Article(id=1208357725923292140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=1750262400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-19, acceptedDate=1757001600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-05, onlineDate=1766024532061, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1758988800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763308800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024532061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080043863, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208357725101208554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758988800000', pubDateStr='2025-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024531865, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330867198, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197020681388272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197020681388273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208357725101208554, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=57, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208357726221087728, articleId=1208357725923292140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on object−oriented spatial modelling enabling foundation models geospatial intelligence, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Object−oriented modeling is a fundamental paradigm in the field of geographic information system (GIS), offering distinct advantages in representing spatial structures, semantic relationships, and dynamic behaviors. This paper first provides a systematic review of the theoretical foundations and developmental trajectory of object−oriented spatial modeling, highlighting its central role and evolution within spatial cognition modeling frameworks. It then analyzes the technical progress and practical applications of this approach in key scenarios such as 3D urban modeling, watershed management, and landslide analysis. In response to the spatial intelligence demands of the foundation model era, this study proposes a pathway to empower geographic cognition through object−oriented spatial modeling, focusing on four key aspects: structured spatial semantic embedding, computable spatial relational logic, graph−based cognitive execution frameworks, and unified intermediate representation languages. The findings suggest that integrating object−oriented cognitive structures and dynamic process models can significantly enhance the capabilities of pre−trained models in spatial semantic understanding, causal reasoning, and complex task execution. This research provides a theoretical perspective and key element analysis for integrating GIS modeling with large model technologies, offering conceptual support and an exploratory framework for building spatially intelligent foundation models.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiahe WANG, Xinke ZHAO, Yuanbo LUO, Chenjin AN, Zhongmei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongmei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208357727047364608, articleId=1208357725923292140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=对象空间建模赋能大模型地理空间智能的研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面向对象建模方法是地理信息系统领域的重要建模范式,在表达空间结构、语义关系与动态行为等方面具有明显优势。回顾了对象空间建模的理论基础与发展脉络,梳理了其在空间认知建模体系中的核心地位与演进路径,并结合城市建模、流域管理与滑坡研究等典型场景,阐述其由几何向语义、由静态向智能的演进路径,展示在语义融合、过程耦合与智能推理等方面的技术成效;针对大模型时代对地理空间智能的需求,从结构化空间语义嵌入、可计算空间关系逻辑、图谱化认知执行框架和统一中间表示语言4个方面,提出了对象空间建模赋能大模型地理空间认知的路径与方法。研究表明,引入面向对象的认知结构与动态过程模型,能够显著提升预训练模型在空间语义理解、因果推理与复杂任务执行中的表现。

, authors=

王嘉嚇,博士研究生,研究方向为对象空间建模,电子信箱:

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李忠美(通信作者),博士,研究方向为遥感图像处理,电子信箱:
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对象空间建模赋能大模型地理空间智能的研究进展
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王嘉嚇 1, 2 , 赵鑫科 3 , 罗远波 4 , 安晨瑾 1, 2 , 李忠美 5, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(18): 57-66
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (18) : 57 -66
对象空间建模赋能大模型地理空间智能的研究进展
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王嘉嚇1, 2 , 赵鑫科3, 罗远波4, 安晨瑾1, 2, 李忠美5, *
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所地理信息科学与技术全国重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3. 信息工程大学地理空间信息学院,郑州 450052
  • 4. 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广州 511458
  • 5. 北京市遥感信息研究所,北京 100192
通讯作者:
李忠美(通信作者),博士,研究方向为遥感图像处理,电子信箱:
Research progress on object−oriented spatial modelling enabling foundation models geospatial intelligence
Jiahe WANG1, 2 , Xinke ZHAO3, Yuanbo LUO4, Chenjin AN1, 2, Zhongmei LI5, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
  • 4. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
  • 5. Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China
出版时间: 2025-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00038
