Article(id=1212430798662312104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=23, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=1763049600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766995628275, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1764259200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766764800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766995628275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080326183, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212430797412409505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='22', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764259200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766995627976, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330566881, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195761085756072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195761085756073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212430798955913389, articleId=1212430798662312104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=The security turn in science governance: U.S. policy restructuring under Trump 2.0 and China's response, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of the intersection between technological competition and geopolitical security, research governance is increasingly oriented towards national security. In 2025, with Trump's return to power, U.S. research policy rapidly shifts from "open collaboration" to "security−driven" priorities, with comprehensive adjustments in research funding, cooperation mechanisms, talent policies, and regulatory systems. This paper first reviews the institutional foundations of the U.S. as a technological superpower and systematically analyzes the policy shifts under the Trump 2.0 administration in areas such as research budgets, international collaboration, talent mobility, and issue regulation, revealing a paradigm shift in the U.S. research system. It then further analyzes the response strategies of major countries and outlines the restructuring trends in the global research landscape. The study concludes that the U.S. policy shift is driving the global research landscape towards a more polarized and diversified structure. Finally, it suggests that China should build a research governance system with strategic resilience and global adaptability.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiangli ZHU, Junfeng WEI, Xiaoping LIU, Fengxian LÜ, Wei WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212430799849300159, articleId=1212430798662312104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=国家安全导向下的科研治理转型—特朗普2.0时代美国科技政策的制度重构与中国应对, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在科技竞争与地缘安全日益交织的背景下,科研治理逐渐呈现出以国家安全为导向的趋势。2025年,特朗普再次当选美国总统,美国的科研政策加速从“开放协同”向“安全主导”转型,科研投入、合作机制、人才政策和监管体系全面调整。回顾了美国成为科技强国的制度基础,系统分析特朗普2.0政府在科研预算、国际合作、人才流动和议题监管等方面的政策变化,揭示美国科研体系的范式转型;进一步分析主要国家的应对策略,并梳理全球科研格局的重组趋势。提出美国科技政策的范式转变推动全球科研格局朝着阵营化与多元化发展,中国应构建具有战略韧性和全球适应力的科研治理体系。

, authors=

朱相丽,副研究员,研究方向为学科战略情报、科技评估、文本挖掘,电子信箱:

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吴伟(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技创新和高等教育,电子信箱:
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朱相丽 1, 2 , 魏俊峰 3 , 刘小平 1, 2 , 吕凤先 1 , 吴伟 4, *
科技导报 | 政策建议 2025,43(22): 115-119
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科技导报 |政策建议 2025 , 43 (22) : 115 -119
国家安全导向下的科研治理转型—特朗普2.0时代美国科技政策的制度重构与中国应对
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朱相丽1, 2 , 魏俊峰3, 刘小平1, 2, 吕凤先1, 吴伟4, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院文献情报中心,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系,北京 100190
  • 3军事科学院军事科学信息研究中心,北京 100049
  • 4浙江大学中国科教战略研究院,杭州 310058
通讯作者:
吴伟(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技创新和高等教育,电子信箱:
The security turn in science governance: U.S. policy restructuring under Trump 2.0 and China's response
Xiangli ZHU1, 2 , Junfeng WEI3, Xiaoping LIU1, 2, Fengxian LÜ1, Wei WU4, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3Information Center, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4Zhejiang Institute of Science and Education Strategy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2025-11-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00037
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在科技竞争与地缘安全日益交织的背景下,科研治理逐渐呈现出以国家安全为导向的趋势。2025年,特朗普再次当选美国总统,美国的科研政策加速从“开放协同”向“安全主导”转型,科研投入、合作机制、人才政策和监管体系全面调整。回顾了美国成为科技强国的制度基础,系统分析特朗普2.0政府在科研预算、国际合作、人才流动和议题监管等方面的政策变化,揭示美国科研体系的范式转型;进一步分析主要国家的应对策略,并梳理全球科研格局的重组趋势。提出美国科技政策的范式转变推动全球科研格局朝着阵营化与多元化发展,中国应构建具有战略韧性和全球适应力的科研治理体系。

国家安全  /  科研治理  /  科技政策  /  制度转型  /  特朗普2.0

In the context of the intersection between technological competition and geopolitical security, research governance is increasingly oriented towards national security. In 2025, with Trump's return to power, U.S. research policy rapidly shifts from "open collaboration" to "security−driven" priorities, with comprehensive adjustments in research funding, cooperation mechanisms, talent policies, and regulatory systems. This paper first reviews the institutional foundations of the U.S. as a technological superpower and systematically analyzes the policy shifts under the Trump 2.0 administration in areas such as research budgets, international collaboration, talent mobility, and issue regulation, revealing a paradigm shift in the U.S. research system. It then further analyzes the response strategies of major countries and outlines the restructuring trends in the global research landscape. The study concludes that the U.S. policy shift is driving the global research landscape towards a more polarized and diversified structure. Finally, it suggests that China should build a research governance system with strategic resilience and global adaptability.

