Article(id=1208357727835893799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1752681600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-17, acceptedDate=1757001600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-05, onlineDate=1766024532517, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1758988800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763308800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024532517, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080057432, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208357725101208554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758988800000', pubDateStr='2025-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024531865, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330867198, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197020681388272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197020681388273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208357728297267265, articleId=1208357727835893799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advances in wide−area rapid precise point positioning using BDS/GNSS, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rapid precise point positioning (PPP) over wide areas breaks through the dependency of traditional differential techniques on dense reference network, and serves as one of the key techniques to establish and maintain autonomous, wide-area, high-precision spatiotemporal framework using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This work provides a comprehensive review of the current development of satellite constellations, ground station infrastructure, and associated precise satellite products. Key technical advances are summarized in four respects, including multi-frequency and multi−GNSS integration, ambiguity resolution, atmospheric augmentation, and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) augmentation. All the analysis concentrate on their contributions to improving PPP positioning accuracy and convergence speed. Recent progress in PPP commercialization is discussed, alongside the latest developments in satellite-based PPP services, including BDS PPP-B2b. Finally, we outline persistent challenges and future research directions confronting wide-area rapid PPP, highlighting deep integration of high and low orbit constellations, multi-source fusion for positioning enhancement, and the evolution of next-generation satellite-based PPP service architectures. The study aims to support the large-scale deployment and service system development of high-precision positioning based on BDS/GNSS.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xinyun CAO, Yulong GE, Tianjun LIU, Liu YANG, Lei XU, Fei SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fei SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208357729924657240, articleId=1208357727835893799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=北斗/全球导航卫星系统广域快速精密单点定位研究进展, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

