Article(id=1208356302909190419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=1747929600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766024192788, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1758297600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024192788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079889074, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208356297246879939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756310400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024191437, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330854827, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208356305153143171, articleId=1208356302909190419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=The achievements of NVST in the past ten years and prospect, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A brief introduction is provided to the observational system of the 1-meter New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) at Fuxian Lake, Chengjiang, operated by Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Over the past decade, both domestic and international researchers have used NVST observational data to conduct outstanding scientific studies in several areas, including the observational characteristics and fine physical processes of magnetic reconnection, the structure, formation, and evolution of solar filaments, the fine structure and dynamic evolution of prominences, small-scale solar activities, fine physical processes of photospheric activities, as well as image processing and feature recognition methods. Prospects are also presented for the construction of large-aperture ground-based solar telescopes and the scientific issues they aim to address.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoli YAN, Liheng YANG, Jincheng WANG, Zhike XUE, Zhe XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208356308894462510, articleId=1208356302909190419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=一米新真空太阳望远镜10年成果及展望, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

介绍了中国科学院云南天文台澄江抚仙湖一米新真空太阳望远镜(NVST)的观测系统,总结近10年来国内外科研人员利用NVST观测数据在磁重联的观测特征及其精细物理过程、太阳暗条结构及其形成和演化、日珥的精细结构及其动力学演化、太阳小尺度活动、光球活动的精细物理过程、图像处理与特征识别方法等方面开展的亮点科研工作。展望了未来国内外地基大口径太阳望远镜可能解决的日冕加热、局地发电机、太阳爆发活动触发机制等科学问题。

, authors=

闫晓理,研究员,研究方向为太阳物理,电子信箱:

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(a)NVST的Hα波段观测的M级耀斑;(b)耀斑区的温度图;(c)电流片及磁岛;(d)三维数值模拟的重联磁场结构;(e)电流片中的等离子体团;(f)等离子团的磁场结构

, figureFileSmall=uKeVBGieTS58NzjUIrqvew==, figureFileBig=eLOTQbYXOghtEBpiMUK3Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144379972956395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+eoXn3Wfk3ywHfF3v/4fjA==, figureFileBig=5JsGalW9bCXasqvh0pA1QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380031676653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2013年2月1日NVST观测到活动区11665中暗条的激活过程

(a)~(c)展示暗条激活不同时刻的Hα成像观测(箭头表示不同阶段暗条的位置,红色和蓝色曲线分别勾勒出磁通绳的左侧和右侧部分);(d)3个时刻在暗条激活过程的合成图,展示整体的磁流绳结构(细红色和蓝色等值线分别表示磁通绳的正极性和负极性足点);(e)对应的光球磁场(粗曲线显示了磁通绳的整体扭转结构,细红色和蓝色等值线分别表示磁通绳的正极性和负极性足点);(f)沿着(b)中A−B路径的时空切片图

, figureFileSmall=+eoXn3Wfk3ywHfF3v/4fjA==, figureFileBig=5JsGalW9bCXasqvh0pA1QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380107174127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yUivw4WCRkPL0w82xcpyZQ==, figureFileBig=zw071uhcpCZiN2ElgOi7xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380182671601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SDO矢量磁场及利用非线性无力场外推的磁结构

(a)光球矢量磁场,其中黑白背景为光球表面的径向磁场,白色表示正极性,黑色表示负极性,蓝/红箭头表示正极/负极的水平磁场;(b)通过非线性无力场外推方法得到的暗条及周围的磁力线

, figureFileSmall=yUivw4WCRkPL0w82xcpyZQ==, figureFileBig=zw071uhcpCZiN2ElgOi7xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380258169075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5KjmESa5+pWOHJ2jBCucXw==, figureFileBig=/CiMLA3dn3HycVrv/S0acw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380333666549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图5, caption=暗条爆发前的类喷流活动

(a)~(d)为NVST Ha的成像观测;(b)中黄蓝轮廓表示视向磁场正负100 G的等值线;(a)和(d)中的白色箭头指出了束缚类型磁场被释放的过程;(e)~(h)对应了SDO/AIA(太阳动力学天文台的大气成像组件)304 Å的成像图像

, figureFileSmall=5KjmESa5+pWOHJ2jBCucXw==, figureFileBig=/CiMLA3dn3HycVrv/S0acw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380396581111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aY3REhwTKYXZgwpKA/YnIw==, figureFileBig=Vo+7wWPH5wEGe41JxIUyJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380463689977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2016年8月17日NVST观测的边缘日珥

(a)为Hα线心观测的边缘日珥;(b)~(d)为日珥中间部分的纵向震荡;(e)~(g)为日珥主体的横向震荡

, figureFileSmall=aY3REhwTKYXZgwpKA/YnIw==, figureFileBig=Vo+7wWPH5wEGe41JxIUyJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380522410235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qVkih90LPmAIDnhgXpWz1g==, figureFileBig=0UVeOQojz23Kr4oO6jyrDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380627267836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图7, caption=气泡破裂导致大尺度上升羽状物的形成过程

