Article(id=1254112854752297280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=1772208000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776933404863, onlineDateStr=2026-04-23, pubDate=1776009600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776933404863, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776933404863, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776933404863, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1254112841712206109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776009600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776933401732, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1776934002915, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1254115363315191985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1254115363315191986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=31, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1254112856014782788, articleId=1254112854752297280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Constructing the human−computer relationship centered on "Xin": A perspective from human−engaged computing, columnId=1150494644312879319, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

While pursuing "higher, faster, stronger" digital technology advancements today, the survival and development patterns of individuals, society, the environment, and the world are increasingly under pressure and overdrawn — approaching the brink of unsustainability. Faced with this structural issue in the relationship between humans and technology, incremental innovations that follow traditional lines of thinking are no longer sufficient to address the root of the problem or reverse the trend. Instead, a set of macro−level theoretical frameworks is needed for attribution, explanation, and resolution. From the "Biophysics−Intellect−Xin" perspective of Human−Engaged Computing, we argue that the root of current unsustainable situations lies in the unsustainability of the human "Xin". Past human−machine relationships, focused on building knowledge repositories ("Intellect") and satisfying physical needs ("Biophysics"), not only fail to address today's sustainability challenges but also exacerbate real−world problems through overdevelopment. Accordingly, a potential solution lies in deriving a top−level design from a human−machine relationship centered on "Xin". This approach would meet human material needs while restructuring the underlying mechanisms and environment of digital technology to foster peace in "Xin", thus gradually promoting the long−term sustainable development of individuals, society, the environment, and the world.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chen WANG, Xiangshi REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangshi REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1254112865066090848, articleId=1254112854752297280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=构建以“心”为原点的人机关系——从人机共协计算的视角, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在当今追求“更高、更快、更强”数字技术繁荣的同时,人类个体、社会、环境、世界的生存和发展模式正在过度承压和透支,已然来到了不可持续的边缘。面对这样一个人与技术关系的结构性问题,沿袭传统思维路径的、离散的递进式创新已很难直指问题本质、扭转趋势,更需要一套宏观理论框架进行归因、解释和解决。从人机共协计算的“身−知−心”视角出发,当下不可持续的各种局面最终都能在人类心灵的不可持续中找到根源,而过去关注于构建人类知识库(“知”)和身体满足感(“身”)的人机关系不仅不能应对当下的可持续性挑战,甚至本身在过度发展中放大现实问题。相应地,一种可能解决之道则来自从以“心”为原点的人机关系思想中衍生出一套顶层设计,在满足人类物质需求同时,面向“心”的安定重构数字技术的底层机制和环境,进而逐步推动个体、社会、环境、世界的长远可持续发展。

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王晨,副教授,研究方向为人机共协计算,电子信箱:

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任向实(通信作者),教授,研究方向为人机交互和人机共协计算,电子信箱:
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构建以“心”为原点的人机关系——从人机共协计算的视角
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王晨 1, 2 , 任向实 1, *
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2026,44(7): 31-43
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科技导报 |本刊专稿 2026 , 44 (7) : 31 -43
构建以“心”为原点的人机关系——从人机共协计算的视角
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王晨1, 2 , 任向实1, *
作者信息
  • 1高知工科大学信息学院,日本高知 7828502
  • 2上海工程技术大学,上海 201620
通讯作者:
任向实(通信作者),教授,研究方向为人机交互和人机共协计算,电子信箱:
Constructing the human−computer relationship centered on "Xin": A perspective from human−engaged computing
Chen WANG1, 2 , Xiangshi REN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Informatics, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 7828502, Japan
  • 2Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
出版时间: 2026-04-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00048
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在当今追求“更高、更快、更强”数字技术繁荣的同时,人类个体、社会、环境、世界的生存和发展模式正在过度承压和透支,已然来到了不可持续的边缘。面对这样一个人与技术关系的结构性问题,沿袭传统思维路径的、离散的递进式创新已很难直指问题本质、扭转趋势,更需要一套宏观理论框架进行归因、解释和解决。从人机共协计算的“身−知−心”视角出发,当下不可持续的各种局面最终都能在人类心灵的不可持续中找到根源,而过去关注于构建人类知识库(“知”)和身体满足感(“身”)的人机关系不仅不能应对当下的可持续性挑战,甚至本身在过度发展中放大现实问题。相应地,一种可能解决之道则来自从以“心”为原点的人机关系思想中衍生出一套顶层设计,在满足人类物质需求同时,面向“心”的安定重构数字技术的底层机制和环境,进而逐步推动个体、社会、环境、世界的长远可持续发展。

人机关系  /  “身−知−心”  /  人机交互  /  人机共协计算

While pursuing "higher, faster, stronger" digital technology advancements today, the survival and development patterns of individuals, society, the environment, and the world are increasingly under pressure and overdrawn — approaching the brink of unsustainability. Faced with this structural issue in the relationship between humans and technology, incremental innovations that follow traditional lines of thinking are no longer sufficient to address the root of the problem or reverse the trend. Instead, a set of macro−level theoretical frameworks is needed for attribution, explanation, and resolution. From the "Biophysics−Intellect−Xin" perspective of Human−Engaged Computing, we argue that the root of current unsustainable situations lies in the unsustainability of the human "Xin". Past human−machine relationships, focused on building knowledge repositories ("Intellect") and satisfying physical needs ("Biophysics"), not only fail to address today's sustainability challenges but also exacerbate real−world problems through overdevelopment. Accordingly, a potential solution lies in deriving a top−level design from a human−machine relationship centered on "Xin". This approach would meet human material needs while restructuring the underlying mechanisms and environment of digital technology to foster peace in "Xin", thus gradually promoting the long−term sustainable development of individuals, society, the environment, and the world.

