Article(id=1208356301004976359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744732800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-16, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766024192334, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1758297600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024192334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079888393, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208356297246879939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756310400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024191437, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330854827, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=85, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208356304138121545, articleId=1208356301004976359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Progress on Mingantu spectral radioheliograph (MUSER) for exploring 3-D radio images of solar atmosphere, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The paper introduces the growing trend of world solar radio researches and points out the importance and uniqueness of solar radio observations. The Mingantu Spectral Radioheliograph (MUSER) in China has been developed and constructed to image the solar atmosphere over continuous wide band radio spectrum in 3-D from the lower atmosphere up into the mid-corona to monitor solar activities. The results of solar radio bursts and multi-frequency (or 3-D) radio images are demonstrated, exhibiting the significant role of MUSER in solar physics and space weather studies.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yihua YAN, Wei WANG, Linjie CHEN, Zhijun CHEN, Lihong GENG, Sha LI, Cang SU, Jing DU, Zhichao ZHOU, Chengming TAN, Suli MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208356307103494594, articleId=1208356301004976359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=实现三维射电成像的明安图射电频谱日像仪研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阐述了国际太阳射电研究具有在更宽频带上实现射电频谱成像的发展趋势,指出了太阳射电观测的重要性和独特性。研制并建设了中国明安图射电频谱日像仪,以开展太阳大气中爆发活动的宽频带连续谱-像结合的三维射电成像研究。展示了太阳射电观测和三维射电成像结果及其在太阳物理和空间天气中的重要作用,指出了明安图射电频谱日像仪可重点研究驱动太阳爆发的日冕磁场结构特征、太阳风的起源及其加速机制等多类问题,并有望探究太阳爆发活动在行星际空间的传播规律、三维日球层结构特征等重要科学问题。

, authors=

颜毅华,研究员,研究方向为太阳物理、太阳射电天文与技术,电子信箱:

, authorsList=颜毅华, 王威, 陈林杰, 陈志军, 耿立红, 李沙, 苏仓, 杜静, 周志超, 谭程明, 马素丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=axmZrOxMyWZS3GHgCjz+KQ==, magXml=axmZrOxMyWZS3GHgCjz+KQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WRIsZewfD+0o66XKqIrUmw==, pdfFileSize=4063224, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=E7AlQXLwA4LkBhM3sB/1jw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=25RbNPJf3xJbGJEUsFSmnA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242144358170964913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yanyihua@nssc.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144358246462389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, authorId=1242144358170964913, language=EN, stringName=Yihua YAN, firstName=Yihua, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1. State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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颜毅华,研究员,研究方向为太阳物理、太阳射电天文与技术,电子信箱:

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以MUSER现有中心天线为零点,单位为m;紫色、绿色为MUSER−I、MUSER−H天线,粉红色为新建MUSER−L天线位置;因中心区遮挡,MUSER−L天线中心处于左侧图中方框处,区域放大在右侧图中显示,蓝色为MUSER−L定标单元

, figureFileSmall=SyHdMCOWGVtZpd0hITT1bw==, figureFileBig=TGwqablMBKrXK/DtxJV6sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144362990220287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3z5ccWE9wBB2lVrhv7OfNA==, figureFileBig=VaugSHABE/kI+C/vYhQq5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363065716736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MUSER−L米波−十米波阵天线(a)与定标阵单元天线(b), figureFileSmall=3z5ccWE9wBB2lVrhv7OfNA==, figureFileBig=VaugSHABE/kI+C/vYhQq5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363124436993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kpYvv6sAwJ6zr6N1tta2Uw==, figureFileBig=yOhT3HzO7dnT3tOrX7+eag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363199934466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2024年4月24日,MUSER−L观测到的太阳射电爆发频谱(a)与61.5 MHz的爆发射电源图像(b),射电爆发源的位置与太阳西边缘日冕中的冕环爆发位置一致(c), figureFileSmall=kpYvv6sAwJ6zr6N1tta2Uw==, figureFileBig=yOhT3HzO7dnT3tOrX7+eag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363258654723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KpLgtwhoNcbupywhdnLbQw==, figureFileBig=jBTYr+nxcrofwOtf57G0xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363334152196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MUSER−L在2024年5月期间观测到的多个爆发事件的射电频谱图, figureFileSmall=KpLgtwhoNcbupywhdnLbQw==, figureFileBig=jBTYr+nxcrofwOtf57G0xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363405455365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=r87JlyxojeLLxXX4ZGoS2Q==, figureFileBig=Uv+3WemOg0/Uv1iyHZW48g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144364881850377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2024年10月9日太阳活动期间爆发事件, figureFileSmall=r87JlyxojeLLxXX4ZGoS2Q==, figureFileBig=Uv+3WemOg0/Uv1iyHZW48g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144364965736458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UyufIciht+KiXrmJ9Kdvnw==, figureFileBig=t28sDTQ9F4XN/AMhpCB0Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144365032845323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356301004976359, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MUSER−L的观测频谱

