Article(id=1273334848451236107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=1764777600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781516285287, onlineDateStr=2026-06-15, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781516285287, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781516285287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781516285287, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1273334825638420729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781516279847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781519137123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=127, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1273334848803557645, articleId=1273334848451236107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Analyses and outlook of microgravity combustion research onboard space station, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microgravity environment eliminates the influence of buoyancy−driven convection, revealing the intrinsic characteristics and underlying mechanisms of combustion phenomena. Since the mid−20th century, when the microgravity droplet combustion model was first proposed, NASA leveraging drop tower experimental facilities, Space Shuttle experiments, and international collaboration has driven transformative advancements in fundamental combustion science through droplet, gas, and solid combustion experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS). For instance, ISS experiments first observed droplet cool flames, confirming the sustainability of low−temperature oxidation pathways. Studies on the transition mechanisms of laminar jet flames to turbulence and the formation mechanisms of soot shells have provided new perspectives for optimizing terrestrial combustion technologies. Additionally, data on flame extinction limits and material flammability tests from the ISS have necessitated fundamental revisions to spacecraft fire safety standards. The Combustion Science Rack aboard the Chinese Space Station (operational since 2022) has planned experiments in areas such as near−limit and fundamental combustion research, material ignition properties and fire protection under microgravity, and important mechanisms of combustion applications. However, gaps remain in validating fundamental theories, diversifying experimental equipment, and deepening international collaboration. Moving forward, China must integrate drop tower experiments, space−based platforms, and interdisciplinary research to further embrace cutting−edge microgravity combustion challenges, supporting both spacecraft fire safety and energy innovation on Earth.

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微重力燃烧研究通过消除浮力对流的影响,揭示了燃烧现象的本征特性与深层机理。自20世纪中叶微重力液滴燃烧模型提出以来,美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)以落塔实验设施的牵引,搭配航天飞机实验及多国合作,使国际空间站(International Space Station,ISS)的液滴、气体与固体燃烧实验推动了基础燃烧科学的跨越式发展。例如,ISS实验首次观测到液滴冷火焰现象,验证了低温氧化路径的可持续性;层流射流火焰的湍流转捩机制、碳烟壳形成机理等研究为地面燃烧技术优化提供了新视角。此外,空间站的火焰熄灭极限、材料可燃性测试数据对航天器防火安全标准提出了根本性修正需求。中国空间站的燃烧科学实验柜(2022年启用)在近可燃极限和基础燃烧研究、微重力下材料着火特性和防护研究、重要应用燃烧机理及转化研究等领域布局实验。然而,中国在基础理论验证、实验装备多样性及国际合作深度上仍存差距。未来需结合落塔实验、天基平台及多学科交叉研究,进一步聚焦微重力燃烧前沿问题,服务载人航天安全与地面能源创新。

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刘有晟,副教授,研究方向为空间和地基微重力燃烧实验与理论建模,电子信箱:

