Article(id=1211302342654300976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=20, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757260800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-08, revisedDate=1763740800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-22, acceptedDate=1764000000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineDate=1766726583398, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1765555200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767456000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766726583398, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080387475, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1211302341744137007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='23', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765555200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766726583181, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330548003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=61, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211302343883232055, articleId=1211302342654300976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Renewable energy−driven bioconversion of carbon dioxide: Technology integration and carbon neutrality applications, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Renewable energy−driven biological conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) represents an emerging carbon−neutral technology integrating clean energy with biotechnology. By harnessing energy from renewable sources such as solar power and green electricity, this approach drives microbial or enzyme−catalyzed systems to convert CO2 into high−value chemicals, fuels, materials etc., which demonstrates significant potential. This paper reviews CO2 bioconversion pathways driven by clean energy sources including solar energy, green electricity (photovoltaic, wind, etc.), and geothermal/biomass energy. It summarizes progress and key case studies on achieving CO2 bioconversion through various critical technological approaches: nature−artificial hybrid systems, photoelectrochemical microbial coupling, microbial electrochemistry, and enzyme−electrocatalysis. Research indicates that despite continuous breakthroughs in enhancing carbon fixation efficiency and expanding product diversity, core challenges persist, including low energy transfer efficiency, limitations of natural carbon fixation pathways, complex metabolic network regulation, and low product yields. Consequently, this paper recommends that future research focus on designing efficient bio−abiotic interfaces, developing dynamic