Article(id=1208357734056051150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=1752854400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-19, acceptedDate=1757260800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-08, onlineDate=1766024533999, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1758988800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763308800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024533999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080059673, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208357725101208554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758988800000', pubDateStr='2025-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024531865, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330867198, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197020681388272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197020681388273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=99, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208357734840386025, articleId=1208357734056051150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Intelligent identification and spatial differentiation of land resources based on multi−source data fusion in Xinjiang, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Land resource type is the basis for evaluating land suitability and development potential. The geomorphic pattern of "three mountains sandwiching two basins" and the significant landscape distribution characteristics of "mountain−oasis−desert" pose great challenges to the classification and utilization of land resources in Xinjiang. The paper aims to propose a grid−based fuzzy self−organizing feature maps (GF−SOFM) coupling classification method through the following steps: 1) A four−tier classification system was established based on dominant factors (climate+topography), stable factors (soil), relatively stable factors (vegetation), and dynamic factors (land use), comprising five factors with multiple indicators. 2) The study area was partitioned into 1 km×1 km grid units, where all indicators were spatially quantified. After fuzzy processing, the indicator data were input into SOFM model with dominant factors as control boundaries, enabling automated land resource type identification. 3) Area consistency test was conducted to compare the classification results of GF−SOFM method with those of the traditional thematic overlay method. The results indicate that Xinjiang was classified into 133 dominant factor types, 1906 stable factor types, 6054 relatively stable factor types, and 38493 dynamic factor types, achieving an average overall accuracy of 86%. The classification results of GF−SOFM method exhibited high spatial consistency with those of the traditional hierarchical overlay method, with 128 dominant factor types showing area consistency exceeding 92.35%. By refining topography classification and land use status, the GF−SOFM method effectively enables fine−scale land resource classification, accurately capturing the spatial patterns of climate−landform−soil−vegetation−land use. This approach serves as an ideal integrative classification method for physical geography, effectively indicating regional differentiation in ecological and geographical studies across varying climatic and landform regions. This research can provide a scientific basis for rational land development and utilization.

, authors=null, authorsList=Baixue WANG, Weiming CHENG, Zihua QIAN, Keyu SONG, Qingdong SHI, Anming BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiming CHENG, Zihua QIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208357736182563372, articleId=1208357734056051150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=基于多源数据融合的新疆土地资源智能识别与空间分异, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

土地资源类型是评价土地适宜性和开发潜力的基础。“三山夹两盆”的地貌格局和“山地−绿洲−荒漠”的景观分布特征对新疆土地资源类型划分提出了较大的挑战。构建了一种基于网格的模糊自组织特征映射(grid−based fuzzy self−organizing feature map model,GF−SOFM)耦合方法的土地资源分类方案,首先基于主控因素(气候+地貌)、稳定因素(土壤)、相对稳定因素(植被)、动态因素(土地利用)的研究思路,构建5个因素多项指标的4级土地资源分类体系。然后将研究区划分为1 km×1 km网格单元,在每个网格中对所选指标进行空间量化,并以主控因素为控制边界,将模糊处理后的指标数据输入SOFM模型,实现土地资源类型自动识别,生成新疆土地资源类型图。最后通过面积一致性检验,将GF−SOFM方法与传统主题图层叠加法的分类结果进行对比验证。结果表明:新疆地区被划分为133类主控因素类型、1906类稳定因素类型、6054类相对稳定因素类型和38493类动态因素类型,总体分类精度平均达86%。本方案与传统分层叠加法的分类结果在空间上高度一致,其中主控因素128类面积一致性超过92.35%。通过细化地貌分类和土地利用现状,GF−SOFM方法能够有效实现对土地资源的精细分类,分类结果精准刻画了“气候−地貌−土壤−植被−土地利用”的空间格局。应用该方法开展不同气候地貌区域的生态地理研究,能够有效指示区域分异,是一种相对理想的自然地理综合分类方法。该研究可为土地资源的合理开发与利用提供科学依据。

, authors=

王白雪,博士研究生,研究方向为生态地貌,电子信箱:

, authorsList=王白雪, 程维明, 钱紫华, 宋珂钰, 师庆东, 包安明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程维明, 钱紫华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
程维明(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为数字地貌与行星地貌,电子信箱:
钱紫华(共同通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为城乡规划领域的理论与实践,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Jwb0gdSS8vqTgP55JdZHpQ==, magXml=Jwb0gdSS8vqTgP55JdZHpQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=B6ewFFoW4WZkuBqyul4Exw==, pdfFileSize=4459133, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jjIQdGAhWKmUjdi9yby9nQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dh2G/koUKNynXzKx6JZQvw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242145135857840750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangbx.19b@igsnrr.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145135941726832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, authorId=1242145135857840750, language=EN, stringName=Baixue WANG, firstName=Baixue, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145136025612913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, authorId=1242145135857840750, language=CN, stringName=王白雪, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京 100101, bio={"content":"

王白雪,博士研究生,研究方向为生态地貌,电子信箱:

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王白雪,博士研究生,研究方向为生态地貌,电子信箱:

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分类级别分类因素分类指标专题图层叠加指标
主控因素气候+地貌气温、降水、温暖指数、湿润指数
海拔、坡度、RDLS、
地表粗糙度、TPI、TCI
温度+干湿带,地貌亚类
稳定因素土壤砾石含量、土层厚度、容重、土壤有机质、TWI土壤亚类
相对稳定因素植被地被指数主要植被类型
动态因素土地利用现状森林郁闭度、草地覆盖度、CILUD土地利用类型二级分类
), ArticleFig(id=1242145140593210027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土地资源类型划分体系及分类指标选取