广域快速精密单点定位(PPP)技术突破了传统差分技术对密集参考站的依赖性,是推动全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)实现广域自主高精度时空基准建立与维持的关键手段之一。围绕北斗/GNSS广域快速PPP,系统梳理了北斗/GNSS系统星座构成、地基站点建设以及卫星精密产品的发展现状,综述了多频多模增强、模糊度固定增强、大气增强、低轨卫星增强等关键技术手段的研究进展,重点分析了上述4种技术手段对提升PPP定位精度与收敛速度的贡献,总结了国内外PPP商业化服务的应用现状,阐述了包含北斗PPP-B2b的星基PPP服务的最新动态,最后,探讨了当前广域快速PPP面临的误差建模与改正、异构星座、GNSS信号与网络异常等核心挑战,展望了高低轨星座深度融合、多源融合定位增强、广域星基PPP服务体系等未来重点发展方向,旨在为北斗/GNSS高精度定位技术的规模化应用和服务体系构建提供参考。

, authors=

曹新运,副教授,研究方向为北斗广域精密定位与授时理论与方法,电子信箱:

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沈飞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为北斗及其地学应用,电子信箱:
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曹新运,副教授,研究方向为北斗广域精密定位与授时理论与方法,电子信箱:

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曹新运,副教授,研究方向为北斗广域精密定位与授时理论与方法,电子信箱:

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全球导航卫星系统 卫星类型 卫星数量 频率
中国BDSBDS-2 GEO5B1I/B3I/B2I
BDS-2 IGSO7B1I/B3I/B2I
BDS-2 MEO3B1I/B3I/B2I
BDS-3 GEO4B1I/B3I/B2b
BDS-3 IGSO3B1I/B3I/B1C/B2a/B2b/B2(a+b)
BDS-3 MEO28B1I/B3I/B1C/B2a/B2b/B2(a+b)
美国GPSIIR14L1/L2
IIF11L1/L2/L5
IIIA7L1/L2/L5
俄罗斯GLONASSM15L1OF/L2OF
M+6L1OF/L2OF/L3OC
K14L1OF/L2OF/L2OC/L3OC
K22L1OF/L2OF/L1OC/L2OC/L3OC
欧盟GalileoIOV4E1/E5a/E6/B5b/E5(a+b)
FOC24E1/E5a/E6/B5b/E5(a+b)
), ArticleFig(id=1242145069415870891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357727835893799, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GNSS星座现状(截至2025年4月)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
全球导航卫星系统 卫星类型 卫星数量 频率
中国BDSBDS-2 GEO5B1I/B3I/B2I
BDS-2 IGSO7B1I/B3I/B2I
BDS-2 MEO3B1I/B3I/B2I
BDS-3 GEO4B1I/B3I/B2b
BDS-3 IGSO3B1I/B3I/B1C/B2a/B2b/B2(a+b)
BDS-3 MEO28B1I/B3I/B1C/B2a/B2b/B2(a+b)
美国GPSIIR14L1/L2
IIF11L1/L2/L5
IIIA7L1/L2/L5
俄罗斯GLONASSM15L1OF/L2OF
M+6L1OF/L2OF/L3OC
K14L1OF/L2OF/L2OC/L3OC
K22L1OF/L2OF/L1OC/L2OC/L3OC
欧盟GalileoIOV4E1/E5a/E6/B5b/E5(a+b)
FOC24E1/E5a/E6/B5b/E5(a+b)
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分析中心 产品缩写 产品类型及其采样间隔和适用系统 备注
轨道 钟差 姿态 相位偏差
WHU WUM0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 86400 s/GECJ 支持多频固定
WUMMGXRAP 300 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 86400 s/GEC 支持多频固定
CODE COD0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 86400 s/GEJ 支持双频固定
GFZ GBM0MGXRAP 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 86400 s/GEC 支持双频固定
CNES/CLS GRG0MGXFIN 300 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 86400 s/GEC 支持双频固定
ESA ESA0MGNFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ
IAC IAC0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ
JAXA JAX0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ
SHAO SHA0MGXRAP 300 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 30 s/GREC
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多GNSS系统精密产品(截至2025年4月)

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分析中心 产品缩写 产品类型及其采样间隔和适用系统 备注
轨道 钟差 姿态 相位偏差
WHU WUM0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 86400 s/GECJ 支持多频固定
WUMMGXRAP 300 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 86400 s/GEC 支持多频固定
CODE COD0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 86400 s/GEJ 支持双频固定
GFZ GBM0MGXRAP 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ 86400 s/GEC 支持双频固定
CNES/CLS GRG0MGXFIN 300 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 86400 s/GEC 支持双频固定
ESA ESA0MGNFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ
IAC IAC0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ
JAXA JAX0MGXFIN 300 s/GRECJ 30 s/GRECJ
SHAO SHA0MGXRAP 300 s/GREC 30 s/GREC 30 s/GREC
), ArticleFig(id=1242145069654946222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357727835893799, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提供商(国家) 服务名称 播发方式 典型精度 典型时间 服务范围 支持系统
Trimble
(美国)
CenterPoint RTX 星基L波段/地基网络 平面2 cm
高程3 cm
< 20 min(标准) 全球 GREC
< 2 min(快速) 北美、欧洲等
Hexagon
(瑞典)
TerraStar−C 星基L波段/地基网络 平面5 cm
高程10 cm
< 30 min 全球 GR
TerraStar−C PRO 星基L波段/地基网络 平面2.5 cm
高程5 cm
最快3 min 全球 GREC
TerraStar−X 地基网络为主 平面2 cm
高程5 cm
< 1 min 北美等区域 GR
华测导航
(中国)
PointNet NPPP 地基网络 平面2.5 cm
高程5 cm
< 5 min(1 min) 全球(亚欧大陆) GREC
PointSky 星基L波段 < 5 min(3 min) 亚欧大陆(中国)
千寻位置
(中国)
Xstar 星基L波段/地基网络 平面2.5 cm
高程5 cm
< 5 min
最快50 s
中国及亚太区域 GREC
), ArticleFig(id=1242145069738832303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357727835893799, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PPP商业服务的典型特征

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提供商(国家) 服务名称 播发方式 典型精度 典型时间 服务范围 支持系统
Trimble
(美国)
CenterPoint RTX 星基L波段/地基网络 平面2 cm
高程3 cm
< 20 min(标准) 全球 GREC
< 2 min(快速) 北美、欧洲等
Hexagon
(瑞典)
TerraStar−C 星基L波段/地基网络 平面5 cm
高程10 cm
< 30 min 全球 GR
TerraStar−C PRO 星基L波段/地基网络 平面2.5 cm
高程5 cm
最快3 min 全球 GREC
TerraStar−X 地基网络为主 平面2 cm
高程5 cm
< 1 min 北美等区域 GR
华测导航
(中国)
PointNet NPPP 地基网络 平面2.5 cm
高程5 cm
< 5 min(1 min) 全球(亚欧大陆) GREC
PointSky 星基L波段 < 5 min(3 min) 亚欧大陆(中国)
千寻位置
(中国)
Xstar 星基L波段/地基网络 平面2.5 cm
高程5 cm
< 5 min
最快50 s
中国及亚太区域 GREC
), ArticleFig(id=1242145069826912688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357727835893799, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
星基PPP服务类型 支持系统 服务范围 技术类型 增强信息 时间基准 参考坐标系
BDS−3 PPP−B2bC/G/E*/R*中国及周边地区PPP轨道、钟差、码偏差BDTBDCS
Galileo HASE/G全球(L1)PPP轨道、钟差、码偏差GSTGTRF
欧洲(L2)PPP−AR*+相位偏差*
PPP−RTK*+大气改正*
QZSS CLASG/E/J/R*日本及其周边PPP−RTK轨道、钟差、码偏差、
相位偏差、大气改正
QZSSTITRF (IGS)
), ArticleFig(id=1242145069898215857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357727835893799, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PPP星基服务核心技术参数及综合性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
星基PPP服务类型 支持系统 服务范围 技术类型 增强信息 时间基准 参考坐标系
BDS−3 PPP−B2bC/G/E*/R*中国及周边地区PPP轨道、钟差、码偏差BDTBDCS
Galileo HASE/G全球(L1)PPP轨道、钟差、码偏差GSTGTRF
欧洲(L2)PPP−AR*+相位偏差*
PPP−RTK*+大气改正*
QZSS CLASG/E/J/R*日本及其周边PPP−RTK轨道、钟差、码偏差、
相位偏差、大气改正
QZSSTITRF (IGS)
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北斗/全球导航卫星系统广域快速精密单点定位研究进展
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曹新运 1, 2, 3 , 葛玉龙 4 , 刘天骏 5 , 杨柳 6 , 徐磊 7 , 沈飞 1, 2, 3, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(18): 115-126
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (18) : 115 -126
北斗/全球导航卫星系统广域快速精密单点定位研究进展
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School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
3. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145066576327065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357727835893799, authorId=1242145066391777684, language=CN, stringName=沈飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1. 南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京 210023
