Article(id=1211302345628053947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=22, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747065600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-13, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=1762963200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineDate=1766726584107, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1765555200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767456000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766726584107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080405688, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1211302341744137007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='23', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765555200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766726583181, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330548003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211302346047484358, articleId=1211302345628053947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=The effects of snow avalanche on alpine forest ecosystem and mechanisms, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper generalizes the positive−and−negative response processes of alpine forest ecosystems to avalanches and their underlying mechanisms, as well as the impacts of climate change on avalanche activities and their ecological effects. The current researches have indicated that: 1) Snow avalanches have positive effects, such as increasing biodiversity and improving soil conditions, but they also have negative effects such as vegetation destruction and the decline of biodiversity. 2) Under climate change, shifts in avalanche types, frequency, and magnitude significantly compromise stability of forest ecosystem structure and function. Notably, the increasing prevalence of wet snow avalanches—characterized by higher mobility and erosivity—exacerbates soil erosion and impedes vegetation recovery. 3) Under global warming, thermal stress drives upward forest migration, while frequent avalanche disturbances force treeline depression. This two−pronged pressure greatly increase the risk of forest loss in avalanche−prone areas. Such ecosystem degradation will severely undermine regional carbon sequestration capacity, further amplifying localized warming and triggering a positive feedback loop of enhanced avalanche activity. Consequently, vegetation autonomously adapts to dynamic avalanche environments through altered survival and reproductive strategies. Meanwhile, it is imperative to advance research on the feedback mechanisms between avalanches and ecosystems. This can be achieved by implementing human interventions such as identifying genes of dominant species and afforestation in avalanche−prone areas to enhance the resilience of these ecosystems under climate change and mitigate avalanche risks.

, authors=null, authorsList=Meixiang OU, Yan WANG, Jiansheng HAO, Guoqing CHEN, Zhu LA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhu LA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211302348186579440, articleId=1211302345628053947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=雪崩对高山森林生态系统的影响及其作用机制, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

归纳了高山森林生态系统对雪崩的正−负响应过程和内在机制、气候变化对雪崩及其生态效应的影响。现有研究表明:(1) 雪崩既产生增加沉积区生物多样性、改善土壤条件等积极效应,也伴有路径区植被破坏、生物多样性下降等消极效应;(2) 气候变暖造成雪崩类型、频率和规模的改变显著影响森林生态系统结构和功能的稳定性,尤其是流动性和侵蚀力更强的湿雪崩更加盛行,导致水土流失加剧,植被恢复难度增加;(3) 气候变化下,高温胁迫推动森林向更高海拔迁移、雪崩频繁冲击导致高限林线下移的“上下夹击”之势,极大增加了雪崩频发区森林消失的风险,且将会严重削弱区域固碳能力,进一步加剧局部气候变暖,引发更多雪崩灾害。因此,植被通过改变生存和繁殖策略来适应频繁多变的雪崩环境。同时,亟需深入开展雪崩与生态系统互馈研究,通过筛选雪崩区优势物种基因、植树造林等人为干预方法,增加气候变化下雪崩区生态系统的韧性,减少雪崩灾害。

, authors=

欧美香,硕士研究生,研究方向为雪崩生态学,电子信箱:

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拉珠(通信作者),特聘研究员,研究方向为青藏高原气候变化与生态环境生态学,电子信箱:
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项目 天山山区 阿尔卑斯山山区 喜马拉雅山山区 落基山山区
气温
变化
历史  升温速率:0.3~0.4℃/(10 a) [34]  冬季升高0.3~0.4℃/(10 a),春季大于冬季,冬季大于夏季[3738]  升温速率:0.38℃/(10 a),北高南低,东高西低[4042]  冬季海拔依赖性变暖:0.3~0.6℃/(10 a)[21]
未来(到
21世纪末)
 积雪覆盖减少,极端降雪增加,雪雨比降低[3536]  雪雨比降低,融雪显著增加[5]  冬季降水减少,夏季南减西增,中东降水随海拔而增加,积雪量减少[4345]  降水春季高于冬季,雪雨比降低[21]
降水
变化
