Article(id=1207621136536408791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207621133784948800, articleNumber=null, orderNo=18, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=1747843200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765848915465, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751472000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765848915465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079742343, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207621133784948800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751040000000', pubDateStr='2025-06-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765848914810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330924420, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197260683657459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207621133784948800, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197260683657460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207621133784948800, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=65, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207621137274606321, articleId=1207621136536408791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advances in quantum vacuum measurement technology, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Optical vacuum measurement technology, with its remarkable advantages in expanding measurement ranges and breaking through uncertainty limitations, has emerged as a key technology supporting innovation in strategic fields such as deep space exploration, semiconductor manufacturing, and advanced equipment development. This paper initiates from the interaction mechanism between photons and gas molecules, comprehensively introducing theoretical model innovations and experimental setup breakthroughs in quantum optical methods for retrieving vacuum parameters, including Fabry−Perot cavity optical interferometry, cold atom collisional loss, and spectral absorption. It systematically reviews the latest developments from fundamental research to engineering applications by international research institutions in this field. In-depth analysis reveals existing bottleneck issues within current quantum vacuum measurement technology systems. Subsequently, potential evolution directions for quantum vacuum measurement technology are prospected through technical pathways such as quantum vacuum standard establishment and miniaturized device integration.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yongjun CHENG, Wenjun SUN, Meng DONG, Wenjie JIA, Dong FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207621143310209106, articleId=1207621136536408791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=量子真空测量技术研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于光学方法的量子真空测量技术凭借其在测量量程拓展与不确定度突破方面的显著优势,成为支撑深空探测、半导体制造、新型装备研发等战略领域创新发展的关键技术。从光量子与气体分子相互作用机理出发,介绍了法布里-珀罗腔光学干涉、冷原子碰撞损失、光谱吸收等量子光学方法反演真空参数的理论模型创新与实验装置突破,系统综述了国际研究机构在该领域从基础研究到工程转化的最新发展态势。深入分析揭示了现有量子真空测量技术体系存在的瓶颈问题,进而从量子真空基准构建、微型化器件集成等技术路径,展望了量子真空测量技术的演进发展方向。

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成永军,研究员,研究方向为真空计量测试技术与仪器,电子信箱:

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量子真空测量技术研究进展
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成永军 , 孙雯君 , 董猛 , 贾文杰 , 范栋
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(12): 65-79
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (12) : 65 -79
量子真空测量技术研究进展
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成永军 , 孙雯君, 董猛, 贾文杰, 范栋
作者信息
  • 兰州空间技术物理研究所, 真空技术与物理全国重点实验室, 兰州 730000
Advances in quantum vacuum measurement technology
Yongjun CHENG , Wenjun SUN, Meng DONG, Wenjie JIA, Dong FAN
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory on Vacuum Technology and Physics, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00139
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基于光学方法的量子真空测量技术凭借其在测量量程拓展与不确定度突破方面的显著优势,成为支撑深空探测、半导体制造、新型装备研发等战略领域创新发展的关键技术。从光量子与气体分子相互作用机理出发,介绍了法布里-珀罗腔光学干涉、冷原子碰撞损失、光谱吸收等量子光学方法反演真空参数的理论模型创新与实验装置突破,系统综述了国际研究机构在该领域从基础研究到工程转化的最新发展态势。深入分析揭示了现有量子真空测量技术体系存在的瓶颈问题,进而从量子真空基准构建、微型化器件集成等技术路径,展望了量子真空测量技术的演进发展方向。

真空测量  /  法布里-珀罗腔  /  冷原子  /  光谱吸收  /  量子传感

Optical vacuum measurement technology, with its remarkable advantages in expanding measurement ranges and breaking through uncertainty limitations, has emerged as a key technology supporting innovation in strategic fields such as deep space exploration, semiconductor manufacturing, and advanced equipment development. This paper initiates from the interaction mechanism between photons and gas molecules, comprehensively introducing theoretical model innovations and experimental setup breakthroughs in quantum optical methods for retrieving vacuum parameters, including Fabry−Perot cavity optical interferometry, cold atom collisional loss, and spectral absorption. It systematically reviews the latest developments from fundamental research to engineering applications by international research institutions in this field. In-depth analysis reveals existing bottleneck issues within current quantum vacuum measurement technology systems. Subsequently, potential evolution directions for quantum vacuum measurement technology are prospected through technical pathways such as quantum vacuum standard establishment and miniaturized device integration.