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Flame spread over solid materials under reduced buoyancy/gravity[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2025, 111: 101251., articleTitle=Flame spread over solid materials under reduced buoyancy/gravity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1273334871368913330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334848451236107, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[98], rfOrder=97, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国载人航天工程办公室. 空间站应用与发展工程空间科学与应用项目指南(V1.0)[EB/OL]. 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figureFileSmall=RIF3tkvPs3lzqZtNrka7yw==, figureFileBig=OEUHgYmswFssShBr0sKDZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1273334861281612109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334848451236107, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年度/年累计项目负责人
数/人
累计资助学生
数/人
年度资助预算/
百万美元
1993196329179.3
1994243434188.0
1995290534163.5
1996358780159.0
1997329748105.3
), ArticleFig(id=1273334861365498190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334848451236107, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1993—1997年度NASA支持的微重力实验项目情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年度/年累计项目负责人
数/人
累计资助学生
数/人
年度资助预算/
百万美元
1993196329179.3
1994243434188.0
1995290534163.5
1996358780159.0
1997329748105.3
), ArticleFig(id=1273334861436801359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334848451236107, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指南领域装置名称用途ISS
注:√表示ISS有类似装置,×表示ISS无类似装置。
近可燃极限和
基础燃烧研究
气体实验插件(在轨) 实现燃烧器类型的预混、扩散、部分预混火焰,用于研究火焰动力学、碳烟生成、层流/湍流火焰结构
高压实验插件 支撑近极限预混气体的火焰传播实验(点火后达到2~3倍初始环境气体压力)×
湍流火焰面三维重构模块 近极限/弱湍流区的三维火焰面失稳动态分析×
红外光诊断模块 近极限燃烧中间产物证据×
高能燃料实验模块 在2个标准载荷单元(standard payload unit,SPU)的空间中,以密封腔体实验的形式实现高能燃料的燃烧实验×
微重力下材料着火
特性和防护研究
固体实验插件 用于典型航天器材料在不同环境气氛的着火、火蔓延和熄火研究
重要应用燃烧机理
及转化研究
液体实验插件 用于研究雾化、液滴及液滴群燃烧特性(低于3×105 Pa)
固体实验插件 用于研究固体动力燃料和含能燃料的微重力燃烧现象(低于3×105 Pa)
高压实验插件 用于补充液体和固体燃料的高压实验(高于3×105 Pa)×
高温高压实验插件 用于补充液体和固体燃料的高温自引燃实验(环境温度约1000 K,压力可高于3×105 Pa)×
多场耦合燃烧实验插件 用于进行包括等离子体、磁场、声场、电场等多场与火焰耦合的实验×
), ArticleFig(id=1273334861503910224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334848451236107, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国空间站燃烧科学实验装置规划情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指南领域装置名称用途ISS
注:√表示ISS有类似装置,×表示ISS无类似装置。
近可燃极限和
基础燃烧研究
气体实验插件(在轨) 实现燃烧器类型的预混、扩散、部分预混火焰,用于研究火焰动力学、碳烟生成、层流/湍流火焰结构
高压实验插件 支撑近极限预混气体的火焰传播实验(点火后达到2~3倍初始环境气体压力)×
湍流火焰面三维重构模块 近极限/弱湍流区的三维火焰面失稳动态分析×
红外光诊断模块 近极限燃烧中间产物证据×
高能燃料实验模块 在2个标准载荷单元(standard payload unit,SPU)的空间中,以密封腔体实验的形式实现高能燃料的燃烧实验×
微重力下材料着火
特性和防护研究
固体实验插件 用于典型航天器材料在不同环境气氛的着火、火蔓延和熄火研究
重要应用燃烧机理
及转化研究
液体实验插件 用于研究雾化、液滴及液滴群燃烧特性(低于3×105 Pa)
固体实验插件 用于研究固体动力燃料和含能燃料的微重力燃烧现象(低于3×105 Pa)
高压实验插件 用于补充液体和固体燃料的高压实验(高于3×105 Pa)×
高温高压实验插件 用于补充液体和固体燃料的高温自引燃实验(环境温度约1000 K,压力可高于3×105 Pa)×
多场耦合燃烧实验插件 用于进行包括等离子体、磁场、声场、电场等多场与火焰耦合的实验×
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空间站微重力燃烧研究分析与展望
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刘有晟 1, 2, 3
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(10): 127-142
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(10): 127-142
空间站微重力燃烧研究分析与展望
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刘有晟1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1清华大学燃烧能源中心,北京 100084