metabolic regulation strategies, and innovating low−energy, high−economic−value integrated technological processes. The review demonstrates that optimizing carbon fixation pathways and carbon flow direction to establish a sustainable "renewable energy−carbon conversion−high−value products" industrial chain enables the transformation of CO2 into high−value chemicals. This approach synergistically advances carbon reduction, pollution mitigation, green growth, and carbon neutrality development.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yige ZHANG, Yuansen HU, Qinhong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuansen HU, Qinhong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211302345078608731, articleId=1211302342654300976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用:技术融合与碳中和应用, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用是一种将清洁能源与生物技术相结合的新型碳中和技术,通过可再生能源(如光能、绿电)提供的能量,驱动微生物或酶催化系统将CO2转化为高附加值化学品、燃料、材料等,显示出巨大潜力。综述了光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)、地热能/生物质能等清洁能源驱动CO2的生物转化路径;梳理了自然−人工杂合、光电微生物耦合、微生物电合成、酶−电催化等关键技术的进展和重要案例。研究发现,尽管该领域在提高固碳效率和拓展产品多样性方面不断取得突破,但仍面临能量传递效率低、天然固碳途径局限、代谢网络调控复杂及产物产量低等核心挑战。综述表明,通过优化固碳途径和碳流导向,构建“可再生能源—碳转化—高值产品”可持续产业链,可实现CO2高值化学品的转化,协同推进降碳减污扩绿增长,推动碳中和的发展。建议未来研究应着力于高效生物−非生物界面的设计、动态代谢调控策略、低能耗且高经济性集成技术工艺创新等。

, authors=

张艺格,博士研究生,研究方向为低碳生物合成,电子信箱:

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胡元森(通信作者),教授,研究方向为微生物学,电子信箱:;
王钦宏(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为工业生物进化与代谢工程,电子信箱:
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可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用:技术融合与碳中和应用
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张艺格 1, 2 , 胡元森 1, * , 王钦宏 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(23): 61-69
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (23) : 61 -69
可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用:技术融合与碳中和应用
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张艺格1, 2 , 胡元森1, * , 王钦宏2, *
作者信息
  • 1河南工业大学生物工程学院,郑州 450001
  • 2中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津 300308
通讯作者:
胡元森(通信作者),教授,研究方向为微生物学,电子信箱:;
王钦宏(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为工业生物进化与代谢工程,电子信箱:
Renewable energy−driven bioconversion of carbon dioxide: Technology integration and carbon neutrality applications
Yige ZHANG1, 2 , Yuansen HU1, * , Qinhong WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low−Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
出版时间: 2025-12-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00033