ideal human−computer relationships  /  Biophysics−Intellect−Xin  /  human−computer interaction  /  human−engaged computing
王晨, 任向实. 构建以“心”为原点的人机关系——从人机共协计算的视角. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (7) : 31 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00048
Chen WANG, Xiangshi REN. Constructing the human−computer relationship centered on "Xin": A perspective from human−engaged computing[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (7) : 31 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00048
20世纪曾被称为“探求自我的世纪”[1]。在对自我的理解和启蒙中,一方面,人类的知识和成就超越了过去所有人类历史的总和,计算机、互联网等数字技术从无到有,堪称人类历史上最惊艳的奇迹之一;另一方面,也正是人类尚未完成的自我认知,各种各样不成熟、不完整的思想观念和意识形态等在成为人类文明新的“人造物”同时,也成了人类历史上前所未有的压抑、纷争和灾难的导火索。
延续到21世纪,同样地,一方面,当今世界正经历前所未有的技术革命,人工智能、大数据、虚拟现实等新兴数字技术快速发展,与20世纪不同的是,这些创新从过去主要应用在工业界,现在高度渗透到人们生活的方方面面;另一方面,这些“人机共生”的数字技术却没能意识到20世纪遗留下的人类弱点,相反却是有意或无意地传播、刺激、放大这些问题,可以说也没能较20世纪的技术产生本质的思想进步。其产生的结果如下。
1) 从个体角度,社会成员的心理疾病负担正逐年加剧。世界卫生组织(World Health Drganization,WHO)的数据显示,全球受各类精神健康问题影响的总人数已超10亿[2],焦虑症和抑郁症是导致人类长期残疾的第2大因素。在中国,这一趋势同样严峻:权威精神卫生流行病学调查显示,中国抑郁障碍患者保守估计已达约9500万人[3];近年来患病风险持续走高,《2023年度中国精神心理健康蓝皮书》指出,成人抑郁风险检出率已达10.6%[4]。在社会经济影响方面,心理疾病造成的宏观代价极其高昂:WHO评估显示,抑郁和焦虑每年导致全球损失120亿个工作日,造成约1万亿美元的生产力损失[5];在亚洲发达经济体中,以新加坡为例,焦虑与抑郁症每年造成的经济负担约占其国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)的2.9%[6],远超早期学界对心理疾病经济折损的预估。
2) 从社会角度,心理承压和透支的群体化,催生了倦怠社会和工蜂经济[78],有报告显示,中国超过50%的大学生群体对结婚生育持消极态度[9],这又必然导向人口的不可持续,而由心理承压转嫁的成瘾、网络暴力、消费主义也成为可持续发展的重重阻碍[1012],而技术革命所带来的大面积失业同样难以忽视[13]
3) 从环境角度,依赖消费的经济模式带来了大量资源浪费和环境污染等负外部性,例如,中国每年仅快递和外卖所产生的废弃包装达上千万吨,99%难以回收[1415]
4) 从世界角度,人类冲突在软性的仇恨言论传播和硬性的地缘战争等形式中越来越难以控制[1617],这表明了弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud)在100年前对于文明的重新定义如今仍然适用[18]
以上这些问题彼此串联,且仅为冰山一角。尽管不能将所有的责任都推卸于数字技术,但当今的数字技术如空气、水一样深度融入其中,例如,社交媒体对社会极端事件的渲染传播、电商/游戏对消费主义的过度营销、商务软件对用户生活时间的过度侵入等,给人类社会的可持续未来带来了重大挑战。针对这些重大挑战,在不断经历过去依赖消费主义、政策管束、超发货币、透支资源、转嫁风险等外部模式、在解决问题而又带来更大问题的教训后[1920],需要从现象之下寻找当下技术社会问题的本质原因,重新审视人与数字技术的关系也就成为探寻这一本质的重要基础命题和解决线索。
面对今天紧迫的人类危机,关注于工具使用、自动控制、构建知识库的数字技术导向传统受限于历史阶段,正遭遇思想瓶颈,甚至遮蔽了真正问题。因此,探讨如何实现理想的、可持续的人机关系这一基础问题变得比以往任何时候都至关重要。本文集合了对人机交互及更广泛领域的人机关系整体性调研和思考,人机共协计算(human−engaged computing,HEC)强调通过技术(包括而不限于任何交互式计算机、人工智能在内的交互技术、数字环境,乃至广义人造物等;同理本文阐述的人机关系中“机”的考察范围)手段提升人类心智能力,进一步构建影响人类觉知(awareness)的技术环境,扭转技术发展对人类的负面影响,使人与技术共同提升去实现单人单机无法达到的智慧[2125]
本文旨在结合以上的问题意识及人机共协计算所提供的“身−知−心”理论视角,提倡构建以“心”为原点的人机关系,以促进人类社会可持续生存与发展的认识和设计。
数字技术发展浪潮汹涌澎湃,特别是以人工智能、元宇宙、脑机接口为代表的新一代技术和概念以前所未有的速度渗透到社会生活的方方面面[26]。这场变革不仅带来了生活生产效率的提升和商业、社会模式的转换[27],也在全球范围内引发了对人类自身、社会结构以及未来走向的广泛思考:人与技术如何共处、人类如何不断适应技术发展所带来的周遭变化、如何明确人与技术的关系等[28]。人类确实观察或体会到,科技的进步在拓展人类能力边界的同时,也带来了诸如数字鸿沟加剧、信息茧房、精神危机,以及怀疑人之意义和主体性还是否必要等问题或焦虑[29]