vacuum measurement  /  Fabry−Perot cavity  /  cold atoms  /  spectral absorption  /  quantum sensing
成永军, 孙雯君, 董猛, 贾文杰, 范栋. 量子真空测量技术研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (12) : 65 -79 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00139
Yongjun CHENG, Wenjun SUN, Meng DONG, Wenjie JIA, Dong FAN. Advances in quantum vacuum measurement technology[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (12) : 65 -79 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00139
真空计量作为支撑现代高新技术发展的核心基础技术,在国际单位制(SI)革新、计量体系向量子化转型的时代背景下正经历深刻变革。依托光学方法与物质本征特性相结合的新一代量子计量技术,正逐步取代依赖经典物理原理的传统真空测量模式,标志着真空计量领域已迈入以第一性原理为基础的量子精密测量新纪元[13]。2019年,《Nature》发表专题文章《真空测量革新:传统400年真空技术遭遇量子化挑战》,明确指出现代光学方法通过直接利用物质基本特性进行真空参数反演,具备无需溯源传递链、测量结果绝对准确、动态响应高速等显著优势[4]
基于量子光学理论的真空精密测量技术在半导体与集成电路制造、航天与空间科学、高能物理与核聚变、光学与镀膜工业、新能源与材料研究等领域展现出广阔应用价值[56]。本文重点从谐振腔光学干涉低真空测量、冷原子碰撞损失超高真空测量、光频梳光谱吸收真空分压力测量3个方面剖析了当前国内外学界在量子真空测量技术领域的最新突破进展,并深入探讨了该方向目前面临的技术挑战和未来的发展趋势。
基于谐振腔光学干涉测量真空的核心理念是密度较大的同种气体折射率更强,将其与实际气体定律相结合,可得到考虑多体相互作用后测量真空度p的高阶修正公式:
$\frac{n^2-1}{n^2+2}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{\infty} A_i\left(\frac{p}{N_{\mathrm{A}} k_{\mathrm{B}} T}\right)^i$
式中,n为气体折射率;NA为阿伏伽德罗常数;kB为玻尔兹曼常数;T为热力学温度;A1 = Aε + AμA2BεAεBρA3Cε − 2BεBρ + 2AεB2ρAεCρ,…,Aε为气体摩尔电极化率,Aμ为气体摩尔磁化率。高阶介电维里系数BεCε和密度维里系数BρCρ等分别体现了极化率和压力对气体摩尔密度ρ的依赖性。
式(1)中取i=1,则得到测量真空度p的表达式:
$p=\frac{n^2-1}{n^2+2} \cdot \frac{N_{\mathrm{A}} k_{\mathrm{B}} T}{A_\mathtt{ε}+A_\mathtt{μ}} \approx \frac{2}{3}(n-1) \frac{N_{\mathrm{A}} k_{\mathrm{B}} T}{A_\mathtt{ε}+A_\mathtt{μ}}$
即可通过光学干涉法测量法布里−珀罗谐振腔(Fabry−Perot,F−P)中的气体折射率进而反演得到低真空压力。
基于冷原子碰撞损失特性测量真空的基本机理是中性气体碰撞势垒囚禁态冷原子后,其损失率与真空度有关。冷原子装载和损耗的动力学方程可表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d} N}{\mathrm{~d} t}=R-\varGamma_{\text {loss }} N-\beta \int n^2(\vec{r}, t) \mathrm{d}^3 \vec{r}$
式中,R是冷原子装载率,s−1Γloss为冷原子损失率,s−1N为冷原子数;$\beta \int n^2(\vec{r}, t) \mathrm{d}^3 \vec{r}$表示冷原子间的非弹性两体碰撞引起的损失,当原子密度较小时(低于1010 cm−3)接近高斯分布,该项积分后可简化为αN2,而当密度较大时可简化为β${\rm{\bar n}}$Nαβ均表示冷原子间的非弹性两体碰撞损失率。
当势阱中原子的损耗与装载达到动态平衡时,关闭激光停止装载,则R=0,仅观测原子衰减过程,求解式(3)得到:
$N(t)=\frac{\varGamma_{\text {loss }} N_0}{\varGamma_1 e^{\varGamma_{\text {loss }} t}+\left(e^{\varGamma_{\text {loss }}t}-1\right) \alpha N_0}$
式中,N0为稳态t=0时刻的初始原子数。通过指数拟合损耗曲线提取Γloss。而损失率Γloss与气体分子数密度n,损失率系数$\left\langle\sigma_{\text {loss }}(U) v\right\rangle$满足如下关系
$\varGamma_{\mathrm{loss}}=n\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{loss}}(U) v\right\rangle$
式中,U为势阱深度,K;σloss为碰撞损失截面,cm2v为气体相对于冷原子的麦克斯韦−玻尔兹曼平均速率,m3/s。因此,结合理想气体定律可得基于冷原子损失特性反演真空度p的基本理论公式:
$p=n k_{\mathrm{B}} T=\frac{\varGamma_{\text {loss }}}{\left\langle\sigma_{\text {loss }}(U), v\right\rangle} k_{\mathrm{B}} T=\frac{\varGamma_{\text {loss }}}{k_{\text {loss }}(U)} k_{\mathrm{B}} T$
最后,在综合考虑量子衍射效应、马约拉纳(Majorana)自旋反转损失、原子基态和激发态混合能态效应等非理想损失机制后,真空度p可修正为:
$\begin{aligned} & p= \\ & \frac{\left(\varGamma-\varGamma_{\text {Majorana }}\right)}{\left(1-P_{\text {ex }}\right)<k_{\text {loss }}-k_{\mathrm{g}}(U)>_{\text {ground }}+P_{\text {ex }}<k_{\text {loss }}-k_{\mathrm{g}}(U)>_{\text {excited }}} . \\ & k_{\mathrm{B}} T\end{aligned}$
式中,ΓMajorana为磁场中Majorana自旋反转导致的额外损失率,s−1kgU)为阱深U下气体与冷原子的量子衍射碰撞损失率系数,m3/s;Pex为激发态原子的布居数;ground代表基态,excited代表激发态。
基于吸收光谱法测量真空分压力的基本原理是依据朗伯−比尔定律,即中性气体介质与激光束相互作用后,光强衰减与气体吸收强度、气体分子数密度n和有效路径长度有关,如下式所示:
$I\left(\lambda^{-1}, L\right)=I_0\left(\lambda^{-1}\right) \exp \left\{-S \cdot \varPhi\left(\lambda^{-1}-\lambda_{\mathrm{c}}^{-1}\right) n \cdot L\right\}$
式中,$I\left(\lambda^{-1}, L\right)$为通过路径L后波长λ处出射光的强度,mW;$I_0\left(\lambda^{-1}\right)$为进入吸收介质的入射光在波长λ处的强度,mW;$\varPhi\left(\lambda^{-1}-\lambda_{\mathrm{c}}^{-1}\right)$为线型函数,在整个频域上的积分为1;S为分子吸收谱线的线强度,cm−1/(molec·cm−2)。
对式(8)取对数,并在整个频谱范围内进行积分可得到吸收量Aline
$A_{\text {line }}=-\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \ln \left[I\left(\lambda^{-1}\right) / I_0\left(\lambda^{-1}\right)\right] \mathrm{d} \lambda^{-1}=S \cdot n \cdot L$
最后,结合理想气体定律可得到测量真空分压力p的表达式为:
国际单位制的重新定义促进真空计量测试技术进入量子化时代。国外,以美国国家标准技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)、德国联邦物理技术研究院(Physikalisch− Technische Bundesanstalt,PTB)、意大利国家计量研究院(Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica,INRiM)和日本国家计量研究院(National Measurement Institute of Japan,NMIJ)等为代表的国际计量技术机构正在深入开展以量子化、扁平化、零溯源链为特征的真空量值溯源与传递体系重构工作,已经初步建立了覆盖低真空、超高/极高真空区间的新一代真空测量系统,并正在向小型便携式、芯片级量子真空传感方向快速发展。国内,兰州空间技术物理研究所、中国计量科学研究院等单位正在全面开展量子真空测量前沿技术探索研究工作。
目前,国际上开展冷原子超高/极高真空测量最具代表性的研究机构为美国NIST。2017年,NIST首次提出建立新一代超高/极高真空(UHV/XHV)标准——冷原子真空测量标准[7]。自此,美国NIST联合美国马里兰大学从冷原子真空测量理论研究和实验验证两方面开展了深入研究。发展至今,在理论研究方面,基于ab initio第一性原理完成了6,7Li、85,87Rb原子与中性气体分子(N2、Ar、He、Kr、Xe等)碰撞损失率系数的精确计算,计算精度为2%[8]。在实验研究方面,NIST已建立了基于7Li和85Rb双原子的实验室大型超高真空测量装置[9]图 1)。
测量装置主要由原子源、二维磁光阱(2D MOT)、三维磁光阱(3D MOT)、真空抽气机组等组成。该装置的主要创新点是:3D MOT的磁场系统采用约飞−普里查德(Ioffe−Pritchard)磁阱(图 2)代替传统的反赫姆霍兹四极磁阱,目的是有效抑制势阱中心冷原子Majorana自旋反转非理想损失,提高真空测量的精度,这是因为对于传统的四极磁阱,在磁阱中心存在磁场零点,而处于零点中心的冷原子团在与气体分子不发生碰撞的条件下,将由囚禁态转化为逃逸态,从而造成非理想碰撞损失,给冷原子损失率的测量带来不确定性,影响真空测量精度。传感原子采用7Li原子时,该装置的测量下限可达到4.3×10−9 Pa,测量不确定度预估为6%。
为进一步提升冷原子真空测量精度,研究团队开展了衍射碰撞的非指数损失机制对7Li和87Rb冷原子真空测量的影响[10]。基于概率模型分析,研究发现冷原子真空标准中传感器原子因衍射碰撞导致的损失随时间呈非指数衰减,衍射碰撞会加热原子,改变其能量分布,从而影响损失速率的理论预测。研究表明,传感原子选择7Li时,衍射碰撞对损失率系数的影响较小,最大偏移为0.6%,因其较轻的质量导致衍射碰撞概率较低;当传感原子选择87Rb时,即使在零势阱深度极限条件下,实验提取的损失率系数偏移高达2.2%。可见,较重的87Rb原子对衍射碰撞更敏感,需考虑多次碰撞的累积效应。通过蒙特卡洛模拟验证了理论模型,发现修正后的理论预测与实验数据更吻合。进而更新了先前实验测量的损失率系数,结果表明,87Rb与背景气体(如Ar、Xe)碰撞的理论与实验值在多数情况下趋于一致(2σ内),但某些系统(如87Rb−Ar)仍存在显著偏差。可见,衍射碰撞是冷原子真空标准中不可忽视的系统误差来源,尤其对较重原子(如87Rb)的测量影响显著。通过概率模型修正损失率系数后,实验与理论的一致性得到改善,为高精度量子真空计量提供了关键理论支持。
NIST的目标是开发2类冷原子真空标准装置:一种是用于实现最低不确定度和极限真空度的实验室冷原子超高真空标准装置,另一种是可替代传统B−A电离规的便携式冷原子真空测量仪。目前NIST已研制出2台小型化7Li冷原子真空测量仪器(图 3),并开展了实验比对验证[1112]
