Article(id=1208354089855988496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=13, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766023665154, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1755014400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757260800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766023665154, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079833862, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208354088958407437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755014400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766023664940, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330848910, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=16, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208354090636129046, articleId=1208354089855988496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Artificial intelligence and artificial lives based on artificial matters, columnId=1150494641880182997, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a class of artificial materials possessing extraordinary properties that not found in natural matters, metamaterials offer a technological pathway for reconstruction of matters to get "artificial matters". These highly functional and designable artificial matters provide more ideal physical carriers for the implementation of various types of artificial intelligence and open up new possibilities for the realization of corporeal artificial lives. Based on exploring the relationship of matter, intelligence, and life systems, this commentary reviews the applications of metamaterials in various artificial intelligence systems, especially the research progress in high-performance optical computing and embodied intelligence, and analyzes the feasibility of constructing artificial lives with metamaterial strategies.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ji ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208354091168805660, articleId=1208354089855988496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=从“人工物质”到人工智能与人工生命, columnId=1150494642043760854, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技评论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超材料作为一类具有自然材料所不具备的超常性质的人工材料,为实现物质的重构以获得人工物质提供一种技术路径。这样一些功能高度、可设计的人工物质为各种类型人工智能的实现提供了理想的物理载体,也为人工生命实体的实现提供了新的可能。在探讨物质、智能及生命系统的关联与重构的基础上,评述了超材料在各种人工智能系统中的应用,特别是在高性能光计算和具身智能领域的研究进展,并对利用超材料策略构建人工生命,特别是自复制机器实体的可能性进行分析。

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周济,教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为信息功能材料,包括超材料、信息功能陶瓷材料与元器件等,电子信箱:

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周济,教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为信息功能材料,包括超材料、信息功能陶瓷材料与元器件等,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

周济,教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为信息功能材料,包括超材料、信息功能陶瓷材料与元器件等,电子信箱:

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从“人工物质”到人工智能与人工生命
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从“人工物质”到人工智能与人工生命
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周济,教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为信息功能材料,包括超材料、信息功能陶瓷材料与元器件等,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

周济,教授,中国工程院院士,研究方向为信息功能材料,包括超材料、信息功能陶瓷材料与元器件等,电子信箱:

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周济
作者信息
  • 清华大学材料学院, 北京 100084
Artificial intelligence and artificial lives based on artificial matters
Ji ZHOU
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00138
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超材料作为一类具有自然材料所不具备的超常性质的人工材料,为实现物质的重构以获得人工物质提供一种技术路径。这样一些功能高度、可设计的人工物质为各种类型人工智能的实现提供了理想的物理载体,也为人工生命实体的实现提供了新的可能。在探讨物质、智能及生命系统的关联与重构的基础上,评述了超材料在各种人工智能系统中的应用,特别是在高性能光计算和具身智能领域的研究进展,并对利用超材料策略构建人工生命,特别是自复制机器实体的可能性进行分析。

超材料  /  人工智能  /  光计算  /  具身智能  /  自复制机

As a class of artificial materials possessing extraordinary properties that not found in natural matters, metamaterials offer a technological pathway for reconstruction of matters to get "artificial matters". These highly functional and designable artificial matters provide more ideal physical carriers for the implementation of various types of artificial intelligence and open up new possibilities for the realization of corporeal artificial lives. Based on exploring the relationship of matter, intelligence, and life systems, this commentary reviews the applications of metamaterials in various artificial intelligence systems, especially the research progress in high-performance optical computing and embodied intelligence, and analyzes the feasibility of constructing artificial lives with metamaterial strategies.