2. 虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室(南京师范大学),南京 210023
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曹新运1, 2, 3 , 葛玉龙4, 刘天骏5, 杨柳6, 徐磊7, 沈飞1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1. 南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京 210023
  • 2. 虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室(南京师范大学),南京 210023
  • 3. 江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,南京 210023
  • 4. 南京师范大学海洋科学与工程学院,南京 210023
  • 5. 武汉大学卫星导航定位技术研究中心,武汉 430079
  • 6. 南京邮电大学物联网学院,南京 210023
  • 7. 武汉大学测绘学院,武汉 430079
通讯作者:
沈飞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为北斗及其地学应用,电子信箱:
Advances in wide−area rapid precise point positioning using BDS/GNSS
Xinyun CAO1, 2, 3 , Yulong GE4, Tianjun LIU5, Liu YANG6, Lei XU7, Fei SHEN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4. School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 5. GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
  • 6. School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 7. School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
出版时间: 2025-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00087
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广域快速精密单点定位(PPP)技术突破了传统差分技术对密集参考站的依赖性,是推动全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)实现广域自主高精度时空基准建立与维持的关键手段之一。围绕北斗/GNSS广域快速PPP,系统梳理了北斗/GNSS系统星座构成、地基站点建设以及卫星精密产品的发展现状,综述了多频多模增强、模糊度固定增强、大气增强、低轨卫星增强等关键技术手段的研究进展,重点分析了上述4种技术手段对提升PPP定位精度与收敛速度的贡献,总结了国内外PPP商业化服务的应用现状,阐述了包含北斗PPP-B2b的星基PPP服务的最新动态,最后,探讨了当前广域快速PPP面临的误差建模与改正、异构星座、GNSS信号与网络异常等核心挑战,展望了高低轨星座深度融合、多源融合定位增强、广域星基PPP服务体系等未来重点发展方向,旨在为北斗/GNSS高精度定位技术的规模化应用和服务体系构建提供参考。

北斗卫星导航系统  /  精密单点定位  /  多频多模  /  模糊度固定  /  大气增强  /  低轨增强

Rapid precise point positioning (PPP) over wide areas breaks through the dependency of traditional differential techniques on dense reference network, and serves as one of the key techniques to establish and maintain autonomous, wide-area, high-precision spatiotemporal framework using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This work provides a comprehensive review of the current development of satellite constellations, ground station infrastructure, and associated precise satellite products. Key technical advances are summarized in four respects, including multi-frequency and multi−GNSS integration, ambiguity resolution, atmospheric augmentation, and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) augmentation. All the analysis concentrate on their contributions to improving PPP positioning accuracy and convergence speed. Recent progress in PPP commercialization is discussed, alongside the latest developments in satellite-based PPP services, including BDS PPP-B2b. Finally, we outline persistent challenges and future research directions confronting wide-area rapid PPP, highlighting deep integration of high and low orbit constellations, multi-source fusion for positioning enhancement, and the evolution of next-generation satellite-based PPP service architectures. The study aims to support the large-scale deployment and service system development of high-precision positioning based on BDS/GNSS.

