合成生物学在内的多种前沿生物技术快速发展,为全球奶制品生产提供变革性的生产方式,如美国Perfect Day公司在2014年提出的无动物源牛奶(animal−free milk)概念,利用改造后的酵母发酵生产乳蛋白,实现乳制品的绿色制造(图2[24]。此外,毕赤酵母作为外源蛋白表达系统,具有强启动子、翻译后修饰功能、分泌效率高等众多优势,研究人员已通过改造获得工程化毕赤酵母实现人源乳清蛋白[25]、人源乳铁蛋白[26]的高效表达,这些成功案例有助于推动相关领域的技术进步和产业发展。
糖类是人类摄入的主要碳源物质,其中淀粉类物质是主要的食品成分和工业原料。随着合成生物学的发展,微生物作为细胞工厂能够合成淀粉,克服了传统植物合成易受土地、气候、季节影响的缺点,备受青睐[27]。淀粉合成途径已在陆地植物和模式藻类中得到充分研究。微藻,拥有自然界中最高效的光合作用系统,利用CO2效率是高等植物的10倍。研究人员通过转录组学揭示海藻中的淀粉可以通过调节昼夜节律过度积累,最高实现55%细胞干重的积累[28]。此外,温度也是影响微藻淀粉积累的主要非生物因素之一,研究人员在中试规模的光生物反应器中将莱茵衣藻暴露在高于最佳生长的温度(39℃)下生产淀粉,实验结果表明,暴露于高温下会导致核分裂和细胞分裂完全阻塞,淀粉积累增加3倍[29]。除此之外,研究人员还通过调控微藻生长过程中的营养元素种类及含量,获得较高的淀粉含量。微藻淀粉的提取方法主要包括乙醇法超声和珠磨法,藻类中提取淀粉纯度仅为57%,提取技术尚不成熟[30]
在酶催化生产方面,中国科学院天津工业生物所利用化学−生物耦合催化法,以CO2和H为原料,通过计算途径设计、模块化组装,对3种瓶颈相关酶的蛋白质工程进行优化。在具有空间和时间分离的化学酶系统中,淀粉合成的速率比玉米中高8.5倍。这种方法为未来利用化学−生物偶联法,从CO2合成淀粉开辟了道路[31]。利用丰富的农业废弃物高效生物合成人造淀粉更加经济可行,研究人员通过利用体外多酶分子机器和酿酒酵母的一锅生物转化可以在有氧条件下同时将稀硫酸预处理的玉米秸秆转化为人造淀粉。同时研究表明,人造直链淀粉的消化会导致血糖水平发生缓慢且相对较小的变化,它可能是一种预防肥胖和糖尿病的新型健康食品成分[32]
低碳微生物制造为淀粉生产提供了一种碳中和的策略。科研人员通过改造解脂耶氏酵母的淀粉生物合成与糖异生途径,并调控其细胞形态,成功将其构建为能够高效积累淀粉微晶粒的细胞工厂。使用CO2以电合成的乙酸盐为底物,菌株积累淀粉占菌体质量的47.18%。优化后的系统使淀粉时空生产力比其他微生物系统高出约50倍,达到160.83 mg/(L·h) [33]。在生物合成淀粉的可食用性能方面的评估和合成生物学的进一步发展会推动生物合成淀粉的进一步发展。
脂质是一类疏水或两亲性的有机分子,主要包括脂肪、磷脂和固醇等,它们在生物体内作为高效储能物质,构成细胞膜的核心骨架,充当激素前体及信号分子,并为内脏提供保护。目前,可以通过生物技术,将微生物或细胞改造成高效的“细胞工厂”,利用可再生的非粮原料生产油脂。它具有可持续、高效、可定制化、产品安全优质的巨大潜力,特别是在生产高价值的功能性脂质和特种脂质方面优势明显(图3[34]。此外,也可利用基因工程技术改造油料作物(如油菜、大豆、向日葵),精准改变其种子中脂质的合成途径,生产具有定制化成分的脂质。这包括提高特定脂肪酸的含量、增加油脂总产量,或合成自然界中该作物本不生产的高价值特殊脂质(如Omega−3脂肪酸、羟基化脂肪酸等)。研究人员通过“双酶协同+通路截流”的基因工程策略,将亚麻荠种子中的α−亚麻酸(α−linolenic acid,ALA)含量提升至69.5%[35]。虽然目前面临成本等挑战,但随着合成生物学、代谢工程和发酵工程技术的飞速发展,它正在快速发展,并在婴儿营养、保健品、化妆品等领域取得了显著成功,未来有望在更广泛的领域替代传统油脂来源,为人类提供更健康、更可持续的油脂解决方案。针对功能性脂质短缺及生物合成技术瓶颈,解析其生物合成代谢通路与关键调控靶点分子机制,构建生物合成系统,并建立细胞合成、酶法构建、特异修饰及高效提取技术体系是发展重点。