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分类级别分类因素分类指标专题图层叠加指标
主控因素气候+地貌气温、降水、温暖指数、湿润指数
海拔、坡度、RDLS、
地表粗糙度、TPI、TCI
温度+干湿带,地貌亚类
稳定因素土壤砾石含量、土层厚度、容重、土壤有机质、TWI土壤亚类
相对稳定因素植被地被指数主要植被类型
动态因素土地利用现状森林郁闭度、草地覆盖度、CILUD土地利用类型二级分类
), ArticleFig(id=1242145140668707500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码 主控因素 面积占比/% 编码 稳定因素 面积占比/% 编码 相对稳定
因素
面积占比/% 编码 动态因素 面积占比/%
Q4D10 暖温带极端干旱区中海拔
丘陵
16.91 S40 荒漠风沙土 13.21 V10 其他 12.15 L6 未利用地 11.33
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.67
V9 荒漠 0.74 L6 未利用地 0.41
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.25
......
S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.86 V9 荒漠 0.66 L6 未利用地 0.39
......
S34 石膏棕漠土 0.80 V9 荒漠 0.51 L6 未利用地 0.31
......
......
Q4D09 暖温带极端干旱区低海拔
丘陵
5.77 S40 荒漠风沙土 3.75 V10 其他 2.97 L6 未利用地 2.44
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.29
V9 荒漠 0.61 L6 未利用地 0.34
......
S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.59 V10 其他 0.37 L6 未利用地 0.25
......
......
Q4D01 暖温带极端干旱区低海拔
平原
5.65 S57 结壳盐土 1.42 V10 其他 0.79 L6 未利用地 0.56
......
S40 荒漠风沙土 1.10 V10 其他 0.94 L6 未利用地 0.76
......
S34 石膏棕漠土 0.95 V10 其他 0.52 L6 未利用地 0.34
V9 荒漠 0.39 L6 未利用地 0.24
Q4D01 暖温带极端干旱区低海拔
平原
5.65 S34 石膏棕漠土 0.95 ......
......
Q8D01 中温带干旱区低海拔平原 5.53 S29 石膏灰棕漠土 1.17 V9 荒漠 1.02 L6 未利用地 0.84
......
S28 灰棕漠土 0.90 V9 荒漠 0.88 L6 未利用地 0.53
......
S16 淡棕钙土 0.62 V9 荒漠 0.48 L6 未利用地 0.26
......
......
Q4D02 暖温带极端干旱区中海拔
平原
4.95 S34 石膏棕漠土 1.47 V9 荒漠 1.12 L6 未利用地 0.76
V10 其他 0.34 L6 未利用地 0.19
......
S40 荒漠风沙土 0.83 V10 其他 0.68 L6 未利用地 0.49
S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.62 V9 荒漠 0.48 L6 未利用地 0.27
......
Q8D09 中温带干旱区低海拔丘陵 4.27 S40 荒漠风沙土 2.47 V9 荒漠 2.45 L6 未利用地 1.86
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.23
......
......
Q7D02 暖温带干旱区中海拔平原 4.23 S34 石膏棕漠土 1.24 V9 荒漠 1.11 L6 未利用地 0.83
S32 棕漠土 0.57 V9 荒漠 0.47 L6 未利用地 0.30
......
......
Q8D02 中温带干旱区中海拔平原 2.17 S29 石膏灰棕漠土 0.47 V9 荒漠 0.41 L6 未利用地 0.28
......
Q6D22 高原气候区干旱区大起伏极高山 2.13 S85 寒冻土 1.11 V6 高山植被 0.69 L6 未利用地 0.52
S90 冰川雪被 0.78 V10 其他 0.56 L4 水体 0.39
......
Q2D18 中温带半干旱区中起伏高山 1.91 S75 草毡土 0.90 V5 草甸 0.53 L31 高覆盖度草地 0.23
......
Q7D17 暖温带干旱区中起伏中山 1.90 S16 淡棕钙土 0.43 V9 荒漠 0.31 L33 低覆盖度草地 0.12
S81 冷钙土 0.38 V4 草原 0.24 L32 中覆盖度草地 0.08
S32 棕漠土 0.24 V9 荒漠 0.21 L6 未利用地 0.10
......
Q4D06 暖温带极端干旱区中海拔
台地
1.74 S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.77 V9 荒漠 0.63 L6 未利用地 0.33
......
......
), ArticleFig(id=1242145140752593581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新疆土地资源类型划分体系

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编码 主控因素 面积占比/% 编码 稳定因素 面积占比/% 编码 相对稳定
因素
面积占比/% 编码 动态因素 面积占比/%
Q4D10 暖温带极端干旱区中海拔
丘陵
16.91 S40 荒漠风沙土 13.21 V10 其他 12.15 L6 未利用地 11.33
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.67
V9 荒漠 0.74 L6 未利用地 0.41
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.25
......
S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.86 V9 荒漠 0.66 L6 未利用地 0.39
......
S34 石膏棕漠土 0.80 V9 荒漠 0.51 L6 未利用地 0.31
......
......
Q4D09 暖温带极端干旱区低海拔
丘陵
5.77 S40 荒漠风沙土 3.75 V10 其他 2.97 L6 未利用地 2.44
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.29
V9 荒漠 0.61 L6 未利用地 0.34
......
S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.59 V10 其他 0.37 L6 未利用地 0.25
......
......
Q4D01 暖温带极端干旱区低海拔
平原
5.65 S57 结壳盐土 1.42 V10 其他 0.79 L6 未利用地 0.56
......
S40 荒漠风沙土 1.10 V10 其他 0.94 L6 未利用地 0.76
......
S34 石膏棕漠土 0.95 V10 其他 0.52 L6 未利用地 0.34
V9 荒漠 0.39 L6 未利用地 0.24
Q4D01 暖温带极端干旱区低海拔
平原
5.65 S34 石膏棕漠土 0.95 ......
......
Q8D01 中温带干旱区低海拔平原 5.53 S29 石膏灰棕漠土 1.17 V9 荒漠 1.02 L6 未利用地 0.84
......
S28 灰棕漠土 0.90 V9 荒漠 0.88 L6 未利用地 0.53
......
S16 淡棕钙土 0.62 V9 荒漠 0.48 L6 未利用地 0.26
......
......
Q4D02 暖温带极端干旱区中海拔
平原
4.95 S34 石膏棕漠土 1.47 V9 荒漠 1.12 L6 未利用地 0.76
V10 其他 0.34 L6 未利用地 0.19
......
S40 荒漠风沙土 0.83 V10 其他 0.68 L6 未利用地 0.49
S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.62 V9 荒漠 0.48 L6 未利用地 0.27
......
Q8D09 中温带干旱区低海拔丘陵 4.27 S40 荒漠风沙土 2.47 V9 荒漠 2.45 L6 未利用地 1.86
L33 低覆盖度草地 0.23
......
......
Q7D02 暖温带干旱区中海拔平原 4.23 S34 石膏棕漠土 1.24 V9 荒漠 1.11 L6 未利用地 0.83
S32 棕漠土 0.57 V9 荒漠 0.47 L6 未利用地 0.30
......
......
Q8D02 中温带干旱区中海拔平原 2.17 S29 石膏灰棕漠土 0.47 V9 荒漠 0.41 L6 未利用地 0.28
......
Q6D22 高原气候区干旱区大起伏极高山 2.13 S85 寒冻土 1.11 V6 高山植被 0.69 L6 未利用地 0.52
S90 冰川雪被 0.78 V10 其他 0.56 L4 水体 0.39
......
Q2D18 中温带半干旱区中起伏高山 1.91 S75 草毡土 0.90 V5 草甸 0.53 L31 高覆盖度草地 0.23
......
Q7D17 暖温带干旱区中起伏中山 1.90 S16 淡棕钙土 0.43 V9 荒漠 0.31 L33 低覆盖度草地 0.12
S81 冷钙土 0.38 V4 草原 0.24 L32 中覆盖度草地 0.08
S32 棕漠土 0.24 V9 荒漠 0.21 L6 未利用地 0.10
......
Q4D06 暖温带极端干旱区中海拔
台地
1.74 S35 石膏盐盘棕
漠土
0.77 V9 荒漠 0.63 L6 未利用地 0.33
......
......
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主控因素 稳定因素 相对稳定因素 动态因素
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔丘陵 0.96 荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
......
石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
膏棕漠土 0.82 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
0.97 荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
......
温带极端干旱区低海拔平原 0.96 结壳盐土 0.94 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
石膏棕漠土 0.82 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
中温带干旱区低海拔平原 0.98 石膏灰棕漠土 0.87 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
灰棕漠土 0.75 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
淡棕钙土 0.86 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔平原 0.95 石膏棕漠土 0.82 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
中温带干旱区低海拔丘陵 0.97 荒漠风沙土 0.91 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
......
......
暖温带干旱区中海拔平原 0.96 石膏棕漠土 0.82 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
暖温带干旱区中海拔平原 0.96 棕漠土 0.68 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
中温带干旱区中海拔平原 0.97 石膏灰棕漠土 0.87 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
高原气候干旱区大起伏极高山 0.92 冻土 0.71 高山植被 0.85 未利用地 0.86
冰川雪被 0.92 其他 0.82 水体 0.98
......
中温带半干旱区中起伏高山 0.93 高山草甸土 0.79 草甸 0.78 高覆盖度草地 0.85
......
暖温带干旱区中起伏中山 0.91 淡棕钙土 0.86 荒漠 0.97 低覆盖度草地 0.73
冷钙土 0.63 草地 0.84 中覆盖度草地 0.78
棕漠土 0.68 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔台地 0.87 石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
总体精度 0.95 总体精度 0.75 总体精度 0.88 总体精度 0.87
Kappa系数 0.91 Kappa系数 0.72 Kappa系数 0.86 Kappa系数 0.82
), ArticleFig(id=1242145140937142960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