加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学[1314]提出了在磁阱中基于量子衍射统一性原理测量真空度的新方法。在理论研究的基础上,研制出87Rb冷原子真空测量装置并开展了实验验证,测量装置主要由Rb原子源、2D MOT、3D MOT、四极磁阱、电离真空计等组成。为进一步验证不同传感原子与背景气体碰撞是否遵循量子衍射碰撞的普适性规律,团队基于双原子交叉校准方法开展了量子衍射碰撞普适性在轻粒子碰撞中的偏离研究[1516],实验装置如图 4所示。图 4(a)为实验装置A,包括Rb原子源、2D MOT、3D MOT、真空抽气系统、残余气体分析仪等。图 4(b)为实验装置B,包括Li原子源、塞曼减速器、磁阱线圈等。通过将Li和Rb传感原子暴露于相同H2背景气体中,测量其损失率比值$R=\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle_{\mathrm{Li}+\mathrm{H}_2} /\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle_{\mathrm{Rb}+\mathrm{H}_2}$,结合Li+H2的精确量子散射损失率系数计算值($\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle_{\mathrm{Li}+\mathrm{H}_2}=3.13(6) \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~m}^3 / \mathrm{s}$),间接确定Rb+H2的碰撞截面。实验测得R=0.83(5),与理论预测R=0.869一致,验证了交叉校准方法的可靠性。
通过测量Rb和Li原子与H2碰撞的损失率,发现对于低约化质量和弱范德瓦尔斯相互作用的碰撞系统(如Rb+H2、Li+H2),量子衍射碰撞的普适性函数预测的碰撞截面与实验值显著偏离。基于普适性函数拟合得到的Rb+H2碰撞速率系数$\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle=5.52(9) \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~m}^3 / \mathrm{s}$。通过Li+H2与Rb+H2的交叉校准实验及量子散射计算,测得Rb+H2的碰撞速率系数$\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle=3.8(2) \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~m}^3 / \mathrm{s}$,与理论值(3.57×10−15 m3/s)一致,但与普适性预测值偏差达50%。对Li+H2和Rb+H2的量子散射计算表明,Li+H2的碰撞速率系数与文献值高度吻合($\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle_{\mathrm{Li}+\mathrm{H}_2}$=3.101(6)×10−15 m3/s)。Rb+H2的计算值($\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle_{\mathrm{Rb}+\mathrm{H}_2}$=3.60(7)×10−15 m3/s)与交叉校准实验结果一致,进一步支持普适性原理在轻粒子碰撞中的失效。该研究揭示了量子衍射碰撞普适性在轻粒子碰撞中的局限性,提出通过交叉校准结合量子散射计算的方法提高压力测量精度,为冷原子真空标准的实际应用提供了关键修正策略。
2023年以来,德国PTB联合德国布莱梅大学开展基于87Rb和41K的集成式可便携冷原子真空测量仪研制工作[1718],测量装置的磁阱系统采用四极−约飞结构配置,在真空腔内部集成永久磁铁磁场系统,减少体积和功耗,质量从3.2 kg降至0.054 kg,功耗降低了80%,图 5为内置于真空系统的磁场系统。
该装置支持在20 ms内快速切换磁场梯度,满足从磁光阱加载到磁阱捕获的多阶段需求。通过160 A高电流实现大于1.5 T·m−1磁场梯度,确保有效捕获原子。真空系统采用模块化设计,主腔室与2D MOT腔室通过差分抽气系统连接,避免碱金属蒸气污染主腔室。真空腔体极限真空优于10−8 Pa,采用非蒸散型吸气泵(NEG)和离子泵(IGP)组合,可长期稳定运行。设备接口可提供直径≥ 10 mm的多轴光学通路和标准化CF法兰接口,便于激光对准和外部设备连接,软件控制与自动化方面,设计了全自动测量序列,涵盖MOT加载、磁阱捕获、射频能量筛选及荧光检测,从而减少人工干预。该设备的物理传感部分如图 6所示,尺寸为φ102 mm×34 mm,质量3.5 kg。
该设备通过Rb和K原子与相同背景气体的碰撞率比值$R=\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle_{\mathrm{Li}+\mathrm{H}_2} /\left\langle\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}} v\right\rangle_{\mathrm{Rb}+\mathrm{H}_2}$,验证量子散射计算的准确性,并为轻粒子碰撞的普适性研究提供数据支持。后续,永久磁铁线圈系统在真空内散热需进一步验证,计划通过PT100铂电阻传感器监测温度分布,结合软件模拟评估热效应对冷原子真空测量精度的影响。总之,德国PTB开展了双冷原子压力标准的初步设计,通过紧凑的磁线圈、模块化真空系统和自动化控制流程,推动冷原子传感器向商业化迈进。未来需通过实验验证系统性能,并优化热管理与软件架构以实现最终目标。
在基于谐振腔光学干涉法的低真空测量方面,美国NIST率先开展了基于固定腔长(fixed length optical cavity, FLOC)和可变腔长(variable length optical cavity,VLOC)的光学干涉真空压力测量技术研究[1920],测量原理如图 7所示。为验证基于FLOC的光学干涉真空压力测量装置的性能,将其与汞基准接入同一N2压力源,通过电容薄膜规(CDG)测量压差。比对结果表明,在100~180000 Pa内,其重复性为10−6p,已超越了汞柱压力基准的性能,测量装置的扩展不确定度$U=\sqrt{(2.0\ \mathrm{mPa})^2+\left(8.8 \times 10^{-6} p\right)^2}(k=2)$。在1 kPa以下低压区间,基于FLOC的光学干涉真空压力测量装置精度显著优于汞基准,单次测量耗时不足1 s。为进一步验证实验结果的有效性,NIST研制了第2台装置进行交叉验证,实验数据表明,2台装置间一致性达到10−6量级,而基于FLOC的光学干涉真空压力测量装置与汞基准的偏差最高相差12倍,偏差归因于汞基准的非线性误差。在100~105 Pa范围内,该装置的重复性和线性均保持10−6水平。虽然基于FLOC的光学干涉真空压力测量装置在低压测量精度上已超越汞基准,但在1 kPa以上压力区间的测量不确定度仍为汞基准的2倍,其主要原因是受到N2理论折射率计算精度的限制。