(a)~(e):时间序列的SDO/AIA 171 Å的图像;(f)~(i):NVST Hα线心的图像;(k)~(o):NVST Hα −0.4 Å的图像;(p)~(t):对应的多普勒信号图像,其中,蓝色表示蓝移红色表示红移

, figureFileSmall=qVkih90LPmAIDnhgXpWz1g==, figureFileBig=0UVeOQojz23Kr4oO6jyrDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380685988093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4YOisO3UiOrKuoOT0la2zw==, figureFileBig=oHsarTWUGoA7vlN7/OYHIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380740514046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图8, caption=IRIS暴在不同观测波段的响应

(a)~(d):03:07:28 UT时刻IRIS/SJI 1400Å图,Hα线心和线翼(−1Å和+1Å);(e)~(h):Si Ⅳ 1393.755强度,Mg Ⅱ K线心和线翼(−1.33和+1.33Å);(i)~(l):SDO/HMI(太阳动力学天文台的日震与磁场成像仪)视向磁图,SDO/AIA 1700,171和193Å图展示了IBs和EBs;Si Ⅳ 1393.755强度像的蓝色轮廓线给出了4个IBs

, figureFileSmall=4YOisO3UiOrKuoOT0la2zw==, figureFileBig=oHsarTWUGoA7vlN7/OYHIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380811817215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=us8lwiNa+ebKvWw0TncEvg==, figureFileBig=rstKQzOvwk3SIsYCcaR1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380874731776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2014年10月24日NVST观测到活动区12192中的喷流过程

(a)~(f):NVST Hα图像展示了日珥与“开放”磁场线详细的相互作用过程;(g)~(h):AIA 171 Å影像显示了磁扭缠向外传播的过程

, figureFileSmall=us8lwiNa+ebKvWw0TncEvg==, figureFileBig=rstKQzOvwk3SIsYCcaR1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144380950229249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yqTNY1xBRNw+cAX4Os7pnw==, figureFileBig=n77RGXjjDf6dohXdIMgS8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144381013143810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2019年5月6日NVST观测到活动区12740中的扇形喷流

(a1)~(a3)NVST Hα线心图;(b1)~(b3)Hα−0.4 Å图像;(c1)~(c3)Hα+0.4 Å图像;(d1)~(d3)基于Hα蓝翼和红翼图像构建的多普勒图展示了喷流传播过程中碰撞过程

, figureFileSmall=yqTNY1xBRNw+cAX4Os7pnw==, figureFileBig=n77RGXjjDf6dohXdIMgS8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144381067669763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=15YUPl9mzv6IforEHqO6og==, figureFileBig=lTNEN5laMKXPq+ihxqOlxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144381134778628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2019年5月13日NVST观测到活动区12741中与黑子半影相关的喷流

(a1)~(a4)和(b1)~(b4)分别为不同时刻的NVST Hα蓝翼图像(∆λ=−0.5 Å)、Hα线心图像、Hα红翼图像(∆λ=+0.5 Å);(a4)和(b4)是对应的IRIS 1400 Å图像。红色等高线显示了喷流及其底部附近的相关增亮现象

, figureFileSmall=15YUPl9mzv6IforEHqO6og==, figureFileBig=lTNEN5laMKXPq+ihxqOlxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144381201887493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vEGvHmdfUdeLDwuy8/cn7w==, figureFileBig=9NzMOfmcgHK4w3r8vkC7nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144381268996358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图12, caption=NVST的TiO波段观测数据展示了2个太阳黑子内的UDs

红色轮廓线识别为黑子本影的中心边界,黄色轮廓线识别为黑子本影的外围边界,白色轮廓线为识别的UDs;在红色区域内的亮点定义为CUDs,在黄色轮廓线与红色轮廓线之间的亮点定义为PUDs

, figureFileSmall=vEGvHmdfUdeLDwuy8/cn7w==, figureFileBig=9NzMOfmcgHK4w3r8vkC7nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144382745391368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8qrbXnO854RVocXf7YCcNg==, figureFileBig=LjEPq49OaDunWGDELuX0cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144382812500233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356302909190419, language=CN, label=图13, caption=NVST的TiO波段观测宁静区的亮点及其对应的磁场