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System  /  precise point positioning  /  multi−system and multi−frequency  /  ambiguity resolution  /  atmospheric augmentation  /  LEO augmentation
曹新运, 葛玉龙, 刘天骏, 杨柳, 徐磊, 沈飞. 北斗/全球导航卫星系统广域快速精密单点定位研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (18) : 115 -126 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00087
Xinyun CAO, Yulong GE, Tianjun LIU, Liu YANG, Lei XU, Fei SHEN. Advances in wide−area rapid precise point positioning using BDS/GNSS[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (18) : 115 -126 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00087
北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,BDS)历经三代发展,于2020年7月31日开通全球定位、导航和授时(positioning,navigation and timing,PNT)服务,在高精度时空基准体系构建和国家重大需求服务方面正发挥着核心作用[1]。相比其他全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS),BDS在混合轨道设计、短报文通信、星间链路、增强服务等方面具有独特技术优势,当前BDS已从系统建设运行阶段全面迈入服务能力深化与系统应用拓展阶段,正在加速构建以北斗为核心的国家综合PNT体系[2]
当前,无人驾驶、低空经济、精准农业等产业蓬勃发展,对实时分米级,甚至厘米级高精度定位的需求与日俱增。精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)技术突破了传统差分技术对密集参考站的依赖性[3],实现了广域自主高精度时空基准的建立与维持,成为卫星导航定位领域的研究热点和重要技术手段[4]。然而,PPP技术并未在上述快速动态精密定位场景中得到广泛应用,其瓶颈在于实时非差模糊度难以精准、快速、可靠地固定[5]
针对这一技术瓶颈,国内外学者围绕北斗/GNSS快速PPP开展了深入研究。丰富的多频多模GNSS信号资源有效地增加了观测冗余度和几何结构强度,使得多频多模GNSS数据融合成为解决上述问题的有效手段之一[67]。与此同时,引入高精度电离层和对流层增强信息,并给予合理约束,能够显著削弱模糊度和斜电离层延迟、天顶对流层延迟(zenith troposphere delay,ZTD)等参数之间的相关性,使得PPP技术具备类似于实时动态定位(real−time kinematic,RTK)的高效收敛性能,即PPP−RTK[810]。近年来,低轨卫星(low earth orbit,LEO)星座迅速发展,LEO的独特优势亦有望大幅改善模糊度固定的可观测性与收敛性能[1112]
鉴于此,本文将以北斗/GNSS广域快速PPP为主题,介绍北斗及主要GNSS系统的卫星星座、地基网点及精密产品,重点论述多频多模、模糊度固定、大气约束、低轨增强等关键技术的研究进展,同时阐述国内外主要PPP商业服务和星基服务,探讨当前广域快速PPP面临的挑战及未来发展趋势,旨在为北斗/GNSS广域高精度定位技术的持续演进与应用提供参考。
截至2025年4月,4大全球导航卫星系统的在轨运行卫星总数已达140颗,构建了全球高可用、高冗余的卫星导航服务能力,各系统的星座构型、在轨卫星数及播发频率见表1。BDS创新性地采用了3种混合轨道卫星,额外包括地球同步静止轨道(geostationary earth orbit,GEO)卫星和倾斜地球同步轨道(inclined geosynchronous orbit,IGSO)卫星。其中,GEO卫星近似“悬停”在地球赤道上空,IGSO卫星则具有周期性“8”字形星下点轨迹,两者能够加强定点或者重点区域(如中国及亚太区域)的导航定位服务,独特的轨道设计使得BDS在区域增强服务能力方面具有天然优势[13]。在信号体制方面,除了部分仍在服役的GPS−IIR与GLONASS−M卫星,其余在轨卫星均已实现多频信号播发。以BDS为例,BDS−2卫星播发B1I、B2I和B3I三频信号,而新一代的BDS−3 IGSO/MEO卫星则新增播发B1C、B2a、B2b和B2(a+b),构建了丰富的频率资源配置体系,为多频PPP与星基增强服务提供重要支撑[14]。较为特殊的是,传统的GLONASS−M卫星采用频分多址(frequency division multiple access,FDMA)调制方式,即对跖卫星采用相同的频率数值,虽然该操作有利于提高频率抗干扰能力,但在模糊度固定与跨系统组合方面存在诸多不利[15]。新一代GLONASS−M+与GLONASS−K卫星则新增播发码分多址(code division multiple access,CDMA)信号,如L3频率(K/M+)及L1/L2频率(K2),以增强与其他GNSS系统兼容性。
随着GNSS系统的蓬勃发展,地面跟踪站作为支撑高精度PNT服务的关键基础设施,其规模和信号跟踪能力正持续扩展。截至2025年4月,国际GNSS服务组织(International GNSS Service,IGS)公布的全球公开站点数已超过520个,形成覆盖全球、密度适中的GNSS连续跟踪网络(https://www.igs.org/),站点分布如图1所示,搭载的主流接收机型号包括Trimble、Javad、Leica、Septentrio等。其中,红色表示该站点可以跟踪四系统GNSS信号,占比约为67%,绿色表示该站点可以跟踪双系统或者三系统GNSS信号。作为IGS全球数据中心之一,美国国家航空航天局建立的地壳动力学数据信息系统CDDIS(Crustal Dynamics Data Information System)负责对IGS站网采集的GNSS原始观测数据、精密产品及其衍生结果进行归档与发布。当前,归档总量已超过70 TB,约90%为GNSS原始观测数据。与此同时,中国发起并主导的国际GNSS监测评估系统(iGMAS)具备对四系统GNSS运行状态和服务性能进行监测与评估等功能(http://www.igmas.org/),已在全球部署了近30个地面跟踪站点,分析星下点轨迹、卫星工作状态、星座瞬时可用性、星座瞬时位置衰减因子、轨道根数等指标,为系统运行质量评估与用户性能保障提供了重要支撑。