GF−SOFM方法划分4个等级的精度评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主控因素 稳定因素 相对稳定因素 动态因素
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔丘陵 0.96 荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
......
石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
膏棕漠土 0.82 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
0.97 荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
......
温带极端干旱区低海拔平原 0.96 结壳盐土 0.94 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
石膏棕漠土 0.82 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
中温带干旱区低海拔平原 0.98 石膏灰棕漠土 0.87 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
灰棕漠土 0.75 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
淡棕钙土 0.86 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔平原 0.95 石膏棕漠土 0.82 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
......
荒漠风沙土 0.91 其他 0.82 未利用地 0.86
石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
中温带干旱区低海拔丘陵 0.97 荒漠风沙土 0.91 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
低覆盖度草地 0.73
......
......
暖温带干旱区中海拔平原 0.96 石膏棕漠土 0.82 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
暖温带干旱区中海拔平原 0.96 棕漠土 0.68 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
中温带干旱区中海拔平原 0.97 石膏灰棕漠土 0.87 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
高原气候干旱区大起伏极高山 0.92 冻土 0.71 高山植被 0.85 未利用地 0.86
冰川雪被 0.92 其他 0.82 水体 0.98
......
中温带半干旱区中起伏高山 0.93 高山草甸土 0.79 草甸 0.78 高覆盖度草地 0.85
......
暖温带干旱区中起伏中山 0.91 淡棕钙土 0.86 荒漠 0.97 低覆盖度草地 0.73
冷钙土 0.63 草地 0.84 中覆盖度草地 0.78
棕漠土 0.68 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔台地 0.87 石膏盐盘棕漠土 0.79 荒漠 0.97 未利用地 0.86
......
......
总体精度 0.95 总体精度 0.75 总体精度 0.88 总体精度 0.87
Kappa系数 0.91 Kappa系数 0.72 Kappa系数 0.86 Kappa系数 0.82
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GF−SOFM方法土地资源类型单元 面积/km2 面积占比/% 已有成果土地资源类型
单元
面积/km2 面积占比
/%
两者
吻合度
中温带干旱区中海拔丘陵黑钙土草原草地204.780.01丘陵黑钙土草原草地2473.380.1586.67
中温带半湿润区中海拔丘陵黑钙土草原草地1493.420.09
中温带半干旱区中海拔丘陵黑钙土草原草地494.480.03
总和2192.680.13
中温带半湿润区中海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地332.980.02丘陵灰钙土荒漠草原草地2353.670.1464.29
中温带半湿润区低海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地162.830.01
中温带半干旱区中海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地625.340.04
中温带半干旱区低海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地330.900.02
总和1452.050.09
中温带干旱区中海拔平原残余盐土草地224.600.01平地残余盐土盐生草地10962.870.669.39
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔平原残余盐土草地542.590.03
暖温带极端干旱区低海拔平原残余盐土草地360.280.02
高原气候区极端干旱区中海拔平原残余盐土草地42.890.002
总和1170.360.0062
), ArticleFig(id=1242145141096526514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357734056051150, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土地资源类型单元面积比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GF−SOFM方法土地资源类型单元 面积/km2 面积占比/% 已有成果土地资源类型
单元
面积/km2 面积占比
/%
两者
吻合度
中温带干旱区中海拔丘陵黑钙土草原草地204.780.01丘陵黑钙土草原草地2473.380.1586.67
中温带半湿润区中海拔丘陵黑钙土草原草地1493.420.09
中温带半干旱区中海拔丘陵黑钙土草原草地494.480.03
总和2192.680.13
中温带半湿润区中海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地332.980.02丘陵灰钙土荒漠草原草地2353.670.1464.29
中温带半湿润区低海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地162.830.01
中温带半干旱区中海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地625.340.04
中温带半干旱区低海拔丘陵灰钙土草原草地330.900.02
总和1452.050.09
中温带干旱区中海拔平原残余盐土草地224.600.01平地残余盐土盐生草地10962.870.669.39
暖温带极端干旱区中海拔平原残余盐土草地542.590.03
暖温带极端干旱区低海拔平原残余盐土草地360.280.02
高原气候区极端干旱区中海拔平原残余盐土草地42.890.002
总和1170.360.0062
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基于多源数据融合的新疆土地资源智能识别与空间分异
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王白雪 1 , 程维明 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 钱紫华 5, * , 宋珂钰 1, 2 , 师庆东 6 , 包安明 7
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(18): 99-114
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (18) : 99 -114
基于多源数据融合的新疆土地资源智能识别与空间分异
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王白雪1 , 程维明1, 2, 3, 4, * , 钱紫华5, * , 宋珂钰1, 2, 师庆东6, 包安明7
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3. 江苏省地理信息资源开发与应用协同创新中心,南京 210023
  • 4. 南海研究协同创新中心,南京 210093
  • 5. 自然资源部国土空间规划监测评估预警重点实验室,重庆 401147
  • 6. 新疆大学生态与环境学院,乌鲁木齐 830046
  • 7. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所沙漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830011
通讯作者:
程维明(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为数字地貌与行星地貌,电子信箱:
钱紫华(共同通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为城乡规划领域的理论与实践,电子信箱:
Intelligent identification and spatial differentiation of land resources based on multi−source data fusion in Xinjiang
Baixue WANG1 , Weiming CHENG1, 2, 3, 4, * , Zihua QIAN5, * , Keyu SONG1, 2, Qingdong SHI6, Anming BAO7
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4. Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210093, China
  • 5. Key Laboratory of Monitoring, Evaluation and Early Warning of Territorial Spatial Planning Implementation, Ministry of Natural Resources (LMEE), Chongqing 401147, China
  • 6. College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
  • 7. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
出版时间: 2025-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00080
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土地资源类型是评价土地适宜性和开发潜力的基础。“三山夹两盆”的地貌格局和“山地−绿洲−荒漠”的景观分布特征对新疆土地资源类型划分提出了较大的挑战。构建了一种基于网格的模糊自组织特征映射(grid−based fuzzy self−organizing feature map model,GF−SOFM)耦合方法的土地资源分类方案,首先基于主控因素(气候+地貌)、稳定因素(土壤)、相对稳定因素(植被)、动态因素(土地利用)的研究思路,构建5个因素多项指标的4级土地资源分类体系。然后将研究区划分为1 km×1 km网格单元,在每个网格中对所选指标进行空间量化,并以主控因素为控制边界,将模糊处理后的指标数据输入SOFM模型,实现土地资源类型自动识别,生成新疆土地资源类型图。最后通过面积一致性检验,将GF−SOFM方法与传统主题图层叠加法的分类结果进行对比验证。结果表明:新疆地区被划分为133类主控因素类型、1906类稳定因素类型、6054类相对稳定因素类型和38493类动态因素类型,总体分类精度平均达86%。本方案与传统分层叠加法的分类结果在空间上高度一致,其中主控因素128类面积一致性超过92.35%。通过细化地貌分类和土地利用现状,GF−SOFM方法能够有效实现对土地资源的精细分类,分类结果精准刻画了“气候−地貌−土壤−植被−土地利用”的空间格局。应用该方法开展不同气候地貌区域的生态地理研究,能够有效指示区域分异,是一种相对理想的自然地理综合分类方法。该研究可为土地资源的合理开发与利用提供科学依据。