(a)NVST的TiO波段展示了太阳宁静区米粒的特征,白色点状区域标注了识别的米粒间亮点;(b)同区域的HMI矢量磁场的强度图

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一米新真空太阳望远镜10年成果及展望
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闫晓理 1, 2 , 杨丽恒 1, 2 , 王金成 1, 2 , 薛志科 1, 2 , 徐喆 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(16): 62-84
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闫晓理1, 2 , 杨丽恒1, 2, 王金成1, 2, 薛志科1, 2, 徐喆1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院云南天文台, 昆明 650216
  • 2. 云南省太阳物理与空间目标监测重点实验室, 昆明 650216
The achievements of NVST in the past ten years and prospect
Xiaoli YAN1, 2 , Liheng YANG1, 2, Jincheng WANG1, 2, Zhike XUE1, 2, Zhe XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
  • 2. Yunnan Key Laboratory of Solar Physics and Space Science, Kunming 650216, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00033
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介绍了中国科学院云南天文台澄江抚仙湖一米新真空太阳望远镜(NVST)的观测系统,总结近10年来国内外科研人员利用NVST观测数据在磁重联的观测特征及其精细物理过程、太阳暗条结构及其形成和演化、日珥的精细结构及其动力学演化、太阳小尺度活动、光球活动的精细物理过程、图像处理与特征识别方法等方面开展的亮点科研工作。展望了未来国内外地基大口径太阳望远镜可能解决的日冕加热、局地发电机、太阳爆发活动触发机制等科学问题。

太阳活动  /  磁重联  /  太阳磁场  /  太阳黑子  /  太阳暗条  /  日珥  /  针状体  /  喷流  /  埃勒曼炸弹

A brief introduction is provided to the observational system of the 1-meter New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) at Fuxian Lake, Chengjiang, operated by Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Over the past decade, both domestic and international researchers have used NVST observational data to conduct outstanding scientific studies in several areas, including the observational characteristics and fine physical processes of magnetic reconnection, the structure, formation, and evolution of solar filaments, the fine structure and dynamic evolution of prominences, small-scale solar activities, fine physical processes of photospheric activities, as well as image processing and feature recognition methods. Prospects are also presented for the construction of large-aperture ground-based solar telescopes and the scientific issues they aim to address.