  • 2清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
  • 3清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 刘有晟,副教授,研究方向为空间和地基微重力燃烧实验与理论建模,电子信箱:

Analyses and outlook of microgravity combustion research onboard space station
Yu Cheng LIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00025
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微重力燃烧研究通过消除浮力对流的影响,揭示了燃烧现象的本征特性与深层机理。自20世纪中叶微重力液滴燃烧模型提出以来,美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)以落塔实验设施的牵引,搭配航天飞机实验及多国合作,使国际空间站(International Space Station,ISS)的液滴、气体与固体燃烧实验推动了基础燃烧科学的跨越式发展。例如,ISS实验首次观测到液滴冷火焰现象,验证了低温氧化路径的可持续性;层流射流火焰的湍流转捩机制、碳烟壳形成机理等研究为地面燃烧技术优化提供了新视角。此外,空间站的火焰熄灭极限、材料可燃性测试数据对航天器防火安全标准提出了根本性修正需求。中国空间站的燃烧科学实验柜(2022年启用)在近可燃极限和基础燃烧研究、微重力下材料着火特性和防护研究、重要应用燃烧机理及转化研究等领域布局实验。然而,中国在基础理论验证、实验装备多样性及国际合作深度上仍存差距。未来需结合落塔实验、天基平台及多学科交叉研究,进一步聚焦微重力燃烧前沿问题,服务载人航天安全与地面能源创新。

空间站  /  微重力燃烧  /  液滴燃烧  /  火焰动力学  /  载人航天防火

Microgravity environment eliminates the influence of buoyancy−driven convection, revealing the intrinsic characteristics and underlying mechanisms of combustion phenomena. Since the mid−20th century, when the microgravity droplet combustion model was first proposed, NASA leveraging drop tower experimental facilities, Space Shuttle experiments, and international collaboration has driven transformative advancements in fundamental combustion science through droplet, gas, and solid combustion experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS). For instance, ISS experiments first observed droplet cool flames, confirming the sustainability of low−temperature oxidation pathways. Studies on the transition mechanisms of laminar jet flames to turbulence and the formation mechanisms of soot shells have provided new perspectives for optimizing terrestrial combustion technologies. Additionally, data on flame extinction limits and material flammability tests from the ISS have necessitated fundamental revisions to spacecraft fire safety standards. The Combustion Science Rack aboard the Chinese Space Station (operational since 2022) has planned experiments in areas such as near−limit and fundamental combustion research, material ignition properties and fire protection under microgravity, and important mechanisms of combustion applications. However, gaps remain in validating fundamental theories, diversifying experimental equipment, and deepening international collaboration. Moving forward, China must integrate drop tower experiments, space−based platforms, and interdisciplinary research to further embrace cutting−edge microgravity combustion challenges, supporting both spacecraft fire safety and energy innovation on Earth.

space station  /  microgravity combustion  /  droplet burning  /  flame dynamics  /  manned spacecraft fire safety
刘有晟. 空间站微重力燃烧研究分析与展望. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (10) : 127 -142 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00025
Yu Cheng LIU. Analyses and outlook of microgravity combustion research onboard space station[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (10) : 127 -142 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00025
随着2022年梦天实验舱的燃烧科学实验柜发射成功,中国空间微重力燃烧科学实验迎来前所未有的机遇。在各类空间科学实验中,由于燃烧的剧烈放热形成与环境之间较大的温度梯度,导致燃烧现象具有高度的浮力敏感特性,突显了在微重力环境中进行研究的特殊性。当前,国内外微重力燃烧的相关研究主要聚焦对燃烧本征特性更深入的探索,服务于面向空间站、地外基地等场景的载人航天防火预测和规范,同时通过燃烧基础研究的深化,服务于地面能源动力系统燃烧模式的创新与探索。中国空间站预计在轨运行15年,站内的微重力燃烧实验平台吸引了广大燃烧研究者关注,研究人员提供了宝贵的实验装置建议与立项想法,并参与了空间站燃烧科学实验的长期规划,在国际空间站已进行诸多燃烧科学实验的同时,有望打破国际空间燃烧实验研究合作的封锁,为中国微重力燃烧科学研究提供源源不断的创新能力及国际竞争优势。