土地资源分类  /  网格单元  /  模糊理论  /  自组织特征映射模型(SOFM)  /  新疆

Land resource type is the basis for evaluating land suitability and development potential. The geomorphic pattern of "three mountains sandwiching two basins" and the significant landscape distribution characteristics of "mountain−oasis−desert" pose great challenges to the classification and utilization of land resources in Xinjiang. The paper aims to propose a grid−based fuzzy self−organizing feature maps (GF−SOFM) coupling classification method through the following steps: 1) A four−tier classification system was established based on dominant factors (climate+topography), stable factors (soil), relatively stable factors (vegetation), and dynamic factors (land use), comprising five factors with multiple indicators. 2) The study area was partitioned into 1 km×1 km grid units, where all indicators were spatially quantified. After fuzzy processing, the indicator data were input into SOFM model with dominant factors as control boundaries, enabling automated land resource type identification. 3) Area consistency test was conducted to compare the classification results of GF−SOFM method with those of the traditional thematic overlay method. The results indicate that Xinjiang was classified into 133 dominant factor types, 1906 stable factor types, 6054 relatively stable factor types, and 38493 dynamic factor types, achieving an average overall accuracy of 86%. The classification results of GF−SOFM method exhibited high spatial consistency with those of the traditional hierarchical overlay method, with 128 dominant factor types showing area consistency exceeding 92.35%. By refining topography classification and land use status, the GF−SOFM method effectively enables fine−scale land resource classification, accurately capturing the spatial patterns of climate−landform−soil−vegetation−land use. This approach serves as an ideal integrative classification method for physical geography, effectively indicating regional differentiation in ecological and geographical studies across varying climatic and landform regions. This research can provide a scientific basis for rational land development and utilization.