solar activity  /  magnetic reconnection  /  solar magnetic field  /  sunspots  /  solar filaments  /  prominences  /  spicules  /  jets  /  Ellerman bombs
闫晓理, 杨丽恒, 王金成, 薛志科, 徐喆. 一米新真空太阳望远镜10年成果及展望. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (16) : 62 -84 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00033
Xiaoli YAN, Liheng YANG, Jincheng WANG, Zhike XUE, Zhe XU. The achievements of NVST in the past ten years and prospect[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (16) : 62 -84 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00033
太阳是唯一一颗能被人类精细观测的恒星。太阳上复杂的等离子体和磁场环境是研究其他天体和特殊环境下的天然实验室。太阳主导着整个太阳系,其演化与它的行星演化息息相关。参照太阳系的结构和演化对寻找系外人类宜居行星具有重要借鉴意义。此外,太阳活动与人类的生产生活息息相关,特别是大的对地的太阳爆发活动会导致灾害性空间天气的产生,给人类社会生产和生活带来严重的影响。
鉴于中国多项重大空间工程项目对灾害性空间天气预报的迫切需求,科技部973仪器专项和中国科学院仪器研制项目于2001年联合资助中国科学院云南天文台立项研制“一米新真空太阳望远镜”(NVST)。NVST于2002年开始研制,2010年望远镜安装完毕,同年9月,望远镜顺利实现初光,2013年投入常规科学观测。NVST曾被国内外同行评价为全球太阳观测的3大前沿系统之一,也是中国附近8个时区内唯一能对太阳进行高分辨率观测的望远镜,特别是对太阳边缘高分辨率观测达到了国际领先水平[1]。为了充分发挥该设备对太阳物理和空间科学的推动作用,国内外从事太阳物理和空间天气学的专家依托NVST的高分辨率观测数据积极开展了对太阳活动的研究工作,在小尺度太阳活动的精细物理过程、太阳爆发活动的触发机制、磁重联等前沿研究领域取得一批原创性研究成果[2]。目前为止,基于该望远镜观测数据有160多篇研究论文发表于《NatureCommunications》《The AstrophysicalJournal》等国际主流学术期刊。相关成果入选《Nature Communications》等离子体物理方面的亮点文章和中国科学院“十二五”科技成果展、荣获2015年云南省科学技术进步奖特等奖、2016年度全国“十大天文科技进展”和2021年云南省自然科学奖一等奖等。
NVST是一架地平式太阳望远镜,镜筒真空封窗直径为1200mm,有效口径为985 mm,有效视场大于3′,是目前世界上最大口径的真空太阳望远镜,如图 1所示。原名叫一米红外太阳塔,位于澄江市抚仙湖小湾村老鹰地,是中国太阳物理和空间科学学科对太阳进行高分辨率光学和近红外观测的主力设备,曾位列国际3大前沿太阳观测系统之一。该望远镜可以对太阳光球、色球进行高分辨率成像和光谱观测[1]
NVST有3大系统:成像观测系统、光谱系统和自适应光学系统。成像系统观测波段主要有TiO(7058 Å),Hα(6563Å)和He Ⅰ(10830 Å)。NVST在TiO波段达到0.1"的空间分辨率。在Hα成像通道中,使用的是Lyot滤光器,带宽为0.25 Å,可以在正负5 Å内成像,空间分辨率达到0.3",实现了接近衍射极限的太阳高分辨率观测。在He Ⅰ(10830 Å)波段,也是采用Lyot滤光器,带宽为0.5 Å,空间分辨率为0.3"。NVST配备2台高性能的垂直式光谱仪,一台多波段光谱仪和一台高色散光谱仪。目前,投入常规观测的是多波段光谱仪。光谱常规观测主要是Ca Ⅱ 8542 Å和Fe Ⅰ5324Å2个波段。其光谱数据的空间分辨率均为0.164"/像素,光谱分辨率分别22 mÅ/像素和8.6 mÅ/像素,观测的波长范围分别为30 Å和12 Å。自适应光学系统是中国科学院光电技术研究所研制的,先后为NVST配备了3套自适应光学系统。传统151单元自适应光学(CAO)于2015年研制完成,通过151单元变形镜实时校正大气湍流引起的波前误差,实现大气等晕区内(约10")望远镜接近衍射极限的高分辨力成像[3]。地表层自适应光学系统于2021年研制完成,其针对大气湍流主要分布在近地层的特性,同样通过151单元变形镜对地表层大气湍流引起的波前畸变进行探测与补偿,在更大视场范围内提升系统成像质量[4]。多层共轭自适应光学系统于2022年开发完成,在地表层自适应光学系统的基础上,额外添加一个大视场哈特曼和2块变形镜(分别为313单元和373单元),对高层湍流引起的波前畸变进行探测与校正,突破传统自适应光学校正视场的限制,在1′视场内实现近衍射极限的高分辨力成像[5-6]