通过深入剖析美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)主导国际空间站燃烧研究的具体规划,并结合燃烧科学中的重要问题以及空间实验的必要性,分析NASA和国际各国在国际空间站建成前后的燃烧科学实验部署模式,以及国际空间站燃烧科学实验的成功案例。最后回顾中国空间站燃烧科学实验领域当前的规划和发展方向,并提供一些分析建议。
20世纪50年代,研究人员开始以数值方式求解反应流问题。当时的多相反应流模型中,液滴燃烧模型可用于求解被球对称火焰包围的液滴蒸发速率,形成一个可用于喷雾燃烧数值仿真的经典一维多相燃烧模型[12]。Godsave[1]于1953年对此模型进行验证实验发现,液滴火焰由于强浮力效应表现出尖锐的火焰尖端,显然违反了“球对称一维系统”的模型假设。为对比液滴燃烧速率的实验观测和理论计算值,需引入努塞尔数对浮力效应进行补偿。正是此类实验中对消除液滴火焰浮力对流的需求,促成了人类历史上第一个地面微重力燃烧实验的设计。20世纪50年代后期,东京大学Kumagai等[3]为验证一维液滴燃烧模型,进行了首次微重力实验。随后,Isoda等[4]利用流线型的木制胶囊来降低自由落体实验的风阻,使液滴火焰首次变得球对称,并能够与理论模型预测的液滴蒸发速率进行直接对比。图1[34]为Kumagai等进行的系列微重力燃烧实验设计与火焰图像。
NASA最早的微重力研究课题之一源于低重力下推进剂罐中液体分布不受控制的问题。为验证土星S−IVB火箭中液氢管理系统的设计,NASA刘易斯研究中心(Lewis Research Center,LeRC)的2.2 s落塔于20世纪60年代初投入使用[5]。LeRC的5.18 s零重力设施建于1964年[6]。同时,在苏联和美国之间的太空竞赛中使用飞机飞行抛物线(或开普勒轨迹)产生失重环境,在20世纪50年代后期被用于人类适应训练,为水星计划进行前期准备(1958—1963年)。1960—1964年,LeRC使用了3架舰载重型轰炸机(北美AJ−2)[7]研究液体推进剂在失重环境下的行为。自1967年阿波罗1号事故以来,太空任务中的防火安全和防护问题愈发凸显,NASA微重力燃烧研究计划因此受到高度重视。NASA开始使用自由落体设施和抛物线飞机研究航天器材料的可燃性、太空舱内火势的增长、灭火和火灾探测方法,这些开创性的研究为1968—1972年阿波罗任务的成功奠定了基础。
由于阿波罗18至20号任务的取消,3枚土星五号火箭被用于支持1973—1979年天空实验室(Skylab)项目。Skylab搭载了“M479−零重力可燃性”[8]项目实验装置,此项目主要研究材料表面的火焰传播、相邻材料间的着火、自熄灭、真空和喷水灭火等问题。与此同时,LeRC的自由落体设施开始用于支持各类燃烧现象的地面微重力研究[9],从对层流扩散火焰的重力效应、预混火焰传播、液池和单个液滴的燃烧等基本研究,到烟雾和火灾探测、有害热解化合物等应用。其中许多实验均为空间实验室(Spacelab)的燃烧科学实验奠定基础。
自1981年以来,美国使用航天飞机完成一系列太空科学实验任务,包括空间实验室(Spacelab,1983—1998年)、航天飞机和平号空间站计划(Shuttle−Mir Program,1994—1998年)和国际空间站(International Space Station,ISS,1998—2011年)的建设。Spacelab计划由欧洲空间研究组织(European Space Research Organization,ESRO),现为欧洲航天局(European Space Agency,ESA),与NASA密切合作。燃烧科学实验方面,1992年在哥伦比亚号航天飞机(STS−50)上的美国微重力实验室1号(U.S. Microgravity Laboratory−1,USML−1)手套箱设施(GBX)中进行了蜡烛火焰、绝缘导线和泡沫材料的初步阴燃燃烧实验[1011]。1995年和1996年在STS−69和STS−77航天飞机上进行了微重力阴燃燃烧(microgravity smoldering combustion,MSC)实验[12]。作为USML−2的一部分,纤维支撑液滴燃烧实验(fiber supported droplet combustion−1,FSDC−1)[13]于1995年在STS−73上进行。FSDC−2[14]和液滴燃烧实验(droplet combustion experiment,DCE)[1516]作为自由漂浮液滴燃烧实验,是STS−83和STS−94(STS−83的重飞)于1997年所携带的微重力科学实验室1号(Microgravity Science Laboratory−1,MSL−1)的一部分。STS−83和STS−94进行了低刘易斯数火焰球结构(structure of flame balls at Low Lewis−number,SOFBALL)[17]实验。在STS−107[18]上,燃烧模块2(combustion module−2,CM−2)包含低刘易斯数的火球结构实验(SOFBALL)、层流碳烟过程(laminar soot processes,LSP)和水雾灭火(water mist fire suppression experiment,MIST)的实验。这些记录表明,美国当时已对固体材料、液滴和预混气体燃烧进行了充分的地面和空间实验。图2[16,18]为航天飞机时代微重力燃烧实验的精选照片。使用手套箱进行更简单的实验和自由浮动加纤维支持的液滴燃烧实验后来成为第一批国际空间站燃烧实验的关键方法。在俄罗斯和平号空间站上,还在和平号手套箱(MirGBX)[19]中进行了3项燃烧实验,例如用于薄纤维素板和电加热聚乙烯圆筒的强制流火焰蔓延测试(forced flow flame spreading test,FFFT)、用于纸筒的逆流火焰蔓延(opposed flow flame spread,OFFS)和微重力下的蜡烛火焰(candle flames in microgravity,CFM)。
回顾20世纪90年代的微重力燃烧科学实验,在数量和质量方面都代表了世界微重力燃烧研究的第一次巨大飞跃。1995年,NASA报道了世界上第1个在探空火箭中的液池火焰传播实验(spread across liquid,SAL)[20]。NASA为了解国际研究趋势,主动邀请欧洲和日本等微重力燃烧研究主力团队进行设施设计与研究思路交流。据NASA的官方文件记载,欧洲和日本当时已开始使用落塔和抛物线飞行进行微重力实验[2122]。NASA的KC−135飞机在1986—1988年开始被欧洲科研人员用于微重力研究。自1989年以来,法国国家空间研究中心(Centre National d'études Spatiales,CNES)Caravelle抛物线飞机一直用于燃烧实验。1990年建造的德国不莱梅落塔(ZARM−Bremen Drop Tower)极大地促进了欧洲的微重力燃烧研究以及他们与日本研究人员的合作,欧洲研究人员还使用位于西班牙国家太空科技研究所(Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aerospacial,INTA)的2 s落塔进行了燃烧实验。