Omega−3脂肪酸是一类对人体健康至关重要的多不饱和脂肪酸,在大脑发育、视力健康、心血管功能和抗炎等方面发挥着关键作用。目前,可利用藻类或酵母等微生物,在发酵罐中规模化生产高纯度、可持续的二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等Omega−3脂肪酸,有效替代传统鱼油来源。产油酵母解脂耶氏酵母因其天然的脂质积累能力、遗传可操作性及对低成本碳源的利用潜力,成为生产EPA的理想底盘细胞。研究团队以解脂耶氏酵母Y8412为初始菌株,构建了一系列代谢工程菌株,其EPA产量较亲本菌株提升57%,碳转化效率提高近50%,实现了以废弃食用油部分替代葡萄糖的低成本、可持续EPA生产,为废油脂资源化利用提供了有效策略[36]。此外,已经实现利用机器学习方法来计算通路中基因的最佳拷贝数组合,在6个月内获得了一株可进行EPA生物合成的工程化解脂耶氏酵母菌株,在50 L生物反应器中产生的最高滴度为27.5 g/L[37]。研究人员通过从藻类、苔藓、细菌和真菌等生物中筛选并克隆高效酶组合,成功在油菜和亚麻荠等作物中实现了EPA和DHA的生物合成,其中亚麻荠转基因株系中EPA和DHA含量分别达到总脂肪酸的24%和14%,远超油菜转基因株系的3.7%和0.5%[38]
角鲨烯是一种重要的线性多不饱和三萜,广泛应用于医药、保健品和化妆品领域。传统角鲨烯约70%~80%来源于深海鲨鱼(尤其是深海鲨鱼的肝脏),引发生态和可持续性担忧。相比之下,微生物合成角鲨烯为可持续生产和环境保护提供了一条有前景的途径。目前,对酿酒酵母和解脂耶式酵母进行基因工程改造已经实现了高水平的角鲨烯生产[39]。通过裂殖壶菌中建立角鲨烯高效合成体系,并添加芝麻酚作为抗氧化剂,角鲨烯产量显著提高,在1.5 mmol/L时达到199.98 mg/g脂质[40]。此外,对解脂耶氏酵母进行基因工程改造,在不影响酵母细胞生长的情况下,将其同源重组靶向基因的效率提高了68%。通过过量表达甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径,增加乙酰辅酶A和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)的供应,减弱降解途径,系统地重建了解脂耶氏酵母的细胞代谢,从而实现角鲨烯的高水平生产[41]
生物制造技术正在引领食品工业的革命性变革,通过微生物发酵、酶催化及合成生物学等前沿技术手段,实现了食品添加剂和功能成分的高效、绿色生产。这项技术不仅解决了传统生产方式面临的资源消耗、环境污染等问题,更为消费者带来了更安全、更健康的食品选择。
在食用色素领域,相较于存在安全隐患的化学合成色素以及受原料供应和季节因素制约的植物提取色素,微生物发酵技术有效规避了上述局限。例如,利用红曲霉发酵生产的红曲红,不仅安全可靠,还赋予腐乳等传统食品独特的红色[42]。近年来,研究通过菌株选育、优化培养条件、优化发酵基质和调节代谢途径等方法,不断提高红曲红的产量[43]。另一代表性产物——藻蓝蛋白,作为蓝藻中广泛存在的一类天然色素蛋白,具有抗氧化、抑制炎症和潜在抗癌等生理功能[43]。然而其对光和热敏感的特性限制了其在高温加工食品中的应用。为此,可采用菌株选育、代谢工程和多组学分析等方法获得更高产量和更稳定的蓝藻蛋白[44]。这些生物制造的色素不仅色泽鲜艳、稳定性好,更重要的是完全符合现代消费者对“清洁标签”的需求。
甜味剂的生物制造同样取得了突破性进展。随着无糖食品市场的快速扩张,生物制造的赤藓糖醇和甜菊糖苷成为明星产品。赤藓糖醇作为四碳线性多元醇类甜味剂,具有甜度适中且几乎不含热量的特点,赤藓糖醇的生产可以利用工业副产物作为碳氮源,经过后期菌株改良和发酵工艺优化可有效提高产量,既能降低成本又兼具环保效益[45]。另一重要产品甜菊糖苷,因其甜度高(蔗糖的250~350倍)、热量低(约为蔗糖的1/300)、安全无毒而被广泛应用。然而,传统提取法获得的甜菊糖苷不仅效率低,且常伴有略微的苦味和涩味。为克服此缺陷,利用转基因酵母优化生产的Reb M甜菊糖苷,可以完美解决传统甜菊糖的后苦味问题[46]。此外,研究人员通过采用酶改造、酶修饰及酶催化等先进的酶工程技术,对甜菊糖苷合成过程中所需酶的生物学性质进行改良,改善了甜菊糖苷的生产过程,使其质量和产量得到了显著提升[47]。D−阿洛酮糖是一种功能性单糖,其甜度是蔗糖的70%,但升糖指数仅为3,成为糖尿病患者的理想选择[48]。通过菌种筛选、酶基因克隆和酶的固定化等技术手段,能够提高D−阿洛酮糖的产量。这些生物制造甜味剂产品的创新与发展,正在深刻改变人们对代糖产品的认知(表1)。
