Article(id=1259534378561093678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1758729600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778225996866, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1777305600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778225996866, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778225996865, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778225996865, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259534365424476487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777305600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778225993734, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1779872078796, updator='15210826404', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259534379542560825, articleId=1259534378561093678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=A "Four−in−One" strategic framework for advancing the industrialization of China's GNSS−R, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS−R) technology provides high−frequency sampling and good spatial resolution through its all−weather, all−day, and global coverage characteristics, which substantially improves the spatiotemporal monitoring of Earth's surface. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current status of GNSS−R technology in China. It addresses existing challenges such as inconsistent spatial planning standards, fragmented remote sensing data governance, and insufficient policy support for industrial applications. Based on the EU Copernicus program's data−sharing framework and the U.S. commercial space sector's development experience, the study proposes a "four−in−one" governance strategy for advancing China's GNSS−R technology. The proposed framework includes building a national GNSS−R data platform, leading the formulation of international GNSS−R standards, fostering an integrated space−ground application ecosystem, and promoting the commercialization of GNSS−R. This strategy aims to provide a systematic path for the development of China's GNSS−R technology. These stragetic suggesting not only support China's transition from a GNSS−R technology leader to a rule−maker but also provide valuable reference for enhancing China's role and discourse power in the global space governance system and application domains.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shuanggen JIN, Yan JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259534380469502015, articleId=1259534378561093678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=以“四位一体”策略驱动中国全球导航卫星系统反射测量产业化升级, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全球导航卫星系统反射测量(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS−R)技术凭借其全天候、全天时及广域覆盖的优势,实现了高频采样与较高空间分辨率探测,显著提升了对全球地表环境的时空监测能力。详细分析了GNSS−R反射测量技术的国内外发展现状,指出了中国现阶段存在的主要问题,包括空间规划标准不统一、遥感数据管理机制碎片化以及产业应用政策支持不足等。借鉴欧盟Copernicus数据共享机制和美国商业航天发展经验,提出了一套面向中国GNSS−R技术发展的“四位一体”对策建议。该方案涵盖建设国家GNSS−R数据中台、主导GNSS−R国际标准制定、培育星地协同应用生态、推动GNSS−R商业化,旨在为中国GNSS−R技术发展提供系统性解决路径。该对策建议不仅有助于推动中国从GNSS−R技术领先者向规则制定者转型,也为提升中国在全球空间治理体系及相关应用领域的话语权提供了重要参考。

, authors=

金双根,教授,研究方向为智能导航、大地测量、环境遥感和空间行星探测和应用,电子信箱:

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金双根,教授,研究方向为智能导航、大地测量、环境遥感和空间行星探测和应用,电子信箱:

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金双根,教授,研究方向为智能导航、大地测量、环境遥感和空间行星探测和应用,电子信箱:

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GNSS反射信号陆面遥感应用综述[J]. 全球定位系统, 2023, 48(3): 3-11, 32., articleTitle=GNSS反射信号陆面遥感应用综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534410072899970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=11, pageStart=1784, pageEnd=1799, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=贾燕, 金双根, 肖智宇, journalName=武汉大学学报 (信息科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=贾燕, 金双根, 肖智宇, . 全球导航卫星系统反射测量土壤水分遥感: 现状与机遇[J]. 武汉大学学报 (信息科学版), 2023, 48(11): 1784-1799., articleTitle=全球导航卫星系统反射测量土壤水分遥感: 现状与机遇, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259534382252081219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534382294024261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, companyId=1259534382252081219, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534382382104646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, companyId=1259534382252081219, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南理工大学测绘与国土信息工程学院,焦作 454003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259534382952529994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534382960918603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, companyId=1259534382952529994, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534382998667340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, companyId=1259534382952529994, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京邮电大学物联网学院,南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259534392188387499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星型号发射年份关键技术指标业务化应用场景
风云三号E星2021风速精度1.5 m/s台风监测、极地科考
风云三号G星2023土壤湿度分辨率3 km农业干旱预警
天目一号2023时间分辨率<24 h大气海洋遥感
鸿雁星座2022(组网)全球重访周期<1 h航运安全、气候模型同化
), ArticleFig(id=1259534392423268527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国GNSS−R反射测量卫星性能演进