metamaterial  /  AI  /  optical computing  /  embodied intelligence  /  self-replicating machine
周济. 从“人工物质”到人工智能与人工生命. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (15) : 16 -19 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00138
Ji ZHOU. Artificial intelligence and artificial lives based on artificial matters[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (15) : 16 -19 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00138
物质是构成世界的实体,人类文明演进的过程与其对自然物质的改造与探索息息相关。从数十万年前开始,人类学会了对自然物质(石头)进行物理加工,从而进入了文明的第一个阶段——石器时代;在此后漫长的时间里,人类发明了多种多样的材料技术将物质变成有用的材料,实现了对物质的“建构”。从16—17世纪起,近现代科学诞生,人类对物质的认识不断深入并系统化,成功实现了对物质的“解构”。21世纪起,在“建构”与“解构”基础上,人类开始探索物质的“重构”,其中的路径之一是超材料(metamaterial)。
超材料是一大类人工构造的、具有自然材料所不具备的超常性质的人工物质。与此同时,超材料也提供了一种发展新材料的新范式,即通过人工设计的功能机制并借助于承载这种机制的人工结构单元来实现可设计的功能,从而创造出超越自然物质性质的“人工物质”。这些新物质或新范式的出现,除了深刻地影响了材料科学与技术外,也有可能会延伸到更广阔的领域,例如作为物质高阶属性的智能以及作为自然物质系统运行的最高形式的生命。而基于“人工物质”构造人工智能与人工生命将是一个极为宏大且意义深远的课题。
智能作为物质的高阶属性,其功能的呈现往往通过物质系统中复杂的相互作用。而超材料可通过人工结构建立物质与场的相互作用机制和物理关系,为人工智能的实现提供了一种有力的手段。
生命系统是自然物质系统运行的最高形式。对人工生命的探索一直是很多学者关注的重大课题。在这里提出一个新的问题:借助于人工物质高度可设计、可编程性及其所支撑的人工智能,能否对人工生命系统的构筑上有所推进?相信相关研究作为跨越物质科学、信息科学与生命科学的新的学科生长点,可能拓展出科技与人类文明的新疆域。
智能源于物质系统中复杂的相互作用。自然(生物)智能的基础和初级形式是基于物质依据各种各样物理定律运行的过程的物理智能。一种学说认为,整个宇宙可以视为一台巨大的计算机[1],而整个世界中的物质,从最小的微粒或场到最大的天体或场,其运动演化均为自然的计算过程。
与此同时,物质运动的基本物理化学规律也是生命起源与进化的基础。地球上的生命始于数十亿年前海洋中的各种单细胞生物,这种单细胞的智能行为来自自身的生物分子、材料与结构构成的相对简单的物理智能系统。直到大约5亿年前开始出现多细胞生物时,开始区分各种专门的细胞型,以创造更复杂和更高级的智能行为。其中一部分多细胞生物进化出神经元网络,使得生物体内所有感觉细胞的电和化学信号传递到中枢神经系统,处理和存储该系统中的信息,并从该系统传输运动信号以控制体内的所有运动细胞,形成了高级的智能,这类生物此后进化为动物。而另一部分生物(如植物、真菌等)未能进化出复杂的神经系统,依然以简单的物理智能支撑其生存和繁衍。
可以看出,生命与智能基础均是物质中不同类型、不同复杂程度的物理化学机制。超材料作为一种人工物质,有望提供全新的物理化学原理和运行机制,为智能和生命系统的重构提供了新的可能性。基于光学、声学及机械超材料的多种智能架构已相继被提出,通过人工设计材料中的智能调控机制与动态响应能力,有望推动智能物质在感知、计算、自适应等维度实现突破;利用超材料建立运算机制,有望实现超越现有计算技术的高速、大容量、低能耗计算,为人工智能技术提供算力支撑;而超材料作为一种功能可高度设计的人工物质,也为实体人工生命形态及其基本特征的构造提供了物理载体。
超材料作为一种可设计的人工物质,有望建构新的计算架构,为解决当前AI算力问题提供新路径。众所周知,光计算技术因具有高速、大容量、低能耗、并行计算等特点,有望大幅提升计算速度,成为未来人工智能的一种算力。然而,光计算面临一个重要的瓶颈,即受光学器件衍射极限的制约,单一光器件尺寸较大,难以像电子器件一样做到纳米尺度并实现大规模集成,因此实现大算力光信息处理依然面临挑战。超材料可为这一问题的解决提供出路。作为一类通过人工结构基元实现超材料物理性质的新型材料,超材料能够在亚波长尺度上对电磁波参数(振幅、相位、偏振、线性/角动量和波矢)实现大自由度的调制,且有可能与现有的芯片技术实现兼容与集成,因此有望为大规模集成的光计算系统的实现提供理想的材料平台。一些前期研究已证明了将超材料用于光计算的可行性和先进性[29]
例如美国宾夕法尼亚大学Engheta团队[3]提出利用超材料与电磁波相互作用实现微分、积分和卷积等数学运算,通过微波实验验证了该原理,此后将超材料功能拓展至多方程联立求解、弗雷德霍姆积分方程求解以及高效矢量−矩阵乘法运算,发展出片上集成超材料系统,为复杂数学问题提供了超材料解决方案[46]。作为一类二维超材料,光学超表面在光神经网络方面显示出独特的优势[79],并已在图像边缘检测、数字或图像分类等领域呈现出广阔的应用前景。