在酸味剂生产领域,生物制造技术凭借其高效、环保和产品多样化的优势占据了市场主导地位。黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)作为目前工业化生产柠檬酸的核心菌株,通过深层液体发酵工艺生产的柠檬酸占全球总量的 80%。与传统的化学合成法相比,这种微生物发酵工艺可以避免强酸强碱的使用和重金属残留风险,在食品工业中作为酸度调节剂、抗氧化增效剂广泛应用[49]。与此同时,微生物发酵生产的乳酸正在推动生物基材料的革命性发展。生物合成乳酸具有诸多优势,它以可再生资源(如玉米、甘蔗)为原料,减少对化石燃料的依赖,且微生物发酵可选择性产生L−乳酸或D−乳酸,满足不同需求,相比化学合成,生物合成的乳酸更安全,适用于食品和医药领域[50]
2025年7月6日,在第二十七届中国科协年会主论坛上,由中国食品科学技术学会推荐的“大宗食品原料及高值配料的生物制造技术”首次入选“2025十大工程技术难题”。传统食品原料与配辅料的生产方式,在环境友好、资源节约、健康效应及供给保障方面难以满足需求,可持续性不足,亟需变革性突破以拓宽获取途径。生物制造作为未来制造业关键力量,兼具资源节约、低碳环保与高效生产优势,可突破传统生产瓶颈,具备解决食品制造难题的工业基础与技术特质,对加快新质生产力发展、筑牢粮食安全根基、践行“大食物观”具有重大意义。食品生物制造作为融合生物技术与食品工业的创新领域,以合成生物学与精准发酵为核心技术支撑,推动食品产业向更安全、营养、可持续的方向转型,当前在全球呈现出以下特征。(1) 技术加速:食品生物制造已上升为全球科技竞争的战略高地。(2) 政策分化:为促进替代食品的安全创新,需建立新的监管程序。(3) 市场扩张:全球主要经济体对未来食品发展和抢占食品生物合成领域新的竞争制高点做出了布局[27]
在全球粮食安全与资源短缺的严峻挑战下,食品生物制造技术展现出巨大潜力,但其规模化应用仍面临显著技术瓶颈,尤其在蛋白质合成领域。微生物蛋白、细胞培养肉等新型替代蛋白的产业化进程,在菌种选育与设计、高效发酵工艺优化以及食品加工等关键环节仍存在诸多亟待突破的难题。在营养层面,替代蛋白的氨基酸组成不均衡,必需氨基酸供应不足且消化率偏低,难以满足人体的全面营养需求。
微生物蛋白的质地、风味与感官是影响其市场接受度的关键因素,也是当前研究和产业化的重点攻关方向。在质地上,天然动物蛋白具有层次分明的纤维状结构,这种天然的结构赋予了它特有的纤维性、嚼劲、弹性和多汁性。微生物蛋白在质构上与天然动物蛋白有一定差距。目前,有研究正尝试通过物理挤压、酶法修饰以及调控发酵条件来模拟动物蛋白的复杂质构。例如,在发酵香肠中,添加发酵菌种会影响蛋白质的降解,从而改变产品的质构特性[51]。在风味上,微生物蛋白的挑战聚焦在如何消除其固有的“异味”,如酵母/真菌蛋白本身的“酵母味”或“土腥味”,藻类蛋白的“鱼腥味”,这些通常是由微生物代谢产生的。生物转化可以利用特定的发酵菌种(如酵母、乳酸菌) 将不良风味前体转化为酸、醇和酯类等物质,显著改善风味[52]。在感官上,颜色是影响消费者接受度的重要因素。天然动物蛋白在生鲜状态下呈现鲜红色,而微生物蛋白本身缺乏肌红蛋白,颜色通常为淡黄色或米白色。部分微生物,如红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)在发酵过程中能天然合成类胡萝卜素,为微生物蛋白带来类似肉类的红色,从而提升产品的视觉吸引力[5354]
在生产过程中,高效、稳定且适合大规模应用的蛋白表达系统尚未成熟,导致成本高、产能受限。碳氮同化效能层面,依赖酵母或细菌等传统微生物的生产模式,其碳固定(CO2)和氮固定(N2)效率低下,碳足迹显著,离“负碳合成”目标差距大,亟需开发高光效或强固氮能力的微藻、蓝细菌等新型底盘,并系统性优化其核心代谢网络。此外,缺乏统一、严谨的安全性评估框架和营养标准,尤其缺少对婴幼儿、老人及病人等特殊群体的适用性研究,这严重阻碍了产品的市场准入和消费者接受度。这些关键瓶颈共同制约着替代蛋白的发展。未来突破的关键在于3个核心方向:一是利用AI设计蛋白质序列,实现精准营养定制;二是开发高效固碳底盘细胞,强化其碳氮固定与代谢平衡能力,支撑规模化生产;三是建立覆盖营养、安全及人群适用性的标准化评价体系,为监管落地提供可靠依据[27, 55]