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卫星型号发射年份关键技术指标业务化应用场景
风云三号E星2021风速精度1.5 m/s台风监测、极地科考
风云三号G星2023土壤湿度分辨率3 km农业干旱预警
天目一号2023时间分辨率<24 h大气海洋遥感
鸿雁星座2022(组网)全球重访周期<1 h航运安全、气候模型同化
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障碍类型典型案例影响程度(1~5级)
知识产权壁垒Copernicus数据延迟4.2
商业垄断Spire Global数据定价策略4.8
政策限制美国国际武器贸易条例出口管制3.7
), ArticleFig(id=1259534393375375546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

全球主要GNSS−R数据共享障碍分析

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障碍类型典型案例影响程度(1~5级)
知识产权壁垒Copernicus数据延迟4.2
商业垄断Spire Global数据定价策略4.8
政策限制美国国际武器贸易条例出口管制3.7
), ArticleFig(id=1259534393698336959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参与机构主要职责协调难点
航天科技集团卫星研制资金审批流程复杂
气象局数据生产数据标准不统一
自然资源部行业应用跨部门协作效率低
工业和信息化部接收机产业管理技术标准滞后
), ArticleFig(id=1259534394042269892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534378561093678, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

GNSS−R关键机构职责与协作难点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参与机构主要职责协调难点
航天科技集团卫星研制资金审批流程复杂
气象局数据生产数据标准不统一
自然资源部行业应用跨部门协作效率低
工业和信息化部接收机产业管理技术标准滞后
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以“四位一体”策略驱动中国全球导航卫星系统反射测量产业化升级
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金双根,教授,研究方向为智能导航、大地测量、环境遥感和空间行星探测和应用,电子信箱:

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金双根,教授,研究方向为智能导航、大地测量、环境遥感和空间行星探测和应用,电子信箱:

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金双根1 , 贾燕2
作者信息
  • 1河南理工大学测绘与国土信息工程学院,焦作 454003
  • 2南京邮电大学物联网学院,南京 210023
A "Four−in−One" strategic framework for advancing the industrialization of China's GNSS−R
Shuanggen JIN1 , Yan JIA2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 2School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2026-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00020
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全球导航卫星系统反射测量(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS−R)技术凭借其全天候、全天时及广域覆盖的优势,实现了高频采样与较高空间分辨率探测,显著提升了对全球地表环境的时空监测能力。详细分析了GNSS−R反射测量技术的国内外发展现状,指出了中国现阶段存在的主要问题,包括空间规划标准不统一、遥感数据管理机制碎片化以及产业应用政策支持不足等。借鉴欧盟Copernicus数据共享机制和美国商业航天发展经验,提出了一套面向中国GNSS−R技术发展的“四位一体”对策建议。该方案涵盖建设国家GNSS−R数据中台、主导GNSS−R国际标准制定、培育星地协同应用生态、推动GNSS−R商业化,旨在为中国GNSS−R技术发展提供系统性解决路径。该对策建议不仅有助于推动中国从GNSS−R技术领先者向规则制定者转型,也为提升中国在全球空间治理体系及相关应用领域的话语权提供了重要参考。

全球导航卫星系统反射测量  /  环境遥感  /  研究发展现状  /  产业化对策建议

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS−R) technology provides high−frequency sampling and good spatial resolution through its all−weather, all−day, and global coverage characteristics, which substantially improves the spatiotemporal monitoring of Earth's surface. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current status of GNSS−R technology in China. It addresses existing challenges such as inconsistent spatial planning standards, fragmented remote sensing data governance, and insufficient policy support for industrial applications. Based on the EU Copernicus program's data−sharing framework and the U.S. commercial space sector's development experience, the study proposes a "four−in−one" governance strategy for advancing China's GNSS−R technology. The proposed framework includes building a national GNSS−R data platform, leading the formulation of international GNSS−R standards, fostering an integrated space−ground application ecosystem, and promoting the commercialization of GNSS−R. This strategy aims to provide a systematic path for the development of China's GNSS−R technology. These stragetic suggesting not only support China's transition from a GNSS−R technology leader to a rule−maker but also provide valuable reference for enhancing China's role and discourse power in the global space governance system and application domains.