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面向对象建模方法是地理信息系统领域的重要建模范式,在表达空间结构、语义关系与动态行为等方面具有明显优势。回顾了对象空间建模的理论基础与发展脉络,梳理了其在空间认知建模体系中的核心地位与演进路径,并结合城市建模、流域管理与滑坡研究等典型场景,阐述其由几何向语义、由静态向智能的演进路径,展示在语义融合、过程耦合与智能推理等方面的技术成效;针对大模型时代对地理空间智能的需求,从结构化空间语义嵌入、可计算空间关系逻辑、图谱化认知执行框架和统一中间表示语言4个方面,提出了对象空间建模赋能大模型地理空间认知的路径与方法。研究表明,引入面向对象的认知结构与动态过程模型,能够显著提升预训练模型在空间语义理解、因果推理与复杂任务执行中的表现。

地理信息系统  /  地理大模型  /  对象空间建模  /  地理人工智能  /  地理空间智能

Object−oriented modeling is a fundamental paradigm in the field of geographic information system (GIS), offering distinct advantages in representing spatial structures, semantic relationships, and dynamic behaviors. This paper first provides a systematic review of the theoretical foundations and developmental trajectory of object−oriented spatial modeling, highlighting its central role and evolution within spatial cognition modeling frameworks. It then analyzes the technical progress and practical applications of this approach in key scenarios such as 3D urban modeling, watershed management, and landslide analysis. In response to the spatial intelligence demands of the foundation model era, this study proposes a pathway to empower geographic cognition through object−oriented spatial modeling, focusing on four key aspects: structured spatial semantic embedding, computable spatial relational logic, graph−based cognitive execution frameworks, and unified intermediate representation languages. The findings suggest that integrating object−oriented cognitive structures and dynamic process models can significantly enhance the capabilities of pre−trained models in spatial semantic understanding, causal reasoning, and complex task execution. This research provides a theoretical perspective and key element analysis for integrating GIS modeling with large model technologies, offering conceptual support and an exploratory framework for building spatially intelligent foundation models.

geographic information system  /  geographic foundation model  /  object−oriented spatial modeling  /  GeoAI  /  geospatial intelligence
王嘉嚇, 赵鑫科, 罗远波, 安晨瑾, 李忠美. 对象空间建模赋能大模型地理空间智能的研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (18) : 57 -66 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00038
Jiahe WANG, Xinke ZHAO, Yuanbo LUO, Chenjin AN, Zhongmei LI. Research progress on object−oriented spatial modelling enabling foundation models geospatial intelligence[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (18) : 57 -66 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00038