从社会发展史和思想史意义上说,这样的反思可能并不新鲜。例如,在工业革命早期,马克思(Karl Marx)就观察到了技术驱动下的社会和生活变化,早在19世纪就提出了“异化”的概念,指出工业技术发展可能导致工人与其劳动成果、自身、他人,以及自然的分离与本末倒置[30]。马克思以降,无论是左翼的社会运动,还是如弗洛姆(Erich Fromm)[31]、马尔库塞(Herbert Marcuse)[32]、哈贝马斯(Jürgen Habermas)等[33]所代表的法兰克福学派思想家也都在探讨技术所带来的深层影响。然而从历史经验看,无论是从提出技术批判等理论去解释,还是从反文化运动兴起等具体社会活动方式去解决[34],又总是有从一个极端到另一个极端的倾向[3536],以及仍然缺乏一个对理想世界的可行性愿景[3738]
在人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)快速发展的当下,算法偏见、数据安全、隐私泄露等问题日益突出且频出[39],狭义和广义的技术几乎和每一个国内国际争议事件的发生和传播都有所联系[40],AI等新技术不可避免地又进一步加剧国与国之间、人与人之间的竞争,乃至战争[41],威胁世界和平。2026年初,联合国成立了“人工智能独立国际科学小组”[42],这些背后都反映了人类对其可持续生存和发展前景的深切关注。
当今讨论人机关系的话题比以往更加重要和紧迫。当前的技术变化比以前其他时代都更为迅速、严峻和紧张,技术现象的剧烈增加使得人们越来越被表象牵制,谁也没有把握过去的技术治理经验是否还能复制,这些现况指向一个思想需求:即人机之间的关系需要在一个新的历史时期重新定性(至少仅关注技术本身的功能、效率、体验和一般性的协同已远远不够),这一定性不仅能为当下碎片化的个人与社会问题寻求一个高度统一的解释,而且能够进一步给出一个更为完整可行的解决思路。这也尤其要求学界、思想界和领域专家,不能再“头痛医头、脚痛医脚”地进行现象思辨,而要从现象下看到更宏观、更深入、更清晰、更人文的整体性人机发展逻辑,看到人类可持续生存发展的本质,从而对冲其他社会部门在技术投资和发展上的不理性。而对于人机关系的反思,能为人类可持续生存发展、社会科层制度、价值观念等宏观,也能为日常用品、生活环境设计等提供参考。
2016年,联合国在沿用并强调了1987年《我们共同的未来》(《Our Common Future》)(布伦特兰报告)中的经典表述:“可持续发展是满足当代人的需求,同时不损害后代人满足其自身需求的能力”[43]的基础上,正式提出了围绕经济成长、健康福祉、减少不平等等17个方面的可持续发展目标[44]。然而,随着时间推移,当外在的政治经济推动逐渐来到瓶颈,外部冲突形式愈加剧烈,人们会发现这些可持续发展的目标就开始不尽如人意,有些甚至在倒退[45]。尤其在以竞争为基底的高新技术发展(如AI军备竞赛[46])中,包括各种不平等在内的诸多问题越发明显[47]。不得不承认,坚持可持续的共识是困难的,一旦语境发生变化、利益存在纠葛,人类就极易恢复到丛林社会。
这样一种无奈的结果与人类对于可持续的传统理解高度相关。长久以来,可持续主要体现在人类对资源回收、环境保护、社会照护、降低赤字等外部行动上的关注[48]。事实上,秉承同样的逻辑,在技术领域,其中最富争议的可持续人机关系观点可以说来自技术决定论(technological determinism)和技术至上主义(technological supremacy)。这类观点认为技术是社会发展的决定性力量,技术带来的问题可以通过新技术来解决,似乎预设了技术进步能解决人类的一切需求和问题这样一个大前提,这也就营造了对基因工程、人工智能、脑机接口等技术的万能想象,对“硅基生命”的崇拜[49]。这类观点有意或无意忽略了技术的社会性和政治性,如果人类不能做到合理的制度设计和政策选择,AI和自动化可能会进一步扩大贫富差距和权力失衡等,不仅难以惠及全社会,最终还会导致人类成为受害者[50]
瑞·达利欧(Ray Dalio)认为,人类社会运转的“总周期(overall big cycle)”包含了5股重要力量:货币、市场、经济秩序,国内政治秩序,国际地缘政治秩序,气候议题,技术发展[51]。这5股力量的波动也可以说形成了对于可持续发展的整体挑战,其中,技术及其背后的资本发展作为最新兴也最快速的一股力量,所占权重越来越大,越来越不能忽视技术对可持续性的影响。然而无论是批判技术至上主义这类观点忽略了人类的能动性和伦理责任、创造了大量的负外部性、导致对技术潜在风险的忽视和陷入一种恶性循环,还是号召全民环保的可持续观,都需要从现象中认清,这2种观念实际上是一体两面的,即凭借外部力量来改善问题。客观来说,这些“激素式的”手段当然存在其价值,但对手段的不断执着也间接放弃了对可持续问题能否本质扭转的拷问。
从宏观层面来讲,上述讨论也正是现代经济发展模式或现代人类意识形态的延伸,试图用外在工具或策略来解决人的实则内部问题。然而,随着并非乐观的永续增长和边际效益递减,在不可避免的经济增长放缓、停滞,甚至倒退的客观规律面前,以效率至上和工具理性为导向的传统技术发展路径就会将过往积累的大量泡沫戳破,抑或由大量无辜之人承受后果,这样的状态被现代经济理论称之为“周期”[52],实则是短期手段泛滥后无计可施的可持续性崩盘。此外,叠加气候变化、资源枯竭、文明冲突,以及日益凸显的个体精神困境,依靠传统技术理解驱动的社会进步似乎已难以提供根本的解决方案,更何况每一次技术革命(如当下AI浪潮)是否能刺激真正的经济活力仍存在不确定性[53]。整个世界依循着经济增长和需求驱动的范式,忙碌中却看不到发展的目的和人类自身存在的支点。这种范式压倒了人类向内看的动机和精力。所以从结果上说,越是焦虑于有关未来种种的可持续性,却越贴近于弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud)所说的人类“死亡本能”(如社会心理承压导致的生育率断层式下跌)[8]。一言以蔽之,以外部手段为本质的人类可持续发展观,垄断了人类对自身的认识,也就遮蔽或不愿意相信可持续发展的其他可能。对此,必须要问,人类可持续发展的主题应当是什么?