national security  /  science governance  /  science and technology policy  /  institutional transformation  /  Trump 2.0
朱相丽, 魏俊峰, 刘小平, 吕凤先, 吴伟. 国家安全导向下的科研治理转型—特朗普2.0时代美国科技政策的制度重构与中国应对. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (22) : 115 -119 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00037
Xiangli ZHU, Junfeng WEI, Xiaoping LIU, Fengxian LÜ, Wei WU. The security turn in science governance: U.S. policy restructuring under Trump 2.0 and China's response[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (22) : 115 -119 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00037
2025年,特朗普重返白宫,美国科研政策迎来深刻的结构性转变。新一届政府将“科技国家安全化”“科研合作去全球化”与“政治审查制度化”作为核心导向。在2026财年预算提案中[1],特朗普政府大幅削减主要科研机构的资金,国家卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health,NIH)拟削减约190亿美元(占总额41%),国家科学基金会(National Science Foundation,NSF)预算削减55%。部分高校因政治原因而被冻结联邦经费。美国科学促进会(American Association for the Advancement of Science,AAAS)首席执行官Sudip Parikh警告:“如果这项预算通过,美国将失去全球科研领导地位”[2]。科研界普遍担忧此轮预算重构将对美国科研根基造成“不可逆的结构性冲击”。
在此背景下,主要科技强国迅速强化本土科研支持和人才吸附机制,推动全球科研合作网络的地缘政治重构。美国“科技超级大国”地位的稳固性受到挑战。本文系统分析特朗普2.0时代科研政策转向及其对科研投入结构、国际人才流动和科技合作格局的深远影响,通过回顾美国“科技超级大国”的制度基础提供纵向视角,为中国应对全球科研格局重组、构建具有战略韧性的科研治理体系提供政策参考。
美国长期以来建立了一个完善的科研体系:由联邦政府主导的资助机制、以大学为核心的基础研究平台,以及以企业为主力的成果转化网络。这一体系为美国成为全球科技领导者奠定了坚实的制度基础。
三元协同模式与多元化投入机制。自20世纪40年代以范内瓦•布什(Vannevar Bush)《科学:无尽的前沿》报告中提出的“范内瓦体系”确立以来,美国形成了以大学为科研中心、政府提供资金支持、企业推动成果转化的三元协同格局。在这一基础上,构建了以联邦政府为主导、社会多元力量共同参与的投入体系。根据《科学与工程指标2024》[3]数据,2023年美国研发总支出达9770亿美元,约占全球总额的28%。联邦资助主导高校的经费结构,同时,慈善基金、企业资助和地方财政的共同参与,进一步增强了这一体系的韧性。
成果转化机制:知识产权驱动创新落地。1980年,《拜杜法案》(《Bayh–Dole Act》)赋予高校对联邦资助研究成果的专利持有权,大幅提升了科研产出的市场转化率。2025年,信息技术与创新基金会(ITIF)研究[4]指出,1996—2020年,美国高校通过专利转化催生大量科技初创企业,转化成果对经济增长贡献显著。联邦采购系统也积极支持军民融合型科研成果孵化。