历史  整体雪崩风险增加,湿雪崩增加23%[35]  干雪崩:25%→13%,湿雪崩:5%→20%,雪崩总量减少19% [5,3738]  西部湿雪崩频率增加,总体雪崩频率增加[5]  雪崩总量减少14%[5]
未来(到
21世纪末)
 较工业化前升高1.5~3.5℃[36]  较工业化前冬季升高3~5℃[38]  较工业化前升高1.5~2.5℃[5]  较工业化前升高约3.3℃[11]
雪崩
变化
历史  降雪减少8.9%,降雨增加10.1%[36]  极端降雪频率增加,0℃等温线上移,极端降水事件增加[39]  0℃等温线上移,雪雨比降低,积雪覆盖减少[40,43]  降雪量显著减少,降雨量增加[11]
未来(到
21世纪末)
 湿雪崩盛行[1]  湿雪崩盛行,总雪崩活动减少[39]  湿雪崩频率和规模持续增加[5,41]  湿雪崩增加,但雪崩总量减少[5,21]
), ArticleFig(id=1242146536335942594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302345628053947, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气象因子变化与雪崩活动变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 天山山区 阿尔卑斯山山区 喜马拉雅山山区 落基山山区
气温
变化
历史  升温速率:0.3~0.4℃/(10 a) [34]  冬季升高0.3~0.4℃/(10 a),春季大于冬季,冬季大于夏季[3738]  升温速率:0.38℃/(10 a),北高南低,东高西低[4042]  冬季海拔依赖性变暖:0.3~0.6℃/(10 a)[21]
未来(到
21世纪末)
 积雪覆盖减少,极端降雪增加,雪雨比降低[3536]  雪雨比降低,融雪显著增加[5]  冬季降水减少,夏季南减西增,中东降水随海拔而增加,积雪量减少[4345]  降水春季高于冬季,雪雨比降低[21]
降水
变化
历史  整体雪崩风险增加,湿雪崩增加23%[35]  干雪崩:25%→13%,湿雪崩:5%→20%,雪崩总量减少19% [5,3738]  西部湿雪崩频率增加,总体雪崩频率增加[5]  雪崩总量减少14%[5]
未来(到
21世纪末)
 较工业化前升高1.5~3.5℃[36]  较工业化前冬季升高3~5℃[38]  较工业化前升高1.5~2.5℃[5]  较工业化前升高约3.3℃[11]
雪崩
变化
历史  降雪减少8.9%,降雨增加10.1%[36]  极端降雪频率增加,0℃等温线上移,极端降水事件增加[39]  0℃等温线上移,雪雨比降低,积雪覆盖减少[40,43]  降雪量显著减少,降雨量增加[11]
未来(到
21世纪末)
 湿雪崩盛行[1]  湿雪崩盛行,总雪崩活动减少[39]  湿雪崩频率和规模持续增加[5,41]  湿雪崩增加,但雪崩总量减少[5,21]
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雪崩对高山森林生态系统的影响及其作用机制
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欧美香 1 , 王岩 2 , 郝建盛 2 , 陈国庆 2 , 拉珠 1, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(23): 83-90
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (23) : 83 -90
雪崩对高山森林生态系统的影响及其作用机制
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欧美香1 , 王岩2, 郝建盛2, 陈国庆2, 拉珠1, *
作者信息
  • 1西藏大学青藏高原生物多样性与生态环境保护教育部重点实验室,拉萨 850000
  • 2中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
通讯作者:
拉珠(通信作者),特聘研究员,研究方向为青藏高原气候变化与生态环境生态学,电子信箱:
The effects of snow avalanche on alpine forest ecosystem and mechanisms
Meixiang OU1 , Yan WANG2, Jiansheng HAO2, Guoqing CHEN2, Zhu LA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai−Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Education, Xizang University, Lhasa 850000, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2025-12-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00071