回归到人机关系的角度,“双刃剑”经常被用来概括当下各种技术对人类可持续发展的影响。但如果总是以一方面怎样积极(如“技术赋能”“科技向善”),另一方面又怎样消极(如“信息茧房”“虚假信息”)的现象讨论技术,讨论就会滞留于此,无法进一步洞察。而不同技术在人类、社会、环境、世界的消极面向上所产生各种各样的问题,也应意识到,即“这些问题可能是一体多面的”,而“各种技术可能也是一体多面的”。
在此,扩展麦克·卢汉(Marshall McLuhan)对“媒介作为人的延伸”的理解[54],也尝试为以上多面的问题和技术现象寻找其延伸之初的“一体”原点。如果说对当下可持续发展的观念与工具是人类对世界认识的延伸,那么这种认识本身又形成于人类对自身经验的理解。例如,计算机、交互式计算环境,乃至广义的技术尽管各有独特性质,但都是人造物的延伸,而人造物又是人类自身观念的实体化。这样的理解被西方现代理论观念总结出2个基本假设,即经济学和社会学角度的“理性人”假设[5556],以及生物医学角度的“自然人”假设[57]。“理性人”假设以人类的私利(self−interest)最大化作为理论基础,强调人类思维建构和理性意志的主观作用,如动机、智力水平、思维模型、想象力、理性判断等;“自然人”假设则是将人从物理或动物的角度看待,强调人类生理特征和欲望本能的客观存在,如视觉感知、运动能力、身体外形和感受、激素对情绪和行为的影响等。在道德和宗教传统没有那么强约束力的现代社会生活中[58],这2种基本假设理论对人的塑造形成了相当强的暗示效应,人类的各种认知和行为都试图从这2种假设推演而来,各种宏观、微观的可持续手段或外部刺激也因此寄托在了人类基于理性的利益计算和基于动物本能的欲望满足2种支点上(图1)。
将“理性人”和“自然人”这2种假设分别概括为基于“知”和“身”的人类经验原点,而各种各样的技术手段所共享的本质则是“知”和“身”不同程度的、一体多面地向外延伸,这也是为何本文认为人机关系的考察范围包括而不限于任何交互式计算机、AI在内的交互技术、数字环境,乃至广义人造物等。例如,在对人机关系的理解上,“以人为本的设计/计算”(human−centered design/computing)在一直以来的设计开发中,基本围绕着人的“知”和“身”进行(图1)。不可置疑地,无论是微观层面的计算机,还是500年来宏观层面的现代社会,增强“知”和“身”作为人类迈向可持续世界的精神信仰,打造了人类前所未有的繁荣和“外向超越”[59];而这一成功又反向刺激了寻找“知”和“身”的历史思想正当性来源,例如,溯源至古希腊的理性传统和奥林匹克精神[60]
然而在围绕“知”和“身”高度发展的当下,“知”和“身”并不能代表全部的人类经验:一方面,对于人类“知”和“身”的讨论过于将人视作抽象对象,更多人类的真实存在状况被忽视;另一方面,则是对于“知”和“身”的高度发展本身带来问题,仅围绕“知”和“身”的发展,甚至构成了人类可持续性的脆弱来源。其中较为明显的是,尽管技术一直强调增强人类,但本质上都是向外增强,例如,提升工作技能和体能状态去适应现代生活。所以不可避免地,当人以追求某一意义概念作为生存支点、追求感官刺激作为发泄出口,技术对促进人“知”的异化(手段成为目的,人类一直在为自己造新“神”:从宗教到理性、科学、技术、人工智能等;使用户为比较、量化而被系统牵制,人成为机器)和“身”的极化(不断追求体验感受上的极限进而成瘾:例如,游戏所强调的杀戮快感,社交网络设计中惯用的上瘾模型等)就成为常态。这是一种工业式的、消费主义式技术观,而非真正的“以人为本”,甚至可以一路推演出,如用户界面这些最基础的交互框架也正在以窗口、菜单、信息卡片,乃至AI问答文本框微妙地限制人类感受及潜意识、人对世界的理解,导致刻板思维的强化。
总之,围绕“知”和“身”的现代性实际上限制了更多样化的人类经验,即在一些方面维持人类的可持续生存,也在另一些方面破坏人的可持续生存。正是在这样一种视外在手段为唯一价值观的当下,应将可持续性的讨论从人的内在进行重建,找到更深层次的原点。相较西方,东方思想天然具备这样一种内向性。
在东方精神性对解决全球危机的启示方面,日本当代思想家池田大作和英国历史学家汤因比(Arnold Joseph Toynbee)在那场历史性的“对话的力量”中认为,西方思想传统过于注重物质主义、个人主义、技术进步和改造世界,导致人类陷入精神危机、技术滥用和自我毁灭的倾向;而东方思想和智慧,尤其是中国的儒家学说和大乘佛教,强调中庸、整体性、集体主义,强调人与自然、人与人之间的和谐共生,追求内在的平衡[61]。这样的观点为解决西方外向超越的本质主义倾向提供重要的启示,也为破解当下现代性的困局提供思路,即人的真正主体并非西方传统下的“理性人”和“自然人”假设,而是有超越于外在“知”与“身”现象的人类经验和直觉,在自身内在的善上建立起对世界的认识[62],本文将其称为以“心”为原点的内向超越,同理衍生出“超越人”假设及相应能力(如正念、善、爱、美、共情等)的根据。
“心”在东方思想哲学,例如,儒家理学中,既被理解为人的真正主体(“心即理”),又是人类理性和情感官能的统一来源(“心统性情”),是一种普遍的人类经验,并强调其在现实世界中的人文道德实践价值(“致良知”)。也就是说,东方思想中的“心”既不是一般“身”意义上的心脏(heart),也不是传统西方视角“知”意义上的思想、情绪或对于“心智”的一般性理解(如英文词汇brain、heart、mind;请注意人机共协计算中所提到的“心智提升”需要结合东方思想语境),而是展现各项人类品质的意识根源。“心”也成为关于人类经验、意识的研究进路,可从东西方比较哲学、诠释学、认知科学、现象学、人类学、历史学等研究中探索关于东方“心”的解释、感受和历史来源[6368]