全球人才虹吸机制:科研开放与移民制度联动。美国科研制度的开放性体现在其对全球人才的广泛吸纳。通过H−1B签证、专业实习(OPT)许可等多元化签证机制,吸引了大量来自中国、印度、欧洲等国家和地区的科研人员。2024年,科学、技术、工程和数学(science, technology, engineering, and mathematics,STEM)领域博士劳动力中超过43%为外国出生,高校和实验室的人才结构高度国际化。
战略性科技计划机制:危机导向与国家动员结合。美国在多次国家安全或社会危机中,均通过国家计划推动科技跃迁,从“曼哈顿计划”“阿波罗计划”到“美国人工智能行动计划”,形成了典型的“战略牵引型科技突破”路径。近年来,通过《芯片与科学法案》等政策推进关键领域资源配置。
美国科研体系长期保持全球领先,关键在于形成了一个“资助—研究—转化—市场”环环相扣的闭环:联邦政府通过NSF、NIH、国防部(Department of Defense,DOD)等稳定投入,研究型大学开展前沿探索;技术转移办公室将成果转化,初创企业借助风险投资迅速实现产业化。但面对预算紧缩、国家安全优先与国际合作受限等新变量,该体系对外部冲击的敏感性日益显现,正被嵌入国家安全逻辑重新塑形。
2025年,特朗普重返白宫后,美国科研政策迎来以国家安全为主导的结构性重构,呈现出明显的“政治安全化−资源集中化−合作收缩化”特征。第2任期更加强化科研治理对安全议题的回应能力,推动美国科研体系在制度、资金、合作和人才层面发生系统性收缩与重构。
美国2026财年预算提案显示,NSF和NIH预算分别削减约55%和41%,打破了过去几十年相对稳定的基础研究资助体系。相比之下,DOD预算增长22.9%,能源部的民用科学研究预算削减了14%,但与核武器相关的研发预算大幅增加。科研资源开始明显向“关键技术−国家安全−战略竞争”方向集中。联邦研究安全政策与资助导向的调整,正在把基础研究与国际合作纳入更紧的安全审查框架[5]。这种预算倾斜或将引发科研生态系统中“技术短视化”与“领域空心化”的风险。
特朗普政府将国际科研合作纳入国家安全评估范畴,对美国高校与中国、俄罗斯等国家的科研合作协议开展全面审查,在人工智能等敏感领域的40多项合作遭到中止或限制[67]。部分高校转向与盟国机构重新建立合作,标志着美国正在构建以“价值观一致性”为基础的科技联盟网络。2025年7月,美国通过《“大而美”法案》(《One Big Beautiful Bill Act》)[8],大幅增加国防支出,并将科研资金重点投向国家安全相关领域,进一步加剧全球科研网络的阵营化分化。
据Conroy等[9]和Kitajima等[10]研究统计,自2019年以来中美科研合著数量持续下滑,而中国与德国、英国等国家合作密度不断上升,显示全球科研网络正在经历“去中心化”与“再结盟”双重趋势。在特朗普2.0政策主导下,美国正由“全球科研中枢”转向“技术安全岛屿”的发展路径。
2025年,特朗普颁布行政令14161,安全背景核查纳入所有学生及工作类签证审理流程,平均审理时间延长4~6周。多家移民律所报告H−1B案件补件要求(RFE)发放显著上升[11]。受多重收紧措施影响,学生及交流访问者信息系统(SEVIS)数据[12]显示,2024年3月—2025年3月在美国际学生减少11.33%,经济损失约为40亿美元。高门槛和不确定性使美国高校2025年秋季新晋国际博士研究生注册人数普遍下降。
特朗普2.0政府扩大了对科研议题选择、人员构成和合作背景的政治性监督。联邦机构对高校科研资助施加更严苛的审查制度,要求项目申报中提交“国家安全适配声明”和“国际合作风险评估”材料。国会已提出《加强国会通报的科技合作协议法案》(2024)[13],要求与外国政府签署或续签科技合作协议前30天向国会通报。NIH[14]、NSF、DOD 等机构已开始试行“安全与国际合作风险披露”模板,要求科研团队报告潜在的高风险合作伙伴。学术界普遍担忧,随着安全审查的持续加强,基础研究和跨学科前沿议题的自主性将受到抑制,科研治理有可能从“科学主导”逐步转向“安全主导”,甚至“意识形态主导”。