近年来,通用人工智能(artificial general intelligence,AGI)与大模型技术的快速发展,正以前所未有的方式重塑众多知识密集型领域[1]。尽管当前大模型已在语言理解、图像识别等任务中展现出强大的泛化与推理能力,但其在地理空间信息的结构化表达、空间关系推理及复杂地理系统行为认知等方面,仍存在显著不足[2]。目前主流大模型缺乏对空间实体的本体认知、空间关系的系统性推理,以及对动态地理过程的有效建模,难以胜任空间决策支持、动态行为模拟等高级任务。这说明仅以语言为核心的语义建模框架,尚无法充分支撑对复杂地理空间的有效感知和认知。
相比之下,地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)在空间认知与表达方面积累了数10年的丰富经验,从最初对地理实体位置的简单感知,逐步发展至空间形态、结构、语义关系及动态行为等多维认知体系[3]。其中,基于面向对象(object−oriented,OO)的空间建模范式,已成为连接现实世界与信息世界的重要桥梁。自20世纪80年代引入GIS领域以来,对象空间建模逐步建立了较为完整的理论与方法体系,并形成了从对象识别、空间感知到空间格局理解的多层次空间认知架构。这种建模范式不仅强调空间实体及其属性的精确表达,更关注实体之间的语义关联、层次结构及动态特征,从而推动了静态地理描述向动态地理过程建模的转型[4]
在这一演化过程中,面向对象建模从最初基于类与属性的实体建模,发展成为多粒度、全时空的对象建模框架,具备对地理对象的时空参考、组成结构、行为特征及语义关系等多维度的系统表达能力[5]。凭借这种对象化与层次化的建模机制,GIS理论逐渐超越传统“图层−几何−属性”的三元结构,向能够表达认知结构与演化逻辑的全空间信息系统(pan-spatial information system,PSIS)转变[6-7]。然而,目前该建模方法仍面临诸如从概念模型到实际系统实现的转译困难、复杂关系建模能力不足,以及网络空间对象表达缺乏等现实问题,制约了其进一步发展与应用拓展。
针对以上背景,本研究旨在从“空间认知”到“空间建模”的发展脉络中寻找启示,探索面向对象空间建模思想在当前AI大模型体系中的潜在融合路径与启发价值。通过借鉴GIS领域已有的空间认知理论与对象化表达方法,有望有效弥补大模型在空间语义理解与推理上的不足,推动构建具备地理空间智能(geospatial intelligence)的新一代地理大模型,促进地理信息科学的智能转型。
面向对象思想最早起源于软件工程领域,以“对象”为基本建模单元组织复杂系统。自Simula语言提出对象、类与继承等核心概念,到Smalltalk语言实现完整的面向对象体系,该思想逐渐确立,并引发软件开发方法的深刻变革[8]。其核心在于将现实世界抽象为具有属性与行为的“对象”,并通过分类、泛化、聚合与关联等机制刻画结构与交互。
1987年,Frank与Egenhofer首次将面向对象数据模型引入GIS领域,以突破关系模型在表达复杂空间数据上的局限[9]。传统数据库(如Oracle、Ingres)难以有效处理地理数据的几何多样性、时态变化、多尺度特征和精度差异。因此,研究者提出结构、操作与行为3项核心原则,强调对象整体性、操作封装与行为约束[10]。同时,类型组织、继承、组成关系及对象间耦合等机制,也为GIS空间对象的结构化表达提供理论支撑。
在GIS的实践应用中,面向对象思想有效推动建模范式的深层次演进。一方面,建模单元由简单的几何要素升级为结构化和语义化的空间对象,支持多粒度与行为建模;另一方面,空间表达维度从传统的“空间−属性−时间”结构扩展到包括时空位置、空间形态、组成结构和行为机制等多层级结构,促进了从地图模型向“数据−知识−模型”协同递归的一体化建模模式的转变,更加贴近人类认知[11]。虽然最初聚焦空间结构和几何特征,但其发展逐步涵盖地理对象的功能、行为与关系,为GIS由静态描述工具向支持认知与推理决策的动态建模平台发展奠定基础。
面向对象思想的引入,使GIS空间建模从早期的数据结构表达,迈向与人类空间认知紧密结合的阶段。最初的建模基于实体模型和场模型,分别对应矢量与栅格数据2种主要表达方式。实体模型通过点、线、面等几何对象抽象具有明确边界的地理实体,但难以精确表达复杂、连续现象,因此引入场模型,以属性阵列表达空间连续性。
随着GIS应用需求的增加以及认知科学、心理学、计算机视觉等学科的发展,研究者逐渐意识到实体与场模型各有优势与局限。如何有效地整合2种模型的优势,成为GIS建模的重要方向。引入面向对象后,出现多种混合表达模型,在概念与逻辑层面实现实体与场模型的统一,推动了GIS向更高抽象层次演进[12-13]。面向对象方法尤其促进了动态建模(图1)。在空间边界定义、移动对象追踪和动态现象描述等方面优于传统方法。通过对空间尺度、边界、属性、过程和移动性等维度的系统分析,展现了该方法的广泛适用性[14]
随着理论与技术的发展,面向对象建模演进为多粒度时空对象模型,强调从多尺度、多粒度视角抽象现实,突破静态图层表达的局限。PSIS理论的提出更标志着GIS从以地图数据为核心的被动模式,转向以对象为核心的主动表达模式,大幅提升了复杂时空动态现象的分析与表达能力[15]