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可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用是一种将清洁能源与生物技术相结合的新型碳中和技术,通过可再生能源(如光能、绿电)提供的能量,驱动微生物或酶催化系统将CO2转化为高附加值化学品、燃料、材料等,显示出巨大潜力。综述了光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)、地热能/生物质能等清洁能源驱动CO2的生物转化路径;梳理了自然−人工杂合、光电微生物耦合、微生物电合成、酶−电催化等关键技术的进展和重要案例。研究发现,尽管该领域在提高固碳效率和拓展产品多样性方面不断取得突破,但仍面临能量传递效率低、天然固碳途径局限、代谢网络调控复杂及产物产量低等核心挑战。综述表明,通过优化固碳途径和碳流导向,构建“可再生能源—碳转化—高值产品”可持续产业链,可实现CO2高值化学品的转化,协同推进降碳减污扩绿增长,推动碳中和的发展。建议未来研究应着力于高效生物−非生物界面的设计、动态代谢调控策略、低能耗且高经济性集成技术工艺创新等。

可再生能源  /  CO2生物转化  /  生物制造  /  碳中和  /  可持续发展

Renewable energy−driven biological conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) represents an emerging carbon−neutral technology integrating clean energy with biotechnology. By harnessing energy from renewable sources such as solar power and green electricity, this approach drives microbial or enzyme−catalyzed systems to convert CO2 into high−value chemicals, fuels, materials etc., which demonstrates significant potential. This paper reviews CO2 bioconversion pathways driven by clean energy sources including solar energy, green electricity (photovoltaic, wind, etc.), and geothermal/biomass energy. It summarizes progress and key case studies on achieving CO2 bioconversion through various critical technological approaches: nature−artificial hybrid systems, photoelectrochemical microbial coupling, microbial electrochemistry, and enzyme−electrocatalysis. Research indicates that despite continuous breakthroughs in enhancing carbon fixation efficiency and expanding product diversity, core challenges persist, including low energy transfer efficiency, limitations of natural carbon fixation pathways, complex metabolic network regulation, and low product yields. Consequently, this paper recommends that future research focus on designing efficient bio−abiotic interfaces, developing dynamic metabolic regulation strategies, and innovating low−energy, high−economic−value integrated technological processes. The review demonstrates that optimizing carbon fixation pathways and carbon flow direction to establish a sustainable "renewable energy−carbon conversion−high−value products" industrial chain enables the transformation of CO2 into high−value chemicals. This approach synergistically advances carbon reduction, pollution mitigation, green growth, and carbon neutrality development.

renewable energy  /  CO2 bioconversion  /  biomanufacturing  /  carbon neutrality  /  sustainable development
张艺格, 胡元森, 王钦宏. 可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用:技术融合与碳中和应用. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (23) : 61 -69 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00033