(a)2024年10月24日太阳活动期间爆发事件的观测频谱;(b)2025年1月6日太阳活动期间爆发事件的观测频谱;(c)2024年10月24日03:39:33UT的AIA极紫外图像;(d)03:39:35 UT时刻对应的MUSER−L连续频点射电爆发源的分布,每条等高线对应着各自频率的70% 最大射电强度值,背景为41 MHz的射电分布图,它们反映了射电源的三维结构与对应位置的冕环结构一致;(e)2025年1月6日05:06:07 UT的AIA极紫外图像和LASCO白光像合成图;(f)05:07:38 UT时刻对应的MUSER−L连续频点射电爆发源的分布,每条等高线对应着各自频率的70% 最大射电强度值,背景为233 MHz的射电分布图,它们反映了射电源的三维结构可伸展到十几个太阳半径,与LASCO图像对应的亮结构一致

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实现三维射电成像的明安图射电频谱日像仪研究进展
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颜毅华 1, 2, 3 , 王威 1, 2 , 陈林杰 1, 2 , 陈志军 1 , 耿立红 1 , 李沙 1 , 苏仓 1 , 杜静 1 , 周志超 1 , 谭程明 1 , 马素丽 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(16): 85-92
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (16) : 85 -92
实现三维射电成像的明安图射电频谱日像仪研究进展
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颜毅华1, 2, 3 , 王威1, 2, 陈林杰1, 2, 陈志军1, 耿立红1, 李沙1, 苏仓1, 杜静1, 周志超1, 谭程明1, 马素丽1
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院国家空间科学中心, 太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室, 北京 100190
  • 2. 中国科学院国家天文台, 北京 100101
  • 3. 中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院, 北京 100864
Progress on Mingantu spectral radioheliograph (MUSER) for exploring 3-D radio images of solar atmosphere
Yihua YAN1, 2, 3 , Wei WANG1, 2, Linjie CHEN1, 2, Zhijun CHEN1, Lihong GENG1, Sha LI1, Cang SU1, Jing DU1, Zhichao ZHOU1, Chengming TAN1, Suli MA1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 3. School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00068
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阐述了国际太阳射电研究具有在更宽频带上实现射电频谱成像的发展趋势,指出了太阳射电观测的重要性和独特性。研制并建设了中国明安图射电频谱日像仪,以开展太阳大气中爆发活动的宽频带连续谱-像结合的三维射电成像研究。展示了太阳射电观测和三维射电成像结果及其在太阳物理和空间天气中的重要作用,指出了明安图射电频谱日像仪可重点研究驱动太阳爆发的日冕磁场结构特征、太阳风的起源及其加速机制等多类问题,并有望探究太阳爆发活动在行星际空间的传播规律、三维日球层结构特征等重要科学问题。

太阳射电  /  射电日像仪  /  太阳爆发活动  /  空间天气

The paper introduces the growing trend of world solar radio researches and points out the importance and uniqueness of solar radio observations. The Mingantu Spectral Radioheliograph (MUSER) in China has been developed and constructed to image the solar atmosphere over continuous wide band radio spectrum in 3-D from the lower atmosphere up into the mid-corona to monitor solar activities. The results of solar radio bursts and multi-frequency (or 3-D) radio images are demonstrated, exhibiting the significant role of MUSER in solar physics and space weather studies.