因此,在人机共协计算中,“心”对于思考用户价值和技术方向至少体现出4重意义。
1) 生物意义:“心”作为人类的身体官能核心,以及注意力的方向,“心安”的主观感受和客观生理指标可以作为评价技术向善的标准之一。
2) 认知意义:“心”作为“heart−mind”的统一根源,能够提供一种分析人类理性、情感和动机交互变化的观察者视角。
3) 社会意义:“心”作为人类集体生活共识与习俗的核心理念,能为构建数字/现实社会中的人类向善秩序——“礼”、习惯法提供线索和正当性解释。
4) 哲学意义:“心”作为东方思想性善论的核心,为调和“知”与“身”的关系和消除负面效应提供了容器和方法。
总之,以儒释道为代表的东方思想提供了一整套从“心”出发的人生观、价值观和宇宙观解释[59],也为思考人类“心”“知”“身”之间的关系和完整经验给出了一套哲学假设和理论工具。在20世纪,随着东方思想逐渐传入世界各地,类似于“心”的表述已然在西方萌发,或呈现出类似的概念和思想方法,例如,哲学领域海德格尔(Martin Heidegger)的“此在”(dasein)[69]、社会政治学领域伯林(Isaiah Berlin)的积极自由(positive liberty)[70]、罗尔斯(John Rawls)的原初状态(original position)[71]、认知科学领域瓦雷拉(Francisco Varela)的具身心智(embodied mind)[72]等都表现出类似倾向。但需要注意的是,这些论述或受东方思想影响,却未直接意识到“心”的东方思想根基性。在技术领域,也存在与“心”相关的理念,如情感计算、感性计算等,但其亦没有从情感的解释和根基性上明确涉及“心”的概念。
通过反思人类自身与自然、技术的关系,从东方思想及技术发展史中提炼出关于人类“心”“知”“身”能力的整体框架,并在此基础上提出一种基于东方智慧的内生可持续发展路径。这一思想强调由人的内在超越性所生发的同情心与责任感,为应对当代社会面临的精神危机、生态困境、文明冲突及教育问题提供了哲学线索。从这一视角出发,当代诸多问题的根源可归结为人“心”无法安定。心无以安意味着个体缺乏稳固的内在根基,难以获得作为生命主体的真实存在感,从而倾向于通过对外物的依赖、虚无化的逃避,或对他者的攻击,来寻求一种临时的、替代性的自我确认。这种状态导致“身”与“知”能力的运用日趋极端化,最终演化为极端情绪、社会撕裂,乃至冲突战争的深层诱因。心的安定,作为东方思想中一以贯之的核心命题(如“修齐治平”的理念)[73],也因此成为探索个体、社会、环境与世界可持续共存的关键进路[61]
需要强调的是,东西方思想首先是一种经过历史过滤的人类智慧,而非智能。智慧来自人类生活经验长期积累从而认识到的良好实践和理想状态,尽管本文概括的“身”“知”“心”各有侧重,但其都来自人类对何为良好生活、人人都好的理解,也就构成了各个文明的共通经验和沟通基础;而智能往往停留在一定范围和变量的对象知识上。
人们对当下人机关系、人工智能的思辨之所以停滞,很大程度上源于对“智慧/心智”(Xin/wisdom)与“智能”(intelligence)概念的混淆。例如,对“具身”的浅层理解,往往局限于“给大模型外挂机械臂”或“全身堆满传感器”的物理拼接。“具身智能”(embodied AI)与“具身心智”(embodied mind)虽共享同一术语,却在学术语境、哲学内涵与实现机制上,横亘着“工程模拟”与“生命本质”的根本分野:前者是通过物理计算优化任务效能;后者则是经由生物演化的漫长过程,让身体——大脑、感官、运动系统——与环境如血肉般缠绕交织,共同生成人们所感知的世界。
当然也要承认,东方思想在历史上对工具理性“术”的过度忽视[74],使其在具体的政策、技术上存在过严重的问题,如过度的道德批判[75]、数学困境等[76]。近现代以来,由于各自历史原因[77],东方思想屡受污名化,但这都不足以抹杀东方智慧对人类生存和发展的历史洞察。总之,在对人性的超越上,整合全部(包括西方)的人类“身−知−心”经验,以“心”为基底探索对应“知”与“身”的表现方式,有望对全人类的可持续生存发展模式提供新的思考路径,更是思考符合这一时代可持续人机关系(特别是对当今的信息技术、人工智能的发展)的哲学基础(图1)。
以“心”为原点、结合“身”与“知”理解完整的人类经验,面向解决人类可持续生存的根本问题,在人的内向超越基础上理解由内而发的可持续性,构成人机共协计算在提出一种新型人机关系上的关键视角。
实际上,将东方思想融入西方或现代学科体系,在20世纪60年代开始的佛学、汉学西渐运动中,从一种广义的人机关系理解上来说,对西方体系造成了里程碑式的影响,例如,在艺术领域的凯奇(John Cage)[78]、认知科学的瓦雷拉(Francisco Varela)[72]、正念冥想领域的乔·卡巴金(Jon Kabat−Zinn)[79]等。然而这一影响一方面由于过度依赖私人性的经验难以被理解,另一方面由于知识或实践表达的碎片化(例如,将某一个别东方理念置于作品上),使得东西思想间并未充分融合,也未呈现出完整的东方世界观图景。