Yige ZHANG, Yuansen HU, Qinhong WANG. Renewable energy−driven bioconversion of carbon dioxide: Technology integration and carbon neutrality applications[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (23) : 61 -69 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00033
在全球碳中和目标日益加速推进的背景下,世界各主要工业国家都率先提出并实施了一系列低碳经济和减排政策。美国能源部、农业部、国防部、环保署、科学基金会等纷纷加强对生物相关技术部署,如生物燃料、生物质利用与生物基产品精炼等。中国已明确表示力争于2030年前达到碳排放峰值,力求2060年前实现碳中和。然而,国际能源署(International Energy Agency,IEA)数据指出,2024年全球碳排放量378亿t,创下历史新高,并且全球气温首次比工业化前时代高出1.5℃,凸显了CO2减排、捕捉和利用的严峻性与紧迫性[1]。2025年1月16日,美国能源部宣布将投入1370万美元联邦资金,支持大规模CO2排放转化项目,旨在将捕获的碳排放转化为环保且具有经济价值的产品。2025 年 3 月,日本金属与能源安全机构根据《二氧化碳捕集与封存事业法》等法律制定了《JOGMEC/能源事业本部技术事业战略》,提出强化对碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)技术在清洁化油气中开发应用的支持,旨在为2050年实现碳中和提供关键支撑。因此找到经济可行且无需依赖耕地资源的物质生产模式,将CO2固定转化为有用产品,是亟待探究的重要问题。近年来,为应对全球气候变化,实现碳达峰与碳中和国家战略目标,实现CO2的高效利用与转化已成为绿色革命的关键研究前沿和技术发展方向。
根据IEA和全球碳捕集与封存研究院(Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute,GCCSI)的统计报道,2023年全球大约2.3亿~2.5亿t CO2转化为化学品(占全球年排放量的0.5%~0.6%),然而相比于CO2的排放量,转化量非常有限。预计到2030年,仅有5%的CO2有望被转化为工业品[2]。近年来,各国科学家们都致力于突破生物体利用瓶颈,达到高效能量转换效率,力求实现固碳形式多元化,使固碳途径更高效。由于CO2的高效活化需要大量能量,因此,借助可再生能源,如光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)、生物质能等多种固碳形式是理想驱动CO2生物转化的方式。可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用的核心概念是利用光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)、地热能/生物质能等驱动微生物/酶催化CO2转化为有机物等其他碳储存形式(图1),构建CO2人工生物转化技术[34]。从而构建“可再生能源—碳捕集—生物制造”可持续链条,引领建立碳中性绿色生产体系,为实现可持续的物质生产模式奠定基础。
地球经过亿万年的自然进化产生了光合固碳系统,光合生物每年可利用CO2转化2200亿t有机物[5],在减少大气中的CO2浓度及为地球生命演化提供物质基础方面发挥重大作用。然而,天然生物固碳转化途径中固碳酶结构复杂、活性低,且需依赖多次反应导致传统生物固碳转化途径能量利用效率低、转化速度慢,通常难以满足工业应用需求[67]。此外,光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)、生物质能等可再生能源会因天气、时间和季节变化等因素出现间歇性。这些间歇性导致能量供应不稳定,但生物转化过程可以通过利用间歇性能源将有机物转化为燃料、材料或高值化学品以提供能量储存和稳定的能源供应,以达到抵消可再生能源的间歇性。但通过混合系统和储能技术解决间歇性问题仍然是实现效率和可靠性最大化的关键挑战[8],因此,需要开发智能调控技术以确保生物转化能够适应动态能量的输入,从而维持持续的能源供应。
本文主要围绕可再生能源与CO2生物转化的耦合协同问题,从能源类型与转化路径、关键技术路径阐述可再生能源驱动CO2还原合成化学品的关键技术,并展望为实现碳中和应用进一步发展的方向。
可再生能源和生物转化的耦合作用是指可再生能源与生物过程的协同整合,利用CO2为原料生产经济社会发展所需要的生物燃料、生物基材料、生物基化学品等产品,为碳中和提供了可持续、高效的解决方案。这种耦合能够优化能源利用率且减少碳排放缓解气候变化。
利用可再生光能驱动CO2生物转化是实现低碳生物合成的途径之一。植物、藻类等光合生物能够直接或间接利用光能将CO2转化成有机物和化学品如蛋白质、脂质和糖类等有价值的化学物质[911]。据报道,微藻在全球光合生物碳固定效率中占比超过50%,因此利用光能耦合微生物固碳潜力显著。植物、藻类等光合生物能够直接利用光能催化生物系统将CO2还原。例如,微藻通过光合作用将CO2转化为油脂[12],其中高产油脂微藻菌株的油脂含量高达70%[13]。然而,光能直接驱动CO2的生物合成模式存在固有缺陷,如吸收光谱范围有限和产品选择性较低,限制了其应用[14]。为此,研究人员开发了间接光驱动模式,即将光能转化为其他能量形式(如电能、热能或化学能),再驱动CO2还原为其他化学品。与直接光驱动相比,间接光驱动CO2能够实现更高的能量利用效率和产物选择性。例如,Liu等[15]构建了光伏电解水产氢与氢细菌耦合系统,能量转换效率为3%~10%,超过自然光合作用系统的效率。Li等[16]基于光合微生物聚球藻构建碳封存模块,基于光驱动CO2转化为稳定的中间化合物和多种烯烃产物。Hu等[17]在大肠杆菌中开发了通过光能驱动显著提升CO2封存效率技术,最终实现合成葡萄糖和CO2转化化学品。Tu等[18]以光能为唯一能源,将视紫红质利用光能产生质子动能势与细胞外电子摄取机制相结合,建立了一条通过Ralstonia eutropha H16(一种兼性化能自养土壤细菌)驱动光电合成CO2固定途径,并进行生物合成。归根结底,天然光合作用系统的能量转化效率低下,主要因为其吸收光谱窄和光能转换过程中能量损耗巨大,据统计,一般植物仅能利用0.1%~2.5%的太阳能,藻类也不超过3%[1920]。因此,探索更高效的光能转换和利用机制,耦合协同生物转化以突破天然光合固碳效率低的固有缺陷,实现直接从CO2到化学品的生物转化途径具有极大应用潜力。