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归纳了高山森林生态系统对雪崩的正−负响应过程和内在机制、气候变化对雪崩及其生态效应的影响。现有研究表明:(1) 雪崩既产生增加沉积区生物多样性、改善土壤条件等积极效应,也伴有路径区植被破坏、生物多样性下降等消极效应;(2) 气候变暖造成雪崩类型、频率和规模的改变显著影响森林生态系统结构和功能的稳定性,尤其是流动性和侵蚀力更强的湿雪崩更加盛行,导致水土流失加剧,植被恢复难度增加;(3) 气候变化下,高温胁迫推动森林向更高海拔迁移、雪崩频繁冲击导致高限林线下移的“上下夹击”之势,极大增加了雪崩频发区森林消失的风险,且将会严重削弱区域固碳能力,进一步加剧局部气候变暖,引发更多雪崩灾害。因此,植被通过改变生存和繁殖策略来适应频繁多变的雪崩环境。同时,亟需深入开展雪崩与生态系统互馈研究,通过筛选雪崩区优势物种基因、植树造林等人为干预方法,增加气候变化下雪崩区生态系统的韧性,减少雪崩灾害。

雪崩  /  高山森林  /  气候变化  /  生态效应  /  作用机制

This paper generalizes the positive−and−negative response processes of alpine forest ecosystems to avalanches and their underlying mechanisms, as well as the impacts of climate change on avalanche activities and their ecological effects. The current researches have indicated that: 1) Snow avalanches have positive effects, such as increasing biodiversity and improving soil conditions, but they also have negative effects such as vegetation destruction and the decline of biodiversity. 2) Under climate change, shifts in avalanche types, frequency, and magnitude significantly compromise stability of forest ecosystem structure and function. Notably, the increasing prevalence of wet snow avalanches—characterized by higher mobility and erosivity—exacerbates soil erosion and impedes vegetation recovery. 3) Under global warming, thermal stress drives upward forest migration, while frequent avalanche disturbances force treeline depression. This two−pronged pressure greatly increase the risk of forest loss in avalanche−prone areas. Such ecosystem degradation will severely undermine regional carbon sequestration capacity, further amplifying localized warming and triggering a positive feedback loop of enhanced avalanche activity. Consequently, vegetation autonomously adapts to dynamic avalanche environments through altered survival and reproductive strategies. Meanwhile, it is imperative to advance research on the feedback mechanisms between avalanches and ecosystems. This can be achieved by implementing human interventions such as identifying genes of dominant species and afforestation in avalanche−prone areas to enhance the resilience of these ecosystems under climate change and mitigate avalanche risks.