land resource classification  /  grid cell  /  fuzzy theory  /  self−organizing feature map model  /  Xinjiang
王白雪, 程维明, 钱紫华, 宋珂钰, 师庆东, 包安明. 基于多源数据融合的新疆土地资源智能识别与空间分异. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (18) : 99 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00080
Baixue WANG, Weiming CHENG, Zihua QIAN, Keyu SONG, Qingdong SHI, Anming BAO. Intelligent identification and spatial differentiation of land resources based on multi−source data fusion in Xinjiang[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (18) : 99 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00080
土地资源是人类赖以生存的关键要素,是国家安全与社会发展的物质基础[1]。近年来由于人口增长和城市化,土地生产力与资源消耗之间的关系日益紧张[2]。近地表气候、地貌、表层地质、水文、土壤、动植物以及过去和现在人类活动的结果是地球表面复合系统的关键要素,与土地资源密切相关[1,3]。过去农用地、建设用地、未利用地的3大类划分方式过度强调人类利用而忽视土地资源的生态内涵[4],导致空间错配、资源利用效率低及农田退化等问题。分类是认清系统的有效途径,也是阐明复杂系统的结构、功能、演变规律和空间分异特征的重要方式[5]。土地资源类型研究可以增强对土地资源的定性认识,是生态研究、土地适宜性评价、土地利用结构调整的基础[6]。基于气候、地质、地貌、土壤、植被等要素的系统分类,可揭示区域分异规律,是破解资源错配的有效途径之一。
土地资源类型划分在理论、实践及尺度上呈现出多样化和复杂性。研究者们普遍强调地形、土壤、植被等空间分异因素,但侧重各异[5,7]。如苏联“景观学派”强调地貌和植被在分类系统中的主导作用,欧美“土地系统学派”则强调地形和土壤。划分方法上,多采用“自上而下”多层级划分和“自下而上”叠加归并2种思路。传统分类中,景观法通过形态特征区分土地个体;参数法依赖预设特征值,主观性强;影像法则结合前两者,兼具主观性和工作量大的特点。当前,随着人类活动加剧土地系统的动态复杂化,亟需创新研究方法与技术手段,以实现对土地资源的立体化、综合认知[1]
此外,土地资源分类中的定量化计算是地理学者面临的难题。模糊理论(fuzzy theory)可有效处理分类中的不确定性,而自组织特征映射(self−organizing feature map,SOFM)模型作为一种无监督分类方法,具有自组织性、自适应性和容错性等优势,能通过指标数值关系自动聚类和提取特征,同时保持拓扑关系,降低主观性,尤其适用于多维数据集分类[89],该模型已成功应用于复杂地形区域的生态地理分异研究,基本能有效反映区域边界特征[1013]。因此,利用SOFM模型探索土地资源分类,可为土地综合分类提供新的研究方法。此外,地理研究中的网格化技术作为一种空间分析方法,通过创建矩形渔网,利用网格单元承载植被指数、土壤pH值、权属信息等多维属性[14],可实现多尺度空间分析[15]。基于此,本研究以新疆为研究对象,采用主控−稳定−相对稳定−动态的层级思路,通过GIS栅格处理和图层叠加,尝试将网格法、模糊理论与SOFM模型结合构建GF−SOFM耦合模型进行土地资源分类,并与传统主导因素专题图层叠置划分法对比验证,以期为大范围土地资源划分提供参考,支撑土地资源精细化管理和可持续发展。
新疆维吾尔自治区(简称新疆)地处欧亚大陆腹地,位于中国西北部(34°22'~49°10'N,73°40'~96°23'E),总面积为166.49×104 km2,平均海拔为4385 m,是中国最大的省级行政区(图1)。境内山盆交替,可概括为“三山夹两盆”,北部为阿尔泰山脉,南部是昆仑山脉,天山山脉横贯中部,将新疆分为南北两部分。南有塔里木盆地(53×104 km2),北为准噶尔盆地(38×104 km2),塔克拉玛干沙漠位于塔里木盆地中部,面积约33×104 km2,是中国最大的流动沙漠,世界第2大流动沙漠,准噶尔盆地是中国第2大盆地。新疆属于干旱的温带大陆性气候[16],年均降水量仅177 mm,且时空分布极不均衡,呈现西多东少、北多南少、山区多平原少的特征。21世纪以来,随着城镇化和工业化加速,土地类型转换复杂,绿洲化与荒漠化演替加剧,生态功能整体下降[17]。新疆地域辽阔,但未利用地面积超60%,人类活动主要集中在狭小的绿洲区域,土地资源弥足珍贵。
新疆地貌类型多样,山盆交错,地形差异明显,不同区域气候差异明显[18]。本研究选取气候和地形作为大尺度土地资源类型分异的一级主控因素。气候方面,采用年均温和降水量2个指标,反映山地−绿洲−荒漠格局特征[19]。地形方面,选取高程、坡度、地表起伏度(relief degree of the land surface,RDLS)和地表粗糙度4个指标,并计算地形位置指数(topographic position index,TPI)和地形综合指数(topographic comprehensive index,TCI),为SOFM模型提供多维输入变量,以表征地表能量和物质迁移特征[2022]。同时,结合温暖指数和湿润指数划分干湿区和温度带,叠加1∶25万地貌类型数据亚类作为专题图层叠加的指标。
土壤作为地表关键覆盖层,其形成过程呈现显著空间异质性,这种差异主要受水热组合特征影响[18,23]。土壤系统不仅参与生物圈的物质循环,更通过其物理化学特征直接调控土地利用格局。本研究选取多维度土壤指标,包括物理特性(质地、砾石含量、厚度等)、化学特征(土壤有机质)和地形衍生的地形湿度指数(topographic wetness index,TWI)。其中,TWI作为地形与土壤水文的桥梁参数,与土壤厚度、质地、有机质、养分含量及pH值存在显著相关性[2426]。由于土壤在环境系统中具有缓变特征,将其作为土地资源分类的稳定因素具有科学合理性。
植被分布受气候、地形、土壤等多因素影响,呈现显著空间分异特征[18,27]。与地貌、气候和土壤要素不同,植被易受人为活动(如退耕还林)和环境变化的干扰[28],导致其分布格局动态变化。因此,在土地资源分类中,将植被作为相对稳定因素,并通过地表覆盖指数量化植被特征,作为SOFM模型的输入变量。同时,采用中国1∶100万植被类型数据的主要类别作为专题图层叠加的指标。
人类活动通过农业开发持续改变土地利用格局,为此需引入动态响应指标[29]。本研究选取土地利用现状作为动态因素。采用森林郁闭度、草地覆盖度[3031]和土地利用程度综合指数(comprehensive index of land use degree,CILUD)量化人类干预强度,作为SOFM模型的输入变量。同时,以土地利用二级分类数据作为专题图层叠加图层。土地资源类型分类体系及分类指标选取见表1