清洁能源电能是一种可广泛来自光伏、风能的可再生能源。近年来,随着绿色发电技术的发展,电能驱动CO2生物转化引起了广泛关注。Haas等[21]研究表明,若采用来自光伏或电能的绿电,使用银基气体扩散电极将CO2和水转化为合成气,然后将其转化为丁醇和己醇,转化效率达到了接近100%的法拉第效率,体现了电催化与生物转化结合的潜力。电能有2种形式作用于生物转化,分别是直接式和间接式。直接式是在电极上直接通过与电活性微生物或酶接触进行生物合成。Nevin等[22]研究表明,在绿电的驱动下,可通过电极将电子直接传递给Sporomusa ovata还原CO2为乙酸和2−氧丁酸。间接式是利用电能间接式辅助CO2转化(在电极上产生电子受体分子或生物转化的中间原料)。例如,Wu等[23]构建了电能驱动的体外多酶催化系统,实现了CO2加氨合成甘氨酸。Zheng等[24]利用电催化将CO2合成乙酸,之后作为碳源利用生物发酵合成葡萄糖和脂肪酸。Bian等[25]利用以H2为介导的电子传递在微生物电合成中实现了从CO2合成高浓度的乙酸。Hann等[26]将CO2经电化学还原为乙酸,接着将获得的乙酸盐作为碳源,异养培养包括藻类、真菌和农作物在内的生产食物的生物体。
此外,利用地核热能的地热能和来源于有机材料的生物质能与生物转化过程相结合也是优化能源效率,减少碳排放,提高资源利用率的理想途径之一。地热能提供了一种稳定的、可再生的热源,可用于支持生物转化中的生物过程。地热的应用可以加速微生物的代谢活动,如地热泉、深海热液喷口和火山区域等极端环境中的微生物能够通过地热将CO2转化为有机物质[2728]。生物质是一种丰富、可持续、低成本的天然碳源,资源年产量达到1700亿t,包括农业残留物、食物垃圾或林业副产品等有机物质[29]。Li等[30]将嗜热毁丝霉改造成能够利用纤维素为原料生产苹果酸的工程菌株,苹果酸产量达到181 g/L,实现了耦合生物质固定CO2生产化学品。当与地热能相结合时,地热资源的热量可以促进微生物分解生物质,这种耦合提高了总体产量,减少了对外部能源投入的需求,减少了能源系统的总体碳足迹,从而有助于建立一个更可持续和低碳的能源系统。
综上所述,可再生能源,包括光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)和地热/生物质能整体提高了CO2转化和能源效率,提高了可再生能源系统的可靠性和灵活性,且增加了高值化学品的转化。这些系统的整合在能源效率、环境影响资源利用、循环经济方面具有显著优势,最终有助于向更可持续和低碳能源的未来过渡。
可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化利用是通过利用可再生资源耦合微生物/酶系统实现能量−物质的高效转化,其关键科学问题是跨尺度能量传递与动态代谢调控的协同机制。在能量调控方面,光生电子通过半导体−生物界面[如镍铜(NiCu)合金、硫化镉(CdS)纳米颗粒、碲化镉量子点(CdTe QDs)]产生三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)/还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NADH)/H2驱动CO2还原进入细胞代谢网络[3133],该过程受生物−非生物界面上的电子转移和利用效率的严格调控。代谢调控层面,利用合成生物学工具[如光遗传开关、CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference, CRISPRi)干扰]动态平衡碳流分配。例如通过色度驯化传感器/调节剂(Cyanobacteriochrome−activated Sensor/Regulator,CcaSR)光遗传系统调控代谢基因pgitpiA的表达从而调节糖酵解和氧化磷酸戊糖、甲基乙二醛途径的通量分配[3435]。Polstein等[36]设计了一种光激活的成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR−associated protein 9,CRISPR−Cas9)效应器(LACE)系统,该系统在蓝光的存在下诱导内源基因的转录。Wu等[37]应用了一种蓝光敏感蛋白EL222调节由dCpf1介导的CRISPRi系统的表达,该系统会抑制竞争途径并将代谢流的分配方向重新导向在Escherichia. coli中麦康酸的异源合成。因此,通过将CRISPRi/dCas系统与多基因串联阵列相结合,所得到的光遗传CRISPRi系统能够对生产过程中的代谢过程进行高度精确的调控[38]
可再生资源驱动CO2生物转化利用是通过生物或生物杂交系统将CO2转化为高附加值产物的关键技术,核心在于能量输入(光能、绿电等)与生物催化(酶或微生物)的高效协同。近年来,可再生资源驱动CO2生物利用相关研究不断取得进展,已实现了包括甲醇(CH3OH)、乙酸(CH3COOH)、异丙醇(C3H8O)和糖类等化合品的合成[39]。以下是几种关键的光能和绿电(光伏、风能等)驱动CO2生物转化产品技术路径及其相关案例。