snow avalanche  /  mountain forest  /  climate change  /  ecological effect  /  operating mechanism
欧美香, 王岩, 郝建盛, 陈国庆, 拉珠. 雪崩对高山森林生态系统的影响及其作用机制. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (23) : 83 -90 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00071
Meixiang OU, Yan WANG, Jiansheng HAO, Guoqing CHEN, Zhu LA. The effects of snow avalanche on alpine forest ecosystem and mechanisms[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (23) : 83 -90 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00071
雪崩是一种重力驱动的地表流,兼具季节性、突发性、潜在性和难以预测性等特点,是中高纬度山区频发的自然现象[13]。雪崩高危险区域面积约占全球陆地总面积的6%[4],主要分布在阿尔卑斯山、喜马拉雅山、落基山、安第斯山和天山山区等高山地带[5]。在人类活动区,无论何种雪崩规模都会造成直接的经济损失(如建筑物和道路损坏)和人员伤亡[610]
在雪崩频发区,生态系统受到显著影响,如1970年秘鲁瓦斯卡兰雪崩摧毁了大量森林、灌丛和荆棘,造成约5.2万人丧生,经济损失高达5亿美元[6];落基山博乐湖多次的雪崩冲击摧毁了大片森林,在谷底挖掘出深度达9 m的冲击池[11]。尽管森林具有制约雪崩形成、削弱雪崩速度和破坏力的作用,但同时面临着巨大威胁。例如,在对意大利奥斯塔山谷进行的1010次雪崩调查中,有55次起源于森林[12]。根据加拿大雪崩等级划分细则,4级雪崩可以摧毁多达4 hm2的森林,5级雪崩则可以摧毁多达40 hm2的森林[12]。然而,4级雪崩并不罕见,5级雪崩也偶有发生。例如McClung[13]研究的76个雪崩案例中,受影响森林区面积平均达5 hm2;2010—2011年冬季,日本岩手山发生的一次大型雪崩在森林区滑行了大约500 m、摧毁了7 hm2的森林[14];在2014年瑞士泰施地区的雪崩事件中,约1000棵树受到影响,其中165棵被连根拔起,259棵被折断[15]
根据雪层含水率可将雪崩分为干雪崩和湿雪崩,其对生态系统的影响主要集中在路径区与沉积区(图1),路径区以摧毁树木、侵蚀土壤等负面效应为主,沉积区以改善土壤肥力、促进生物多样性等正面效应为主。高山和亚高山森林生态系统与人类生产生活紧密相关,且森林对雪崩具有显著拦截作用[16],成为研究者们重点关注的对象。
近年来,受气候变化影响,全球雪崩活动逐渐呈现相似规律:干雪崩活动减弱、湿雪崩活动增强,低海拔频率减少、高海拔频率增加,且极端事件增多[5,10]。未来,气候持续变暖将为湿雪崩的孕育创造更有利的物质条件,而干雪崩逐渐转变为湿雪崩将导致雪崩对森林生态系统的作用也随之改变。本文归纳了现有研究中雪崩对高山森林生态系统的影响机制,梳理了气候变化对雪崩活动和高山生态系统的链式影响,并对其未来变化趋势进行评估,旨在为气候变化背景下高山区森林管理和山地可持续发展提供理论依据。
雪崩对高山森林生态系统的影响呈高度复杂性,尤其在雪崩频发期,通常存在多条雪崩路径和多次雪崩事件的叠加效应,对森林造成显著干扰。本章从雪崩促进和破坏生物多样性2方面来探讨雪崩对高山森林生态系统的积极与消极效应及其作用机制。
在森林生态系统中,雪崩具有显著的正向作用,包括直接和间接2方面,主要表现在沉积区[1718]。直接作用主要通过雪崩自身强大的侵蚀力和破坏力作用于生物群落,而间接作用主要体现在土壤环境改善促进植物生长状态趋好。
1) 提升植物多样性。
雪崩通过多种途径来促进植物多样性分布格局。首先,中小型雪崩清除老龄树木,促进森林的更新和喜阳植物的多样性[1921];其引发的微地形变化(如小型凹地、沟壑等)为珍稀物种和幼苗提供新的栖息地。其次,雪崩导致的养分富集与土壤松动,有利于高山植物(如虎耳草等)定植,而土壤侵蚀和扰动加速了次生演替,推动群落从草本向灌木—森林群落发展[2023]。此外,雪崩还通过以下方式间接保护植物多样性:遗迹地区积雪融化降低了春季环境温度,同时为沿途生物提供水源[22];清理林下干枯、老化树木等可燃物形成隔离带,减少林火威胁[11];形成的冲积扇降低局部坡度,减少对下游土壤的侵蚀和森林的破坏 [18]