为研建新一代的光学干涉低真空压力基准,NIST正通过不断提升气体折射率测量精度进而实现性能极限的突破,从而全面超越汞柱压力计。由此,在FLOC的基础上开发了基于VLOC的光学干涉低真空测量装置,采用He作为工质,对Ne、Ar及N2实施二次标定,有效提升多电子层中性气体折射率的测量精度,从而推动基于FLOC的光学干涉低真空测量装置在高压区间的性能超越汞基准体系,实现了超声干涉水银压力计的全面替代。
2024年,NIST在前期研究基础上研制出集成化一体式光学干涉低真空测量仪[21]图 8),该仪器通过测量气体折射率变化计算真空压力,在10−2 Pa~400 kPa的宽压力范围内实现了高精度校准,其本底噪声低至2.9×10−4 Pa,结合量子可追溯性,不确定度低至8×10−6。整机尺寸为55 cm×65 cm×35 cm,采用FLOC结构,并使用超低膨胀玻璃(ultra low expansion glass,ULE)构建F−P腔抑制热漂移,通过双腔共基板设计抵消环境噪声。通过优化温度控制(±20 mK)和残余振幅调制(RAM)抑制技术,将频率噪声降至100 Hz以下。该仪器的频率稳定性(标准偏差143 Hz,漂移率<0.006 Hz/s)和重复性表现突出,尤其在低压区域(<100 Pa)显著优于传统测量技术。NIST还提出下一代光学干涉低真空测量仪计划采用超高精细度光学谐振腔(反射率>99.9995%),并改进相位调制器及主动反馈系统进一步降低噪声;同时通过优化腔体设计,如增大导管直径至17 mm以缩短测量周期,并调整腔体材料的零膨胀温度至40℃,减少水吸附对校准的干扰。最终将其分辨率提升至2×10−6 Pa。
上述研究工作以基于FLOC的光学干涉测量方法为基础,通过不断提升中性气体的折射率计算与测量精度,构建了低真空压力的光学计量标准,并研制了便携式光学干涉低真空测量仪,未来将有效推动工业现场低真空压力从间接电学测量转变为原级原位量子化测量,促使高端工业制造迈入量子化时代。
在传统单腔激光干涉法真空测量的研究基础上,2023年以来,瑞典于默奥大学联合瑞典研究院(Research Institutes of Sweden,RISE)研制了基于双F−P腔结构的光学折射率测量仪(dual fabry−perot cavity based optical refractometry,DFPC),并在此基础上提出了基于气体调制的折射率测量方法(gas modulation refractometry,GAMOR),完成了低真空压力量子化测量[22],具体测量原理如图 9所示。
瑞典于默奥大学针对ULE材料腔体存在气体渗透影响测量精度的问题,应用因瓦合金(Invar)制作光学谐振腔,进一步优化了双F−P腔真空测量系统。在低压力区域评估N2时,扩展不确定度达到0.75 mPa(k=2),较之前系统(10 mPa)降低了1个量级。这主要通过对以下3方面的主要不确定度来源进行控制得以实现:(1)通过减少光学干扰和优化激光稳频技术,将空腔重复性从7 mPa降低至0.63 mPa;(2)通过应用因瓦合金材料腔体,降低由于充气压力导致的腔长形变,同时抑制腔体材料的放气和气体渗透影响,将不确定度从5 mPa降至0.40 mPa;(3)通过改进真空系统密封(金属垫圈替换O型圈)、缩短气体管路体积和优化操作模式,将残留气体压力和泄漏引入的不确定度从5 mPa降至0.02 mPa;此外,100 s的短气体调制周期可有效抑制污染和残留压力的影响。由此,空腔重复性、残留压力和气体污染的独立贡献均控制在亚毫帕水平。综上,该研究通过系统性改进仪器设计、真空系统和测量方法,显著提升了光学干涉法真空测量系统在低压区域的性能,为高精度量子化帕斯卡标准提供了技术基础。在此基础上,为进一步提高低真空压力测量精度,研究团队提出了一种对空腔模式频率进行不确定度自动评估的程序方法[23],实验装置原理如图 10所示。
基于不确定度自动评估的程序方法利用模式跳变和自由光谱范围(free spectral range,FSR)测量,实现空腔频率的快速自校准,无需依赖复杂激光频率测量仪器,实现了自动化校准,并结合温度稳定设计、快速测量和定期校准,有效控制腔体长度变化的影响,减小了频率漂移。结果表明,该方法能以30 MHz的不确定度评估模式频率,在评估N2压力时,对应的不确定度为0.3 mPa。该方法尤其适用于工业环境便携式光学干涉真空测量,为低气压(如1 mPa)提供了一种高可靠、低成本的测量方案。这一方法不仅突破了传统激光频率测量仪器的限制,还为量子光学压力标准的实际应用铺平了道路。另外,通过深入研究发现,F−P腔中的Gouy相位具有压力依赖性[24]:传统假设认为F−P腔中的Gouy相位在气体存在时保持不变,但这一结论仅适用于非变形腔体。对于实际可变形腔体,气压会通过改变镜面曲率半径(δR)显著影响Gouy相位,导致其与气压P成线性关系,即$\varTheta_{\mathrm{G}}=\varTheta_{\mathrm{G}}^0+\varTheta_{\mathrm{G}}^{\prime} P$。通过测量N2、Ar、He 3种气体在不同压力下的横向(TEM010)与纵向(TEM000)腔模频率差,发现Gouy相位的压力依赖斜率$\varTheta_{\mathrm{G}}^{\prime}$为1.591(24)nrad/Pa。尽管该效应微弱,但在mPa量级的真空压力测量中,忽略Gouy相位的压力依赖性可能导致系统性误差。该研究揭示了可变形F−P腔中Gouy相位的压力依赖性,挑战了传统假设,并通过实验与理论证明其对折射率测量的实际影响。这一发现为高精度光学干涉真空计量提供了关键修正依据,尤其在实现“量子帕斯卡”标准时需纳入此类效应以确保测量准确性。