磁重联是2组具有相反方向的磁力线相互靠近从而发生重新连接的过程。在这个过程中,磁力线会重联区域湮灭而形成电流片即磁耗散区,耗散区中磁能被转化为加速粒子的动能、热能、辐射能等。磁重联是天体物理、空间物理、实验室等离子体中一种非常常见和重要的快速能量释放过程。早期阳光太阳卫星号X射线波段对日面边缘事件观测中发现了磁重联的一些特征,如环顶硬X射线源、尖角结构等[7-8]。但是,对于低层大气磁重联的物理过程观测还非常少。NVST的高分辨率色球观测为研究低层大气磁重联的过程提供了很好的契机。NVST具有3' 视场,可以观测到整个活动区的演化,能很好覆盖到爆发事件整个过程。
基于NVST高分辨率观测,Yang等[9]首次在太阳色球观测到了色球纤维之间发生的小尺度磁重联事件,观测到了重联的入流、出流、电流片等特征。NVST随后的观测中,发现在太阳暗条爆发过程中,太阳暗条与周围的纤维结构发生重联,重联导致暗条中的扭缠传输到开放的磁环中,揭示磁重联新的物理过程——磁重联释放暗条中的磁扭缠[10]。值得一提的是,在该事件中,磁重联只是起到转移暗条中磁扭缠的作用即起到转移磁能的作用,并不是通常认为的把磁场耗散转化为热能、动能、辐射能等。NVST在微暗条爆发过程中也发现了类似的物理过程,微暗条与大尺度磁环发生重联可以把暗条中的扭缠传输到大尺度磁环中去。NVST在2014年2月2日观测到具有X型结构的一个M级大耀斑,在这个事件中找到了迄今为止最完整的磁重联观测证据。在这个耀斑发生过程中,观测到一个活动区暗条和周围的磁环发生了重联。这个事件不仅完整地被观测到了所有磁重联的观测特征,包括入流、出流、尖角结构、电流片及沿新形成环的下降流等,而且还观测到了电流片中有多个磁岛形成。利用三维数据驱动模拟不但重现了磁重联过程和磁岛形成,而且还发现磁岛是由扭缠的小磁绳构成的(图 2[11]。在随后的色球观测中,还陆续发现了震荡磁重联[12]、零点磁重联[13]、扇-脊结构磁重联[14]及磁重联后新形成的磁环振荡等[15]
磁重联在重塑磁场结构方面也起很重要的作用。Xue等[16]利用NVST数据,观测到在暗条向外爆发时,暗条与周围磁环发生重联导致暗条主体直接被截断;磁环与磁环之间的重联也会导致太阳黑子快速消失[17];暗条与上方磁场重联把暗条中的物质转移到周围磁场中[18-20]。通过对NVST观测的小尺度磁重联事件的统计研究,发现磁重联中等离子体速度、重联率、电流片特性等物理参量之间具有一定的相关性,也和背景磁场的初始条件密切相关[21]。同时,磁重联过程中的电流片宽度、长度等参数受观测仪器分辨率的限制,大多数电流片的宽度集中在2~4个像素[22]
太阳暗条是太阳大气中最为特殊的活动体之一,它们由低温、高密度的等离子体组成,动态悬浮在高温、稀薄的日冕中。当它们在日面形成时,呈现出暗的丝状结构,被称为“暗条”;而当它们位于日面边缘时,则表现为明亮的发射结构,即通常说的“日珥”。暗条和日珥其实是同一物体在日面的不同位置的称谓。暗条的物质密度是周围日冕密度的100倍,而温度却是周围日冕温度的1/100左右[23]。暗条爆发常常伴随着太阳耀斑和日冕物质抛射的产生,是空间天气的主要驱动源。
由于缺乏日冕高层大气的磁场测量,暗条的磁场结构仍然是一个谜。为了解释暗条物质是如何被束缚在日冕中,太阳物理学家提出了2种主流的暗条磁场结构,磁剪切拱结构[24-25]和磁流绳结构[26-28]
基于NVST的观测,Yang等[29]研究了一个活动区暗条的激活过程,发现磁对消导致了暗条激活,在暗条抬升过程呈现出一个非常缠绕的螺旋结构(图 3[29])。通过跟踪物质的运动轨迹,估算得到暗条的缠绕度约为1π,表明活动区暗条的磁场结构为磁流绳结构。Xue等[30]发现一个活动区暗条爆发时候呈现出顺时针旋转,旋转角度达2.6π。Chen等[31]通过跟踪2个旋转结构特征,发现在暗条爆发前其磁场缠绕度为1.3π。在暗条激活过程,跟踪等离子体的运动轨迹,间接地表明暗条中存在着比较缠绕的螺旋结构[32-33]。Yan等[34]研究了暗条从亚稳态到爆发的演化过程,发现在暗条激活过程中,暗条纤维呈现出扭缠的结构,其内部等离子体出现了翻滚运动,以上这些观测特征都倾向支持了暗条具有磁流绳结构。
基于光球矢量磁场(图 4[35]),结合非线性无力场外推方法[35-39],研究人员在NVST观测的活动区暗条所处位置,可以外推出一个比较缠绕的磁流绳结构(图 4(b))。Wang等[40]通过暗条的部分解缠运动的观测特征以及非线性无力场外推的2种方法,都得到暗条爆发前的磁场缠绕度在2圈以上。