对于人机关系的理解,人机交互领域的思想发展史一直以来都可以说是最前沿阵地之一。类似地,尽管人机交互或相关研究中也不乏对东方概念的引入[8082],但并没有进入以工具性为导向的主流人机交互视野;人工智能领域也有学者结合东方思想“给机器立心”的意识[83],在给机器赋心之后,仍需要面向人心与社会安定问题。概括来说,人机交互领域所呈现的人机关系观建立在围绕人“身”的人体工学和认知心理学倾向[84],以及围绕“知”的提升人类智能倾向上[85]。交互(interaction)、协作/合作(collaboration)、融合/协同/整合(integration)等人机关系认识常常在西方提升人类智能和“有用”的语境与框架下进行,却忽视了当下人类生存的真实问题可能正是来自理性的异化和身体欲望的永不满足上,难以回到人类本性善之初的状态,例如,过度关注效率和愉悦可能导致成瘾、网络暴力和虚假信息传播等问题。而从根源上看,作为数字技术思想的轴心之一,维纳(Norbert Wiener)的控制论(cybernetics)在对人机关系研究产生深远影响的同时,其关注点主要在于将有机体与无机物同化为控制论机器——“human−in−the−loop”,把人作为高度抽象的符号而难以更深层次讨论人的内在,其原始思想在之后的发展中又不断被机械化扭曲[86]。在这一传统下,人的狭义经验、潜能和能力提升等更多作为一种抽象意义上的排列组合出现在后续的人机交互研究中,而并未对其进行哲学溯源,其结果也就跟众多“人造物领域”的现代思潮一样,更多关注于一个领域的“器用”价值,渐渐忽略了目的,在大跨步发展之后遭遇困境。当强大技术遭遇机械化思想和商业要求,对人类注意力等内在资源的过度透支等情况就变得愈加频繁,更成为放大人类内心不安的介质。在日本,关于提升“心”的状态的日本科学技术振兴机构(Japan Science and Technology Agency,JST)大型国家项目之一“Moonshot Goal 9”已于2021年末启动,结合数字技术、脑科学、心理学和社会学等方法路径,其目标为“到2050年,将建立能够增强心灵平静和活力的技术,实现精神富足的状态”[87]。这是一个值得充分借鉴的开端,但更需要从人机关系的底层出发整体设计一套符合面向“心”安的计算环境架构。可以说,此类计算环境的实现,不仅仅是一种对人类精神世界的常规性预防与治疗手段,更是从根源上提升心智能力,以应对个体及社会深层心灵危机的系统性方案。一个国家国民心智水平的普遍提升,将成为其综合国力跃升的深厚底蕴;推而广之,全人类心智的整体进化,亦将为世界的持久安定与和平构筑最为坚实的精神基石[88]
为此,结合东方思想的深刻影响,HEC[2125]主张的人机共协关系正是在对传统人机交互所提出的交互、协同等人机关系进行反思的基础上提出的。HEC作为人机关系的范式创新,提倡人与技术的平衡发展,探索如何通过技术促进人类完整性、可持续生存等长远福祉,使用户找到人生的意义,实现自我价值,与他人和世界连接,在内向超越的基础上培养如正念、专注力、同理心等能力。共协关系认为,离开了人的内在发展和提升,任何外在的可持续都难以持久。在“共协态”(engagement)下,人不仅是技术使用者,更是技术共同创造者和进化者;而技术也不仅是工具,更是能唤醒和滋养人类善良和智慧本性的环境。
共协关系是根植于对人类文明发展历程的深刻反思。作为一种以“心”为原点由内而发的可持续人机关系,共协关系高度强调对人类完整性的认识,其体现在东西方思想的融合互补,将“身”“知”“心”的特征和需求综合考虑。人类是每个个体的集合,当每个人的这3类能力特征都有望充分发展成熟,才能真正有效地应对环境危机、化解社会冲突,并有望创造一个更加可持续的世界。在这个理论认识上,HEC倡导跨学科合作,包括人文、社会科学、哲学、心理学等领域的学者与专家共同探索人机共协的理论和实践。
在更为具体的解决思路上,共协关系的整体愿景将以“共协计算机”这一计算环境进行实践(图1)。HEC以及“共协计算机”的核心目标是使人和技术达到有机平衡或中庸平衡。共协计算机是对人类自身理解的投射,旨在以系统性的表现方式为每个人的心智提升构建一个促进觉知的环境,将那些经过检验的人类经验、理论和智慧融入架构设计中,将各种任务和对象的讨论放置在人类活生生的存在和感受中。
从交互的角度看待计算机历史,如果说第1代围绕输入输出的图灵机模型或冯·诺伊曼架构(Von Neumann Architecture)是人“身”对于单纯计算需求的投射;第2代围绕“桌面隐喻”的个人电脑、移动计算、空间计算,甚至潜在的人工智能操作系统(如AIOS[89]、OpenClaw等)是人“知”的投射和延伸;那么作为“心”的投射,共协计算机的创新之处并不在于局限于某一软件或硬件,或依赖类似通用人工智能(artificial general intelligence,AGI)等先进技术才能实现,而是重构计算机整体交互层面的底层思路,使用户能够不受现象制约,从“心”的原点上建立整体体验和逻辑,这也是共协计算机可能实现的前提和不同以往的问题意识。
对比说明,如果桌面隐喻所提供的一揽子概念,如WIMP,即窗口(windows)、图标(icons)、菜单(menus)、指针(pointer)的统称,从哲学、精神分析或其他角度,不能排除对人的潜意识产生了一种微妙的机械论和分别心影响,而“文件”等历史概念也跟人的内在没有必然联系,不能再将其仅视为一个设计概念,而需要考虑其对人的整体意义。那么在共协计算机中,这些由“知”所衍生出的概念必然要以新的表现方式,例如,人的“念头”如何在心中呈现;同理,社会、政治科学提供了大量关于人类命运共同体如何共处的知识和智慧(如“沟通理性”),但在当今的视频会议或者社交网络中,这些知识和智慧却没有得到应用,而仍是以“人作为工具”的流量和工具理性为首要设计目的,并非在“人作为目的”的价值理性上促进一种来自“心”的理解和联结;最终,共协计算机的总体设计机制需要达成一个简洁自洽的整体,各种场景会在人与其交互对象的以“心”为原点的元关系上延伸。正如“好的机制造就好的人”[90],通过用户与共协计算机的长期日常交互,改善其理解自身、社会、世界的元逻辑,潜移默化地提升用户的感知和观念能力,在保证工具生产力的前提下,杜绝激发“恶”的设计机制,实现从内向到外向的自我超越。在这个过程中,共协计算机也在充分发挥计算的独特潜力,通过建造一种宏观设计来对冲改善当前世界的结构性和可持续问题。设想一下,当用户每天与计算机交互的十几个小时中,每一次互动都能够启发思考、培养正念、激发同理心,减少分别心,在与自身、他人以及更宏观的信息交互过程中不断得到安定而非情绪化,打开人的意识,那么数字环境将不再仅仅是“身”和“知”的延伸或载体,更将成为塑造完整人类经验和“心”觉醒的重要力量。