2023年,意大利INRiM提出了一种基于迈克尔逊干涉仪结构的多次反射光学干涉压力标准(unbalanced homodyne interferometer,UINT),替代基于F−P腔的光学干涉真空测量系统[25]。通过非平衡零差干涉仪测量气体折射率,利用多反射双镜装置在紧凑结构中实现了超过6 m的光程差,显著提升了测量灵敏度。测量装置原理如图 11所示,主要由633 nm He−Ne激光器光源、多反射双镜组干涉仪、CMOS传感器和四象限光电二极管光束合成与检测系统、真空与温控系统等组成。
该装置通过双级温控系统(铝真空腔和外部铝盒),实现了±1 mK的温度稳定性,确保热环境对测量的影响降至最低。利用有限元分析评估了压力引起的双镜组件形变,确认其对总不确定度的贡献可忽略(约1×10−13 Pa−1)。采用频率扫描干涉技术(FSI)在真空中精确测量干涉仪的不平衡长度(L=(6320.93±0.04)mm),并通过多次独立实验验证了结果的重复性(标准偏差0.016 mm)。在10~100 kPa压力范围,装置的相对标准不确定度为10−5,主要不确定度来自折射率测量(干涉条纹、激光波长、光程差)和温度控制,但当压力低于1 kPa时,系统性能下降(不确定度>5×10−5)。后续,该系统将与INRiM现有的传统压力标准活塞压力计进行对比测试,并探索将工作压力上限扩展至200 kPa的可行性。同时,上述研究对低真空范围内动态气体压力测量具有显著的优越性。
2022年以来,日本NMIJ在前期工作基础上[26],联合日本先进技术研究院(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,AIST)开发一种基于F−P腔的光学压力测量系统(optical pressure measurement system,OPS)[27],目标压力范围为1 Pa~100 kPa,目标不确定度为$u(p)=\sqrt{(1.0\ \mathrm{mPa})^2+\left(10.0 \times 10^{-6} p\right)^2}$,测量装置实验原理如图 12所示。
实验结果表明,在100 kPa附近,OPS与共振硅规(RSG)的测量结果一致,标准不确定度约2 Pa,验证了其在大气压附近的可靠性。在10 Pa~2 kPa真空范围,OPS与蓝宝石电容膜规(SCDG)的测量结果在不确定度范围内一致,即$u\left(p_{\text {OPS}}\right) \simeq \sqrt{(100\ \mathrm{mPa})^2+\left(20 \times 10^{-6} p\right)^2}$,但高于目标不确定度值。目前的关键技术挑战主要体现在以下方面:(1)热膨胀影响。腔体材料(低膨胀陶瓷与熔融石英)热膨胀系数差异导致镜面形变,热膨胀系数估算为8.7×10−8/K,频率波动等效压力波动达27.0 mPa(标准偏差),同时温度测量延迟(腔体表面与气体路径温差)加剧了误差。(2)腔体老化。腔体长度因材料老化以−12.7 pm/d率缩短(等效压力漂移120.7 kHz/d),老化校正后残余波动为66 mPa。(3)放气效应。真空腔体内部放气(主要成分为水蒸气)导致压力增加速率为23 mPa/h,若误判为Ar,还将引入0.04 mPa误差。后续,拟采用低热膨胀材料(如熔融石英镜面)、优化温度控制算法、直接测量气体路径温度等方式减小热膨胀的影响;通过电解抛光不锈钢腔体内壁、烘烤除气、选用铍铜(BeCu)或铝铜(AlCu)等低放气材料来抑制放气效应;通过双气体法(Ar与He)校准腔体压缩性能参数κL,减少对参考压力的依赖,提升F−P腔体的稳定性。综上,OPS具备高分辨率(1 mPa量级)和宽动态范围(1 Pa~100 kPa)优势,有望替代传统汞柱压力基准,成为无汞、高精度的量子真空压力标准,尤其在100 Pa以下的校准能力可提升2个数量级。
2023年以来,法国国家计量院(Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais,LNE)开发的单腔F−P干涉仪可在100 Pa~100 kPa范围内实现高精度热力学压力测量,测量N2时对应的不确定度$U=\sqrt{(50\ \mathrm{mPa})^2+\left(22 \times 10^{-6} p\right)^2}(k=2)$,光学分辨率达到65 μPa[28]。测量装置使用微晶玻璃(zerodur)镜座和超高精细度光学谐振腔,并结合多层温控系统(铜/不锈钢外壳)实现温度稳定性,测量装置原理如图 13所示。
为突破谐振腔光学干涉法真空压力测量技术从实验室走向实际应用的关键技术,实现下一代量子真空压力标准的全球化推广应用,瑞典于默奥大学联合瑞典研究院研制了便携式光学干涉真空测量仪(transportable optical pascal,TOP)[29],如图 14所示。该装置采用基于19英寸机架结构的模块化设计,支持快速拆装。使用Pt−100传感器替代镓固定点校准,通过外置校准设备实现温度溯源性,平衡了便携性与精度需求。测量方法采用气体调制折射法(GAMOR),通过气体循环调制(充气—抽气周期300 s),抵消温度漂移影响,减少对高稳定实验室环境的依赖。装置测量不确定$U=\sqrt{(16\ \mathrm{mPa})^2+\left(28 \times 10^{-6} p\right)^2}(k=2)$,主要受限于温度测量分辨率(1 mK)及N2摩尔极化率计算误差。
上述测量装置在欧洲4国计量技术机构(RISE、PTB、INRiM、LNE)开展了环形比对实验,证明其具备运输后快速部署与稳定运行的能力。比对结果表明,在10~90 kPa压力范围内,TOP测量结果与各实验室参考压力平衡器(图 15)的数据高度一致,最大偏差不超过8×10−6,平均偏差仅4×10−6,验证了其可靠性。在低压力范围(<10 kPa),TOP的灵敏度短期内可达到10−6以下精度,显著优于传统机械标准。该项研究首次实现光学干涉低真空测量仪在跨国运输中的性能保持,为光学真空压力标准在半导体、航空航天等高精度低压力测量领域的工业应用奠定了基础。作为“量子帕斯卡”的实现工具,TOP的推广将推动国际真空压力计量体系向光学定义转型,减少对传统机械标准的依赖。
在基于激光吸收光谱的气体分压力测量方面,德国PTB率先应用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,TDLAS)进行了真空分压力测量实验,依据朗伯−比尔定律,通过测量目标气体对光辐射的吸收损耗,结合理想气体定律确定真空分压力,测量原理如图 16所示。应用该装置可实现10−5 Pa的CO真空分压力测量,其测量不确定度3%,但该方法存在光谱波段窄、测量时间长和光谱分辨率较低等缺陷,难以同步快速精准地测量多种气体分压力[30]