同时,面向对象思想也在时态地理信息系统(temporal geographic information system,TGIS)的发展中扮演了关键角色。对象化表达与双时态模型显著增强了时空管理与查询能力;衍生的事件导向理论拓展了建模方法,提高了GIS对复杂空间环境和事件动态过程的表达能力[16]
因此,对象不仅是空间要素的载体,更是认知机制的外在映射。现代地理建模系统已将对象视为现实世界的数字映射单元,不再依赖静态图层和传统要素分类,而是成为信息组织、知识表达和任务执行的核心结构。这一转变推动GIS从描述性地图工具,迈向支持空间思维和认知建模的智能系统[17]
在计算机图形处理与数据库技术快速演进的推动下,GIS建模范式于20世纪末由“图层−要素”向“对象−语义”转型。为解决传统图层模型在空间几何(geometry)与对象语义(feature semantics)刻画上的割裂,1988年提出的3层概念框架首次将“实体−属性−关系”抽象为总体概念层,并以“功能表示−实现格式”贯穿逻辑−物理两端,奠定统一的理论支点[18]。随后,研究界细化该雏形,提出“概念模型−空间数据模型−数据结构”3层:概念模型抽离地理现象特征并保持灵活性;空间数据模型以实体−关系集合离散化现实世界,并与概念层建立映射;数据结构承担存储与操作实现,关注效率与拓扑一致性,由此形成贯通认知与程序实现的闭合链路[19]。这一范式推动对象化GIS从试验走向工程化,实现流程化、标准化路径,成为发展史上的关键节点。
在此基础上,对象数据模型进入工程化成型阶段。1990年前后,多类型继承机制被引入,实现点、线、面的统一表达,并在模型层引入泛化−特殊化关系,为复杂几何提供系统化描述[20]。随后发展的“Feature−Object”体系,将几何拓扑关系与非拓扑语义关系并置于同一结构,提升了对地理要素几何形态与属性语义的协同表达,并为基于语义的检索与分析提供标准化接口。其后的“空间、时间、主题”三元模型进一步整合多种表达方式、跨尺度分析与异构数据管理,为海量数据的统一表达奠定基础[21]。至此,面向对象GIS形成了以“实体−关系−操作”为核心的模型体系,实现了从几何刻画到语义表达的跃升。
随着网络通信与分布式计算的兴起,对象模型维度进一步扩展,将时间演变与语义一致性纳入同一框架。为追踪对象的时态变化,模型在类内引入版本号与时间戳,以记录差异并支持时间检索;同时提出“概念−实体−特征”3层映射,先以抽象概念归类,再映射具体对象,最终绑定几何特征与属性,实现多源数据语义对齐[22]。2项改进推动对象空间建模由静态几何形态到整合时态与语义的动态对象模型,并确立了以对象为中心的统一表达范式,为后续复杂行为建模与空间分析提供可扩展基础。
在前一阶段积累基础上,GIS研究重心转向动态复杂对象的统一表达与建模。这一时期研究呈现跨学科交融与方法论整合特征,研究者从空间认知、抽象建模、空间建模语言和动态对象表达4个维度展开探索,形成了相互衔接的理论与技术成果。
在理论层面,研究普遍强调以空间认知为出发点,奠定了空间对象动态表达的认知基础。通过分析地理空间感知、对象认知以及符号化表达3个层次,构建了GIS对象动态特性的多维认知框架[23]:空间感知对应对象属性识别,空间认知涉及关系与结构的动态理解,符号空间提供实现路径。这一层次化结构推动空间建模由单一静态表达演化为兼顾动态变化和多重认知的复杂模式。
在此认知基础上,GIS抽象方法论得到深化。面向对象思想被分解为分析、设计和编程3个抽象层次,描绘了动态空间对象从概念抽象到功能设计再到模型实现的全过程,提高了表达精准性并促进理论与应用对接[24]
为实现统一表达,研究加强了对空间建模语言的探索。以统一建模语言(unified modeling language,UML)为基础,GIS发展出多种扩展方案[25]。通过构造型、标记值和约束机制精确表达拓扑关系、动态过程和语义约束,并进一步形成融合拓扑、语义和动态过程的整体数据模型,提出复合图层概念,以克服传统模型局限,提升对象表达能力。与此同时,一系列动态对象建模方法成熟。一类研究将对象与环境结合,将环境视为离散场;另一类关注对象生命周期,提出基于生命周期控制的建模框架;还有研究强调对象与过程融合,探讨GIS对象与代理过程模型(agent-based modeling,ABM)的耦合,提出核心关系以推动空间数据与过程模型融合[26-27]。此外,GIS开始引入数学理论促进统一建模。几何代数因其多维统一表达特性受到关注,通过多重向量结构与代数运算构建与坐标系无关的统一机制,实现复杂空间对象与动态行为的建模[28]
随着GIS理论与技术的持续发展,复杂现实世界的建模需求不断提升,推动GIS迈入以PSIS为核心的新阶段。该阶段以多粒度对象为建模单元,在认知表达、关系刻画与动态行为建模等方面取得突破,强化了地理世界的系统性表征。在此基础上,研究持续推进建模理念、表达机制及与新兴技术的融合,呈现出从“全空间”到“对象空间”,再到“数据−知识−模型”深度融合,并迈向“人工智能赋能的对象空间建模”的路径。
PSIS强调以具备生命周期、层级结构和行为特征的多粒度时空对象为核心,直接刻画地理实体的结构、行为与演化特征,构建符合地理认知的空间建模范式[29]。据此,研究提出多粒度时空对象模型,系统描述实体在时空参照、空间形态、属性特征、组成结构、行为演化等方面的多维信息,并发展构造、转换、关系演化与智能学习等机制,增强模型对复杂对象的表达能力。
随着研究深入,学界在多粒度组织、语义尺度转换与行为建模等方面取得突破。如“时空域”与版本表达机制统一了不同时空尺度下的对象组织与变化表达[30];语义−时间双尺度的属性表达方法提升了动态属性数据解析。在行为建模上,结合UML与可扩展标记语言 (extensible markup language, XML)实现了对象行为触发与响应机制的系统表达[31]