综上,特朗普2.0时代的科研政策重构,标志着美国科研治理从“范内瓦体系”转向“科技安全国家主义”治理范式。科研资源加速向关键技术与战略部门集中,制度架构日益强化对科研议题、合作对象和人才流动的政治性审查。这一转型呈现出三重特征:(1) 将科技资源作为服务国家战略竞争的手段;(2) 将科研合作全面纳入国家安全审查体系;(3) 将高校与科研机构纳入意识形态驱动的联盟治理逻辑。随着这一治理路径的强化,美国科研体系的制度稳定性、学术自由以及全球科技合作网络的多边性均面临深刻挑战。
特朗普2.0政府对科研治理的战略性重构打破了原有以美国为主导的科研协同秩序,引发多个国家在战略自主、科研安全与人才政策等方面的集体性调整。新一轮全球科研政策竞争格局正呈现“阵营化”“碎片化”与“多中心化”的演化趋势。
欧盟迅速调整科研政策结构,强调科技主权与战略自主[15],在Horizon Europe(欧洲地平线)框架下设立了“关键技术自主专属资金池”[16],重点支持人工智能、量子技术、安全芯片和先进材料等战略领域。英国2025年5月发布了更新版《科学与技术框架》《Science and Technology Framework》[17],承诺在未来4年内每年投入225亿英镑用于研发,推动人工智能计算能力建设。日本成立了防卫创新科学技术研究所(Defense Innovation Science & Technology Institute,DISTI),加速防务创新,以及对关键技术领域的自主性保护。中国通过“新型举国体制”与“揭榜挂帅”等机制增强本土科研能力,构建多边科研合作网络,深化与欧盟、东盟等区域的科研协定。
在奥库斯(AUKUS)、四方安全对话(Quad)等安全同盟支持下,美国、日本、澳大利亚、印度等国家在敏感技术领域强化合作,形成以安全信任为核心的“合作圈层”。新兴经济体积极探索本土化科研治理路径,东盟制定《负责任人工智能路线图(2025—2030)》[18],推动区域内科技合作。越来越多国家在区域协同、多边平台中强化话语权,弱化对美国科研系统的单一依赖[19]
全球科研秩序正在从以美国为中心的“一体化体系”转向更加多元、分布式的网络结构,科技主导权的竞争延伸至制度设计和规则制定层面。
面对特朗普2.0政府推动的科技“安全国家主义”加速演进,全球科研格局正进入由单边主导向多极协同重构的关键期。对中国而言,美国科研体系战略性收缩与脱钩趋势既带来挑战,也为构建高韧性、高自主度的科研体系提供了窗口期。中国科研体系的战略调整需要从根本上思考如何在维护国家科技安全的同时,保持科研活动的开放性和创新活力。
中国应系统性重构科研资源配置机制。在基础研究投入方面,完善“稳定支持+竞争资助”双轨制拨款结构,提升国家自然科学基金与重点研发计划在战略基础研究中的统筹能力,避免对“短期绩效”的过度依赖;试点设立“非共识探索基金”,支持挑战传统范式的原创构想;在龙头科研机构试点“机构式资助”,将部分竞争性项目经费转为稳定拨款,保障科研人员在核心科学问题上的持续投入;在“双一流高校”建设跨学科研究中心。
在人才政策方面,应从“回流导向”转向“全球融合”。优化“离岸科研团队”制度设计,探索“境外研发,成果回流”模式;在自贸区、大湾区等先行区域试点“科研签证/人才绿卡”快速通道,为各领域国际科学奖得主、国际顶尖博士生等提供“一人一策”引进方案,构建全球高水平导师与本土博士联合培养机制;建立“关键人才数据库”,实时监测核心科研人员的流动动态,形成稳定性投入与创新活力、人才引进与安全防控相互促进的良性循环。
中国应构建面向多边、区域与“非美核心圈”的科研合作体系。发起“全球科研伙伴倡议”,与欧盟、东盟、中亚、拉美等国家和组织签署科研标准互认与数据流通协定;未来5年主导发起若干国际大科学计划,重点布局气候变化、全球健康、清洁能源等领域。鼓励高校、研究机构深度参与非政府间国际科学组织和开放科学平台,构建多层次、多渠道的国际科研合作网络,有效对冲单边制裁和技术封锁带来的系统性风险。