此外,还发现暗条可能存在不止单一的磁流绳结构,可能还存在双层磁场结构。Awasthi等[41]通过非对称的多普勒信号和物质的运动特征表明暗条主干上存在着旋转运动和轴向的振荡运动。通过分析这些暗条物质的运动特性,Awasthi等认为此暗条的磁场结构是双层(double-decker)的结构,上层为磁流绳结构,下层为磁剪切拱结构。Shen等[42]同样发现在2次连续缰绳剪断磁场重联作用下,在暗条处可能形成双层磁流绳结构系统。Zhang等[43]通过利用多个望远镜的观测数据认证一个暗条具有双层磁场结构。这些发现为进一步理解和认识暗条的内部磁场结构提供了新的视角。
暗条形成包含了2个过程:(1)暗条磁场结构的形成过程;(2)暗条物质的来源过程[44-46]
在暗条磁场结构形成过程的研究中,一般认为暗条的磁场结构为磁流绳结构。Yan等[35]研究了位于活动区NOAA11884中的2个连续暗条的形成过程和磁场结构。基于非常优良的NVST观测数据(2013年10月31日—11月3日),他们发现2个活动区暗条连续地形成于同一个地方。在暗条形成之前,发现这个小黑子绕着自己中心的旋转运动,同时2个相反极性也出现了剪切运动。由于这些光球运动的作用,第1个暗条形成在光球极性反转线的上方。在第1个暗条形成之后,此暗条经历了失败爆发后就消失了。由于黑子继续旋转运动,第2个暗条迅速在同一个地方形成。值得注意的是,在暗条的形成过程中,这2个暗条的其中一个足点始终扎根在小旋转黑子上。通过这些观测特征和分析,研究人员认为相反极性的剪切运动和小黑子的旋转运动在这2个连续暗条的形成过程中扮演着非常重要的作用。
此外,基于高时空分辨率的NVST观测数据,发现磁重联在暗条形成过程中扮演着重要的角色。Xue等[47]和Yang等[48]研究了一个活动区磁流绳的形成过程,发现2组色球纤维通过tether-cutting重联过程,逐渐形成缠绕的暗条结构。Chen等[49]发现迷你暗条的形成同样也是通过色球纤维的合并,并解释这些色球纤维的合并可能是低层大气的磁重联作用的结果。在这些研究中,光球的运动(旋转、剪切、汇聚)作用并结合磁场重联机制,使得特殊的暗条磁场结构得以形成,研究结果进一步认证和丰富了光球表面作用形成机制[50-51]
关于暗条物质来源问题[52-53],研究人员提出3种机制:注入模型、抬升模型和蒸发冷凝模型。然而,究竟是哪种机制至今仍存在不少争议。Wang等[51]发现暗条足点的喷流活动不仅可以重构(形成)暗条磁场结构,同时也可把低层大气的物质输送到高层日冕中被暗条磁场所捕获,从而形成暗条物质。他们观测到在暗条逐渐形成过程中,暗条的足根部出现了一系列的喷流活动,这些喷流活动把物质输送进入暗条中,有些被扭缠磁结构所捕获从而形成暗条物质,而有些在极紫外波段响应微弱的小尺度喷流,同样可以输送物质到高层大气中。通过估算,喷流输送的物质足以提供暗条所需物质。此外,他们发现这些喷流活动的触发与新磁流量浮现有关。
此外,Li等[33]发现在大尺度暗条的生长过程中,间歇性的磁重联活动(喷流)可把物质转移到暗条中。Sun等[54]研究了位于活动区NOAA 12765附近的中间暗条的形成过程,同样发现暗条足根处的磁重联可以把物质注入暗条中,从而促使暗条的生长和形成。Wei等[55]则发现小尺度暗条爆发产生的激波驱动的等离子体流或色球蒸发机制把低层大气的物质填充入大尺度暗条中,为大尺度暗条提供物质。以上研究成果表明喷流或磁活动是暗条物质来源的重要途径之一。
然而,Yang等[56]研究了发生耀斑M1.3级后的暗条形成过程,发现暗条的形成过程涉及磁重联、色球蒸发和随后的日冕冷凝,并认为暗条的物质是通过色球蒸发和日冕冷凝所形成的,这个结果支持了蒸发-冷凝模型。
尽管在暗条物质来源方面取得了一定进展,但暗条物质的形成机制仍然是未解难题。特别是宁静区暗条的形成过程比较长,且跨度较大,目前仅有少数例子涵盖了从无到有的完整形成过程。因此,暗条的物质来源问题亟需更多研究来进一步揭示这一过程的细节和机制。
暗条爆发往往引发激烈的太阳活动,如太阳耀斑、日冕物质抛射、大尺度的太阳大气波动等[57]。暗条爆发的物理机制也是太阳物理学家研究的一个重要方向。基于大量的观测研究和数值模拟,人们提出了2大类机制或模型来解释暗条爆发的物理过程和爆发的触发机制,一类是磁重联驱动机制(如磁爆裂模型[58]、缰绳剪断模型[59]、磁浮现模型[60]),另一类是磁流体力学不稳定性机制(如扭折不稳定性[61]、电流环不稳定性[62]、灾变模型[63])。然而,最为本质的爆发机制仍处在探索阶段。尽管已有多种理论模型尝试解释暗条爆发的起源和物理过程,如磁重联、能量释放与物质转移等,但要全面理解其内在的物理机制仍面临许多挑战。
Wang等[40]详细研究了活动区NOAA 12680中U型暗条的爆发初发过程(图 5[40])。通过运用2个视角和非线性无力场外推方法得到了暗条的高度区域并不满足电流环不稳定性。同时,他们发现暗条爆发前,2次由新浮磁流驱动的类喷流活动逐渐剥离束缚暗条的磁场结构,使得高扭缠度(2圈)的磁流绳无法被束缚,从而产生爆发,揭示了新浮磁流对暗条的稳定和爆发触发过程方面扮演着非常重要的角色。Yang等[64]、Li等[65]和Yan等[66]同样发现暗条附近的新浮磁流会和暗条结构的磁场发生磁重联过程,从而重构暗条的磁场结构,使得暗条难以维持平衡,最终导致暗条的爆发。