作为PSIS的延伸,对象空间建模突破了传统GIS以几何实体为核心的限制。对象除静态属性,更具备语义关系和行为反应能力,构成支持动态演化、语义建模与智能计算的框架[32]。近期研究中指出,以数据为中心的GIS已难以应对复杂地理问题,亟需构建以“数据为底、知识为桥、模型为器”的三元融合体系,强调多源数据、知识图谱与物理/认知模型的动态协同,以实现智能建模与高级认知表达[33-34]
近年来,人工智能推动GIS建模融合知识图谱、语义网络与大模型,向自主决策与自适应管理的方向发展。GeoGPT、ShapefileGPT等系统将语言模型与GIS结合,显著提升了空间数据处理自动化,体现了AI赋能建模语言的重要性[35-36]。未来,构建具备自主决策、语义推理与自适应特性的GIS建模语言体系将是关键方向。
城市建模作为GIS与建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)融合的重要方向,近年来逐渐引入结构化与语义化的建模思想。面向对象方法强调对象的语义、属性状态与关系,不再局限于几何表达,而是以对象化建模与结构组织为核心,成为三维城市建模、语义城市管理乃至数字孪生的重要技术路径。
在BIM与GIS集成中,面向对象建模为两者语义融合提供了解决方案。BIM关注构件级信息,GIS强调区域尺度,两者在尺度、粒度与逻辑上差异显著。面向对象思想通过将建筑物、道路、地块等抽象为统一对象,并建立继承与组合结构,促进了异构信息融合。例如,CityGML构建了多层级语义模型体系,部分研究则用本体方法实现BIM与GIS统一建模;对象化中间模型也被广泛用于数据映射和语义一致性管理,提升互操作性[3739]
“实景三维中国”作为国家新型基础设施建设的重要组成部分,正在成为新型城市建模体系的核心支撑。其以对象化建模为主线,建立了从概念、逻辑到物理的多层级模型体系,并融合语义封装与多粒度表达方法,实现了地理实体的真实、动态与全空间表达[40]。不同于传统要素分类模型,实景三维通过统一编码与语义结构描述实体位置、生命周期与关系网络,增强了模型的语义深度与理解能力。同时结合物联感知与智能建模,支撑数字孪生的动态建模与决策,为城市模型更新与推演奠定基础[41]
随着智慧城市的推进,对象空间建模逐步拓展至对动态过程表达,推动城市建模从静态几何向具备时序语义与行为逻辑的复杂系统演进。在交通流监测、能源管理与环境感知等场景中,研究者已将“事件”与“过程”建模为具有状态触发机制的动态对象,支持多维仿真与预测分析。例如,Kabir等[42]通过构建面向对象的能源系统模型,支持对城市能耗状态的动态监控与优化;Di等[43]基于AI驱动的交通数字孪生架构,将交通要素抽象为可感知与可预测的对象单元,提升了城市运行管理的时效性与智能化水平;Adreani等[44]在Snap4City平台中整合多源城市数据并构建可交互的三维语义模型,展示了面向对象建模在支撑实时数字孪生系统中的关键作用。
尽管该方法在异构数据融合、语义一致性建模与复杂行为表达方面具有优势,但仍面临模型复杂度、跨尺度语义协调与动态逻辑统一等挑战。随着人工智能与大模型语义理解能力的提升,面向对象建模正由结构化工具转向智能语义中介,有望成为智能城市建模核心,推动城市数字化表达由结构化迈向语义驱动与智能协同的新时代。
20世纪90年代以来,随着流域管理问题多因素耦合性与系统复杂性日益增强,OO思想被逐步引入该领域,以提升建模系统的结构清晰度、模块复用性与决策支持能力。早期研究主要关注其在水资源管理中的系统集成能力,例如将流域实体、建模网络与管理情景抽象为3类可协同组织的对象,为复杂水文系统的统一建模与多源决策提供了初步范式。同时,对象建模数据结构也被引入GIS平台中,用于表示流域系统中的空间对象与逻辑关系,实现了从物理结构到调度规则的一体化建模。
进入21世纪,OO方法在流域建模中由静态结构组织拓展到动态过程表达与反馈机制建构。一类基于系统动力学的研究提出“对象类+状态流转”的建模方法,构建可追踪的流域水文响应路径,为变量耦合与反馈调控提供通道。在平台工程化方面,Chlumsky等[45]开发的Raven水文建模框架系统化实现了水文过程模块封装、空间单元组合、过程替换与结构不确定性分析等功能,并配套工具RavenR以增强可编程性与流程控制。
近年来,该方法在复杂结构与动态过程建模中持续演进,尤其在流向表达、地貌建模与治理响应机制中表现突出。Zhao等[46]提出的对象化流向建模方法,通过描述河流与湖泊的拓扑连接与流量路径,显著提升了水系建模的可解释性与一致性。在国内应用中,“长江模拟器”以“基础物理单元−水文响应单元−治理单元”3层结构实现了水文、水资源与水生态过程的联合建模与策略推演,有效支撑了治理方案评估与综合决策[47]
总体来看,对象空间建模方法已由结构组织工具演进为多过程耦合、多源驱动与政策反馈的重要支撑。其粒度与表达能力不断增强,在应对流域系统复杂性与构建智能化决策体系中展现长期潜力。未来,随着数字孪生流域与语义网技术发展,其在知识、数据与模型融合的智能建模体系中将更具关键作用。
近年来,滑坡研究中“面向对象建模”已由单一的数据组织与表达方式,演化为兼具空间结构、动态行为表达与风险管理支持的综合建模方法。这一转变体现了滑坡表征方式从静态栅格到语义对象、从单时相观测到多时空关系建模的范式演进。
传统滑坡管理多依赖像素级或简化叠加分析,在表达滑坡体空间完整性、拓扑连续性及演化关系方面局限明显。而面向对象方法通过“滑坡单体−滑坡复合体−滑坡系统”的层次结构,支持空间形态、类型属性与历史等多维特征下的统一表达,尤其适用于滑坡时空行为复杂、数据多源、管理需求多层次的情境。其进一步强调空间关系、过程与治理机制的集成,使得滑坡建模逐渐具备认知与模拟能力。