global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS−R)  /  environmental remote sensing  /  current status of research and development  /  strategies for industrialization
金双根, 贾燕. 以“四位一体”策略驱动中国全球导航卫星系统反射测量产业化升级. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (8) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00020
Shuanggen JIN, Yan JIA. A "Four−in−One" strategic framework for advancing the industrialization of China's GNSS−R[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (8) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00020
全球导航卫星系统反射测量(global navigation satellite system reflectometry,GNSS−R)是一种利用全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)、北斗、Galileo和GLONASS等导航卫星发射的L波段信号,通过联合分析直达信号与地表反射信号在延时、幅值、相位和多普勒特性等方面的差异,反演海洋、陆地和冰雪表面物理参数的被动遥感技术[13]。自1993年Martin−Neira提出利用GPS反射信号进行被动反射和干涉测量(passive reflectometry and interferometry system,PARIS)的概念以来,GNSS−R技术便从最初的理论构想逐步发展为一种实用的遥感手段,并通过地面、机载和星载等多种平台进行了大量试验和应用,已逐步发展为对地观测体系的重要补充手段[46]。与传统主动微波遥感相比,GNSS−R具有信号源稳定、载荷功耗较低、全天时全天候观测和覆盖范围广等特点。除此之外,GNSS−R还具有显著的成本优势。GNSS−R卫星单星造价约1500万美元,显著低于光学遥感卫星(约8000万美元)和合成孔径雷达卫星(约1.2亿美元)[79],在高频次环境监测中展现出独特优势[1]。目前,全球已形成光学卫星、合成孔径雷达卫星以及GNSS−R卫星的3梯队发展格局[10]
从应用领域看,GNSS−R已由早期的海洋观测逐步拓展到大气、陆地和冰冻圈等多个方向。在海洋测高方面,利用反射信号延时信息,可以精确推断海面高度和海洋波浪特征,为海洋水文及气候变化监测提供可靠数据。海洋风速反演基于延时−多普勒图中波形的变化,通过生成一系列查找表对地球物理模型函数进行训练[1113],能够很好地拟合观测量以及海洋风速之间的非线性关系,在低风速到台风等极端条件下均能应用。在台风监测方面,由于其工作在L波段,对降水等恶劣天气不敏感,可通过地面、机载和星载平台连续监测台风风场结构、风速变化和台风中心位置。已有基于沿海和空中实验的研究显示[14],该方法能够跟踪台风风速变化并识别风速极值区域。在海冰探测方面,GNSS−R利用信号对海冰表面介电常数及粗糙度的高敏感性,不仅能够识别海冰的存在,还可以进行分类(如首年冰、多年冰)、估算冰浓度及冰厚[15],为保障极地环境与海洋通道安全提供了数据支持。在土壤湿度反演方面,GNSS−R主要依赖测量地表反射信号的幅值、相位和多路径干涉效应,再结合地表粗糙度及植被影响模型,获得大尺度土壤湿度分布信息,实验结果与土壤湿度主被动观测卫星(soil moisture active and passive,SMAP)等现有微波遥感土壤水分产品具有较高的一致性[1519]。在自然灾害监测方面,基于GNSS−R技术的洪水监测也受到广泛的关注。通过反演得到反射信号及其时空分布特性,可以辅助判断洪水淹没区域范围及发展趋势,为应急救灾和后续重建提供及时、准确的数据和决策支持[16]