支撑PPP技术的核心基础产品−精密卫星轨道、钟差、姿态和伪距/相位偏差产品日益完善,截至2025年,已有多家IGS分析中心提供多系统精密产品,表2列举了8家分析中心,包括中国武汉大学(WHU)、中国科学院上海天文台(SHAO)、欧洲定轨中心(CODE)、德国地学研究中心(GFZ)、法国国家空间研究中心(CNES/CLS)、欧洲空间局(ESA)、俄罗斯导航信息分析中心(IAC)、日本宇宙航空研究开发中心(JAXA)。事后精密卫星轨道和钟差产品的采样间隔分别为5 min和30 s,仅部分分析中心提供30 s采样间隔的卫星姿态四元数和相位偏差产品。其中,武汉大学提供的最终和快速精密产品均提供多频卫星相位偏差[16],支持多频多模PPP模糊度固定,而CODE、GFZ和CNES/CLS产品仅支持双频基准频率PPP模糊度固定。除上述事后精密产品外,多家分析中心亦发布支持实时PPP的精密产品。
20世纪90年代,美国喷气推进实验室基于IGS精密星历,实现了无需差分的单测站厘米级定位,显著提高了GNSS大网解算效率[3]。随着GPS、GLONASS现代化升级以及BDS、Galileo系统的全球组网,PPP由单一系统走向多频多模融合,成为实现快速广域精密定位的关键路径之一,有效提升了PPP的收敛速度、定位精度与可靠性[7]
由于不同GNSS系统之间存在时间基准和接收机硬件延迟等差异,多模PPP融合模型通常估计各个GNSS系统的接收机钟差或者引入系统间偏差(inter−system bias,ISB),常用的ISB建模策略包括白噪声模型、随机游走模型、分段常数模型[17],其理应与卫星精密钟差估计模型策略保持一致。早期研究主要聚焦于GPS与GLONASS系统的联合定位,在GPS可见卫星数较少的情况下,引入GLONASS可显著改善PPP的收敛性能与精度[18]。随着BDS−2系统提供区域PNT服务,相关研究发现其伪距观测值存在随卫星高度角变化的系统误差,称为卫星伪距多路径误差,幅度可达20 cm,该误差与接收机端无关,可由卫星高度角相关的线性模型予以消除[19],而BDS−3卫星的伪距观测值不再呈现明显的线性偏差[13]。相较于单系统,四系统融合PPP定位精度平均提高25%,收敛时间缩短70%[7]
同一GNSS系统不同频率之间的硬件延迟存在差异,称为频间偏差(inter−frequency bias,IFB)。融合BDS/GPS/Galileo多频观测值时,在对应的多频伪距观测方程中引入IFB参数,通常设置为天内常数或随机游走模型。值得注意的是,GLONASS系统L1/L2频采用了FDMA调制方式,不同频率通道的伪距和相位观测值之间亦存在IFB,此处IFB的定义及其时变特性与上述CDMA系统的多频IFB并不相同,GLONASS相位IFB近似与卫星频率号呈线性函数关系[20],而GLONASS伪距IFB与接收机类型、天线型号,甚至固件版本等均相关,与卫星频率号并非线性函数关系[21]。因此,引入GLONASS多频观测值,意味着同时引入了大量的IFB参数,为多频多模PPP模型及后续模糊度固定带来了严峻的挑战[22]。同时,多频卫星相位硬件延迟的时变部分无法被基准频率的钟差和电离层等参数完全吸收,导致不同频率的无电离层组合估计的卫星钟差并不相同[23],两者之间的差异称为频间钟偏差(inter−frequency clock bias,IFCB),主要表现在GPS IIF卫星[24]、BDS−2卫星[25]以及最新的GLONASS M+/K卫星[26],其数值与太阳高度角呈一定的相关性,其中GPS IIF卫星高达20 cm,严重影响多频PPP定位精度,而数个分米的GLONASS M+/K卫星IFCB可能来源于天线相位改正误差。相比较于多系统融合,多频PPP浮点解并未展现出明显的增益效果,仅仅当双频卫星数较少时才略有提升,然而频率分布却能够有效提升模糊度固定性能,显著缩短PPP固定解收敛时间。
当前,多频多模PPP浮点解模型已经较为成熟,然而其定位性能及其可靠性仍然难以满足快速广域精密定位需求,与传统双差模型类似,模糊度整数特性约束能够显著提高定位精度及其可靠性,使得PPP模糊度固定成为实现快速广域高精度定位的核心技术之一。
相位偏差改正是实现PPP模糊度可靠固定的前提,早期的相位偏差估计模型通常基于双频无电离层组合,包括未校准相位延迟(uncalibrated phase delay,UPD)[27]、整数钟[28]以及钟差解耦模型[29]。为了使得估计的钟差与IGS钟差兼容且具有整数钟产品的精度,引入窄巷UPD改正和整周模糊度约束,重新估计卫星钟差,从而衍生了相位钟模型[30]。考虑到非差非组合模型的独特优势,其估计的非差模糊度经过线性映射为宽巷和无电离层组合,亦可实现双频相位偏差估计[16,31-32]。随着GNSS信号频率增加,提供多频组合形式相位偏差产品难以有效适应多模多频GNSS发展需求。IGS工作组提出了面向原始观测值的观测信号偏差(observable−specific signal bias,OSB),上述4种模型生成的钟差/相位偏差产品均可转换为OSB形式,PPP用户端只需将各频OSB改正到对应原始观测值,即可恢复模糊度整周特性[33]。目前,大多数IGS分析中心仅支持双频基准频率模糊度固定,如表2所示。为了克服GPS IIF、BDS−2卫星时变IFCB无法被模糊度吸收,多位学者在双频模型基础上拓展了多种数学模型,将时变IFCB吸收进多频相位OSB[34-35],从而恢复GPS IIF和BDS−2等卫星的多频模糊度的整数特性。
当PPP用户修正相位OSB时,此时的PPP浮点模糊度仅包含接收机端的相位硬件延迟,通过选取模糊度基准或者基准卫星,即可恢复模糊度的整周特性。PPP模糊度固定方法主要包括取整法、Bootstrapping、整数最小二乘等[36],前两者多用于超宽巷和宽巷模糊度固定,而后者多用于相关性强的窄巷模糊度固定,以最小二乘整数模糊度去相关(least−squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment,LAMBDA)为代表,其核心在于降相关和整数搜索。相较于设置固定组合的超宽巷、宽巷组合,LAMBDA去相关构建的模糊度组合能够最大限度地顾及模糊度之间的相关性,因此,基于原始各频率模糊度的LAMBDA算法能够固定数量更多的候选整周模糊度[37],但是其依然存在固定错误的风险[38]。由于在复杂环境下,如城市峡谷、强多路径干扰、低卫星可见性,全部模糊度的固定成功率可能显著降低,部分模糊度固定技术通过动态选择最优模糊度子集,牺牲少量模糊度维度以换取更高的固定成功率和可靠性,是提升模糊度固定可靠性的有效策略[39]。全频点非差模糊度能够实现任意频率观测值组合的PPP模糊度固定,使得缺失基准频率信号的观测场景亦可实现非差模糊度固定,BDS−3/GPS/Galileo系统的平均窄巷模糊度固定率通常不低于90%[40],相对于传统意义上的双频基准频率组合,其他频率组合的定位精度未出现明显的恶化。多频率分布加速了宽巷模糊度固定,显著提高了PPP收敛速度,三频PPP在2 min内完成模糊度收敛的比例从26%提升至48%,且多系统融合固定解的收敛时间缩短至6 min[38]
由于GLONASS采用FDMA信号体制,其模糊度固定面临独特挑战[15],特别是多频GLONASS涉及CDMA/FDMA信号混合。目前,尚无分析中心提供GLONASS模糊度固定产品,仅能通过多系统融合GLONASS浮点解间接提升PPP性能。
为了充分发挥PPP和RTK技术的各自优势,克服2种技术的缺陷,PPP−RTK技术应用而生[8],其核心是对流层和电离层信息的精确建模,PPP用户接收状态域空间表示(state space representation,SSR)的大气增强信息,即可实现快速甚至瞬时模糊度固定。