长此以往,人类能力(特别是内在能力、智慧)的提升和内在安定会促进社会提升和安定,节省大量维稳成本,同时个人的能力提升带动其创造力的发挥,世界将减少大量“内耗”和“内卷”,有助于解决人类在个体、社会、环境、世界等层面的共同问题,共协计算机生态也将出现新的创新空间。例如,从个人角度,内心的安定将最大化其专注力等内在能力,内在能力又进一步促进其外在技能和感受力提升,共协计算机环境在帮助人创造生产和发挥其特点的同时,同时减轻外在现象对人的牵制,形成人的积极螺旋,增进其幸福感;从社会角度,每个社会成员内心的安定将促进更为平和互利的人际关系,共协计算机环境在成为促进对话的公共场域和良善社区的同时,尽可能使成瘾、网络暴力、消费主义的形成机制得以解构;从环境角度,如中国人的内在意识能够被调动,结合中国庞大的垃圾产生量和资源循环产业潜力,预计可直接和间接带动GDP增长占比可达1%以上,折合数万亿元人民币经济产出[91];从世界角度,如果全人类一半以上人的智慧得到提高,除了和平与生态环境的进步改善,相信也会衍生出更具长期视野的经济发展模式,提升实现可持续社会可能性,促进人类整体幸福[88]
总之,构建以“心”为原点的人机关系在于直面真实的人类生存危机,在向内理解人类安身立命的智慧和经验基础上,向外找到适应时代发展的计算机形态。这绝不意味着在某一具体场景下围绕任务做人机之间的交叉配合,或者让计算机、AI表现得更像人类,当向外的本质没有改变,可持续性就难以达成。由内而发,或者说探索人“心”的安定与超越并不意味着就能达成完美的可持续,而是尽可能降低可持续发展被外部手段扭曲而带来的不必要次生问题。这种对于人机关系的认识不仅有益于技术设计,更能为社会建构等宏观人造物提供参考。要避免仅仅因为“可行”就开发某项技术,而应该退一步思考,共同努力推动有意义的技术发展,在关注效率和利润之余,关注其对人类和社会的长期影响。
基于以上讨论,本文提出面向人类可持续发展的人机关系及实践的5项建议。
1) 建立技术理论模型的必要性。技术现象的急剧增加和复杂性使得理解技术本质越发困难,因而建立一套整体的人机关系哲学体系,在交叉中找到领域共通,将复杂的现象抽象为一个大道至简的模型,去看到技术在完整图景上的哲学意义及对多方面的微妙且长远的影响,而仅非技术的或经济的视角,越来越凸显其重要性。对于“心”或相关概念的局部研究已经分布在包括而不限于脑科学、神经科学、(临床)心理学、哲学、艺术等各个领域,但目前仍未形成合力或整体模型。这是学界一直以来欠缺的工作,也是判断某项未来技术是否本质贡献于人类可持续发展的必要前提。此外,理论也将带动相关量化模型讨论,在什么是或如何定义“心”的基本单位上给出依据乃至模型。
2) 重视思维范式的转变对数字技术整体发展的动机促进力量。注重人类“身”与“知”的提升是长久以来技术发展过程中的垄断价值观,包括对其消极一面的包容(例如,部分产品对人类成瘾机制的利用等)。这一现象不光体现了技术发展中思想层面的贫乏,更多的是对人类向善可能性的怀疑。无论人类本性如何被理解,当人们在技术发展和机制设计中彰显人性的善,就有可能改变,并展现出一套更为可持续发展的技术逻辑去提升用户的观念和动机,使善的自我实现成为可能。例如,在成瘾模型滥用的当下,如何将相关注意力机制应用于生产力工具激发心流;在社交网络引发的社会撕裂方面,如何能通过技术将争议话题和不同立场进行更为快速全局的展现,从而为用户建立良好的社区环境,使用户建立品牌认同,寻找更为可持续的经济可能性。反之,如果从一念开始就认为人性本恶,利用人性的弱点进行设计牟利,那么技术发展也必然朝此方向而去,最终在市场上形成普遍的劣币驱逐良币,而这一后果,终将由国家和人类集体来承受代价。
3) 计算作为“心”的研发投入试验场。数字技术的关键突破,在于它能够从工业化生产的特定场景,深度嵌入人们日常生活的每一个角落。当今数字化环境、设备与交互占据人们绝大部分时间,远非传统上的工具。因此,HEC认为可以设计数字技术成为提升人类能力、促进人心安定的重要环境——计算由此转化为一个可以持续聚集和迭代人类智慧的试验场,而这一点是以往任何技术(如单纯机械)都难以企及的。相比依赖于来自外部的指令与干预,探索类似于“共协计算机”的实践路径,不仅能最大化地发挥数字技术的这一特质,还能在改善社会层面展现出更低的成本和更高的可行性,更能有效规避直接改革真实社会可能遭遇的巨大阻力。鉴于“心”的提升对个体成长与社会发展的深远影响,其重要性或可上升为国家战略层面的核心议题。为此,建议国家各部门高度重视“共协计算机”及相关心智提升技术的研发与投入,同时呼吁相关基金设立与产业生态的同步培育,及早开展整体性的创新战略布局,抢占未来心智文明与数字文明融合发展的制高点。