从国际发展态势看,GNSS−R技术正由单星试验验证向星座化、业务化和商业化方向加快演进。欧美国家较早开展地基、机载和星载试验,并在海面风速反演、台风监测、海冰探测等方面形成了较为系统的技术链条,占据一定优势。其中,由美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)主导的旋风全球导航卫星系统(cyclone global navigation satellite system,CYGNSS)是一项由热带气旋跟踪探测立方卫星星座组成的Earth Venture−Class任务,该类任务以低成本、高风险、高回报的探索性特点著称[2023]。该系统提供的观测数据能够显著提高热带气旋强度和路径预测的准确性。根据NASA 2021年的评估报告,使用CYGNSS数据后,24 h强度预测误差平均减少10%~20%,路径预测误差约减少5%~10%,从而显著增强了极端天气预警能力[17]。在商业应用方面,Spire Global等私营航天企业已成功部署100余颗小卫星,其中包含能够提供商业用途的GNSS−R数据的卫星,构建了全球规模最大的商业卫星星座。但由于GNSS−R数据定价策略和商业模式尚不成熟,其数据商业化应用率较低,这在一定程度上限制了该技术在气象等公共服务领域的广泛应用[1819]
中国GNSS−R研究起步适中,追赶极快,近年来在星载载荷研制、环境参数反演和行业应用验证等方面进展明显[1,2427]。中国持续发展风云系列气象卫星等国家民用航天基础设施,并开展了“捕风”等商业卫星的GNSS−R技术试验,实现了GNSS−R技术从实验验证到业务化应用的飞跃[2426]。风云三号E星(FY−3E)搭载的全球导航卫星掩星探测仪−Ⅱ型载荷使海面风速反演精度达1.5 m/s,风云三号G星(FY−3G)进一步将土壤湿度监测空间分辨率提升至3 km[1,25,27]表1)。在2022年“梅花”台风监测中,GNSS−R数据有效减少了台风路径预报中的误差[28]
尽管如此,GNSS−R由“可观测”走向“可业务化、可规模化应用”仍面临若干制约因素。一方面,多源数据共享机制、数据标准和元数据规范尚不完全统一,限制了跨平台产品融合与业务推广;另一方面,面向气象、海洋、农业和应急等行业的应用接口和服务模式仍不够成熟,科研成果向稳定业务产品转化的链条尚需进一步完善。
首先,GNSS−R技术的全球应用依赖于多源数据开放共享,但当前国际数据交换机制存在严重缺陷(表2[29]。2022年欧洲洪灾期间,欧盟“Copernicus”系统的土壤湿度数据因输入数据流的空间覆盖范围大量减少,导致数据出现72 h的空白,直接降低了跨境灾害响应效率。商业航天公司的数据垄断进一步加剧了GNSS−R应用发展的困境:SpaceWorks 2023报告显示,Spire Global、Planet Labs等头部企业合计占据全球GNSS−R商业数据市场的82%份额,属于高度垄断。这种垄断导致长尾需求难以获得满足:欧洲气象学会(European Meteorological Society,EMS)调查显示,73%的小型科研机构因数据采购成本占比超过项目预算的30%放弃使用GNSS−R数据。
在数据共享受限背景下,全球GNSS−R标准体系的碎片化进一步降低了跨机构协作能力,并显著增加数据互操作性问题的风险。调查显示,在因标准差异导致的各类业务问题中,反演精度的下降问题最为突出,占所有调查案例的45%。如中国风云三号卫星与美国CYGNSS卫星的风速反演数据存在0.8 m/s的系统性偏差[30]。其次是数据处理成本增加(占38%)和系统兼容性差(占17%)。表明标准统一性的缺失不仅制约协同能力,还显著削弱数据互操作性,导致观测结果的可靠性下降。当前,中国《GNSS−R海洋遥感技术规范》与国际电信联盟无线电通信局(International Telecommunication Union−Radiocommunication Sector,ITU−R)在反射信号关键参数设置等方面存在若干差异[31];同时,NASA的CYGNSS数据与中国风云卫星的数据处理方法亦有不同。这些差异增加了多源数据融合的技术难度,但有望通过持续的技术进步与标准协调而逐步得到缓解。