数据来源包括:地理空间数据云(https://www.gscloud.cn)的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,1∶25万新疆数字地貌数据(图2),资源与环境科学数据平台(http://www.resdc.cn)的土地利用、植被和土壤数据,世界土壤数据库(HWSD)提供的1 km栅格土壤属性数据(地质、砂砾含量、厚度、容重),基于1985—2021年新疆66个气象站日值数据(http://data.cma.cn/)统计的气温、降水资料,以及文献中的新疆基础温度带和干湿区数据[3233]
TCI是反映土地类型单元地表复杂性的指标,由高程、RDLS和表面粗糙度3个标准化指标组成。公式[34]:
$ TCI = \alpha AH+\beta RA+\delta TC $
式中,TCI为地形综合指数;AH为绝对高度;RA为地形起伏度;TC为地表粗糙度;αβδ为3个指标的系数,参考以往研究成果[34],结合研究区特征和专家打分修订,分别取值0.4、0.3和0.3。
TPI通过计算目标点高程($ {z}_{0} $)与邻域半径(R)内平均高程($ \bar{z} $)的差值,实现地形特征的定量化表征[35-36]
$ TPI={z}_{0}-\bar{z} $
其中
$ \bar{z} = \frac{1}{{n}_{R}}\sum _{i\in R}{Z}_{i} $
式中,nR为邻域内栅格总数,Zi为邻域内各栅格的高程值。
TPI能有效识别山脊(TPI>0)、山谷(TPI<0)等地貌单元,其值范围取决于高程差异和R值。R值较大,反映主要的景观单元;R值较小,则突出较小的特征。前人利用邻域分析和均值变化点法确定新疆最佳统计单元格网规模为2.56 km2[37],故本文R为903 m。
气候特征的核心要素是温度和降水,本研究采用温暖指数(WI[38]和湿润指数(HI[39]反映气候特征。基于可获取的数据,利用ANUSPLIN软件对气象站点温度和降水数据进行空间插值。运用con函数处理月平均温度和降水的栅格图层,计算得到所需的WIHI
$ WI=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}({T}_{i}\ge 10\text{,}[{T}_{i}-10]\text{,}0) $
$ HI=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}({T}_{i}\ge 10\text{,}[{P}_{i}/2-{T}_{i}]\text{,}0) $
式中,Ti为月均温图层;Pi为月降水图层;n为月均温大于10℃的月份。
TWI的计算依据公式(6)[40],通过ArcGIS处理DEM数据获取上游集水面积(α)和坡度角(β),并计算tanβ即可得到TWI
$ TWI = \ln \left( \alpha/{\tan \beta } \right) $
地被指数(LCI)综合表征区域植被与土地利用信息,间接指示土壤特征。该指数最初用于评估中国人居环境适宜性[41],计算公式:
$ LCI = NDVI \times L{T_i} $
式中,NDVI为单元格归一化植被指数;LTi为各种土地利用类型的权重,其中i=1,2,···,25,对应耕地、林地等6大类用地类型下的25类二级土地利用类型(如水田、旱地等),权重通过专家打分确定。
CILUD通过量化人类活动对土地系统的影响,表征区域土地利用程度[42]。计算公式:
$ {L}_{}=100\times \sum _{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}\times ({S}_{i}/S) $
式中,$ {L}_{} $为土地利用程度指数,$ {A}_{i} $为第i类土地的分级指数,$ {S}_{i} $为第i类土地利用面积,S为区域总面积。式中乘以100旨在增强数值表达效果以便于GIS分析。
基于土地利用类型分级赋值原则[43-44]及研究区特征,土地利用类型赋权为:未利用地或难利用地(1)、林地(2)、水域(3)、草地(4)、耕地(5)、建设用地(6)(含城镇/工矿/居民点/交通用地)。
本研究采用网格化技术创建矩形单元网格作为基本分析单元,支持灵活调节网格尺寸,实现多尺度地理空间智能分析[15],并计算各指标在网格单元中的占比。在此基础上,结合Kohonen自组织神经网络(SOFM)的无监督聚类与拓扑保留特性[4547]以及模糊理论对非标准化指标的处理优势,构建包含数据处理层、输入层、竞争层与输出层的模糊SOFM模型(fuzzy−SOFM)[11]图3)。图中:X为输入向量;m为分类因素指标个数,即m个输入节点,均为神经元;S为输出层神经元个数。Fuzzy−SOFM方法在植物群落分类和植物生态学中已取得有效结果[48]。本文据此结合模糊理论与SOFM模型,以解决多维、多指标和不确定性问题。其核心流程为:首先通过隶属函数计算指标隶属度生成模糊关系矩阵,再利用歪斜系数检验数据正态性(若偏离正态分布则进行非线性变换调整),最后将处理后的数据输入SOFM模型(MATLAB 2021a实现,权重初始化[0,1],学习率为0.1,最大训练次数为3000次)。
耦合上述网格灵活性、模糊处理及SOFM聚类优势,形成完整的基于网格的模糊自组织神经网络模型(grid−based fuzzy self−organizing feature map model,GF−SOFM)(图3)。实施流程为:首先,将插值后的气象数据(气温和降水)转换为统一栅格格式,并栅格化所有指标数据。其次,基于主控、稳定、相对稳定和动态的思路,以主控因素类型单元为控制边界,计算各网格单元内的指标数据。再次,将栅格单元的指标数据输入Fuzzy−SOFM进行聚类。最后,将分类结果返回GIS平台进行可视化[49]。由于GF−SOFM在分类过程中需要构建样本数据库,因此将网格对应的样点作为样本数据。为支撑模型训练,采用1 km×1 km网格单元(兼顾精度与计算效率[7]),将新疆全域离散化为1624939个网格单元并赋予多维指标属性值,建成集成化的空间样本数据库。
为验证GF−SOFM分类精度,本研究综合采用地面验证与专题图层叠加方法:首先基于野外调查和GF−1影像随机生成1000个验证点。结合GF−1影像、谷歌影像和DEM数据,通过目视解译判定土地资源类型并构建混淆矩阵评估精度。其次,依据“主控−稳定−相对稳定−动态”4级分类框架(表1),叠加整合已有的专题矢量图层(图4):主控因素选用新疆景观带区图层[32]及1∶25万数字地貌亚类图层[33],稳定因素选用中国1∶100万土壤亚类图层,相对稳定因素选用中国1∶100万主要植被类型图层,动态因素选用新疆2022年遥感监测数据一级分类(含耕地、林地、草地、水域、城乡/工矿/居民用地、未利用地6类)。