PPP模型处理电离层延迟有2种策略:一是通过双频或多频观测值构建无电离层组合以消除一阶电离层延迟,该组合无法利用电离层延迟的空间相关性;二是基于非差非组合模型,引入外部电离层信息构建电离层加权约束模型[41]。相较于对流层而言,电离层延迟的有效建模与改正对PPP−RTK模糊度快速固定的影响更为显著,已成为PPP重要研究方向[42-43]
提取电离层的常用方法包括载波平滑伪距和非组合PPP。前者操作简单,但易受伪距多路径与观测噪声影响,精度有限;后者需要外部精密产品约束,但精度较高。根据提取的电离层信息,通常采用3种建模方法[44]。一是数学函数拟合,如面向全球的球谐函数、面向区域的多项式函数、面向局域用来描述电离层天内变化的广义三角级数函数。同时,为了更好地表征未建模误差部分,在拟合电离层趋势项基础上,额外采用格网形式对非模型误差进行补偿[45]。二是空间插值模型,基于估计的多个地基站点的垂直或者斜电离层延迟,建立线性组合、反距离内插、最小二乘配置和克里金插值等,随着参考网范围扩大至500 km,克里金差插值显示出了更优的内插效果[46]。三是机器学习方法,常用特征包括经纬度、时间、卫星方位角和高度角、太阳活动和地磁活动等[47],训练随机森林、支持向量机、长短期记忆网络、小波神经网络等模型。其中,基于数学函数拟合的方法多用于全球或者区域垂直电离层建模,建模后的电离层精度约为数个TECU;基于空间插值模型的斜电离层精度通常达到数个厘米,然而其对数据播发的采样率、带宽和数据传输量等要求更高;基于数据驱动的机器学习方法能够捕捉电离层空间分布的复杂特征,然而面临训练样本大小和模型特征选择等难题。
高质量的电离层改正信息是实现PPP−RTK模糊度瞬时固定的核心要素之一。传统的Klobuchar模型及全球电离层格网产品虽覆盖范围广,但精度有限,甚至导致宽巷UPD估计精度下降,劣于传统Melbourne−Wübbena组合模型[48]。由于电离层投影函数显著降低了电离层精度,厘米级精度的斜电离层延迟的提取正成为研究热点[49]。针对数十千米的地基参考网,拟合的斜电离层延迟通常仅为数个厘米,能够实现PPP模糊度瞬时固定[50]。随着参考网规模的扩大,PPP−RTK的模糊度首次固定时间也相应延长[51]。然而,上述PPP增强效果在高电离层活动期或低纬度电离层扰动区域显著降低[52],促使研究者将目光投向机器学习方法,利用其在非线性建模方面的优势,更有效捕捉电离层快速变化特征[53]。同时,如何设置虚拟电离层观测值权重尤为重要,逐步松弛约束、时空约束通常优于常数约束,研究更精细化的电离层不确定度表征方法对PPP−RTK性能提升具有重要作用[54]
ZTD分为可建模的干延迟和难以建模的湿延迟:前者采用经验模型修正,如Saastamoinen模型等;后者通常设置为随机游走模型予以估计。为了削弱ZTD与测站高程方向位置等参数的相关性,在PPP模型中引入高精度外部ZTD产品进行改正或约束,从而提升PPP定位性能。
对流层增强的核心在于构建高精度、区域适用的ZTD建模策略,并通过区域模型对用户站进行大气延迟校正。对流层建模方式主要包括3类。一是空间插值模型,插值算法与上述电离层类似,在站间距数十千米的稠密网中,插值误差可控制在1~2 cm以内,与电离层时空特性不同的是,稀疏网并未显著降低所生成的对流层改正的质量[55]。与此同时,在高差变化较大地区对ZTD进行插值需要额外考虑高差因子[56]。二是气象辅助建模法,通过引入数值天气预报产品(如ERA5、GFS等)中提供的大气水汽、气压、温度等气象要素[57],对GNSS信号传播路径上的干/湿延迟进行物理建模,进而提供ZTD先验值用于参数约束或外部改正。三是机器学习方法,能够有效捕捉ZTD的非线性特征变化,尤其适用于对流层活动强烈或复杂地形区域[58]
在增强PPP定位性能方面,区域对流层建模及其改正策略已取得显著成效,ZTD改正PPP和ZTD约束PPP 2种增强模型均可有效缩短PPP的收敛时间,特别是测站高程方向[59]。基于区域地基参考网进行湿延迟建模,附加对流层约束PPP可以显著提高高程方向的定位精度和ZTD参数的估计精度,且收敛时间缩短15%[60]。针对高程变化较大的广域范围,顾及高程因子改进ZTD拟合模型,在稀疏网中仍可获得优于1.5 cm的湿延迟建模精度,模糊度首次固定时间缩短了30%以上[56],即便站间距扩大到200 km,仍有一定增强效果。
LEO卫星以其星座空间几何构型丰富、信号强度高、星地几何快速变化等优势,在通信基础上发展导航功能独具潜力。美国铱星系统(Iridium)是全球首个完备的低轨导航增强与通信星座,美国Space X公司的星链(Starlink)、英国一网(OneWeb)、中国“珞珈一号”“鸿雁”“虹云”“微厘空间”“未来出行”等低轨星座正在迅速组网。当前,国际低轨星座发展正由通信主导逐步向通信与导航融合转型,为构建面向未来的PNT冗余体系和快速PPP增强奠定基础[11,61]
与中高轨GNSS卫星相比,LEO卫星几何构型变化快、可视卫星变换频繁、非保守力模型复杂,其定轨方法主要包括卫星激光测距、星间链路及基于GNSS观测值定轨等[62],其中,后者根据是否使用地面观测值又可分为LEO星载GNSS自主定轨和星地GNSS联合定轨,根据是否使用力学模型亦可分为运动学、动力学和简化动力学。运动学定轨类似于高动态PPP,精度显著低于简化动力学[63],当前,LEO卫星浮点解定轨精度可达数个厘米,固定解精度进一步提升20%[64],多系统组合亦可显著改善LEO卫星实时定轨精度。LEO采用高性能晶振代替原子钟作为星上基准频率源,频率稳定性显著差于GNSS卫星原子钟,严重限制其高精度中长期钟差预报[65],为满足高精度定位需求,钟差预报时长不宜超过数十分钟。
近年来,利用LEO卫星增强广域快速PPP已成为高精度定位研究的热点之一。仿真结果表明,LEO星座在提升定位精度与加快收敛速度方面显著优于中高轨GNSS系统。随着LEO卫星数量的增加,增强效果显著提升:在中纬度地区,当LEO星座规模分别为60、96、192和288颗时,四系统PPP收敛时间可由初始的10 min逐渐缩短,甚至实现1 min以内收敛,单系统的收敛时间甚至缩短90%,低轨星座密度与快速收敛性能呈现显著的正相关性[66]。在模糊度固定方面,LEO星座亦展现出强大潜力,低轨增强可显著提高模糊度固定成功率并缩短其首次固定时间[67],固定解的稳定性和精度均优于浮点解。同时,通过融合LEO和大气增强信息可实现1 min内PPP收敛,优于仅使用LEO增强的PPP或仅使用大气增强的PPP[68]。同时,传统PPP依赖地面网络或GEO卫星播发改正数,存在延迟高、覆盖有限等问题,LEO星座凭借全球覆盖与低延迟通信能力,为广域PPP播发实时增强信息提供新路径。总体而言,在不依赖区域密集地面参考站增强的条件下,基于低轨星座增强GNSS,有望大幅度解决PPP初始化时间长的难题[69]
随着无人驾驶、智慧农业、低空经济等新兴领域对高精度定位需求的持续提升,商业PPP服务逐步走向成熟[10]。当前,国内外多家企业和机构通过地基网络或通信卫星,以授权订阅或服务租用等方式,提供分米级甚至厘米级的全球或广域精密定位。典型的PPP商业服务提供商包括中国的千寻位置、华测导航、美国Trimble以及瑞典Hexagon等,典型技术特征见表3