solar radio emission  /  radioheliograph  /  solar radio burst  /  space weather
颜毅华, 王威, 陈林杰, 陈志军, 耿立红, 李沙, 苏仓, 杜静, 周志超, 谭程明, 马素丽. 实现三维射电成像的明安图射电频谱日像仪研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (16) : 85 -92 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00068
Yihua YAN, Wei WANG, Linjie CHEN, Zhijun CHEN, Lihong GENG, Sha LI, Cang SU, Jing DU, Zhichao ZHOU, Chengming TAN, Suli MA. Progress on Mingantu spectral radioheliograph (MUSER) for exploring 3-D radio images of solar atmosphere[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (16) : 85 -92 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00068
射电观测是研究太阳物理的重要探测手段,太阳射电观测可以提供从太阳色球到日地空间广阔区域中有关等离子体和高能粒子动力学行为等信息,是其他任何单一观测手段所不具备的,从而与其他观测手段形成重要互补[1]。太阳射电观测至今已有80多年的历史,观测设备由早期的射电流量计、射电频谱仪发展到现在的射电频谱日像仪。太阳射电辐射的频谱特征,包括爆发的带宽、寿命、频漂率、时频结构等信息,可以提供关于太阳日冕磁场、能量释放机制、高能粒子的产生和传播,以及相应的辐射机制等方面的丰富信息[2-3]。米波-十米波波段太阳辐射源的位置、形态,以及随时间和空间的演变特征,要求有较高时间分辨率、较高空间分辨率和频率分辨率的频谱成像观测,从而可探测太阳剧烈活动如何通过日冕进入行星际空间。在该频段,目前国际上还没有专门的太阳射电日像仪进行观测,主要是利用非太阳专用的设备,如低频阵列(LOFAR)、默奇森宽场(MWA)等射电阵列进行探测试验[4-5]。目前国际太阳射电研究的发展趋势是在更宽频带上实现射电频谱成像,如俄罗斯扩展建成了西伯利亚射电日像仪(SRH)[6],法国更新了南赛射电日像仪(NRH)[7],美国在推进频率灵活太阳射电望远镜(FASR)[8-9],将通过对太阳大气进行三维成像,打开一扇新窗口来进一步研究和揭示太阳色球层和日冕的辐射机制,以及太阳活动进入行星际空间的扰动传播过程[8-9]图 1)。
明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingantuspectral radioheliograph,MUSER[10-12])的研制及升级可以在~200 ms内实现0.03~15 GHz频段内900多个频率通道的快速射电成像,可在研究太阳基本过程的新窗口中对太阳爆发能量初始释放及其传播过程实现高分辨射电成像观测。MUSER被认为“具备所需要的指标来实现高质量频谱成像”[8]。扩展后MUSER的3个阵列形成一个包括厘米波-分米波-米波-十米波在内的超宽带射电连续频谱三维成像观测系统,可以获得对太阳爆发活动产生的行星际扰动源的全面监测。通过谱-像结合,可以对太阳爆发活动产生的行星际扰动源(耀斑/日冕物质抛射(CME)、激波、非热粒子和太阳风等)的触发机制、初发过程、加速机制、传播规律,以及对近地空间的相互作用和演化作用进行前所未有的细致研究,为空间天气学研究并保障行星际空间安全提供至关重要的依据。
MUSER位于内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗境内(东经115°15′,北纬42°12′),隶属于中国科学院国家空间科学中心明安图野外科学观测研究站。其前身是由财政部2009年批准立项、中国科学院国家天文台主持研制的国家重大科研装备研制项目,为新一代的厘米-分米波射电日像仪[10-11]。2013年,MUSER全系统建设竣工,由MUSER-I(400 MHz~2 GHz)和MUSER-H(2GHz~15 GHz)2个阵列组成。2019年得到国家重大科技基础设施项目“空间环境地基综合监测网(子午工程二期)”支持,扩展MUSER建成其第3个阵列MUSER-L,覆盖30~400 MHz频率范围,具有224个对数周期振子天线[12]