图4(a)~(e)图层进行融合叠加操作:首先融合景观带层(图4(a))与地貌亚类层(图4(b))属性,生成主控单元;在此基础上叠加土壤图层(图4(c))生成稳定因素单元;继而叠加植被类型图层(图4(d))生成相对稳定因素单元;最后叠加土地利用图层(图4(e))获得动态因素单元,即最小土地资源制图单元。
土地资源类型采用4级复合命名结构,由主控因素(气候条件[温度带+干湿区]与地貌条件[平原、高山等]的组合)、稳定因素(土壤条件)、相对稳定因素(植被条件)及动态因素(土地利用现状)依次添加构成。例如:中温带半干旱区山地针叶林土常绿针叶林林地。
本研究采用1 km×1 km格网将研究区分割为1624939个单元,构建5个因素多项指标的空间数据库。因Fuzzy−SOFM模型需预设分类数,首先通过专题图层叠加法进行预分类:逐级叠加主控、稳定、相对稳定及动态因素图层,初步获得133类主控单元、2596类稳定单元、7983类相对稳定单元及45374类动态单元。由于模型输入为1 km×1 km格网数据,对面积小于1 km2的斑块进行融合以适配模型输入。在此基础上,通过SOFM模型逐级叠加分类指标。
在主控因素阶段输入气候、地形指标,构建133×1624939阶的节点矩阵,输出133类主控因素单元(图5(a),表2);随后在稳定因素阶段,在主控因素基础上加入土壤因素指标,输出1906类稳定因素类型,见图5(b)和表2(仅显示面积占比排名前30%的类别);接着在相对稳定因素阶段,叠加植被因素的指标,输出6054类相对稳定因素类型,见图5(c)和表2(仅显示面积占比前30%的类别);最后,在动态因素阶段,最终生成38493类动态因素类型,即38493个土地资源类型单元斑块,见图5(d)和表2(仅显示面积占比前30%的类别)。
基于主控因素分类结果(图5(a),表2),暖温带极端干旱区中海拔丘陵(Q4D10)占新疆面积比例最大(16.912%),集中分布于塔里木盆地中部的塔克拉玛干沙漠、吐鲁番盆地及哈密盆地南侧。塔里木盆地是典型的封闭环状盆地结构,边缘为砾石戈壁与冲积平原过渡带,中心为流动性沙漠,全域年均降水量不足100 mm,而吐鲁番盆地与哈密盆地年降水量分别为16、33.8 mm,蒸发量均超3000 mm。其次为暖温带极端干旱区低海拔丘陵(Q4D09,占5.774%),主要沿天山中部与东部延伸至塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地、哈密盆地边缘过渡带。2类单元虽同属暖温带极端干旱气候,但地形分异显著,Q4D10为海拔1000~3500 m、起伏度小于200 m的中海拔丘陵,Q4D09则为海拔小于1000 m、起伏度小于200 m的低海拔丘陵,凸显了干旱背景下地貌对土地资源格局的控制作用。
基于主控因子空间约束,融合模糊处理的土壤指标及DEM提取的TWI,得到1906类稳定因素分类结果(图5(b),表2显示面积占比前30%的类别)。其中暖温带极端干旱区中海拔丘陵−荒漠风沙土(Q4D10S40)占新疆面积比例最大(13.21%),集中分布于塔里木盆地和库姆塔格沙漠;其次为暖温带极端干旱区低海拔丘陵−荒漠风沙土(Q4D09S40)占新疆总面积的3.75%,主要沿天山南麓向塔里木盆地过渡带分布,并零星见于吐鲁番盆地北缘及库姆塔格沙漠北缘,凸显荒漠风沙土在干旱区稳定因素中的核心地位。
在稳定因素分类基础上整合地被指数指标数据,经模型分析将研究区划分为6054个相对稳定因素类,如图5(c)和表2所示(仅显示面积占比前30%的类别)。其中,暖温带极端干旱区中海拔丘陵荒漠风沙土−其他(Q4D10S40V10)占新疆总面积最大,为12.15%,集中分布于塔里木盆地与库姆塔格沙漠核心区;其次为暖温带极端干旱区低海拔丘陵荒漠风沙土−其他(Q4D09S40V10,占2.97%),主要沿塔里木盆地东北缘、库姆塔格沙漠北缘及吐鲁番盆地东部带状分布,揭示荒漠植被覆盖特征在干旱区土地系统中的空间分异规律。
在动态因素分类阶段整合森林郁闭度、草地覆盖度及CILUD指标,研究区被精细划分为38493个土地资源类型单元,图5(d)、表2(仅显示面积占比前30%的类别)。其中暖温带极端干旱区中海拔丘陵荒漠风沙土−其他−未利用土地(Q4D10S40V10L6)占总面积的比例最大,为11.33%,密集分布于塔克拉玛干沙漠与库姆塔格沙漠核心区。其次为暖温带极端干旱区−低海拔丘陵−荒漠风沙土−其他−未利用地(Q4D09S40V10L6,占2.44%)和中温带干旱区−低海拔丘陵−荒漠风沙土−荒漠−未利用地(Q8D09S40V9L6,占1.86%)单元,前者沿塔里木盆地北缘延伸至库姆塔格沙漠及吐鲁番盆地中部,后者集中分布于准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠,共同印证干旱区未利用地主导的土地资源格。
上述分类结果清晰揭示了GF−SOFM方法对气候、地形、土壤、植被与土地利用空间分异特征的表征能力。
为了验证GF−SOFM分类结果与实际土地资源的一致性,本研究于2023—2024年7~9月随机选取2000个野外样点采集地形、植被、土壤及土地利用数据,受实地条件限制,最终完成1293个有效样点(图1)。精度验证结果显示(表3):总体准确率平均为86%(范围为75%~95%),其中主控因子层级精度最优(95%,Kappa 0.91),相对稳定因子次之(88%,Kappa 0.86),稳定因子层级精度最低(75%,Kappa 0.72),系统性验证了该方法对土地资源精细化分类的有效性。
同时,为了全面验证GF−SOFM分类的准确性,本研究将其结果与传统专题图层叠置法分类结果进行空间叠置与面积对比分析,既可检验模型分类的有效性,又可显示出两者之间的异同。结果显示:主控因素中128类面积一致性大于92.35%(占总面积99.39%),而5类低一致性单元Q3D07(0.44%)、Q4D13(0.03%)、Q5D07(0.01%)、Q7D07(0.07%)、Q8D13(0.07%)的面积检验一致性分别为77.54%、83.27%、72.57%、73.29%和82.41%,仅占0.61%;稳定因素前500类覆盖93.81%面积且面积检验一致性均大于80.00%,其中前300类的一致性在90.08%以上;相对稳定因素前1000类总面积比例超过90.45%,其中75.00%的类别面积检验一致性在83.71%以上;动态因素前4322类覆盖90%的面积且60%类别一致性大于70.25%。为了直观展示,以动态因素典型类型为例,选取已有成果和本研究GF−SOFM分类结果都有的部分类型进行展示(表4)。由表4可知,本研究丘陵黑钙土草原草地面积为2192.68 km2,面积占比0.13%,已有成果丘陵地面积为2473.38 km2,面积占比0.15%,两者的吻合度达86.67%;丘陵灰钙土草原草地吻合度64.29%(0.09% vs 0.14%),平地残余盐土盐生草地吻合度仅9.39%(0.062% vs 0.66%)。对比证实本研究的分类结果与已有结果之间存在异同,通过加入气候因素与地貌细化,显著提升土地资源划分精细度,深化对干旱区“气候−地貌”双因素控制机制的科学认知。