应对美国在科研领域的制度化审查与技术封锁,中国须构建符合开放性原则但具备底线思维的科研安全治理体系。制定《科研安全治理条例》,明确科研数据、合作对象、关键人员与成果出口等领域的风险等级。建设“国家科研伦理与安全评估中心”,建立“白名单”与“预警名单”数据库;推动高校与科研单位建立科研合规的内控机制,试点“科研安全合规官”制度;建立“项目负责人+机构+监管部门”的三级责任制。
中国的战略目标应超越“防御性脱钩”,打造开放与安全兼容的新范式。在海南自贸港、粤港澳大湾区先行先试 “国际科研合作中心”,引入“负面清单”管理,探索“科技开放特区”模式;推出“科技人才签证”特别通道,为全球顶尖高校的理工科博士研究生和特定领域的企业研发人才提供快速审批与长期签证便利,并配套子女教育、医疗保障等服务;通过制度化手段平衡科研开放与安全防控的关系,既要防范潜在风险,又要避免过度管制对科研创新活力的损害。
在全球科技格局加速演变的背景下,须构建面向战略科技领域的动态预警与政策响应机制。设立“国际科技政策动态监测平台”,实时跟踪主要国家科研战略调整;开发“关键技术差距指数”,定期发布评估报告;构建“战略科技议题库”与“对策知识库”;建立“政策影响评估—应对方案制定—资源调配”的快速响应机制,在特定区域先行试点国际科研合作新模式。这种动态监测与快速响应机制的建立,有助于中国在复杂多变的国际环境中保持战略主动性,及时识别机遇与挑战,制定针对性的应对策略。
展望未来,中国科研体系的战略转型应当朝着构建“开放安全兼容”的新范式方向发展。通过系统性的资源重配、网络重构、制度完善和机制创新,中国能够在维护科研开放性的同时构建具备战略自主性和风险韧性的科研治理体系,从而在全球科技治理格局的深刻变革中,实现从被动的“防御者”向主动的“构建者”的战略转型,为全球科研合作贡献更多的中国智慧和中国方案。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(23&ZD131)
  • 军队科研基金项目(25−XXXX−01−03−21−006)
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2025年第43卷第22期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00037
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
  • 修回日期:2025-11-14
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国家社会科学基金重大项目(23&ZD131)
军队科研基金项目(25−XXXX−01−03−21−006)
作者信息
    1中国科学院文献情报中心,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学经济与管理学院信息资源管理系,北京 100190
    3军事科学院军事科学信息研究中心,北京 100049
    4浙江大学中国科教战略研究院,杭州 310058

通讯作者:

吴伟(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技创新和高等教育,电子信箱:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00037
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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