在数据组织与管理方面,LOOM模型已发展为相对成熟的滑坡对象数据模型,支持层级关系与时间属性表达,为系统化管理奠定基础[48]。更重要的是,对象化的建模理念在空间推理与复合关系刻画中的拓展应用。例如,Sur等[49]在易发区识别中引入“Geon”模型,将对象单元定义为具有特定空间结构和风险特征的同质区,显著提升了敏感区划分精度与空间认知能力。
在要素自动提取与遥感识别方面,对象建模同样表现突出。毛正君等[50]利用无人机高分辨率影像,结合多尺度分割与规则构建,实现了承灾体的结构化提取,验证了对象化分类在复杂区域滑坡识别中的高效性与准确性。此类方法为滑坡监测自动化与建模奠定了对象级数据基础。
综合来看,滑坡建模正从图层式“对象化表达”,走向以空间认知与推理为核心的“空间建模”。这一演进不仅是方法提升,更是目标从真实表达转向预测、模拟与治理的转化。随着多源遥感、地形建模与机器学习的融合,对象空间建模正在形成集“数据结构−行为建模−推理支撑”于一体的综合方法体系,为滑坡灾害的智能化分析与动态管控提供支撑。
随着大模型在语言理解、图像生成、决策支持等通用智能任务中的卓越表现,空间信息科学正面临深刻的技术变革。与传统人工智能任务相比,地理空间问题具有高度空间性、复杂关联性与动态演化特征。因此,未来的对象空间建模需超越“是什么”的静态刻画,更加聚焦“为何如此”“将如何演变”以及“如何实现因果与语义推理”等关键问题。在此背景下,现有的建模体系亟需在建模逻辑、表达机制和语义能力等3个维度进行系统化重构,并在“全空间”背景下实现进一步拓展。
1) 从“描述”到“认知驱动”:构建面向地理空间智能的对象单元。
在几何位置与拓扑结构之外,对象单元需内嵌多维度的认知要素。其一,应当为对象定义明确的语义角色(如“源头”“缓冲区”),并结合功能机制刻画其在系统中的行为模式(如“扩散”“汇集”)。其二,可通过预置演化路径模板,描述对象在不同环境或事件触发下可能的状态迁移过程(如洪水情景中的“干涸−积水−漫溢”),并以结构化形式存储于大模型可读的知识库中(如知识图谱)。如此,模型既能“理解”对象的空间意义,又能“生成”符合预期的演化预测与决策建议,实现从空间认知到辅助决策的闭环支持。
2) 强化行为机制与语义推理:构建动态过程表达。
动态过程建模不仅应捕捉单一事件,还需组织多粒度、多类型事件链条,并在对象间建立因果逻辑。具体而言,可设计基于规则的事件触发机制(如当降雨量超过阈值且土壤湿度高时触发滑坡警报),并结合状态迁移图对对象全生命周期进行系统刻画。同时,引入时间标记与概率参数,对不确定性进行量化,从而支持大模型在推理中考虑多种演化路径及其置信度。通过这一系列结构化标注与推理模板,可形成兼具深度学习与符号推理的高质量训练数据与推理框架。
3) 统一中间表示与建模语言:打通多源系统融合。
面向对象的中间表示语言应兼具可读性与可执行性。其语法需兼容地理文本描述(如自然语言脚本)、矢量数据与知识图谱节点;其语义需支持几何操作(如缓冲、裁剪)、属性查询与事件调用。可在语义网标准的JSON格式或领域专用语言的基础上,构建标准化模式,形成统一的空间对象、关系与过程的词汇集,并通过插件机制对接主流GIS平台、图数据库与大模型接口。由此,不同系统间的数据转换与语义映射可实现自动化,为多模态数据融合与智能体协作奠定基础。
4) 迈向“全空间”的对象表达新范式。
对象空间建模的适用范围正从传统的地理空间拓展至“全空间”,涵盖网络空间、社交空间、数字孪生空间等新型空间形态。这一趋势标志着建模逻辑的根本转型:由基于空间坐标系的绝对空间建模,拓展至基于对象间关联的相对空间建模(图2)。在这些新型空间场景中,对象不再依赖明确的几何边界,而以关系属性、行为轨迹与互动机制为核心。这对建模提出“去几何化”的新要求,推动传统以坐标与图层为核心的模型体系,向以“逻辑关联+语义行为”为主导的新范式演进。
综上所述,在大模型驱动的地理空间智能新时代,传统对象空间建模亟需完成由“表达空间”向“理解空间”的范式转型。应以认知导向的结构设计、动态行为逻辑、UML与全空间拓展为核心,构建面向下一代地理大模型的对象空间建模理论。这不仅是GIS学科演进的必然方向,也是支撑空间智能体与地理大模型落地应用的关键基石。
当前主流大模型(如GPT、DeepSeek等)在语言理解与图像生成方面展现出强大能力,但在地理空间认知上仍存在局限:其一,缺乏对空间实体的结构化理解;其二,难以对拓扑、邻接、覆盖等复杂空间关系进行逻辑建模;其三,动态地理过程的推理与表达能力不足;其四,底层语义空间中缺乏“空间即结构化对象”的认知框架。这种语义与空间信息的“脱耦”制约了大模型在地理认知、空间分析与复杂环境感知等场景中的拓展。为此,本研究提出可借鉴对象空间建模思想,从以下4个方面赋能大模型“地理空间智能”。
1) 构建结构化空间语义嵌入体系。
在语义空间中实现对地理实体的深度理解,需要将空间对象作为统一的认知单元,并通过多源数据融合与多尺度编码形成多维语义表征。具体而言,可结合遥感影像、矢量要素与文本标签等多模态数据,利用融合网络或图神经网络提取对象的几何形态、属性状态、环境语境与功能行为等信息,并在同一嵌入空间中实现对齐。在此基础上,通过构建层次化空间结构(如局部与全局要素的多尺度叠加)及时空演化路径编码,不仅提升模型对复杂拓扑关系的感知能力,还能捕捉对象在不同情境下的动态变化特征。
2) 发展空间关系的可计算表达逻辑。