2) 促进动物多样性。
雪崩造成动物多样性的增加是通过创造适宜的栖息环境来实现的,如增加食物来源、减少天敌威胁、形成隐秘的栖息场所[4,18]。食物来源主要包括雪崩流携带的动植物残体、恢复的植物和暴露的觅食环境,如沉积物为食草动物(北山羊等)提供季节性食物,形成的独特地形地貌为猛禽(如金雕)创造猎场[4,19];另外,雪崩可以为一些物种如穗䳭和黄鹀、灰鹡鸰和欧洲松鸡等鸟类创造隐秘的栖息地(包括小型植被或雪崩沟壑的溪流)[2022]。从长时间尺度来看,雪崩干扰促使动物种群迁移,增强种群间基因交流,进而提高种群遗传多样性;频繁雪崩筛选出避险能力最优的个体,推动物种适应性进化[4]
3) 改善土壤微环境,加速生物地球化学循环。
生物地球化学循环是维持生态系统长期稳定非常重要的一环,而生物在其中发挥着至关重要的作用[2425]。植物根系分泌的酸性物质会裂解岩石,为微生物提供更广阔的生存空间;微生物将有机物分解转化,为植物提供营养;植物可以为动物提供食物来源;动植物残体和动物排泄物为微生物提供营养。因此,土壤环境与生物之间是相辅相成、相互促进的:土壤中营养物质越丰富,则生物量越高,岩体到土壤的转化也就越迅速,土壤肥力也会逐渐增加,如此形成良性循环[2527]。因此,生态系统生物量的增加均会加速区域内生物地球化学循环。
除了直接增加动植物多样性外,雪崩还间接改变土壤理化性质,促进区域生态系统整体的恢复和发展[26]。如雪崩的发生能提升土壤抗侵蚀性、孔隙度、水分渗透率、持水能力和养分储存能力,为土壤生物和植被生长创造更有利的环境条件[17,26];且雪崩土中携带的岩石碎屑、细颗粒无机物(如黏土、粉砂)、有机质(如微生物和动植物残体等)和各类营养元素(如N、P、K、Ca和Mg等)等都为土壤生物提供丰富的营养来源,改善土壤微生态,促进土壤生物活性和多样性[2324]。植被和土壤生物多样性的增加,促使微生物群落与土壤根系的协同作用更加多样化和复杂化,促进土壤团聚体的形成,提高养分的利用效率,从而推动生态系统物质循环的良性发展[2325]
雪崩对森林也存在显著负面效应,主要发生在路径区,体现在地上动植物与土壤生物多样性受损促使生态系统结构破坏和功能减弱等方面[1718]
1) 减少植被多样性,降低群落稳定性。
雪崩对植被群落的负面作用通过截断冠层、连根拔起高大乔木、摧毁成片森林形成斑块、限制种子供应、改变群落演替方向和降低群落抗压能力来实现[1112,15,17]。由于不同树种的恢复能力具有显著差异(如白杨和柳树盖度恢复至80%仅需要5年,而硬木树种重建冠层需20年,云杉林死亡率达70%时恢复则需要长达50年以上),且雪崩频率和森林破坏程度与植被恢复期成正相关,因此雪崩的频率和规模很大程度上决定了植物群落组成(雪崩平均活动间隔2.5 a时以灌木为主,雪崩活动间隔时间为15−20 a时便从灌木向乔木转变)[23,27]。再者,沉积区过量氮和酸性物质的输入会导致土壤氮过饱和和土壤酸化,抑制植被的恢复[17];且雪崩摧毁植被使得地表粗糙度不断降低,将削弱对雪崩运动的缓冲作用,加剧雪崩活动,形成反馈增强机制[2728]
2) 减少动物多样性,削弱群落稳定性。
雪崩的发生直接杀死动物、压缩动物栖息空间、阻断迁徙廊道、增加被捕食风险、降低出生率和改变食物网,从而导致种群数量锐减,甚至导致一些物种的局部灭绝[4,17]。如雪崩对山地动物种群的致死率平均每年为8%,部分年份超过15%,甚至局部地区的年死亡率峰值超过22%,且大量雌性致死、频繁雪崩增强生理压力诱发的免疫功能下降都将会降低繁殖成功率[4]。此外,雪崩形成的独特地貌会误导一些不适宜在雪崩路径上生存的物种定居,形成生态陷阱,增加死亡风险[4]。最重要的是动物群落结构和物种多样性的变化会打破原有食物链的平衡,扰乱生态系统的功能[19]。而未来气候变暖加剧将增加湿雪崩频率,雪崩致死率进一步增加,同时气候变暖本身会导致山地动物的栖息空间不断压缩,雪崩高致死率对山地大型野生动物影响将同样显著[4]
3) 土壤侵蚀加剧土壤生物流失,削弱生物地球化学循环。
雪崩对路径区土壤侵蚀严重,湿雪崩尤为明显。雪崩的侵蚀使基岩裸露、土壤流失,还会引发次生灾害(如滑坡和泥石流),对土壤的侵蚀作用加剧[23,2930]。湿雪崩剪切力可剥离表层以下0~30 cm的土壤[31],然而各类型植被土壤有机质含量最大值往往出现在10~20 cm深度之间[32],因此,一次雪崩侵蚀就能裹挟土壤中大部分有机质,同时导致土壤生物数量显著减少,雪崩的叠加效应将进一步加剧土壤肥力的流失[2324]。营养物质和土壤生物的大量流失会极大削弱植被的恢复速度,使得区域内生物地球化学循环过程受阻,导致生态系统稳定性大大降低[1718]。且雪崩侵蚀速率与坡度呈指数关系,意味着陡峭山坡(如喜马拉雅山区)水土流失和微生物流失及生态系统退化更为严重[31,33]。如图2(a)(b)所示,雪崩穿越森林,破坏大量植被,对地表强烈的侵蚀将不利于植被的恢复。