4) 发展学术和教育。人机关系覆盖人类(东西方、各民族、每一个独立个体)、技术、交互和未来,几乎涉及人文社科、哲学、理工等全领域,是日常人和技术终端的连接点。已有学者强调应该将人机交互作为一门应用科学来教授[92]。虽然海内外已有相关的人机交互学术会议、社区或组织,如世界华人华侨人机交互协会(International Chinese Association of Computer Human Interaction,ICACHI)及其国际化年会(International Conference on Human-Engaged Computing,ICHEC);美国计算机学会(Association for Computing Machinery,ACM)下属的SIG CHI;中国计算机学会(China Computer Federation,CCF)举办的人机计算大会、首届人文智能大会等,是在广泛技术相关的大会中为数不多的例子,可是总体上人文和技术领域依然缺少更多的对话。为此,建立更加广泛的人机关系国际共同体,打破国界、身份、领域、学科壁垒,使世界各处智慧的学者能够进行充分对话、汇聚共识。虽然中国已经有一些人机交互、人机关系相关专业散布在设计或信息类的学院下,和计算机传统学科特别是近年如雨后春笋般的人工智能、机器人、具身智能学院或研究院相比,国内还未像国外一些国家已经设立了人机交互、人机关系相关的院系教育或学位授予,如卡内基梅隆大学、华盛顿大学、伦敦大学学院等。人机关系研究具有天然的学科交叉性,能碰撞出更多的火花,产生更多的创新,建议将人机交互、人机关系的讨论纳入人文、社会、技术等领域学科的课程结构;各大学成立教育学院和研究院所,培养面向未来的人机关系领军人才和数字技术设计研发的领袖。只有这样,才能扭转社会上重“硬”轻“软”,重“机”轻“人”的局面,才能从跟跑到领跑,产生出更多的从0到1的理论和实践的创新。
5) 力争实现数字技术思维范式与产业的突破。数字技术的几次重大飞跃,不仅体现在基础设施层面的革新(如互联网和人工智能技术的快速发展),也体现在用户交互端的范式变革(如“桌面隐喻”与移动计算推动的个人电脑、智能手机等产品,这些创新带动了年均数万亿美元级别的全球市场)。交互的胜利不同于单纯的技术原理突破,更是思想解放、需求验证和设计观念转型的结果。然而,随着行业对流量和工具理性的不断追逐,虽然口号上喊“以人为本”“科技向善”,但用户价值逐渐被边缘化甚至异化,范式级别的交互创新也面临被流量逻辑所稀释的风险。在市场日益内卷的背景下,能够系统性关注用户及社会的内心安定与精神需求的数字技术产品(例如,共协计算机及其未来软硬件生态,或其他相关思考),将成为新的创新和核心竞争力。而当下,这一趋势正处于起步阶段。此转向不仅有望于重构商业模型、推动数字技术向提升人类福祉的方向发展,更在于为寻找商业的可持续性奠定了坚实的用户价值基础,实现用户与数字服务技术之间的良性互动与共同成长。
面对以生成式人工智能为代表的技术浪潮所引发的社会异化与生存挑战,人机关系的理论认知亟需实现从“工具效能”向“人机共协、共升(华)”的范式转移。本文立足HEC视角,提出以“心”为原点、结合“知”和“身”完整经验发展的人机关系,旨在为人类的可持续生存建立深层哲学根基。
首先,相较于过往技术逻辑对“身”(物理交互)与“知”(知识增强)的过度透支,HEC重塑“心”作为计算的原点。“心”是人类觉知、主体性及非认知能力的统一根源,是实现“内向超越”的核心动力。将提升“心”作为评价技术向善的本体论标准,将会扭转当前人机关系中由于过度追求效率与感官刺激而引发的“人机相克”(antibiosis)[2125]困局。
其次,从“修人心”走向“修地球”。论证了人类内在安定与全球可持续发展之间的必然联系。提升人的智慧、专注力、同理心及正念力等软能力,是化解社会割裂、文明冲突的根本;也是解决地球资源透支的种子,即从“修人心”角度思考“修地球”[93]。主张通过构建“共协计算机”等新型数字交互环境,将计算系统转化为培养人类智慧的试验场,使每一次人机交互都成为启发自觉、对冲技术他律的力量。
最后,面对“AI是否取代人类”的时代焦虑和广泛的讨论,应当超越简单的技术决定论或完全的人类中心论,转而追问:如何与技术(AI等)共协以提升人类的生命境界?尽管构建以“心”为原点的理想主义范式面临现实挑战,但正如历史证明的那样,一种深刻观念的植入往往能带动社会的自我实现。希冀汇聚跨学科智慧,共同推动人机关系从“外向超越”回归“内向超越”,为了人类的持久和平与可持续未来,在数字文明中重寻心灵的归宿。

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2026年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00048
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-04-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
  • 修回日期:2026-02-28
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    1高知工科大学信息学院,日本高知 7828502
    2上海工程技术大学,上海 201620

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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