随着腔增强吸收光谱技术(cavity enhanced absorptionspectroscopy,CEAS)和光学频率梳的快速发展,基于双光梳外差吸收光谱的真空分压力测量技术逐步成为主流的真空分压力量子测量方法,该方法不仅可以有效延长检测激光与被测气体吸收作用路径长度(最高可达百km量级),进一步提升气体激光吸收光谱的测量精度;同时引入光学频率梳作为激光光源,可以有效扩展被测气体种类范围;此外,基于双光梳外差吸收光谱的真空分压力测量周期较传统测量方法更有优势,具体测量装置如图 17[31]所示。
此后,为进一步拓展真空分压力测量下限,美国NIST提出了基于光腔衰荡吸收光谱(cavity ring− down spectroscopy,CRDS)的真空分压力测量新方法[3],测量原理如图 18所示。一束激光脉冲打入高精细度光学腔中,光学腔的两端为反射率R的高反射镜,腔体长度为l,则激光输出功率的衰荡时间τ(w)为
$\tau(w)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{c}[(1-R)+\alpha(\omega) l]}$
式中,α(ω)为光学腔中气体吸收系数,通过空腔时和充入气体时的衰荡时间不同测量得到。同时,吸收系数α(ω)与气体分子数密度ρN、吸收线强度S和归一化线性函数f(w)满足如下关系:
$\alpha(\omega)=2 \pi \mathrm{c} \rho_{\mathrm{N}} S f(\omega)$
因此,已知吸收线强度S和归一化线性函数f(w),则气体分子数密度即气体压力可通过衰荡时间计算得到。
光腔衰荡光谱方法最适用于特定气体的检测。原理上,它可以检测任何分子,但实际应用中需满足2个条件:分子必须具有足够强的吸收跃迁以实现CRDS检测,且其吸收能量需匹配现有激光器的可用波长范围。已有研究表明,CRDS方法能够检测低至43×10-12的CO2浓度,相当于4.3×10−9 Pa的分压力。然而,目前尚不明确CRDS方法是否能够普遍适用于UHV或XHV条件下任意气体的真空分压力测量。在真空分压力测量方面,NIST的大部分计划都集中在检测大气压下的气体浓度,如O2或H2O在N2中的浓度,NIST已对水蒸气压力进行了高精度测量,已测定了相当于7×10−8的水蒸气摩尔分数。
在基于超冷原子碰撞逃逸损失特性的真空测量技术研究方面,兰州空间技术物理研究所分析国际真空测量前沿科技发展趋势,2020年率先布局基于超冷锂原子碰撞量子特性的真空测量创新研究。经过持续4年的系统性技术突破,项目团队联合华东师范大学成功研建国内首个基于激光冷却锂原子的超高/极高真空测量原理样机,测量范围覆盖10−10~10−6 Pa量级,测量不确定预估为Ur=10%(k=2),其核心参数指标可达到国际先进水平,标志着中国在超高/极高真空量子精密测量领域实现重大技术突破[3237]。测量装置原理样机实物如图 19所示,主要由高精度气体微流量计系统、超高/极高真空测量系统、7Li冷原子磁光俘获囚禁系统、时序控制及电源系统等4部分组成。
基于偏振梯度冷却和反赫姆霍兹四极磁阱俘获技术,在3D MOT真空腔中获得了108个温度为270 μK的7Li冷原子团(图 20)。利用7Li冷原子真空测量装置在磁光阱和四极磁阱中开展实验验证研究,测试气体选择高纯N2和Ar时,图 21为磁光阱和磁阱中测量的7Li冷原子的损失率曲线。研究结果表明,基于7Li冷原子校准的电离真空计的相对灵敏度因子和传统方法具有良好的一致性,最大偏差小于8%,充分验证了冷原子量子真空测量的准确性和可靠性。
在谐振腔光学干涉低真空测量方面,近年来,中国计量科学研究院(NIM)研建了一套谐振腔光学干涉法低真空测量装置[3738],主要由光学系统、温度控制系统和双F−P腔组成,工作原理如图 22所示。由于温度变化引起的腔基线(频率)偏移是限制该光学干涉法真空压力标准装置在低压端精度的关键因素。研究通过将工作温度设定在零热膨胀(ZTE)温度来消除基线偏移,并通过实验验证了在ZTE温度下,该光学真空压力标准装置与静态膨胀系统的比较差异从约254 mPa降低到10 mPa以内。虽然ZTE温度法显著提升了低压端测量精度,但其应用受限于材料特性(如ULE玻璃的ZTE温度范围)和实验条件(如远离校准温度点可能增加热流逸效应)。该方法同样适用于高压测量,但需权衡温度控制与热稳定性。该研究通过创新性地利用ZTE温度优化谐振腔的热稳定性,为光学真空压力标准在低压(1~105 Pa)范围内的精确测量提供了重要技术突破,推动了量子真空压力计量标准的实际应用。
2018年以来,兰州空间技术物理研究所研建了一套光学干涉法中低真空测量装置[3942],主要由激光谐振系统、激光稳频系统、真空系统和温度控制系统组成,整体可分为参考模块和检测模块两部分,具体实物如图 23所示。该装置结合Pound Drever Hall(PDH)稳频技术和多层结构光学超稳腔温度控制系统,实现了光学超稳腔内部±1 mK的温度场稳定控制和5×10−12的激光频率稳定控制;同时,该装置在谐振激光拍频测量时,引入了Rb原子钟作为频率参考,对谐振激光频移测量结果进行实时校准;此外,该装置包含ULE、Zerodur和Invar 3种材质的光学谐振腔,可以有效抑制腔体材料气体渗透因素的影响。目前,该装置的测量范围为1~105 Pa,在压力为105 Pa时,其对应的测量不确定度为2×10−5k=2)。
在光谱吸收法真空分压力测量方面,兰州空间技术物理研究所研制了基于双光梳激光吸收谱的真空分压力测量装置[4345]。相比传统基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)波段窄、测量耗时、分辨率较低、实时性差的缺陷,双光梳真空分压力测量方法具有多谱线同时测量、超灵敏、高分辨、非侵入、宽量程、高精度、低耗时的优点,测量原理如图 24所示。测量装置主要由种子光源与光梳生成模块、频率稳定与同步控制模块、气体吸收检测模块、信号探测与数据处理模块和液氮冷阱辅助模块等组成。该装置中基于非线性放大环形镜(NALM)的中红外光学频率梳,环内稳定度为7.1×10−18@1 s,可有效保障设备测量结果精度和长期稳定性。
上述真空分压力测量装置还具备动态测量能力,系统采样速率达100 kHz,优于传统基于TDLAS真空分压力测量装置的1 kHz,适用于动态气体分析。同时,以Rb原子钟(短期频率稳定性优于2×10-11@ 1 s)作为光谱采样间隔的外部参考源,使得光谱采样间隔误差极低,保障了吸收峰积分计算的准确性。此外,该装置还具备多组分气体兼容性,通过快速波长切换(覆盖1570~1608 nm)和宽带光谱采集,支持多组分气体同步分析。