此外,GNSS−R技术在从科研成果向业务系统转化的过程中,主要受到行业适配成本高、数据处理复杂度与用户认知差距大等障碍的制约[32]。调查显示,行业适配成本约占技术转化障碍因素的40%,表明高昂的应用落地成本是技术推广的主要阻碍;数据处理复杂度约占总体权重的35%,反映数据解译与处理环节仍存在较高门槛;用户认知差距约占25%,说明潜在用户对该技术的理解和接受程度不足,也影响其推广应用[33]。当前,尽管中国建设的部分海洋卫星GNSS−R反演风速精度已达1.5 m/s[34],但因缺乏标准接口,有关部门仍需额外投入大量资金进行数据格式转换[35]。从整体角度看,数据共享壁垒、标准碎片化与应用转化断层三者相互叠加,只有通过建立开放且共用的交换平台[36]、推进国际标准框架的统一,以及简化业务化接入流程,才能实质性推动GNSS−R技术在气象、海洋及其他公共服务领域的深度应用[3738]
GNSS−R技术应用推进缓慢,表面上表现为数据共享不畅、标准体系不统一和行业落地不足,实质上反映的是技术演进速度与治理体系适配能力之间的不匹配。GNSS−R面向海洋、气象、农业、自然资源和应急等多个场景,具有多源数据耦合、业务链条跨部门延伸、应用反馈周期短等特点。这决定了其发展不仅依赖传感器性能和反演算法进步,更依赖跨部门协同、统一规则供给和产业链上下游联动。当前,中国GNSS−R发展面临的主要瓶颈本质上是管理机制、标准规则和产业生态3个方面尚未形成与技术特征相匹配的支撑体系。
首先,管理机制的条块分割削弱了GNSS−R跨领域协同应用能力。虽然当前的分工模式已具备产业链雏形,但本质上仍延续了工业时代的专业分工逻辑,难以适应GNSS−R技术对实时性、融合性和协同性的要求(表3)。以行政职能划分的“被动协同”模式在北斗二代建设阶段曾发挥积极作用,但面对基于GNSS−R技术的动态监测应用需求时,其弊端日益凸显。例如,农业干旱预警项目的数据流转存在明显的跨部门协同障碍。卫星遥感数据(航天科技集团)、气象观测数据(气象局)、行业应用系统(自然资源部)和终端监测设备(工业和信息化部)采用各自的技术标准体系,导致从卫星数据获取到最终形成灌溉决策的整个流程出现严重滞后,极大制约了灾害应急响应时效。这种标准不统一造成的数据孤岛现象,使得原本应该快速响应的干旱预警系统难以发挥应有的防灾减灾作用。
与此同时,国际层面的标准和规则缺位制约了GNSS−R产品的互操作性与推广能力。GNSS−R涉及原始信号处理、参数反演、产品生成、精度验证和跨境共享等多个环节,其应用价值高度依赖统一、透明且可复用的技术规范。现行的《外层空间条约》并未对反射信号属性做出专门界定,国际电信联盟(International Telecommunication Union,ITU)的无线电规则也未为GNSS−R划定专属频段[39],世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization,WTO)则将空间数据排除在服务贸易清单之外。这些法律和标准空白,不仅让各国在数据获取和使用上无法达成一致,也让商业主体在跨境应用时法理依据不足,难以放心投入。
更为棘手的是,产业生态的失衡加剧了上述2方面的问题。GNSS−R产业链涵盖载荷与接收设备、数据处理平台、算法模型开发以及行业解决方案等多个环节,任何一环薄弱都可能影响整体转化效率。中国上游GNSS整机的芯片国产化率虽已达70%,但高端产品仍严重依赖进口[40];中游商业实体生产的终端设备占整个产业链的42.29%[41],却缺乏足够的配套服务和市场推广能力。从芯片到应用的链条所体现的结构性失衡,不仅制约商业模式的创新能力,也抑制了生态系统内的循环动力,难以形成持续良性发展态势。
总体来看,GNSS−R发展面临的根源性问题,并不单纯来自技术本身,而在于现有治理体系尚未完成从“分部门管理”向“跨场景协同”、从“单点技术突破”向“系统能力建设”的转变。只有同步推进管理机制优化、标准规则完善和产业生态培育,才能将中国GNSS−R的技术优势进一步转化为业务优势和治理优势。
在现有国家卫星中心职能基础上,可探索建设面向GNSS−R技术的国家级数据中台,用于整合GNSS−R卫星数据资源[42],提升跨部门协同和数据标准统一的效率,而非重复现有国家卫星中心和国家大数据局的管理职能。在数据中台建设方面,国家卫星中心目前主要承担遥感卫星数据的接收、定标与基础产品生产,而中台则可单独聚焦于基于GNSS−R数据的融合应用与智能服务,其核心定位是对现有国家卫星中心职能的专业化补充而非替代。这种分工既符合相关条例中基础数据管理的强制性要求,又能解决行业应用中的痛点问题。例如,在黄河流域生态监测中,国家卫星中心提供标准化的卫星地表反射率产品,中台通过联邦学习技术融合水利部的水文监测数据与生态环境部的污染源信息,有望使水土流失预警时效从3 d缩短至8 h,这种增值服务是在现有体制下难以实现的。中台采用“数据不动算法动”运行原则,通过区块链记录各参与方的数据使用痕迹,在保障部委数据主权的同时提升协同效率。