1) 积极作用机制。
植物群落的结构与多样性共同调控着生态系统内流动的总能量,其中植物通过固定太阳能所形成的生产力,是维持生态系统结构稳定与功能复杂性的关键基础。生态系统作为有机整体,其功能稳定性依赖于营养结构的复杂程度。雪崩干扰在一定程度上可提升生态系统稳定性:一方面,增加了地上动植物与土壤生物的物种丰富度,延长食物链,增强食物网的复杂性;另一方面,雪崩堆积物中携带的有机质与无机质改善了土壤环境,从而促进区域生物地球化学循环的进行。生物地球化学循环速率受物质周转速度的制约,而物质循环又取决于输入生态系统的总能量。因此,作为物质基础的营养输入对生态系统恢复至关重要。当物质条件与能量条件同时满足时,植被恢复进程将显著加快。此外,随着温度上升所提供的适宜生境以及高海拔地区繁殖体的输入,雪崩沉积区很可能演替形成与周边未干扰区域不同的生物群落,进而增强区域生态系统的结构与功能稳定性。
2) 消极作用机制。
植被作为森林生态系统的初级生产者,承担着固定和转化太阳能的核心功能;动物作为主要消费者,对物质循环与能量流动起到重要的加速和调节作用;微生物则作为连接有机界与无机界的关键桥梁,负责将有机物质分解为可供植物重新利用的无机养分。这3类生物组分在生态系统中各司其职,彼此依存,共同维持系统结构与功能的完整性。任一类群的缺失都将导致生态系统崩溃,而其数量或功能的减弱,也会显著削弱生态系统的整体服务能力,打破“微生物—植物—动物—环境”之间的正向反馈循环,进而加速系统退化。在雪崩频发的路径区,多次地表侵蚀导致土壤层被剥蚀、基岩裸露,植被难以定植与繁衍,致使该区域植被以禾本科为主,群落结构简单,生态环境脆弱。
雪崩对森林生态系统的影响呈现显著差异。从雪崩类型来看,湿雪崩和干雪崩均会对森林造成破坏,但同等规模下,干雪崩的侵蚀强度较弱、破坏范围较小,虽然雪崩土携带的营养物质较低,但森林恢复周期短;湿雪崩的侵蚀力强、破坏范围广,携带的有机质和无机质丰富,但恢复周期长,优势物种容易被替代。从时间上看,短期内在路径区和沉积区,雪崩均对森林植被造成破坏,改变森林的物种组成和群落结构,干扰生态系统的稳定性。而长期视角下,雪崩的影响兼具积极与消极效应,且在不同雪崩分区内表现出不同特征:路径区以消极影响为主,沉积区则以积极影响为主。
过去50~60年,全球多地雪崩活动特征发生显著变化,对气候变暖响应敏感。如表1所示,天山、阿尔卑斯山、喜马拉雅山和落基山等山区均呈现温度上升、降雨增多、降雪减少的趋势,雪崩活动也逐渐由干雪崩向湿雪崩转变,主要由温度升高和降水形式变化主导。其中平均海拔较高的天山山区和喜马拉雅山区总体雪崩风险增加,而平均海拔相对较低阿尔卑斯山和落基山山区总体雪崩风险降低。
未来,随着气温升高和降水形式变化,雪崩活动特征也将进一步演变。如表1所示,预计到21世纪末,在4大山区,雪崩活动均表现为以湿雪崩为主的趋势,所有的气象因子也朝着有利于湿雪崩孕育的方向发展。按照这个趋势演变,全球雪崩分布将逐渐向更高海拔地区迁移,而低海拔地区将由于升温导致降水量以降雨为主,雪崩活动将显著减少。
随着全球变化加剧,森林分布呈现出显著向高海拔迁移的趋势。如喜马拉雅松林线以11~54 m/(10 a)的速度向高海拔攀升,冷杉和糙皮桦的林线分别以1.1 m/(10 a)和0.6 m/(10 a)的速率上移[4648]。这种迁移使得森林与高海拔雪崩高发区域的距离不断缩短,暴露于雪崩威胁下的林木生态系统范围持续增加。此外,气候变暖导致雪崩季延长、气候不稳定性加剧和积雪稳定性下降,极端雪崩事件频发,对森林的破坏力也随之增强。且在4个山区雪崩活动均呈现湿雪崩频率增加且未来将延续的趋势,雪崩的释放区不断向高海拔区迁移,未来湿雪崩活动变化将加剧对森林的破坏和土壤的侵蚀,进而加大下游森林生态系统的恢复难度。
在雪崩频繁的威胁下,植物也会展现出一定的适应性策略:(1) 幼苗缩短节间长度;(2) 倾向于风媒传粉,果实成熟期提前;(3) 林线向低海拔迁移[49]。但森林作为固碳能力最强和固碳速率最快的陆地生态系统[5051],对陆地的碳平衡发挥着至关重要的作用,而雪崩导致森林锐减,固碳能力减弱,进一步加剧气候变暖进程,加大雪崩风险,形成恶性循环。因此,雪崩频发区的植被恢复工作理论上很迫切,不仅是雪崩防治,对于应对气候变化也具有重要意义。