除了新浮磁流的作用,外部重联作用和暗条自身高缠绕的作用,同样在暗条爆发触发方面扮演重要角色。Zhou等[67]发现大尺度环的外部重联也会削弱暗条上方的束缚磁场,从而导致暗条的抬升,当暗条抬升至背景磁场的衰减因子小于1.5的区域,发生电流环不稳定性,从而导致暗条爆发。Bi等[38]发现一个暗条包含了2部分,其中一部分的缠绕度高,另一部分缠绕度低,而高缠绕度那部分的暗条发生扭折不稳定性,从而产生了部分爆发。Xue等[30]研究了发生在2014年4月7日的暗条2个爆发过程,同样发现其中一个暗条爆发解缠度高达2.6 π,认为其是发生扭转不稳定性从而导致爆发,另一个的爆发是暗条上方磁场的减少所导致。
此外,Cheng等[68]发现暗条可以通过内部磁重联发生分裂,从而发生连续的部分爆发,研究表明暗条的分裂过程可能是太阳活动中暗条爆发的重要触发因素。当一个暗条发生爆发时,可能会导致其他暗条失去平衡从而爆发,这种暗条爆发间的相互作用,被称为感应爆发/同调爆发。Yang等[69]发现暗条爆发过程之间的碰撞及磁重联的发生导致了另一暗条的部分爆发,这些结果表明暗条之间的相互作用是主要触发因素。
暗条或日珥内部具有非常丰富的精细结构,同时蕴含着复杂的小尺度动力学过程。这些结构和动力学过程对理解暗条内部结构和推动太阳物理重大物理问题的解决具有不可或缺的作用[70-71]
基于NVST的边缘高分辨率观测,暗条/日珥中的双向流可以清晰地呈现出来。Yan等[72]研究了2012年11月2日NVST观测的一个暗条,得到暗条中双向流的速度在5.6~15 km/s。Shen等[73]研究了2014年5月20日的边缘日珥,测得日珥中的双向流速度为15~20 km/s,并认为日珥中2个足点的不平衡压强可能是导致出现双向流现象的原因。通过对边缘日珥的动力学分析,Yan等[74]发现日珥主体的上部分红移和蓝移交替出现,存在约83 min震荡现象(图 6[74]),主体的中间部分呈现出明显的双向流,双向流速度约10~20 km/s,主体的下部分有间歇性的物质注入,物质注入有2种方式,一种是随着羽状物的上升注入日珥中下部分,另外一种是被日珥腿部的磁旋风抽运到日珥中下部分。这些震荡和物质流混杂在一起形成了日珥中无处不在的双向流。
除了日珥中双向流运动外,还存在着各种各样的动力学过程。Yang等[75]和Li等[76]发现日珥中存在速度剪切不稳定性即开尔文-亥姆霍兹(KH)不稳定性过程。Yang等[75]发现在发生开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定前,纤维出现了周期为225 s的振荡现象,同时也得到了20~60 km/s的剪切速度流。因此,他们认为这种振荡现象和KH不稳定现象都是由于速度剪切流所引起的。Li等[76]发现了日珥中的涡流结构,并得到这涡流结构是由于强剪切速度流引起的开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性的结果。
日珥中的气泡结构同样非常令人费解。Awasthi等[77]通过分析日珥气泡边界的等离子体运动特性,发现气泡中出现了逆时针的旋转运动,从而认为气泡中存在着缠绕的流绳结构。通过多视角的观测分析,Guo等[78]得到太阳边缘日珥气泡的边界对应着日面上暗条的倒钩(barbs)底部边界,其是倒钩底部的磁凹陷(dips)和下方磁拱形环作用的结果。通过分析5个气泡形成和演化过程,Guo等[79]还发现瞬时气泡(寿命比较短)的形成是由于日珥底部小尺度暗条的爆发所产生。当小尺度暗条爆发,轴线与视线之间的角度足够大时,爆发的小暗条物质与上方日珥相互作用才能导致瞬时气泡的形成。
即使是存活久的气泡,其边界也是动态变化的,Shen等[73]发现气泡边界的振荡和气泡底部的小尺度活动有关。在气泡和上方日珥的交界处,常常出现向上传播的小尺度高温低密度(较日珥)物质,人们称之为“上升羽状物”(upflowplumes)[80-81]。Xue等[82]发现气泡边界剪切速度比较快的地方容易出现上升羽状物,因此,认为这种上升羽状物的形成是由重力不稳定性(R-T instability)和速度剪切不稳定性的结果。类似于小尺度上升羽状物,Stellmacher等[83]发现整个气泡结构都上升且瓦解在日珥中,这类大尺度的上升羽状物在大小、形成机制较小尺度上升羽状物有所不同。除了重力不稳定性形成机制,Chen等[84]发现气泡内部的迷你暗条爆发同样会导致气泡的膨胀和形成大尺度上升羽状物。通过研究2个大尺度上升羽状物形成过程,Wang等[85]发现在这2个大尺度上升羽状物的形成过程的一些共性:(1)大尺度上升羽状物形成之前,气泡内部出现磁活动(增亮信号/迷你暗条爆发),气泡逐渐膨胀;(2)当气泡达到半圆形结构,气泡顶端发生不稳定,大尺度上升羽状物开始出现;(3)大尺度上升羽状物上升过程其底部出现狭窄的通道连接着气泡(图 7[85])。基于这些特征和理论分析,Wang等提出了这种大尺度上升羽状物的共同形成机制与Berger等[80]发现的小尺度上升羽状物的形成机制有所不同,认为这种大尺度上升羽状物的形成是由于底部气泡的破裂所引起的,而气泡由于其内部气压的增强(发生磁活动)逐渐膨胀,当达到半圆形时气泡无法维持稳定,从而产生破裂。