探空火箭项目“TEXUS”自1990年以来一直支持欧洲的微重力燃烧研究。1990年,ESA提出的“燃烧中的重力依赖现象”(gravity dependent phenomena in combustion)研究计划旨在研究火焰在液体或固体表面上的蔓延、预混气中的可燃性极限、液滴燃烧和激光诊断[21]。日本研究人员从单个液滴扩展到液滴阵列、煤颗粒的火焰传播、火势在纸蜂窝上蔓延[22]。直至1993年,日本大约有6个小型落塔(高5~20 m)。1991年,日本微重力中心(Japan Microgravity Center,JAMIC)的10 s落井设施在北海道砂川市开始运行,无疑为该国的地基微重力燃烧研究创造了巨大的优势。1995年,日本岐阜县土岐市启用了可实现4.5 s自由落体的微重力实验室(microgravity laboratory,MGLAB)。同期,日本还规划进行MU−300抛物线飞行和探空火箭进行燃烧实验。自1994年以来,NASA一直将DC−9飞机用于微重力实验[7]。当时,由于微重力燃烧研究的主要参与者来自美国、日本和法国的研究团队。基于这些国家微重力科学实验基础设施的多样化,这些国家的微重力燃烧研究在多个方向取得重要的成果。
NASA在1999年微重力燃烧研究报告[23]中指出,微重力燃烧研究的首要目标是利用空间环境扩展科学知识的边界,相关技术将用于促进商业航天与共享人类空间探索的知识与技术,提高地球居民的生活品质,研究成果可用于提高燃烧系统的效率、降低污染物排放,并通过只能从微重力环境得到的实验结论降低火灾风险,为航天器和地外定居所需的工程材料可燃特性发展测试方法,并形成数据库。相应规划在以下3个方向重点投入:(1) 燃烧学基础研究;(2) 航天器火灾及其他应用;(3) 空间站燃烧实验通用测量与诊断。其中,燃烧学基础研究包括以下方向:① 预混气体燃烧;② 非预混气体燃烧;③ 液滴与颗粒物燃烧;④ 喷雾与气溶胶燃烧;⑤ 碳烟过程;⑥ 液体与固体表面燃烧;⑦ 着火;⑧ 金属燃烧;⑨ 燃烧合成。由于支持了燃烧领域广泛的研究,其中不少项目为论证真正适合空间站实验的研究方向提供重要的前期实验支撑。在火灾及其他应用方面,对以下方向进行了资助:① 航天器防火安全(包括航天器火灾事故评估、风险评估、材料可燃性测试、烟雾探测和灭火等);② 未来地外任务的燃烧过程及火灾安全(尤其重视月球和火星相关的弱重力燃烧实验和理论发展);③ 飞机及地表火灾安全(关注航天和航空火灾事故的共性问题以及相互借鉴的标准与技术);④ 商业化及技术转化(成立空间燃烧商业应用中心,联合NASA、学术界和工业界合作伙伴,对燃烧合成、传感器、空间高温炉、催化燃烧器和细水雾灭火等领域进行资助)。通用测量与诊断方面,用于资助与国际空间站直接相关的燃烧科学或火灾安全相关技术开发,包括速度场测量方法(粒子图像测速法、激光多普勒测速法)、密度场测量方法(纹影法、干涉法)、温度测量方法(细丝测温法、热电偶法、激光诱导荧光法、红外相机测温)、化学组分测量(激光吸收光谱法、OH、CH、H2O和CO2等燃烧产物的窄带滤波成像、微型傅里叶光谱仪、气相色谱仪、光纤与传感器、各类气体传感器等)、碳烟测量(消光法、激光诱导白炽光法、穿透电子显微镜)等。以上资助规划形成了从燃烧基础科学、空间应用到地面技术转化的全链路布局,并为国际空间站燃烧科学实验的装置论证和研制打下良好基础。
此报告[23]中提到了NASA在1999年以前,已经资助了微重力燃烧相关的13项飞行验证研究、58项地面微重力研究、6个飞行任务,以及多个与日本和俄罗斯空间站的国际合作项目。这些规划为国际空间站的燃烧科学实验装置提供全面的支撑。表1展示了NASA在1993—1997年支持的国内微重力科学项目情况,包括对于学生的奖学金支持。在各领域的微重力科学实验中,燃烧领域的总预算约占24%,为所有领域最高的资助比例。结合表1[23]中1994年的年度预算总额进行概算,微重力燃烧领域当年的年度经费预算高达4.5亿美元。如此巨额的投资,使美国在国际空间站开始实验之前,微重力燃烧研究的成果在全世界范围内占绝对主导地位(图3)。由于空间微重力实验从立项到实施的周期较长,NASA早年通过科学实验项目资助培养的学生,在国际空间站长周期的运行安排中可持续支撑相关领域人才队伍的建设。
NASA在1990—2004年共组织了7次国际微重力燃烧论坛(International Microgravity Combustion Workshop),汇聚了全球微重力燃烧研究的核心团队,为国际空间站微重力燃烧实验项目的国际合作奠定了坚实基础,有效提升了美国研究人员对微重力燃烧研究的国际视野和前瞻性[2429],该时代催生的微重力燃烧综述文章包括Law等(1994)[30]、Kono等(1996)[31]和Ronney(1998)[32]。之后,Freidman等(2013)[9]、Rojas−Alva等(2022)[33]也对微重力燃烧实验研究进行了较全面的总结。
国际空间站自1998年开始建造,随着2008年燃烧集成柜(combustion integrated rack,CIR)和多用户液滴燃烧装置(multi−user droplet combustion apparatus,MDCA)的成功发射,国际空间站上的微重力燃烧实验开始展现活力。2009—2013年,使用CIR内的MDCA实施了用于单液滴燃烧的灭火(flame extinguishment,FLEX和FLEX−2)项目,这是ISS的第一个系列燃烧实验[34]。研究的液态燃料包括甲醇、正庚烷、正辛烷、正癸烷、异辛烷、丙苯等单组分燃料,也包括正庚烷/异辛烷和正癸烷/丙苯等双组分混合物,分别作为汽油和航空煤油的简单表征燃料。环境包括标准和高压空气(最高3 atm,1 atm=101.325 kPa)、CO2和He。MDCA的主要实验技术来自于航天飞机时代DCE和FSDC项目的充分验证。利用MDCA的单纤维细丝支撑液滴的功能,在2013—2015年期间支持了FLEX−2J(与JAXA合作)项目,研究了一维液滴阵列的火焰蔓延和相应的液滴运动。2013年,FLEX意大利燃烧实验−绿色空气(FLEX−IGE−GA)项目研究了生物燃料(正庚烷/乙醇和正癸烷/正己醇)单液滴的燃烧行为。基于FLEX和FLEX−2的液滴冷焰实验证据,美国和俄罗斯合作实施了冷火焰研究(cool flame investigation,CFI)的延续项目。
2010年,ISS上的微重力科学手套箱(microgravity science glovebox,MSG)使用航天飞机时代LSP实验项目的类似设计进行简单燃烧实验。MSG的第一个燃烧实验是2010年启动的同流火焰烟点实验(smoke point in co−flow experiment,SPICE)和燃烧结构与升举实验(structure & liftoff in combustion experiment,SLICE)。MSG自2011年以来用于固体燃烧和抑制(burning and suppression of solids,BASS)项目。该项目使用SPICE装置的现有资源,并用于验证使用NASA−STD−6001测试#1方法[35]进行材料可燃性测试的有效性。子项目包括BASS−II和BASS−M(Milliken),它们将研究范围扩展到材料和纺织品样品的点火、火焰稳定和尾流火焰等问题。这些研究的结果证实,材料在常重力环境下就算通过了NASA−STD−6001可燃性测试,在微重力下这些材料仍可能发生着火和火蔓延。此问题挑战了NASA现有标准和国际标准[3637]对空间环境的材料可燃性评估正确性。由于实验安全的限制,在ISS实验舱内进行燃烧实验的材料只有名片般大小。自2016年以来,天鹅座货运飞船(Cygnus Cargo)离开国际空间站后进行了一系列大规模材料燃烧实验,如航天器火灾安全演示(spacecraft fire safety demonstration,Saffire)项目。进行燃烧实验的材料尺寸为0.5~1.0 m,为较大尺寸材料获取了在地基和空间站舱段难以获得的微重力燃烧实验数据。