相较于国家大数据局聚焦的政务数据统筹职能,GNSS−R中台的核心优势在于其技术穿透性和市场适配性。一方面,依托北斗三号MEO/IGSO卫星的星间链路能力,中台可实现反射信号数据直达省级节点,避免多部门数据中转带来的效率损耗;另一方面,采用联邦制架构保留各部委现有系统(如气象局的L波段接收站),同时通过区块链存证解决数据权属争议,确保各方利益平衡。中台方案与国家大数据局的职能并不冲突,而是形成互补。通过三权分置机制(数据所有权归部委、运营权归企业、使用权开放共享),中台能够在维护现有管理体系稳定性的前提下提升数据流通效率。该中台模式对GNSS−R数据服务的边际成本具有显著降低作用,其规模效应远超传统条块管理模式。2023年,《数字中国建设整体布局规划》中已提到对相关专项领域数据进行建设,本建议方案正是对该战略的细化落实,具备政策可行性和实践指导意义[4344]
在技术架构方面,建议采用智能分层处理系统,对原始数据进行多级处理与差异化服务。核心安全层应采用成熟度较高的加密技术和访问控制机制,以保障关键数据的安全性和完整性。公共服务层可通过区块链实现跨部门数据溯源(hyperledger fabric,工业和信息化部2023评估其国产化率超90%),或隐私计算技术以支持数据共享与商业应用,具体选择需在实施前对技术成熟度和运行成本进行充分评估,以确保可持续性。跨境合作层则应在必要区域建设海外服务节点,仅限于有限的技术协作或跨境灾害监测应用,同时通过数据脱敏与冗余备份机制维护数据主权与安全。此外,国家GNSS−R数据中台需与现有国家卫星中心的数据采集、处理和存储系统实现有效衔接,确保数据流转高效可靠,并预留充足的计算资源以应对突发任务,从而形成兼具安全性、可用性与灵活性的系统架构,支撑国内外多领域应用和技术合作。
在技术标准化推进方面,建议充分发挥中国在GNSS−R领域的技术优势,构建涵盖核心技术、在轨验证和国际规则制定的全链条标准体系。重点推进具有自主知识产权的先进测量技术,通过卫星平台搭载新型载荷提升关键参数反演精度,并适时完成在轨验证工作。同时规划建设专业化的在轨定标试验场,配备先进测试设施,定期举办国际性技术交流活动,吸引全球科研机构参与。
在标准制定策略上,建议分阶段推进。初期(1~2年):由国家卫星中心牵头,ITU等权威机构设立专项工作组,发布技术白皮书,明确技术规范和参考方法;中期(3~5年):由中国标准化研究院联合相关科研院所主导制定核心国际标准,推动GNSS−R与新一代通信技术的融合,完成试点应用验证;后期(5~8年):由国家卫星中心与工业和信息化部牵头,推动中国标准的全球兼容性建设,建立国际认证体系,并评估标准推广效果。
配套保障方面,建议加强复合型标准化人才培养,在重点高校设置涵盖技术、法律和国际规则的专项课程,定期选派专业人员赴国际组织交流。同时借鉴中国卫星导航标准推广的成功经验,推动GNSS−R中国标准成为全球基准,提升中国在全球GNSS−R技术治理中的话语权。
建议通过“政策引导+示范应用”双轮驱动加速GNSS−R产业化发展。在政策支持方面,应重点聚焦频谱资源保障和财政补贴2大核心工具。建议由工业和信息化部牵头,优先为GNSS−R海洋监测业务划定L5/E5a专用频段,并建立动态共享机制;同时对星地协同终端设备研发企业给予一定的研发补贴。此外,应在此基础上,配套实施风险保障和产业基金等辅助性政策,如推出低轨卫星数据服务保险和设立一定规模的GNSS−R专项产业基金。
在示范工程建设方面,应突出标杆引领作用:在重点区域部署低轨卫星增强系统,融合新型通信基础设施构建高精度灾害预警网络[45];在生态农业区建立“天−空−地”一体化监测体系,形成智能化的资源管理闭环[42,4647]。其中,建议重点推进3大领域:一是海洋灾害预警领域,构建基于风云卫星和岸基GNSS−R的台风监测系统,由自然资源部牵头实施;二是极地环境监测领域,建立南极冰盖厚度动态监测网络,开展国际数据共享合作;三是智慧城市领域,在20个重点城市部署基于GNSS−R的城市内涝预警系统,采用政府购买服务模式运营。此外,示范工程建设应同步建立分级分类的安全体系,对于涉及国家主权的高敏感数据,应严格实行“双盲加密+专用存储+三级审批”的管控流程;对于商业机构使用的一般业务数据,通过国家遥感中心数据中台进行脱敏处理后统一发布,确保数据在跨部门和跨境使用中的安全性。同时,建议成立跨部门推进工作组,制定3年行动计划,并在海南、浙江等地建设应用示范基地,确保各项措施落地见效。