目前,利用光能驱动CO2生物转化利用的技术主要有自然−人工杂合系统、光电微生物耦合等技术。由于自然光合生物的天然光合作用效率较低,限制了光能的高效吸收与利用。因此构建人工光合系统提高固碳率,为高效转化CO2提供新路径。人工光合作用系统原理是将半导体材料与微生物细胞相结合,借助半导体材料用来辅助细胞对光能的利用,通过无机或有机纳米粒子将光能转化为电子,模仿光合作用实现对太阳能的转化和利用。Guan等[40]将自养黄色杆菌Xanthobacter autotrophicus与CdTe量子点相连接在光驱动下固定CO2。Sakimoto等[41]将半导体Cds纳米粒子组装在非光合细菌Moorella thermoacetica表面,利用Cds纳米粒子吸收光产生电子参与CO2还原成乙酸。类似地,Gan等[32]将碲化镉量子点(CdTe QDs)与大肠杆菌(E. coli)相耦合,构建了一种光驱动无机−生物杂合系统,利用CdTe QDs捕获太阳能并驱动CO2转化合成0.65 g/L甲酸和0.18 g/L丙酮酸,超过了自然光合作用。这展现了半导体材料催化提升生物固碳效率方面的潜力。此外,由于大部分生物不能直接利用光能,且微藻的光能转换效率仍然较低(3%~9%)[42],优化光能的吸收成为实现高效利用光能的关键。例如,在无氧光合类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)中引入叶绿素a合成途径,使R. sphaeroides能够产生叶绿素a和叶绿素,接着通过删除叶绿素特定修饰的基因并用蓝藻(Synechocystis sp.)来源的叶绿素合酶取代,使得能够生成叶绿素a,从而拓展了R. sphaeroides光谱吸收范围[43]。这表明,通过代谢工程改造微生物的捕光能力是提高光合速率的有效策略。此外,由于CO2的还原需要大量的还原力,优化辅因子再生是驱动CO2生物转化的关键环节。Li等[44]改造了从保加利亚乳杆菌ATCC11842中克隆出的关键酶D−乳酸脱氢酶(LdhD),使其辅因子偏好从NADH变为还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADPH),使D−乳酸的产量提高超过3.6倍。这说明,调控细胞对辅因子的偏好性以增加胞内还原力的再生,能够有效促进CO2的还原与转化。另外,能够利用太阳能电池将光能转化为电子驱动电微生物转化CO2。例如,Bai等[45]构建的沼泽红假单胞菌工程菌及生物电化学细胞燃料生产平台经测试显示,利用卤素灯为光源,太阳能电池板为电源,驱动CO2向正丁醇(0.91±0.07)mg/L的转化。该结果说明耦合太阳能光电板驱动微生物电合成能够促进CO2的高效转化。
根据生物催化剂的不同,电能驱动CO2生物转化利用可以分为微生物电合成和酶−电催化。微生物电合成是利用电活性微生物从电极处获得电子,将CO2还原为有价值的有机酸或醇类[46]。微生物是廉价且能够自我再生的催化剂,在温和温度下能够实现超过80%的电能转化为产物的转化率[47]。目前,一些微生物如卵巢孢子菌(Sporomusa ovata)、热醋穆尔氏菌(Moorella thermoacetica)和永达尔梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)已经被证明能够通过在阴极处获得电子将CO2还原为有机化学品,如甲酸(CH2O2)、乙酸、乙醇(C2H5OH)[4851]。此外,除了菌种,对电极表面修饰[49]、加入电子中介体[52]、降低细胞通透性[53]也是提高转化效率的途径。酶−电催化是将氧化还原酶固定在电极表面,利用电子催化CO2还原为甲酸、甲醇、一氧化碳(CO)、乙烯(C2H4)、乙醇、丙醇(C3H8O)等化学品[5459]。酶催化固定CO2涉及多种酶类,包括甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase,FDH)、一氧化碳脱氢酶(carbon monoxide dehydrogenase,CODH)、改性固氮酶(remodeled nitrogenases,RN)和羧化酶类(carboxylases)[60]。据调查, FDH和羧化酶/脱羧酶的专利申请数量逐年增加,说明它们在辅酶再生和CO2固定方面的开发具有较大应用价值[61]。Seelajaroen等[55]通过石墨烯电极与3种脱氢酶(甲酸脱氢酶、甲醛脱氢酶和醇脱氢酶)直接传递电子,实现了从CO2到甲醇的酶电催化级联,最终能够实现甲醇生产且产率约为0.6 μmol/h。韩国科学技术院Sang Yup Lee等将CO2电解与微生物Cupriavidus necator发酵相结合,并以克为单位从气态CO2中直接生产聚−3−羟基丁酸酯(PHB),生产率较之前提高2个数量级[62]。因此绿电是可再生能源的高价值载体,绿电驱动CO2生物转化为碳中和目标下的能源转型与碳循环提供了核心动力。
为了提高可再生能源的利用率,将多种能源形式(如光能、风电、生物质能、储能等)集成在一个协同优化系统中即多能互补系统,是通过能源梯级利用、动态匹配与智能调控从而实现CO2的高效转化的途径。该系统能够有效解决单一可再生资源如光能的昼夜波动、风能的季节差异,并通过代谢网络调控优化碳流流向目标产物。2022年,美国西北大学和LanzaTech研究者成功通过工程改造乙醇梭菌,利用工业废气原料(如工业排放物的合成气和CO2)生产丙酮和异丙醇,达到工业中试规模[63]。丹麦Power−to−X示范项目是耦合风电实现CO2资源化,其利用北海风力发电,电解水产H2后与CO2转化为甲烷、甲醇及绿色碳氢化合物[64]。2016年,丹麦MeGA−StoRE项目在沼气厂中利用可再生能源电力电解水制氢,再与CO2进行反应生成甲烷和水,该技术不仅利用了沼气中的所有碳,还将甲烷总产量理论上提高了约50%[65]。2025年,位于丹麦Kassø的Power−to−X工厂正式建成,该工厂采用当地生物源CO,结合绿电解氢年产将能达到4.2万t甲醇,碳排放较传统工艺减少约97%[66]。多能互补系统能够突破单一可再生能源的限制,实现连续生产,提高了整体转化效率,为建立碳循环经济提供了技术支撑。
利用可再生能源驱动CO2的生物转化,为可持续的碳捕获、利用和转化开辟了一条重要的途径。然而,生产成本高是可再生能源驱动CO2的生物转化的主要瓶颈,面临能效、速率、产量挑战,需解决能量利用、固碳还原、定向合成系统调控等科学问题,大幅降低生产成本(图2)。