本研究提出的操作性较强的GF−SOFM分类方法,在复杂气候地形区展现出一定的应用价值。该方法通过直接利用易获取的指标数据(温度、降水、海拔、坡度)突破传统专题图层叠加对数字化成果的依赖。虽然GF−SOFM方法需要对部分指标数据进行模糊化处理,这对于数据量较大的区域会带来计算负担,但构建了“指标处理−模型分类”的高效流程,使其分类结果与传统方法边界一致且信息更丰富。然而2种方法均可行,在缺乏现有分类结果时,可以通过收集指标数据,利用GF−SOFM方法进行分类。
本研究在区域尺度引入气候因素作为土地资源分类指标。针对“三山夹两盆”的地貌格局与海拔差异大于2000 m的地区,局地小气候显著[18, 5051]。基于新疆典型温带大陆性气候特征,划分8类气候区,即暖温带干旱区、暖温带半干旱区、暖温带极端干旱区、中温带半湿润区、中温带半干旱区、中温带干旱区、高原气候区干旱区、高原气候区极端干旱区,旨在突出局地气候特征,同时结合研究区地形设定主控单元。耦合栅格法、模糊理论与SOFM模型,构建GF−SOFM模型,并将主控因素分类单元作为控制边界,进而通过四级叠加(主控→稳定→相对稳定→动态)实现精细化分类。划分结果与新疆已有土地资源类型划分结果相比,发现二者存在异同(表4),要素越多,要素分类越细,斑块越破碎,两个结果的重合度也越低。已有结果对地貌的分类只精确到平地、山地、高山、亚高山,而本研究则将地貌分为平原、台地、丘陵、低山、中山、高山、极高山,并增加了起伏度,如小起伏低山等,所以本研究的土地资源类型划分结果更为精细,更能反映土地的宏观形态及其造成的景观差异。此外,原研究结果仅将土地利用现状划分为草地等一级类别,而本研究将草地细化为高、中、低覆盖度草地,土地资源精细化分类对后续土地适宜性(宜农、宜林、宜牧)评价及规划管理有重要意义[29]。未来需深化因子指标体系以应对人地耦合挑战,并拓展多尺度适用性验证。
GF−SOFM方法因输入数据需要栅格化,土地资源类型图的空间分辨率存在局限。土地资源类型图的精度受多种因素制约,其中空间数据的精度取决于数据来源、研究尺度和分类精度[52];属性数据精度受数据可获得性和时效性影响,如官方土壤数据虽然公开,但采样点空间异质性和密度差异显著[53]。实地调查可获取高分辨率数据,但受时间和经费的限制,需要对实地调查样本数据进行插值,以生成全域数据,且插值过程中需要考虑区域物理特性和输出栅格的大小等重要因素,以优化插值质量。
此外,随着土地资源分类越细化,面积一致性的比例降低,这与所研究样本数据的精度和斑块破碎度有关。GF−SOFM方法将新疆分为1 km×1 km的格网导致分类精度受限,可通过减小格网尺度提升分类精度。综合分析表明,耦合格网法、模糊理论和SOFM模型的新疆土地资源类型划分结果在理论上是有效的,能够满足区域土地资源协同管理的需求。这与前人将SOFM模型应用于省级[11]、山区[54]和河谷区[52]土地分类研究结论一致。
新疆独特的山盆相间地貌格局和山地−绿洲−荒漠的景观分布特征,构成复杂的地形单元,使其自然与社会经济结构差异显著。绿洲带内密集的人类活动,如土地利用变化[55]、人工造林[56]等,对生态脆弱地区构成威胁,亟需优化国土空间结构与土地资源配置。土地资源分类作为维护区域土地资源保护与发展平衡的关键规划工具[52],可平衡保护与发展需求。此外,全球气候变化也加剧了人们对土地资源的重视,土地规划可协同环境规制,引导经济活动与资源适配;精细化分类支撑可持续土地利用,增强气候变化适应力。新疆实证表明,分类结果所包含的地貌、土壤、土地利用等信息可为指导土地开发、促进生态−经济协调提供基础数据支撑,同时也丰富了土地区划理论体系。
本研究针对新疆“三山夹两盆”地貌特征与山地−绿洲−荒漠景观格局,创新构建四级土地资源分类体系:基于主控因素(气候/地貌)、稳定因素(土壤)、相对稳定因素(植被)及动态因素(土地利用)整合多项指标,实现对土地资源类型的精细化刻画。同步提出GF−SOFM耦合方法,该方法融合了网格法整合多维数据单元、模糊SOFM完成指标预处理与非监督分类的双重优势,形成“数据融合−智能处理”模式。实证表明,GF−SOFM方法在新疆土地资源分类中实现86%的总体精度(主控因素达95%),成功生成38493个精细化单元,有效揭示“气候−地貌−土壤−植被−土地利用”的空间耦合规律;相较传统图层叠加法,其自动化程度与因子敏感性显著提升(如地貌类型细化),并通过空间叠置验证展现高度一致性(主控因素128类面积一致性大于92.35%);该方法进一步为国土空间规划、生态修复及资源开发提供高精度数据支撑,有助于促进干旱区人地系统协调与可持续发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130110);第三次新疆综合科学考察——新疆科考基础地理信息数据库(2021xjkk1301);自然资源部国土空间规划监测评估预警重点实验室开放课题(LMEE-KF2024007)
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2025年第43卷第18期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00080
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
  • 修回日期:2025-07-19
  • 录用日期:2025-09-08
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130110);第三次新疆综合科学考察——新疆科考基础地理信息数据库(2021xjkk1301);自然资源部国土空间规划监测评估预警重点实验室开放课题(LMEE-KF2024007)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京 100101
    2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3. 江苏省地理信息资源开发与应用协同创新中心,南京 210023
    4. 南海研究协同创新中心,南京 210093
    5. 自然资源部国土空间规划监测评估预警重点实验室,重庆 401147
    6. 新疆大学生态与环境学院,乌鲁木齐 830046
    7. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所沙漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830011

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程维明(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为数字地貌与行星地貌,电子信箱:
钱紫华(共同通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为城乡规划领域的理论与实践,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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