要赋予大模型严谨的空间推理能力,必须将常见空间关系形式化为可执行的计算模块。其一,可借鉴“几何代数统一表达”方法,将相交、包含、相接等拓扑关系抽象为标准化算子;其二,通过引入多时间/语义尺度标记机制,将距离、方向等度量信息转化为具备层级意义的结构标签,从而支持模型在邻接判断、方向识别与阈值推理中的上下文推演;其三,将空间事件建模为因果节点,通过规则触发与边权表示因果强度,构建事件链与因果网络,以实现多节点、多阶段的逻辑建模与因果推断。
3) 构建面向任务的图谱化空间认知框架。
针对影像分析、灾害响应、城市运行监测等典型场景,应建立集空间对象关系图、情境知识图谱与操作指令链于一体的认知框架。空间对象关系图通过影响—依赖网络刻画实体间的功能关联;情境知识图谱以三元组形式组织地理知识、历史事件与规则参数;操作指令链则将选址分析、缓冲裁剪、叠置分析等操作流程化、标准化,从而支持大模型逐步解析与执行任务。GeoGPT、ShapefileGPT等系统在多主体协同与动态任务分解方面的探索,为该框架的构建提供了有益借鉴。
4) 植入“空间即结构化对象”的底层认知逻辑。
要使大模型真正具备地理空间智能,必须在底层语义架构中融入“空间即结构化对象”的认知理念。可通过设计面向对象的中间表示语言,将空间实体、关系与过程抽象为可序列化的数据结构,并在模型预训练或微调阶段引入带有空间结构标签的语料与图谱,使模型在内在表征中同步学习空间语义。同时,通过构建“language−to−model”与“model−to−reasoning”双向映射机制,使大模型既能从文本或脚本中自动生成空间对象,也能将推理结果以结构化格式输出,为下游可视化与进一步处理提供规范接口。通过这一系列底层设计,模型可实现从空间感知到空间认知,再到空间生成与决策的全流程闭环。
通过上述4方面的发展,未来大模型系统将突破仅限于文本与图像处理的局限,在原生语义空间中具备“地理空间智能”。借助面向对象的空间表达体系,大模型不仅能够感知空间世界,更能理解空间关系、推理空间行为并执行复杂空间任务,进而成长为真正“懂地理”的智能体。
本研究揭示了对象空间建模在GIS领域中的关键价值与演进趋势。研究表明,该方法已突破传统几何结构的单一表达,扩展至语义组织、动态过程与行为建模,为GIS由静态描述向复杂系统建模的范式转型提供支撑。在城市建模、流域管理与滑坡研究等典型应用中,对象空间建模展现出较强的表达能力与适应性,成为推动空间建模智能化转型的重要路径。此外,面向对象思想在交通网络、军事仿真与社会系统中也表现出显著的通用性与扩展潜力。例如,道路与车辆等要素可被建构为运行单元,实现对交通状态的动态监测与调度优化;作战平台与应急响应系统可作为交互对象支撑复杂态势的模拟;社会网络中的个体与事件关系亦可通过对象化方式进行时空建模,结合智能算法支持传播路径与行为模式推演。上述拓展应用进一步验证了对象空间建模作为复杂系统认知与推理框架的广泛适应性与未来价值。
进一步的分析表明,当前建模体系在应对大模型语义理解与空间推理任务时仍存在挑战,主要体现在结构化认知能力不足、动态语义表达受限以及复杂关系建模困难。为突破瓶颈,亟需以认知驱动的建模理念重构建模体系,推动语义组织方式由静态结构向演化过程过渡,并融合多模态数据构建统一的空间语义中间表示。
综上所述,本研究认为,面向对象的空间建模机制不仅为地理大模型的构建提供了结构化语义基础,也为实现“地理空间智能”打开了关键入口。其在空间语义嵌入、可计算空间关系建模及任务导向图谱表达等方面的拓展,预示着从“语言智能”迈向“地理空间智能”的路径正日益清晰。对象空间建模将作为连接地理知识与智能推理的核心桥梁,为下一代地理大模型的理论创新与技术突破提供支撑。
致谢:感谢“坤元”地理科学大模型团队对本论文资料整理工作的贡献与支持。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB740200)
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2025年第43卷第18期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00038
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
  • 修回日期:2025-06-19
  • 录用日期:2025-09-05
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中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB740200)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所地理信息科学与技术全国重点实验室,北京 100101
    2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3. 信息工程大学地理空间信息学院,郑州 450052
    4. 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广州 511458
    5. 北京市遥感信息研究所,北京 100192

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李忠美(通信作者),博士,研究方向为遥感图像处理,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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