应用上述测量装置,研究团队对含CO(4.1 kPa)和CO2(6.4 kPa)的标准气体混合物进行了分压力测量,结果显示测量值与标称值的相对偏差均低于2%。通过多波长数据平均,偏差可进一步降低,表明系统具备高精度和可靠性。采用两点校准法对吸收线强度进行了标定,将吸收线强度的不确定性从HITRAN数据库的4%~8%降至1.39%,显著提升了分压反演精度。评估表明,该装置分压力测量不确定度为1.91%。
综合分析国内外量子真空测量技术的发展现状,利用微观粒子的固有物理属性来反演真空参数,属于多学科交叉的尖端技术领域,在拓展测量极限和提升测量精度方面展现出显著优势。然而,当前的理论建模与实验研究仍面临多重制约:由于量子计算精度不足、气体热力学行为及电磁特性研究尚不充分等因素,该技术尚存若干亟需突破的关键科学问题,具体可归纳为以下核心挑战。
1)基于ab initio第一性原理的量子真空测量核心物理常数(原子磁化率、极化率、原子碰撞损失率系数等)的计算,He的极化率、磁化率及多体相互作用势能的计算精度达到亚10−6级别,为介电常数和气体折射率测量提供了可靠的理论基础。然而,当前计算在复杂分子系统(如Ne、Ar)中仍受限于电子数增加带来的计算复杂度,其精度尚未全面超越实验。
2)在光学干涉式低真空测量技术领域,F−P谐振腔的精密制造工艺仍需突破气体折射率精确标定、腔体材料气体吸附脱附效应控制等核心难题;对于冷原子超高/极高真空测量,磁场与光场的协同作用机制、多元同位素原子在复合场中的量子特性差异对测量的影响规律,以及冷原子团非理想损耗机制(包括量子衍射碰撞和Majorana跃迁等)的作用机理仍需开展进一步的理论实验研究。
3)光谱吸收法真空分压力测量技术面临吸收光程优化、光谱获取效率提升及检测波段扩展等关键技术瓶颈。该技术体系目前仅适用于CO、CO2、CH4等极性气体组分的分压力检测,而对N2、H2、Ar等非极性分子的分压力测量存在原理性限制。
4)现行光量子真空测量设备普遍存在系统集成度低、光学架构复杂、制造成本高昂等问题,难以适应航天深空探测及装备领域对微型化、高可靠量子真空传感器的迫切需求。亟待通过原理验证—工程开发—应用测试的全链条技术攻关,研制具有在线监测能力的微型量子真空传感系统,满足尖端科技领域对真空参数的原位精准测量需求。
从全球量子真空精密测量技术演进路径看,光学量子真空测量技术发展呈现双重突破方向:其一通过深化量子测量理论研究,推动国际计量组织建立具备超稳定性、超高精度与强抗扰能力的新型量子真空基准体系,逐步取代传统基于气体分子动力学的计量基准;其二结合微纳光子学与集成光子芯片技术,开发微型化量子真空传感系统,突破现有电离规等传统真空计的技术局限。
美国NIST在2022年取得重要突破,成功研制出模块化冷原子真空传感器原型。该装置创新采用碱金属原子扩散源(AMD)与晶圆级光栅磁光阱(MOT)集成结构,在2 s俘获时间内实现105量级原子捕获,整机体积优化至15 cm×35 cm×50 cm。后续研究将聚焦小型设备与大型冷原子真空标准装置、动态流导标准系统的量值溯源比对,深入解析其温度稳定性、长期漂移等关键计量学特性,加速推进芯片级冷原子超高真空计的工程化应用。
在激光干涉低真空测量与吸收光谱真空分压力测量领域,随着飞秒光梳稳频技术、高Q值SiN微腔制备工艺以及微纳光子集成技术的持续突破,量子真空传感设备的体积和功耗正实现数量级降低,为构建全光型微型真空传感网络奠定技术基础。
量子真空光学测量技术作为突破传统测量极限的革命性手段,在空间科学探测、粒子加速器大科学装置、半导体超精密高端制造等前沿领域展现出变革性应用前景。本文系统梳理了该技术体系的3大核心分支——光学干涉法低真空测量、冷原子超高/极高真空测量以及光谱吸收真空分压力测量的技术原理,并全面分析了全球量子真空测量领域的技术突破与演进态势。
1)针对光学干涉法低真空测量,通过F−P腔测量气体折射率反演真空度,在低真空(1 Pa~100 kPa)范围实现高精度(不确定度低至0.0008%),并逐步向小型化和便携化发展。
2)针对冷原子超高/极高真空测量,利用冷原子损失率与背景气体密度的关系测量超高/极高真空(10−10~10−6 Pa),精度达6%。美国NIST通过改进磁阱设计(如Ioffe−Pritchard阱)抑制Majorana损失,提升测量可靠性。
3)针对光谱吸收法真空分压力测量,基于朗伯−比尔定律检测气体分压力,CRDS技术可测量至10−9 Pa量级,但受限于吸收谱线匹配和极性气体限制。通过国内外研究对比,国外美国NIST、德国PTB等在冷原子和光学干涉技术领先,已开发实验室级高精度设备和便携式原型机(如NIST的冷原子传感器体积仅15 cm×35 cm×50 cm)。国内兰州空间技术物理研究所等机构在冷原子(锂原子系统)和光学干涉法(双F−P腔)取得突破,测量范围覆盖10−10~105 Pa,但测量精度与集成度仍待提升。面对国际计量体系量子化转型趋势,中国正构建产学研协同创新平台,通过多轮次技术迭代加速推进真空量值传递体系的量子化重构。研究计划聚焦两大攻坚目标:一是构建具有自主知识产权的高稳定量子真空计量基准体系,二是突破芯片化量子真空传感器微型集成技术,实现从实验室大型装置到工程化微型设备的跨越式发展。此项技术攻关将重塑中国真空计量基础设施,为载人航天、新型装备、大科学装置等国家战略工程提供核心测量保障,对抢占量子精密测量技术战略制高点具有深远意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(62371214)
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2025年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00139
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 修回日期:2025-05-22
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国家自然科学基金项目(62371214)
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    兰州空间技术物理研究所, 真空技术与物理全国重点实验室, 兰州 730000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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