推动GNSS−R商业化需要构建“技术研发−服务创新−市场拓展”的完整闭环。在技术研发层面,建议重点关注3个关键环节:一是开发集成化SoC芯片,通过优化射频和基带模块,将功耗降低30%以上;二是研制多模多频接收器,以兼容北斗、GPS、Galileo等主流系统;三是推动GNSS−R与惯性导航的深度融合,通过采用微机电系统传感器,解决城市峡谷等复杂环境的信号遮挡问题。在服务创新方面,建议建立3级支撑体系:基础层建设云端数据处理平台,实现反射信号毫秒级解算;中间层优化高精度定位服务,将动态定位精度提升至厘米级;应用层开发面向农业、海洋等领域的定制化解决方案,例如目标探测、台风路径预测等专业模块。在市场拓展方面,建议采取双轨并行策略:一方面深耕国内市场,通过订阅制和软硬件一体化方案降低用户门槛,重点突破测绘、自动驾驶等市场;另一方面加快国际布局,参与ITU等国际标准制定,推动GNSS−R技术纳入全球灾害预警体系。与此同时,建议设立专项示范工程,如“一带一路”沿线国家海洋环境监测网络,以实际应用带动技术输出。
为加强技术创新与市场需求之间的衔接,有必要建立长效机制:成立GNSS−R产业联盟,定期举办应用场景创新大赛;在重点行业建立“技术验证−商业试点−规模推广”的3阶段转化机制;设立商业化引导基金,对首台套设备和创新服务模式给予30%~50%的补贴支持。通过构建这样的生态系统,预计3~5年内可在环境监测、精准农业等领域形成规模化商业应用。
土壤水分是陆地水循环的关键变量,其时空分布既影响农业生产和生态系统稳定性,也直接关系到旱涝灾害防控和气候变化研究的科学精度。然而,受制于传统监测手段在空间覆盖、时间分辨率和跨区域适用性方面的不足,现有土壤水分观测体系难以满足精细化水资源管理与跨境联合防灾的实际需求。GNSS−R技术凭借被动接收导航卫星反射信号的独特优势,为大范围、高频次的土壤水分反演提供了新的可能性。但当前跨部门数据协同面临严峻挑战。气象部门的降水数据虽然实时性强,但空间分辨率较低;自然资源部的墒情监测站数据精度高,但覆盖范围有限;农业农村部门的种植结构数据则分散在不同系统中,缺乏统一标准。这种数据割裂状态导致决策效率低下,例如在干旱预警时,由于无法实时获取综合数据,往往延误灌溉调度,造成农业损失。同时,各部门重复建设监测设施的现象普遍存在,既浪费资源又难以形成合力。这些问题的根源在于缺乏有效的数据共享机制和统一的技术标准。
为了推动GNSS−R技术在中国土壤水分监测中的系统业务化应用,结合“四位一体”的治理思路,可从数据整合、标准制定、应用生态和商业化4个方面展开全面布局。在数据资源层面,建设国家级GNSS−R土壤水分数据中台,统一整合国际星座(如CYGNSS、Spire)与国内星载及地基观测数据,通过智能分层处理实现多源数据互补和分级服务。在典型干旱区和洪涝频发区部署示范应用,不仅能够提升跨部门数据共享效率,还能在“一带一路”沿线国家探索跨境土壤墒情监测合作。其次,在标准制定层面,针对当前反演算法差异大、产品可比性不足的问题,提出涵盖原始信号处理、反演模型参数化和精度验证的国际标准体系,依托在轨验证与地面观测试验场构建“卫星—机载—地面”一体化比对机制,并通过分阶段路径推动中国方案逐步上升为全球标准。再次,在应用推广层面,通过政策引导和示范工程相结合的方式,构建星地协同应用生态,在农业干旱监测、洪涝灾害预警和精准灌溉调度等领域形成闭环服务机制,并以专项基金和频谱政策为保障,促进科研机构、企业和地方政府的深度协作。最后,在商业化层面,加快低功耗多模接收机和云端处理平台的研发,推动土壤水分产品与人工智能、大数据和物联网等前沿技术融合,为农业保险、水资源管理及跨境流域治理提供定制化解决方案,从而提升产品的实用性和市场竞争力。
GNSS−R反射信号还可以敏感地捕捉海面散射特性,生成高时空分辨率的海表风速与风场分布产品。这类产品在台风和强对流过程中观测稀疏海域具有重要意义,能够为数值天气预报系统提供地表湿润度与风场约束,提高台风降水与风暴潮模拟的精度。推进该类产品应用需解决风速反演模型的标定与极端风速下的非线性效应问题,建立与微波辐射计、合成孔径雷达等多源海面观测的融合验证体系,并保证近实时数据流的稳定性与延迟控制,以满足同化业务的时间窗要求。