MUSER-I为分米波阵,由40个口径为4.5 m的抛物面天线构成,频率为400 MHz~2 GHz,64个频率通道,频率分辨率为25 MHz,时间分辨率为25 ms,空间分辨率为10.3″~51.3″。MUSER-H为厘米波阵,由60个口径为2.0 m的抛物面天线构成,频率为2~15 GHz,520个频率通道,频率分辨率为25 MHz,时间分辨率为206.25ms,空间分辨率为1.4″~10.3″。2个阵列的最大基线长度均为3 km,可同时进行双圆偏振成像,动态范围25 dB。MUSER-L为米波-十米波阵,由100面对数周期阵子天线及其接收系统和一个定标单元组成综合孔径干涉阵,观测频率为30~400MHz,时间分辨率达到100 ms、频率分辨率达到0.977MHz、空间分辨率在240 MHz达到了1.7′。定标单元覆盖频率为30MHz~15 GHz,分别采用对数周期阵子天线和抛物面天线完成全频带信号接收,其中新建124单元对数周期天线完成30~240 MHz频率范围校准。已有20m天线完成400 MHz~2 GHz频率范围校准,新建16 m天线完成2~15 GHz频率范围校准。图 2为MUSER阵列分布图。
MUSER-L主要由天线系统、模拟接收系统、数字接收处理系统、存储系统以及监控系统5个部分组成。最长基线长度3.0km,中心部分为五螺旋阵列,伸展部分仍采用原三螺旋阵列,合成孔径干涉频谱成像,频率分辨率为1~5 MHz,频率通道数最高为416个,时间分辨率为亚秒级,空间分辨率为角分量级。对数周期阵子天线接收的射电信号经过放大,由光纤传输到室内。室内接收单元首先将接收到的光信号转换为射频信号。再经过放大、滤波等后进行A/D采样,采样后的信号进入数字处理单元进行数字信号处理和数字复相关运算。复相关结果通过高速记录系统进入主机完成数据存储和后处理。后处理过程包括可变时间长度的积分,对复相关器输出的延迟残差和条纹停止进行高精度的处理,根据复可视度函数进行图像重建。重构后的图像存储在数据服务器中,定时上传至子午数据中心。MUSER-L米波-十米波阵列天线与定标阵单元天线如图 3所示。
MUSER研制过程中解决了实现频谱成像观测的各项技术方法问题,如采用宽频带线极化馈源加3 dB电桥移相器,自主研制了具有世界先进水平的高性能超宽带双圆极化馈源;通过一系列先进技术应用和创新性的系统集成实现多通道幅相一致性和稳定性;通过解决宽带信号信道化的高效算法实现、高速延迟补偿与条纹旋转实现技术和多通道信号采集同步和相位稳定等关键技术,研制成功国际最大规模的太阳射电观测高速相关处理阵列。在定标方法方面,提出了一种新的综合孔径望远镜阵列相位定标校准方法[13-14]
射电阵列的宽视场成像,得到的图像会被旁瓣进来的射电源所“污染”,这对短基线大视场成像尤其严重,需要对方法改进,对其在空间频率(UV)域进行去除。将二维傅里叶变换变为三维的傅里叶变换,采用w-project等方法,消除由此带来的w效应。欧洲低频阵列(LOFAR)、默奇森宽场阵列(MWA)望远镜甚至能够同时提供全天空的成像,但太阳观测只有很少的时间。MUSER-L利用对数周期阵子天线开展了对太阳大视场成像研究。
由于视场大,天线阵列的综合波束在各个方向的增益和相位并不一致,因此,需要进行波束的方向性校准。对于低频观测来说,传输过程中,幅度相位还受地球电离层散射的影响。通过详细测试天线各方向的方向图,天线采用指向跟踪的方式,降低方向图不均匀带来的影响。相位校准采取相位闭合、短基线优先的原则,降低电离层对每个天线附加相位的影响。低频大视场观测中,校准是最大的难点。MUSER-L在自身特点的基础上,考虑太阳观测的动态性和复杂性,建立了合适的校准系统。
在射电观测频段,地球上存在着大量的人为干扰,而这严重影响了射电天文的观测,在宽频段,缺乏绝对的射电宁静区。并且MUSER-L采用对数周期阵子天线,天线方向图很宽,各个方向的干扰信号都能进入接收系统,所以在系统和接收机设计的时候,要考虑电磁环境,尽可能去除干扰。由于在天线接收时无法避免观测频率范围内的干扰信号,只能在信号接收过程中予以处理,采用时域和频域相结合的方法,采用谱峭度(spectral kurtosis,SK)干扰去除算法[15],在数据处理中嵌入干扰去除算法,尽可能地去除干扰信号,很大地扩展有效频率观测范围,确保观测结果合理可信。
探索出一种新的可用于MUSER图像位置校准的方法[13]。在定标点源偏离原点的一般情况下,第一次获得了该偏差对综合孔径成像结果影响的通用理论公式。公式表明,最终图像是原图像因定标源偏离而产生偏移后的图像与一个模糊调制函数卷积的结果。不仅仅优化了当前MUSER成像的校准方法,而且还丰富了综合孔径成像的一般理论[13]
MUSER-I、MUSER-H建成之后,取得了初步的研究成果[16-17]。30~240 MHz MUSER-L和30 MHz~15GHz超宽频带射电频谱仪系统的研制建成,结合MUSER-I、MUSER-H,使明安图观测站发展成为一个国际上独一无二的集太阳物理、空间物理、空间天气学为一体的高水平综合性太阳射电观测研究基地,并成为保障中国近地空间安全的重要基础设施之一。MUSER三频段阵列的成功研制并投入使用,是国际上第1个具备从十米波直到厘米波段的、无缝全覆盖的、具有最大频带范围、高时间-频率-空间分辨率能力的太阳射电探测系统。
可以获得太阳爆发活动的下列观测信息:(1)太阳表面以上至5R空间范围内的三维(连续频谱)射电图像;(2)太阳表面以上至5R空间范围内的高时间-频谱分辨率的射电频谱,时间分辨率为25~100ms、频率分辨率为0.977~25 MHz;(3)高时间-频谱-空间分辨率的频谱成像观测数据,时间分辨率为25~100 ms、频率分辨率为0.977~25 MHz、空间分辨率为1.4″~1.7′。