其中,美国Trimble公司于2011年推出全球首个商业PPP服务平台——Trimble RTX(Real−Time eXtended)系列[70],核心服务包括厘米级CenterPoint RTX、区域快速增强服务RTX Fast以及xFill备份服务,2023年升级支持BDS−3系统新信号频率B1C和B2a。瑞典Hexagon集团依托旗下的NovAtel与Leica Geosystems公司,构建了统一的TerraStar PPP增强服务体系,先后推出了厘米级TerraStar−C PRO服务和亚分钟级TerraStar−X服务[71]。中国千寻位置、华测导航等企业积极推进融合BDS的PPP服务,既包括基于地基网络的PPP增强,也涵盖通过通信卫星播发的星基PPP服务,近年来,逐步向“星基播发+云端融合+终端解算”一体化方向发展,逐步实现从区域化服务向全球化服务的跃升。
PPP星基服务通过GNSS卫星链路实时播发卫星轨道、钟差及信号偏差等增强信息,支持用户终端在无地面通信网络条件下,仅凭单台接收机实现分米至厘米级的广域高精度定位。该类服务消除了传统PPP对地面基准站网络的依赖,显著扩展了GNSS广域精密定位应用的适用场景。
中国BDS−3自2020年起在亚太地区提供PPP−B2b星基服务[14],通过3颗GEO卫星利用B2b信号实时播发多频多模增强改正信息,能够在动态环境中为用户提供分米级至厘米级的高精度定位服务[72]。欧洲Galileo于2023年1月24日正式启动高精度服务(high accuracy service,HAS)的初始运营阶段,通过MEO卫星E6频段信号与互联网双通道向全球用户免费播发增强改正信息,构建了覆盖全球的分米级增强体系[73]。日本的准天顶卫星系统(quasi−zenith satellite system,QZSS)于2018年11月1日正式运行厘米级增强服务(centimeter level augmentation service,CLAS),通过L6频段信号向日本及其周边地区用户播发增强改正信息。相比于BDS PPP−B2b与Galileo HAS,CLAS不仅播发轨道与钟差改正,还进一步提供电离层延迟、对流层延迟及相位偏差改正,使其具备支持模糊度固定的PPP−RTK能力,实现1~3 min内的快速收敛和动态厘米级定位精度[74]。3类星基PPP服务的核心播发参数与服务性能对比见表4
随着多频多模融合、模糊度固定、大气模型精化以及低轨星座融合等关键技术不断突破,为实现实时化、广域化、高可靠PPP服务奠定了基础。当前,北斗/GNSS PPP规模化应用仍面临多维度挑战。
1) 误差建模与改正产品。
PPP高度依赖高质量、高可靠性的误差建模与改正产品,当前,国际主流的精密产品服务体系仍在持续完善,缺乏耦合的GLONASS钟差、伪距/相位OSB产品,并未完全发挥全系统全频点PPP潜力[40]。IGS发布的最新天线文件尚未提供精确可靠的所有GNSS系统的天线相位改正,对联合其余空间大地测量技术构建一致的高精度地球参考框架带来不利影响[75]。同时,实时全频点相位OSB的可靠生成和大气增强信息的有效表达仍亟需深入研究。
2) 异构星座和混合信号。
LEO卫星与GNSS融合开展PPP增强虽具显著潜力,但因二者在轨道高度、动态特性、时间系统、信号调制等方面存在显著差异,诸多难题亟待实测数据验证,包括如何实现LEO卫星高精度自主定轨,星间同步、星地同步和高轨/低轨同步,融合解算的实时性与一致性等[11,12,76]。同时,GLONASS系统未来一段时间内仍维持CDMA/FDMA信号混合。因此,构建统一、适配性强的解算模型以支持异构星座与异构信号体制的融合,亦是快速PPP服务的重要技术难题。
3) GNSS信号和网络通讯。
快速PPP技术依赖于连续、稳定的GNSS观测数据和实时高精度改正信息的持续获取,然而,在城市峡谷、高架桥下、林地等复杂环境中,GNSS信号易受遮挡、多路径干扰严重,严重影响PPP模型初始化与模糊度固定,降低服务稳定性与可用性。此外,当前PPP增强服务在很大程度上依赖地基增强网络与通信网络[77],在应急、灾害、偏远地区等通信链路不稳定或中断情况下,服务中断风险显著上升。
1) 推进全系统PPP−RTK与低轨星座深度融合。
借助LEO卫星大规模部署,加快面向全系统PPP−RTK和LEO融合解算的观测模型、误差建模及产品生成与表达的研究,解决异构轨道、时空基准、信号体制差异带来的融合瓶颈,进一步提供相应的完好性服务,支撑广域快速PPP向“厘米级、秒级、高可靠”的实用化目标迈进。
2) 构建面向复杂环境的多源融合定位增强系统。
融合GNSS、LEO卫星、惯性导航、视觉导航、声光电磁等多源数据,特别是与无人设备的集成,构建具有环境感知、自适应建模与鲁棒解算能力的融合增强定位体系,推动“导航−感知−通信”一体化协同技术发展及核心装备集成,实现高精度定位在城市峡谷、灾害应急、军事战场、无人作业等弱/无GNSS信号环境下可用[78]
3) 建立全球覆盖、广域播发的星基PPP服务体系。
推进星基PPP服务标准化、通用化与广域互操作,扩展星基PPP播发改正数类型,如包含伪距/相位OSB以及大气增强信息,面向灾害应急、通信薄弱和信号遮挡等重点区域,发展星基PPP与地基/LEO增强互补融合机制,构建自主、安全、泛在的精密定位服务体系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42474019, 41904018,42404031);江苏省自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(BK20250138);中国科协青年人才托举工程项目
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2025年第43卷第18期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00087
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-07-17
  • 录用日期:2025-09-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42474019, 41904018,42404031);江苏省自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(BK20250138);中国科协青年人才托举工程项目
作者信息
    1. 南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京 210023
    2. 虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室(南京师范大学),南京 210023
    3. 江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,南京 210023
    4. 南京师范大学海洋科学与工程学院,南京 210023
    5. 武汉大学卫星导航定位技术研究中心,武汉 430079
    6. 南京邮电大学物联网学院,南京 210023
    7. 武汉大学测绘学院,武汉 430079

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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