在季节性冰雪与融雪监测方面,GNSS−R可用于识别雪盖存在、表层雪湿度变化及融雪动态,从而改进融雪入渗与径流生成的初始条件判定。将GNSS−R的近地面湿润层与植被含水信息与地面积雪水当量(snow water equivalent,SWE)观测和光学/微波雪遥感数据联用,有助于提升春季融雪径流预报和山区水资源调度能力。该方向的关键技术挑战包括区分不同厚度和湿度的雪层对信号的差异响应、植被覆盖区的混叠影响以及复杂地形中的几何校正问题,需要通过机载和地面试验场的在轨验证与对照观测逐步完善算法与误差表征。
植被含水量、作物生长状况与目标探测类增值产品方面,GNSS−R测量技术可以扩展用于植被含水量监测、冠层湿润度判断和作物生长阶段识别,从而为精准农业、病虫害预警和灌溉优化提供有价值的遥感信息。结合低空机载补测或地面物联网节点,GNSS−R还可探索对大规模灌溉异常、农田淹水以及近海小型目标变化的快速检测能力,为农业保险定损、灾后评估和资产监控等商业场景提供增值服务。商业化推广应同步建立严格的数据质量与不确定度表达体系,设计合理的订阅或按需付费模式,并提前布局数据隐私、权限管理与合规审查,确保服务可持续性。
将“四位一体”治理策略应用于GNSS−R遥感监测实践,对完善整体治理体系具有重要启示。首先,在农业灌溉与旱涝防灾等具体场景中,验证了数据中台在实现技术价值转化中的核心作用,凸显了建立统一标准和政策支持的必要性。其次,GNSS−R数据跨部门协同的复杂性表明,GNSS−R技术的发展不能仅靠技术创新,还需要配套的制度创新。未来,应推动相关立法工作与GNSS−R标准制定同步进行,确保技术优势能够转化为实际治理效能。
GNSS−R技术正处于由科学实验向业务应用加速转型的关键阶段。中国通过风云三号E/G星等卫星的持续部署,已在海面风速、土壤湿度等环境参数反演精度方面达到了国际先进水平。但总体来看,国内技术优势尚未完全转化为国际规则制定权和广泛产业应用效益。通过与欧盟Copernicus系统和美国CYGNSS星座等国际典型案例对比,可看出中国GNSS−R发展仍面临3个主要矛盾:一是数据开放需求与知识产权壁垒之间的冲突,影响了多国灾害响应和全球协同;二是技术标准碎片化导致的数据互操作障碍,阻碍了多源数据融合和国际合作;三是科研成果与实际应用之间存在转化断层,工程落地率和行业渗透度不足。
本文提出了“四位一体”的系统性对策建议:在管理体制上,建议组建面向GNSS−R的国家级数据中台,统筹各部门分散职能,提升管理和响应效率;在标准体系上,应以中国自主创新的全极化干涉测量等核心专利技术为基础,积极主导国际GNSS−R标准制定,提升中国标准的全球影响力;在产业生态上,通过设立专项转化基金、完善人才培养体系及实施应用示范工程,推动产业链上下游协同创新,加快科研成果转化落地;在政策和制度层面,依托国家卫星导航产业发展规划与空间数据管理政策,建立支持跨部门数据整合、标准统一和安全可控的数据共享机制。
GNSS−R治理本质上是对技术红利分配规则的探索。本文的建议方案试图在技术先进性与制度可行性之间寻找平衡点:例如数据中台机制虽在理论上并非最优解,但符合中国现阶段行政资源动员优势;产权立法虽可能短期内抑制数据流通活力,但为长期市场规模扩张奠定基础。这种权衡需要随技术成熟度动态调整。在制定GNSS−R发展政策时,必须充分考虑不同应用场景的特殊需求,构建更具弹性和适应性的治理框架。实施上述政策后,预计中国GNSS−R灾害响应效率可显著提升,产业市场规模有望在5年内实现跨越式增长。未来10年,GNSS−R技术将在全球环境监测与智慧治理中发挥愈发重要的作用。中国应以制度创新、标准引领和产业培育为抓手,加快实现从技术跟跑者到规则制定者和生态主导者的战略转型,推动GNSS−R成为继北斗系统后的又一“国家名片”。

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00020
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-09-25
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    1河南理工大学测绘与国土信息工程学院,焦作 454003
    2南京邮电大学物联网学院,南京 210023
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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