脂质、糖类及辅配料的生物制造同样挑战重重。在脂质合成方面,微生物产油面临酶催化效率低、细胞工厂稳定性差的问题,高附加值油脂合成路径复杂,且油脂精制成本高,缺乏系统性功能评价方法。为此,面向未来技术突破需求,油脂领域需构建多尺度调控体系,整合酶分子改造、发酵过程智能控制及绿色提取工艺3大关键技术,并同步建立功能评价平台,形成研发闭环。糖类与辅料方向要突破淀粉合成路径的放大限制,开发连续化反应装置,深化甜蛋白受体互作机制研究以改良风味,加速其在食品加工场景的应用。此外,针对新型功能辅配料,需要完善安全评估及加工工艺标准,以应对监管政策的滞后性[56]
食品生物制造在合成生物学的驱动下,正经历从基础原料到配辅料的全方位革新,其战略价值已突破单一技术迭代范畴,形成了资源循环重构、营养靶向设计、产业生态升级的三维创新范式。近年来,中国通过《关于践行大食物观构建多元化食物供给体系的意见》《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》等政策矩阵的顶层设计,加速构建微生物发酵、酶工程与智能算法的协同创新体系,推动食品制造模式从“农耕依赖”向“细胞工厂”转型。酵母菌群代谢调控、淀粉酶定向进化等核心技术突破,使基础原料生产效率提升30%以上,资源转化率突破传统农业极限。在替代蛋白领域,微生物菌体蛋白结合梯度控压工艺已实现肌肉纤维微观结构的精准重构;在脂质制造领域,代谢工程的精准调控展现出革命性潜力,经过改造的酵母菌株可高效合成Omega−3脂肪酸;糖类的生物合成更颠覆了千年农耕逻辑,将钢铁厂废气转化为“甜蜜资源”开创了循环经济新模式;在合成生物学与AI的双重赋能下,也正在加速挖掘和设计更多的新型食品配辅料资源,这些创新正在重塑食品工业的底层逻辑。
尽管面临技术成熟度差异、产业化成本瓶颈及消费者认知壁垒等挑战,但未来,随着AI菌株设计、非粮生物质利用等技术的深化,跨学科合作与全球化布局的推进以及“一带一路”生物制造联盟的全球化布局,食品生物制造有望成为全球产业竞争的核心抓手。在此背景下,食品生物制造将实现从“规模扩张”到“价值创新”的跨越,全球食品供应链将会被重构,这种变革为中国在全球生物经济中掌握主动权奠定坚实基础,为中国抢占生物经济制高点提供了战略支点,最终构建起绿色、高效、可持续的新食品产业体系。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2025YFC3409400)
  • 江苏省基础研究计划−自然科学基金面上项目(BK20251871)
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2025年第43卷第23期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00035
  • 接收时间:2025-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-20
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
  • 录用日期:2025-11-20
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2025YFC3409400)
江苏省基础研究计划−自然科学基金面上项目(BK20251871)
作者信息
    南京师范大学食品与制药工程学院,微生物改造技术全国重点实验室,南京 210023

通讯作者:

张立慧(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为微生物蛋白开发及应用等,电子信箱:;
黄和(共同通信作者),教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为合成生物学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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