在气候变化下,不同山区雪崩变化逐渐趋向均质化:干雪崩活动减少,湿雪崩活动增加;低海拔山区雪崩活动减弱甚至消失,高海拔山区干雪崩逐渐向湿雪崩转变。如图3所示,随着气温升高,低海拔山区冰川积雪消融,降水逐渐由降雨主导,积雪量逐渐减少,雪崩发生频率也随之减少;当常年积雪累积量都不足以诱发雪崩时,雪崩活动将消失,可以为森林恢复和向上扩展提供一定的生态窗口。而高海拔山区升温和雪雨比下降将导致雪层含水量增加,存在更多的干雪崩向湿雪崩的转变。湿雪崩具有更强的流动性、侵蚀率和滑行距离,破坏力和破坏范围更广。在路径区,干雪崩转变为湿雪崩将加剧地表的水土流失,植被恢复难度增加、周期延长、横向扩展受限,高海拔区域物种被迫在低海拔区域定植,改变了路径区和沉积区生物的分布格局,形成生态廊道,加剧生境破碎化。在沉积区,干雪崩向湿雪崩的转变将携带更多营养物质促进植被的恢复,但雪崩路径的延长和破坏力的增强将摧毁更大面积的森林,加大植被恢复的难度。若雪崩重现期大于植被恢复周期,高海拔区物种将在沉积区定植并可以向上恢复,森林恢复后的生态系统结构稳定性将增强;若雪崩重现期小于植被恢复周期,则林线会被迫下移,森林会逐渐退化。长远来看,生态系统在恢复过程中会调整策略使结构趋于稳定,且气候变暖背景下雪崩总量减少,未来的环境条件理应是有利于高山区植物生长的,但耐寒物种适应暖湿化环境的速度能否超越灭绝速度、适宜暖湿化环境物种定居与扩张而形成的生态系统稳定性是否高于原生态系统仍是需要深入研究的问题。且气候变暖使得岩体、冰雪和土壤之间的黏聚力降低[38,47],雪崩区的次生灾害对生态系统的影响也是不容忽视的问题。
雪崩对区域生态系统的影响具有多重性:一方面,它通过清除老龄林木、改变微地形、促进土壤养分富集与结构松动等方式,在一定程度上提升了动植物及土壤生物的多样性;另一方面,其强烈的物理干扰也对动植物栖息空间和土壤生物群落造成严重破坏,降低生态系统的连通性与稳定性,阻碍植被恢复进程,甚至可能触发系统退化,引发恶性循环。
在气候变化背景下,不同海拔区域的雪崩活动呈现分异趋势。低海拔山区雪崩活动减弱甚至逐渐消失,为森林恢复与向上扩展提供了一定生态窗口;而高海拔地区则逐渐以流动性更强、侵蚀力更大的湿雪崩为主,显著增加植被恢复难度。同时,气候变暖驱动物种向高海拔迁移,而频繁的雪崩冲击则迫使高限林线下移,形成“上下夹击”之势,极大增加雪崩频发区森林消失的风险。森林面积的大幅缩减将进一步削弱区域固碳能力,加剧局地气候变暖,进而可能诱发更多雪崩事件,形成气候—生态系统间的负反馈循环。加之气候变化导致气候系统不稳定性增强,极端事件频发,雪崩对森林生态系统的作用机制更加复杂。
鉴于此,未来亟需加强气候—雪崩—生态系统相互作用的多维度研究。例如,在气候变化情境下,不同规模与频率的雪崩对各类生态系统的干扰强度与生态响应亟待量化评估,以支撑高山生态系统恢复与可持续管理的理论构建。此外,当前相关研究多集中于森林生态系统,对高寒草原、草甸等生态类型关注不足;在机制解析方面,亦偏重物理过程,缺乏从基因尺度揭示雪崩对动植物适应性进化及系统演替驱动作用的研究。未来可结合树木年轮生态学、古环境DNA等技术手段,重建雪崩高发区关键物种的演化历史,筛选具有强恢复力的优势种及其适应性基因,为高寒山区生态修复与适应性造林提供科学依据。
  • 西藏自治区自然科学基金重点项目(XZ202201ZR0046G)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程(2023QNRC001)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程(2022QNRC001)
  • 应急管理部重点科技计划(2024EMST030303)
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2025年第43卷第23期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00071
  • 接收时间:2025-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-13
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
  • 录用日期:2025-11-13
基金
西藏自治区自然科学基金重点项目(XZ202201ZR0046G)
中国科协青年人才托举工程(2023QNRC001)
中国科协青年人才托举工程(2022QNRC001)
应急管理部重点科技计划(2024EMST030303)
作者信息
    1西藏大学青藏高原生物多样性与生态环境保护教育部重点实验室,拉萨 850000
    2中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101

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拉珠(通信作者),特聘研究员,研究方向为青藏高原气候变化与生态环境生态学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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