在人工智能的另一个领域——具身智能方面,超材料也显示出独特的优势。具身智能本质上是分布式物理智能,这种智能系统中精巧的结构可实现对外界刺激的反应。生物系统在其体内整合分布式物理智能,可将传感、计算、记忆和驱动功能精巧地嵌入到身体的物理结构中,以执行专门和简单的任务。而超材料丰富的物理性能、高度可设计性与可集成性,为模拟实现这种分布式物理智能提供了理想的平台。它们通过人工设计的微结构单元,能够实现传统材料难以达到的机械、电磁或声学特性,为具身智能技术的创新提供了新的可能性。用于具身智能的超材料通过自身的可编程化,实现重复或无定形方式的传感、促动、计算和通信。利用超材料的可编程机械响应特性(如负泊松比、可调刚度),可设计种类繁多的柔性机器人。这些柔性机器人往往具有单一的可编程结构,将简单的外界输入(例如压力脉冲、电磁场等)转换为复杂的屈曲、拉伸和扭转输出响应。借助于机械超材料中精巧的结构设计,如基于横梁、折纸和剪纸等增强架构和其中的结构中编码变形信息的能力,使得超材料致动器与传统的致动器相比,可使用更少的输入能量来执行复杂的任务[1015]
生命是物质存在的高级形式,具有高度有序的结构、完美的智能形式以及通过与环境交换物质和能量维持动态平衡并自我复制的能力。早在20世纪40年代,计算机理论奠基人冯·诺依曼就开始致力于人工生命探索,并为这一探索倾其余生。冯·诺依曼提出了自复制理论[16],他认为生命系统是计算机器。自然界中生命是一套自我复制系统,DNA的双螺旋链中的碱基是互补的,可以相互复制。然而如何利用这样一种机制从头建立一种机器来实现利用外界资源和能源进行自我复制并进而获得人工生命,冯·诺依曼有生之年未能得到满意的答案。此后的几十年中,尽管很多杰出的科学家前仆后继地探索,但在实体(硬件)自复制方面取得的进展微乎其微。
冯·诺依曼提出的自复制机系统由3个核心模块构成。通用构造器(A):能够根据指令合成新的自动机。通用拷贝机(B):复制自身的描述信息。控制器(C):协调A和B的操作,确保复制过程的有序进行。三者的组合(A+B+C)可实现自我复制:首先构造器A根据描述信息Φ(A+B+C)合成新机器,拷贝机B复制描述信息,控制器C将新机器与原系统分离,最终生成2个完全相同的自复制自动机。实现实体自复制机器的难点恰是难以找到集A、B、C 3种功能于一体的单一机器(或单元)。而理论上讲,利用超材料策略,借助其人工结构的运行机制的高度可设计性和可编程性,有可能获得同时具有3种功能的机器。
近年来,来自美国麻省理工学院2个团队的开拓性工作很值得关注。其一是美国麻省理工学院自组装实验室Tibbits教授的工作。在其新作《Things Fall Together: A Guide to the New Materials Revolution》中,Tibbits提出了通过自下而上(自组装过程)构筑智能和自我复制行为的思想[17],并演示了其团队也做过一个很有趣的自我复制实验,显示在不需要额外机器辅助的情况下实现了磁性小球聚集体的自我复制行为。另一项工作来自于美国麻省理工学院分子与比特研究中心,他们研制出一种基于模块化结构单元的自我复制机器人系统,该系统将结构离散化为简单原始构建块的原料,能够进行串行、递归(制造更多的机器人)和分层(制造更大的机器人)组装,其单元组合由一种算法支持,使得结构单元实现组装并规划最优构建路径[18]。这2项工作的共同特点均为通过特殊设计人工单元并赋予其特定编程功能,实现人工结构的自复制。
构建人工生命的路还相当长。上述自复制机器还相当初步,功能受到诸多制约,而自我复制本身也仅仅是生命系统的基本特征之一,自复制机从本质上讲也并非严格意义上的生命系统。但其基于人工功能单元(超材料策略)构建自复制系统的思路让人看到了一丝希望,其科学价值、哲学价值、应用意义及社会影响目前尚难以估量。
超材料作为构造人工物质的有效策略,开启了一个重构物质的时代,为人工智能的发展和人工生命的建构提供了有利条件。基于人工物质的人工智能与人工生命有望成为一个跨越物质科学、信息科学、生命科学的宏大的交叉科学课题,在此基础上可能拓展出科学、技术与文明的新疆域。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(52332006)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB380600)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3811401)
  • 西南联合研究生院重点研究项目(202302AO370008)
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2025年第43卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00138
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
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国家自然科学基金重点项目(52332006)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB380600)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3811401)
西南联合研究生院重点研究项目(202302AO370008)
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    清华大学材料学院, 北京 100084
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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