克服CO2的化学惰性,需要大量能量的输入。能量高效传递和转化是CO2生物转化中能否“进得多”的关键。如何构建高效的电子传递通道,提高多种能量形式向生物能转化的效率,克服CO2的化学惰性,需要大量能量的输入。生物虽然具有负责能量传递的电子通道,但其传递能量效率低,且不具有普适性。现有的能量传递通道不能有效传递高密度的能量形式。解析生物体能量传递机制,建立电子通道理论,为开发普适性的能量传递元件奠定理论基础。创建新的电子传递通道,扩大生物电子传递的通量,提高能量传递效率。开发电子载体、蛋白导线、量子点连接子等人工电子传递原件,整合纳米催化材料,实现生物体可以直接利用高密度能量形式[6770]。突破自然生物能量转换形式,实现光能、电能、生物质能等多种能量形式向生物能的高效转换。
如何实现CO2的C—O键高效活化并还原为C—H键或C—C键,是CO2生物转化能否“固得快”的关键,也是实现由无机碳向有机碳转化的核心步骤。因此,需要解析催化剂表界面结构与CO2活化、C=O键断裂、C—H键构筑的对应关系,设计构建常温下有效降低CO2反应活化能的新型催化剂,提高C—O键活化还原成C—H键或C—C键的效率[7172],阐明光能、电能、生物质能等不同可再生能源驱动CO2还原的反应动力学与多相流体传质传热的匹配规律,解析可再生能源驱动关键酶催化机制和能量转换形式,获得CO2固定与能量耦合利用的最佳协同模式[73]
将固定住的CO2快速、定向转化到有价值的复杂分子是CO2生物转化能否“用得好”的关键。自然生物的代谢反应与合成途径复杂,产物多、产量低、速度慢,难以满足快速发展的工业生产需要。如何解决CO2到目标产物的生物合成过程中碳流定向分配,代谢通量增强,提高物质合成速度,需要采用合成生物技术,根据生物物质合成规律,创建人工生物体系,定向设计从原料到化学品的合成路线[71, 7475]。为提高物质合成效率,创建面向工业应用和可工程化放大的新反应和新途径,设计从CO2经还原反应生成中心代谢中间体,再到目标产品的定向合成路线;重构物质代谢调控网络,增强到目标产品的代谢通量;整合能量传递、碳固定和物质合成模块,实现CO2到目标产品的高效合成。
光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)等可再生资源驱动的CO2生物转化为高值化学品、燃料、材料和食品等在环境效益和经济效益上具有显著潜力。当以可再生能源为动力时,CO2的生物转化直接有助于减少温室气体排放。一些生物过程,例如藻类的光合作用或微生物的CO2固定作用,能够将CO2转化为生物质或其他稳定的形态进行封存。当与可再生能源相结合时,这种策略有可能实现负碳排放,即捕获和储存的CO2量多于排放的量,从而导致大气中CO2浓度的净降低。此外,与化石燃料相比,通过将可持续性的可再生能源融入生物CO2转化系统中,这些过程中所使用的能源本身就是可持续的,从而减少了对不可再生能源(例如传统石油和天然气)的依赖。将可再生能源用于生物CO2转化有助于建立一个更可持续和平衡的生态系统,减少对污染性且消耗性化石燃料资源的需求,最终有助于减轻环境退化。
利用可再生资源驱动CO2转化利用不仅有显著的环境效益,还有巨大的经济效益。CO2被捕获从而转化为有价值的化学品、材料前体或食品添加剂,具有极大市场潜力并且有助于推动形成一个循环型的碳经济体系。利用可再生资源转化CO2,可以减少对化石燃料进口的依赖,增强国家的能源独立性,促进稳定的能源市场。此外,CO2的生物转化能够催生新的市场领域,为生物制造和生物创新产生新的机遇,包括可再生生物燃料、碳基化学品以及可持续食品生产。随着对可持续产品需求的增加,这些新产业可能会成为推动经济增长和创新的重要动力。
目前,可再生能源光能、绿电(光伏、风能等)、地热/生物质能驱动CO2生物转化技术不断取得突破,但是离真正实现大规模应用仍然任重道远。未来研究发展应重点关注:(1) 高效生物−非生物界面的设计、开发光捕获材料、高效电活性生物膜的设计、关键酶的高活性改造以提高能源转化效率;(2) 构建动态代谢调控的智能平台以实现多能互补系统的实时优化;(3) 发展能耗低、经济性高的集成技术工艺,减少单一过程对下游生产过程效率,提升工业生产鲁棒性;(4) 跨学科融合“材料−能源−生物”,实现交叉创新。利用可再生能源驱动CO2生物转化,形成“可再生能源—碳转化—高值产品”的可持续产业链,加紧经济社会发展全面绿色转型,协同推进降碳减污扩绿增长,推动碳中和的发展。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA0918000)
  • 河北省自然科学基金基础研究专项(C2023106028)
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2025年第43卷第23期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00033
  • 接收时间:2025-09-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-08
  • 修回日期:2025-11-22
  • 录用日期:2025-11-25
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国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA0918000)
河北省自然科学基金基础研究专项(C2023106028)
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    1河南工业大学生物工程学院,郑州 450001
    2中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津 300308

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胡元森(通信作者),教授,研究方向为微生物学,电子信箱:;
王钦宏(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为工业生物进化与代谢工程,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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