2008年左右,日本JAXA通过STS−123、124和127航天飞机发射Kibo模块(Kibo在日语中意为“希望”)。该模块在轨连接到国际空间站和谐号模块的接口之一。Kibo模块中包含了许多以日本科学家为主设计的微重力科学实验,其中燃烧实验装置包括固体燃烧实验模块(solid combustion experiment module,SCEM)和群燃烧实验模块(group combustion experiment module,GCEM)安装在加压舱模块(pressurized module,PM)的多用途小型有效载荷机架(multi−purpose small payload rack,MSPR)中。2017年相关研究人员首次使用GCEM在二维阵列上生成了97个随机分布的液滴[38],用于研究液滴群的火焰蔓延。SCEM设备通过旋转平台进行低压、高氧浓度和部分重力的材料和导线燃烧实验,可用于模拟月球和火星任务的低重力环境。自2022年起,JAXA、NASA和ESA通过国际合作在SCEM中执行了低重力可燃性极限实验(flammability limits at reduced−g experiment,FLARE)项目。Kibo模块原计划于2025年(后推迟)进行针对全面燃烧极限理论的对冲火焰实验(counterflow flame experiments towards comprehensive combustion limit theory)。这些项目中使用的许多实验方法已在落塔和抛物线飞行实验中得到充分验证。
2017—2020年,国际空间站的CIR内进行了燃烧前沿项目的系列研究(advanced combustion via microgravity experiments,ACME)。根据该项目,研究主题包括同流层流扩散火焰(coflow laminar diffusion flame,CLD Flame)、燃烧速率仿真器(burning rate emulator,BRE)、层流扩散火焰的电场效应(electric−field effects on laminar diffusion flames,E−FIELD Flames)、火焰设计(flame design)以及球形扩散火焰的结构和响应(structure and response of spherical flame,s−Flame)。这些实验揭示了在落塔实验中无法达到气体射流火焰准稳态的现象,揭示了气态层流火焰的熄灭极限、临界火焰离子流和气态稳态冷火焰等。
自2021年以来,国际空间站的CIR已开始用于固体燃料点火和熄灭(solid fuel ignition and extinction,SoFIE)实验,通过以下5个子项目研究和降低使用NASA−STD−6001标准的空间站火灾风险:(1) 生长和灭绝极限(growth and extinction limit,GEL);(2) 材料点火和抑制试验(material ignition and suppression Test,MIST);(3) 窄通道装置(narrow channel apparatus,NCA);(4) 停留时间驱动的火焰蔓延(residence time driven flame spread,RTDFS);(5) 航天器材料的微重力可燃性研究(spacecraft materials microgravity research on flammability,SMμRF)。图4总结了国际空间站通过CIR、MSG、天鹅座货运飞船以及日本的Kibo模组进行的燃烧科学实验研究。
除了在国际空间站上的活动外,2000年后,国际上许多团队进一步推动了燃烧中的微重力和弱重力实验研究。新建的自由落体设施包括2004年日本北海道大学的COSMOTORRE(3.0 s)[39]、2007年澳大利亚昆士兰科技大学的落塔(2.0 s)[40]、2010年美国普渡大学的落塔(2.0 s)[41]、2010年美国波特兰州立大学的Dryden落塔(2.1 s)[42]、2018年印度国家燃烧研究与发展中心的落塔(2.5 s)[43]、2019年清华大学燃烧能源中心的自由落体设施(2.2 s)[44]。一般自由落体实验台的微重力水平可以通过真空或风阻舱提升,Könemann等[45]为德国不莱梅落塔系统提出了一个新型设施概念,该概念在落舱两侧采用直线电机组来主动控制实验装置加速度,并能实现基于月球和火星应用场景的“弱重力”环境。位于德国莱布尼茨大学的爱因斯坦电梯[46]和中国科学院空间应用技术与工程中心[47]的微重力设施已经实现了这一概念。NASA格林研究中心(Glenn Research Center,GRC)的零重力落塔也启动了类似设施的研制,称为电动落塔项目(electromotive drop tower initiative)[48]。未来,中国科学技术大学及中国科学院空间应用技术与工程中心将在此技术基础上建设更大规模的自由落体实验设施。
作为最早开展微重力科学项目的航天机构之一,NASA在1989年就向公众公布了微重力燃烧科学的项目情况。20世纪90年代举行的系列国际微重力燃烧研讨会以及计划报告中详细记录了大量落塔实验的科学发现。微重力燃烧研究不仅可以对各种太空任务的火灾预测和预防产生直接影响,同时,在各种地基燃烧应用相关的燃烧过程中,最大限度地减少浮力的影响已成为获得基础燃烧特性的重要手段。NASA资助的微重力燃烧项目对航天器火灾烟雾探测和气体诊断传感器在地表上的应用及相关产业产生广泛影响。此外,由于微重力实验对装置紧凑性和轻便性的要求,用于落塔和空间的光学诊断对高速和高分辨率相机(尤其是增强或光谱相机)、连续和脉冲激光器以及探测器的尺寸极限提出了挑战,同时也为光学诊断装置的小型化提供重要应用场景。
太空制造高附加价值产品也引起了研究人员的广泛兴趣。然而,空间站生产的材料或药物尚未克服简化工业化的极高成本。NASA曾尝试利用微重力燃烧合成陶瓷粉末材料,但因为产量问题目前仍无法形成商业化规模。尽管如此,航天器或地外星球基地原位制造技术仍值得进一步研究。微重力燃烧实验的主要发现较多在现象和机理的基础层面,但这些发现对地面和空天燃烧新技术的影响可以是间接而深远的。以下总结了当前国内外微重力燃烧研究发现的新现象及潜在应用背景。
物质的可燃性极限是防火安全最重要的特性之一。在煤矿、化工或能源行业的燃料泄漏场景下,在可燃性极限范围内的气体混合物可能会被热源意外点燃而导致爆燃。在正常重力环境中可通过实验获得典型可燃极限浓度。由于可燃极限的定义为气态混合物在点火后可以允许火焰传播的条件,典型实验发现向上和向下传播的火焰的极限差异较大,表明了重力对可燃极限的影响。Ronney等[49]在1985年首次使用落塔实验获得了甲烷/空气混合物的可燃性极限。研究发现,在微重力下,近可燃极限的层流火焰速度明显低于在常重力下测得的速度,从而导致可燃性极限存在差异。火焰传播的能力与气体中的传递现象、化学反应性和辐射热损失直接相关。这些影响可燃性极限的复杂因素直到20世纪90年代甲烷燃烧化学反应动力学模型建立才逐渐引起研究者的重视,其中层流火焰速度也成为验证燃烧反应动力学模型的最重要标的特性之一。尽管如此,Wang等[50]使用微重力下测量的层流火焰速度重新审视了甲烷/空气混合物的可燃极限,发现当时最准确的甲烷反应动力学模型仍然无法准确预测可燃极限(图5(a)[4950])。这些研究表明,对于航天器防火安全等微重力应用,气体混合物的可燃性极限不能直接通过常重力实验获得,即使现阶段的数值仿真仍会误导航天器运行紧急情况下爆炸阈值的判断。