MUSER加入了全国极端太阳活动天地联测,提供射电爆发动态频谱观测数据。图 4图 5展示了2024年4—5月MUSER观测结果,包括M9级耀斑对应的射电Ⅱ、Ⅲ型暴动态频谱,其中Ⅱ型暴对应太阳与日球层天文台卫星上的大角度和光谱日冕仪(SOHO/LASCO)晕状日冕物质抛射,Ⅲ型暴由耀斑重联加速的高能粒子激发。
图 6展示了2024年10月9日MUSER观测到爆发事件对应的射电斑马纹精细结构动态频谱。由图 6可见,在2024年10月9日01:25 UT(世界时)开始,02:43UT结束,01:56UT为峰值,在NOAA13848活动区出现了X1.8级耀斑,在耀斑峰值过后的02:03UT、02:15UT和02:18 UT,分别出现了斑马纹精细结构,由于斑马纹结构通常出现在高温高密的条件下,被认为反映了耀斑核的动力学过程[18],由此估算出耀斑爆发处的日冕磁场强度约为7.1~8.9 G。
图 7为2024年10月24日和2025年1月6日MUSER观测到爆发事件对应的射电Ⅱ、Ⅲ型暴动态频谱与连续频谱多频点图像,以及对应太阳动力学天文台的太阳大气成像仪(SDO/AIA)极紫外图像和SOHO/LASCO图像。可见,虽然射电频谱特征类似,但30MHz附近射电源的位置完全不同,这也与AIA及LASCO的图像一致。
太阳作为高效的粒子加速器和空间天气的驱动源,在CME事件中可将热/非热粒子加速至高能状态(通过硬X射线/γ射线及射电波段观测揭示),并可能引发灾害性空间天气事件。
基于MUSER-L/I/H的成像频谱观测能力,可重点研究以下科学问题:(1)初始加速(或能量释放)发生的具体位置;(2)驱动太阳爆发的日冕磁场结构特征;(3)太阳风的起源及其加速机制;(4)被加速粒子的数量、加速方式;(5)X射线与射电辐射的关联性等。
通过MUSER-L及行星际闪烁(IPS)观测,有望探究:(1)太阳爆发活动在行星际空间的传播规律;(2)三维日球层结构特征;(3)太阳扰动是否进入地球空间环境;(4)灾害性空间天气事件的触发条件等。
为评估局部等离子体特性、耀斑和CME的辐射特征以及磁场演化之间的联系,需要系统测量日冕磁场的能力。为确定耀斑和爆发事件期间的物理条件,需要高分辨率探测太阳低层大气。需要对耀斑区域的磁场和拓扑结构的变化进行测量,以便定量了解爆发事件中释放的磁能。需要确定耀斑能量沉积处的确切范围,为粒子加速机制提供强有力约束。需要多波段观测能力确定耀斑扰动如何进入低层大气,以确定能量传输机制的作用以及波粒相互作用中波/粒的相对重要性。MUSER的宽带频谱成像功能,有助于确定加速(或初始能量释放)的发生位置及驱动太阳爆发的日冕磁场,了解太阳风的起源与加速及粒子如何被加速,厘清X射线和射电辐射之间的联系,有望探索三维日球层结构,了解太阳爆发如何传播到行星际空间,监控太阳扰动是否会进入地球环境从而导致灾难性的空间天气的发生等问题。MUSER的观测结果已经展示其在太阳物理和空间天气研究中的重要作用,并将继续提供至关重要的空间天气观测数据,保障空间环境安全。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1600500)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1600503)
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会重点项目(10778605)
  • 国家重大科研装备研制项目(ZDYZ2009-3)
  • 国家重大科技基础设施项目正午工程Ⅱ期
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2025年第43卷第16期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00068
  • 接收时间:2025-04-16
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1600500)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1600503)
国家自然科学基金委员会重点项目(10778605)
国家重大科研装备研制项目(ZDYZ2009-3)
国家重大科技基础设施项目正午工程Ⅱ期
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院国家空间科学中心, 太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室, 北京 100190
    2. 中国科学院国家天文台, 北京 100101
    3. 中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院, 北京 100864
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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