对冲火焰的熄灭极限定义了火焰因流体过度拉伸或辐射而熄灭的条件。对于化学反应性较弱的火焰,相应的熄灭拉伸速率可能相当低,有时低于特征浮力速度,并因辐射而进一步复杂化。Guo等[5154]报道了一系列关于甲烷−空气对冲火焰的低拉伸熄灭极限的微重力实验和数值分析。典型的对冲火焰熄灭曲线(熄灭拉伸率对当量比曲线)是一条C形曲线,其上限以拉伸熄灭为主,可通过常重力实验得到充分验证。低拉伸速率下的下限由辐射控制,即辐射熄灭极限,这只能使用微重力实验的数据进行验证。Ju等[52,54]发现,由于辐射引起的不稳定性,辐射熄灭极限表现出分叉,这使得“跳跃极限”存在于辐射熄灭极限之上,使原C形曲线成为G形,如图5(b)[54]所示。在微重力下,低刘易斯数条件下的逆流火焰可以变成零星的类球形[55],并开始类似于自维持火球的行为(由Zel'dovich[56]在理论上提出,并在Ronney等[57]的航天飞机实验中得到验证)。这些火焰与流体交互作用极限的基础研究具有其理论贡献,可用于指导湍流燃烧建模中的小火焰制表方法,用于更广泛的能源与动力系统燃烧控制与设计。
固体材料的燃烧极限是航天器防火安全设计的基石。在航天器所处的微重力环境中,NASA−STD−6001B中提出的极限氧浓度(limit oxygen concentration,LOC)可能无法准确预测固体材料可燃性边界[58],NASA因此提出了上极限氧指数(upward limiting oxygen index,ULOI)和最大氧浓度(maximum oxygen concentration,MOC)的判断准则。以外部流动下的热薄材料为例,Takahashi等[59]的理论模型预测表明,在微重力下,实际极限甚至更低,如图5(c)[59]中微重力中出现的热区(thermal regime)。如前所述,固体材料的微重力可燃极限必须通过可靠的模型进行预测,或在应用于航天工程目的之前使用微重力实验进行测量。由于落塔实验一般无法提供火焰稳定在固体材料传播所需的时间,空间防火安全仍需要利用空间实验结果进行指导,这仍然是该领域的一个风险及挑战。
发动机需对液体或气体燃料进行单独储存,因此,围绕燃料射流形成的射流扩散火焰的行为一直是基础燃烧的重要研究领域之一。以经典的圆管射流为研究对象,虽然圆形管道流由层流转捩湍流的临界雷诺数约为2300,但射流火焰的转捩显著受管外发展的剪切流影响。浮力的存在对加速剪切流具有显著作用,特别是在射流速度较低时尤为突出。因此,最终燃料−氧化剂的混合行为决定整体火焰特征,且在不同空间尺度和流速参数范围内,存在由浮力控制的区域。图6(a)为Hegde等[60]在1994年使用落塔实验获得的微重力和常重力射流火焰结果。该实验表明,正常和微重力下,在很宽的雷诺数范围内,火焰高度存在明显差异。微重力下的层流射流扩散火焰在微重力下表现出焰尖开口的行为。当雷诺数超过临界值时,流动和火焰转捩为湍流,从而产生更好的混合和闭口火焰(图6(b)[61])。浮力对流体掺混的影响显著,导致在常重力下湍流射流扩散火焰的火焰高度要短得多。Hegde等[60]也报道了从层流到湍流的流动转变呈“间歇性”(图6(c)[61])影响整体火焰的行为。这一发现为研究微重力下的火焰稳定机制奠定了坚实的基础,特别是对于由于流体掺混导致的部分预混火焰的推举和吹熄。该研究结果可广泛用于常重力和微重力环境下各类燃烧器中推举火焰稳定情况的评估分析,同时可为大规模火焰微结构演化行为提供有效预测。
液滴燃烧的经典理论模型可用于在喷雾燃烧数值仿真中的子模型,此理论模型可直接预测液滴蒸发速率和火焰半径。然而,此理论的基本假设包括燃烧过程中不形成碳烟,因此,微重力液滴燃烧的早期研究较少尝试观察液滴火焰中的碳烟。然而,碳烟的形成过程研究一直是减少燃烧污染物的重要研究领域之一,特别是对于与实际燃料相关的典型碳氢化合物。微重力液滴燃烧实验发现,碳烟颗粒在液滴扩散火焰中的富燃区形成,并受到史蒂芬力、热泳和扩散泳[62]等力影响,决定了聚集的位置,形成具有确定直径的碳烟“壳”(soot shell),为研究火焰碳烟提供了独特机会。1996年,Choi等[63]在落塔液滴燃烧实验中使用激光背光成像(图7(a)[63]),揭示了在微重力下正庚烷液滴燃烧过程中碳烟体积分数的演变。此类碳烟相关的定量数据可用于验证多环芳烃(PAH)作为碳烟前驱体和液滴火焰熄灭辐射模型的反应动力学机制[64]。此外,由于碳烟尺寸一般在微米量级以下,在流动中呈现较小的斯托克斯数,当碳烟的“壳”无法保持球对称性时,可以用来揭示液滴挂丝结构引起的异常对流(图7(b)[65])。基于以上研究,微重力环境对于碳烟和液滴燃烧基础研究具有重要价值,可作为发动机燃烧模拟所需子模型的验证平台。
液滴冷火焰的发现被评为“ISS 20年科学研究的20项突破”之一[66]。冷火焰是一种由低温反应动力学维持的火焰结构,在600~900 K中尤为明显,一般也称为低温燃烧(low temperature combustion,LTC)。ISS的FLEX项目发现在液滴火焰熄灭后,看似无焰的液滴蒸发,其燃料消耗率却与液滴燃烧相当,并通过CIR上配备的弱光紫外相机揭示了冷火焰的存在[67]。事实上,对冷火焰的研究最早可以追溯到1960年代[6869]。自20世纪90年代以来,随着计算机技术与详细燃烧化学反应动力学模型的快速发展,基于长期微重力环境获取的液滴燃烧实验数据,已可以通过结合液相与气相传递、相平衡理论以及最为关键的气相反应动力学模型进行数值仿真对比。此类典型的实验和多相数值仿真对比可解释一些新现象,包括ISS上热火焰在高压下通过低温氧化反应路径导致的振荡再点燃[70]。根据Web of Science的统计,2012年关于冷火焰的文章少于每年1000篇,而在ISS实验发现冷火焰之后5年,相关研究达到了每年3000篇以上(图8[67]),表明微重力冷火焰的发现极大地促进了基础和应用研究。2023年,导致相邻液滴异常点火的群燃实验(在Kibo中)[71]和ACME气态火焰实验[72]也报道了冷火焰现象。实验发现的自维持冷火焰表明低温氧化可能不仅是瞬态过程的一瞥,在内燃机燃烧过程中,有效控制冷火焰进程可进一步降低NOx和碳烟污染(如图8(b)[73]中的LTC区所示),这也是当前内燃机前沿技术发展的重要方向之一。
中国载人航天工程项目于1992年1月获得批准(921工程)。中国国家微重力实验室于1995年获得批准,其3.6 s落塔于2000年左右完工,可支持一系列微重力科学实验[74]。神舟一号飞船于1999年成功发射并回收,2003年中国首位航天员绕地球飞行。这些微重力设施和计划对中国论证微重力基础研究产生了直接而深远的影响[7580]。2006年,实践八号返回式科学卫星搭载了“微重力下多孔可燃材料闷烧特性的实验”及“导线着火前期特性实验”,2016年中国科学院空间科学战略性先导专项成功发射的实践十号返回式科学实验卫星[81]搭载了3个燃烧科学实验项目的装置:(1) 典型非金属材料在微重力环境中的着火及燃烧特性研究[82];(2) 微重力环境电流过载下导线绝缘层着火烟的析出和烟气分布规律[83];(3) 微重力下煤粉/煤粒燃烧及其污染物生成特性研究[84]。实践系列科学实验卫星的大部分燃烧科学实验围绕载人航天的非金属材料及导线着火的科学问题展开,煤粉颗粒的燃烧则利用微重力条件下的球对称火焰对理论模型进行验证,类似于微重力液滴燃烧研究的模型验证思路。
中国空间站的燃烧科学实验立项始于2014年前后。2022年发射的中国空间站梦天舱搭载了燃烧科学实验柜[85],目前通过燃烧实验系统[8689]中的气体实验插件支持进行各类射流火焰实验[90]。2024年,中国第一篇空间站微重力燃烧研究论文在国际期刊发表[91],同时在个别燃烧子领域有更多综述性的文章[9297]。根据中国载人航天工程办公室2023年发布的《空间站应用与发展工程空间科学与应用项目指南》[98],中国的空间燃烧科学计划纳入空间微重力物理范畴,目前已初步划分为3个子领域,并明确了相应的关键科学问题。
1) 近可燃极限和基础燃烧研究。(1) 近可燃极限预混燃气的燃烧特性,化学反应、输运以及辐射换热在近可燃极限层流燃烧过程中的耦合作用机理;(2) 层流预混、部分预混及扩散火焰的点火、传播/驻定、熄火规律与机理;(3) 层流火焰向湍流火焰转捩机制及其火焰结构演变规律,层流和弱强度湍流燃烧中流动与燃烧相互作用机理及定量预测模型;(4) 多火焰相互作用机制、火焰结构形态及动力学行为演变规律火焰融合机理及预测模型;(5) 电场、磁场、等离子体、声场等作用场对火焰的影响规律与调控机制。
2) 微重力下材料着火特性和防护研究。(1) 微重力下固体材料着火、火蔓延和燃烧产物生成的燃烧动力学机制,材料着火、火蔓延和可燃极限的理论和模型;(2) 固体材料阴燃及阴燃向明火转化机理、临界条件与判据;(3) 航天器材料可燃性表征、阻燃机制及防火性能评价原理和方法;(4) 火灾信号的典型特征及重力条件影响规律,典型材料火灾燃烧的烟气产物特性,静止和低速强迫对流条件下火灾烟气产物的输运规律;(5) 灭火剂、火焰和可燃物表面之间的相互作用过程和灭火机理,新型灭火方法对火焰行为的影响及抑制机理,火灾烟气消减的机理和方法,灭火剂和灭火方法效能评估与使用策略。
3) 重要应用燃烧机理及转化研究。(1) 液态燃料雾化点火极限及初始火核形成、联焰和释热宏观特性燃料液滴的碰撞、蒸发、燃烧基础特性;(2) 固体动力和含能燃料的着火燃烧特性和改性机理;(3) 燃料燃烧中污染物的生成机理,包括氮氧化物和碳烟等燃烧污染物生成的关键过程和调控方法;(4) 流动环境中前驱体液滴燃烧生成纳米或微米颗粒的过程,常/微重力作用下液滴的燃烧动力学特性和功能性纳米颗粒合成的优化调控。
上述研究方向以基础燃烧研究为主,同时涵盖了与载人航天防火以及地面重要应用交叉科学相关的内容。在中国空间站10~15年的使用寿命期间,将主要使用燃烧科学实验柜中的通用燃烧插件来支持各类项目。表2列出了中国空间站燃烧实验装置的初步规划以及应用科学项目领域。
表2所示,在当前的3个指南领域中,中国空间微重力燃烧科学实验装置在安全的压力条件下规划了较为多样的装置,能较为全面地服务于科学实验需求,此初步规划将随着在轨燃烧科学实验的发展进行更新迭代。
与NASA支持微重力燃烧科学实验的力度和资助范围相比,中国空间站科学实验项目的征集和实施目前仅限于在空间站开展的实验,对于需要利用落塔等地基实验设施进行的实验研究来说,目前仍需要通过科学技术部的国家重点研发计划及国家自然科学基金委员会进行资助。中国载人航天工程办公室、科学技术部、国家自然科学基金委员会等主要资助项目(目前不超过3亿元人民币),包括实验装置以及地基和空间科学实验项目,目前资助的总力度仍未超过20世纪90年代的美国。按表1数据的24%估算,美国燃烧领域科学实验项目总经费每年可高达26亿元人民币,并且是在国际空间站正式开始空间燃烧科学实验的10年前,使当时美国燃烧领域的科学家能充分挖掘微重力燃烧中的重要科学问题和进行理论发展及应用,在此领域中取得绝对的优势。尽管如此,中国在当前的资助力度条件下,已经凝聚了较多的燃烧领域科学家,通过地面落塔和空间站实验逐步开展具有重大科学意义的微重力燃烧实验。
随着中国、美国和印度等国相继公布月球探测和载人登月计划,以及2030年俄罗斯轨道服务空间站(Russian Orbital Service Station,ROSS)和2035年的印度空间站(Bharatiya Anthariksh Station,BAS)预计陆续完成建设,微重力燃烧科学有望再度迎来全球范围内的蓬勃发展,进而攻克一系列更具挑战性的前沿科学问题。2023年,美国国家科学院出版社发表了《在太空中蓬勃发展:确保生物和物理科学研究的未来:2023—2032年的十年调查》(Thriving in space: Ensuring the future of biological and physical sciences research: A decadal survey for 2023—2032)[99],该文件指出,开展微重力环境下的燃烧研究,可以更深入地理解基本过程,并有望进一步解答更广泛的科学问题,包括:(1) 控制流体在太空环境中行为的相关化学和物理性质和现象是什么?(2) 组织材料结构和功能的基本原理是什么,包括但不限于软物质和活性物质?(对于燃烧,在微重力下形成超级碳烟聚集体)(3) 支配远非平衡系统行为的基本定律是什么?(对于燃烧、等离子体辅助燃烧和化学制造或高压跨临界研究)。报告中指出,微重力燃烧的重要研究对象仍然是消防安全、冷火焰、超临界燃烧,因为它们有可能产生新的燃烧机制或行为,从而推动创新燃烧技术的发展,如极压和低温推进,通过超临界燃烧处理废水(即水热火焰,Hydrothermal flames),更深入地理解新型推进剂、等离子体辅助点火,以及更高效、污染更少的燃烧应用中的基础科学等。
微重力燃烧研究依托地基和空间站实验平台,揭示了被浮力掩盖的燃烧本征规律,推动了基础科学认知与技术应用的双重突破。系统梳理分析了国际上从地基落塔实验、抛物线飞机和探空火箭实验、航天飞机到俄罗斯和平号空间站和国际空间站与中国空间站微重力燃烧研究的规划与实践,提炼出以下结论与展望。
ISS实验揭示了液滴和气相冷火焰的自维持性,拓展了低温化学动力学的认知边界,还为地面工业燃烧器设计(如内燃机低温燃烧技术)提供了关键参数依据。另一方面,材料可燃性在微重力下的低氧极限特性,暴露了现有航天防火标准的不足,促使NASA更新完善火灾风险评估体系。NASA通过近30年高强度投入(年资助规模达数亿美元),构建了覆盖基础研究—航天应用—技术转化的全链条体系。其特色包括:(1) 培育国际学术共同体(如ISS多国实验),强化学科交叉;(2) 专注长周期项目,构建从地面落塔、航天飞机到空间站实验等,积累数据库;(3) 推动空间站研究成果的商业技术转化。相较而言,中国虽已完成空间站燃烧实验柜的初步部署,并且规划了多样化的在轨实验装置,但在地基配套研究(如落塔模拟弱重力)及国际联合实验机制建设方面仍有提升空间。未来,需进一步强化跨部门协作,探索与商业航天的技术协同,降低研究成本,以及更大量地资助空间和地面微重力燃烧研究,以在国际空间燃烧研究的激烈竞争中,彰显中国科学家在关键科学问题上的创新活力。
微重力燃烧研究是保障航天安全与地面能源创新的“催化剂”。中国需立足空间站的长周期实验优势,以关键科学问题为牵引,系统性布局基础理论与应用技术攻关,同时深化国际合作,为人类探索深空提供安全保障与创新动力。
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2026年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00025
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-15
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
  • 修回日期:2025-12-04
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    1清华大学燃烧能源中心,北京 100084
    2清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
    3清华大学热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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