日珥中垂直于太阳边缘的上升/下落的流动和垂直纤维结构是怎么形成的非常令人费解。Bi等[86]跟踪日珥中的下落流动,发现它们不是自由落地运动,而是大体的匀速运动。而这些下落流动对局地的日冕加热有一定的贡献。Wang等[87]研究了垂直的纤维结构在剪切流的作用下,出现负能量波不稳定性现象。分析这种波动和速度流的特性,推断垂直的纤维结构并不是之前认为的多处磁凹陷叠加的效果,而是具有真实连接的磁场结构。通过冕震学方法,得到垂直纤维的磁场大小为1~3 G,方向为垂直天空平面向里31°。Song等[88]发现在29/35垂直纤维中存在着平均周期为26min的位移振荡,8/35垂直纤维中存在周期为7.7min的强度振荡。Li等[89]发现在日珥水平纤维中同样发现周期性的振荡运动,并解释它们为快速磁流体力学kink波。估算了它们携带的能量并不足以为宁静日冕加热供能,这一结果得到了Wang等[87]的证实。此外,Zhang等[90]还发现在日珥不稳定状态下,出现一系列动态现象,如涡旋运动、振荡、共振、解扭和物质的向上转移。基于这些特性,首次提出了一种基于卡门涡街不稳定性的机制,来解释日珥的不稳定性过程。
太阳大气中广泛存在埃勒曼炸弹、日冕喷流、微暗条爆发和微耀斑等小尺度活动现象。尽管这些活动的空间尺度相对较小,但其对太阳风加速、日冕加热机制和空间天气演化等关键科学问题具有重要研究价值,已成为当代太阳物理研究的前沿领域之一。得益于太阳观测技术的突破性进展,特别是高时空分辨率成像技术的突破,科研人员得以揭示传统观测手段难以捕捉的小尺度活动精细结构。NVST自投入科学观测以来,通过其亚角秒级的高分辨成像能力,在太阳小尺度活动观测研究领域取得了系列突破性成果。
埃勒曼炸弹(Ellerman bombs,EBs)典型特征表现为Hα谱线翼区瞬时强烈增亮,最初被称为“太阳氢弹”,后由McMath等[91]正式命名。研究表明EBs可能形成于低色球层或者光球[92-93],并与磁重联密切相关[94]。IRIS炸弹(IRIS bombs,IBs)是指在IRIS观测中发现的吸收线(单电离或中性离子)特征,这些吸收线叠加在过渡区的强烈展宽线型之上,通常被认为是由局部的太阳大气加热引起。通过IRIS与NVST的联合观测,Tian等[95]首次确定了EBs和IBs的关系(图 8[95]),识别出10个IBs样本。研究发现其中3个IBs与EBs存在明确关联,另有3个可能存在联系。这些EBs呈现出扩展Hα线翼的强烈增亮特征,但Hα线心区域没有明显变化。这些炸弹普遍表现出以下典型特征:(1)O Ⅳ 1401.156Å和1399.774 Å谱线缺失或极其微弱;(2)Mn Ⅰ 2795.640 Å谱线在显著增强的MgⅡ k线翼上呈现叠加的吸收特征;(3)Mg Ⅱk和h谱线在线翼区域出现强烈增亮而线心无显著增强;(4)NiⅡ 1393.330 Å和1335.203 Å等色球吸收线强度异常突出;(5)SDO/AIA 1700 Å图像显示致密增亮结构。这些观测证据支持这些炸弹形成于光球层的物理机制,表明EBs的加热效率远超既往认知;同时,证实Mg Ⅱ k/h谱线可与Hα谱线等效用于EBs研究,为EBs探测开辟了新窗口。其余4个IBs与EBs明显无关联且不具上述特征,暗示其可能形成于更高层次的色球区域。
日冕喷流是沿大尺度开放磁力线或磁环运动的准直的等离子体喷发现象,它们的特征可从几百千米[96]到几个太阳半径(白光观测)[97],甚至超过1个天文单位(AU)处[98]被追踪到。喷流通常伴随微耀斑、光球磁流对消和射电Ⅲ型暴等现象。它们不仅可以发生在太阳的活动区,还能在宁静区和冕洞中出现。根据喷流的形态及演化特征的差异,Moore等将日冕喷流分为2类——标准喷流和爆裂喷流[99]。标准喷流产生于浮现磁流与背景磁场的重联;而爆裂喷流是底部微暗条爆发的结果,与大尺度暗条爆发引发日冕物质抛射的过程类似。Sterling等[100]进一步观测研究发现,几乎所有日冕喷流都是由微暗条触发的。如果微暗条部分爆发(失败爆发),则引起标准喷流;而如果它完全爆发,则引起爆裂喷流。
1)喷流触发机制及观测特征。结合高时空分辨率的NVST和太阳动力学天文台(SDO)的观测,Li等[101]不仅在喷流底部发现存在微暗条,而且给出了微暗条与邻近磁场相互作用的细节(图 9[101]),研究首次报道了微暗条与邻近开放磁场重联并将微暗条的磁纽缠转移到开场形成旋转喷流,转移的总纽缠在8π左右。最终,磁纽缠通过日冕物质抛射扩散至行星际空间。类似的过程也曾被Hong等[102]和Yang等[103]报道过,只是磁重联发生在微暗条与大尺度活动区环之间。在Hong等报道的事件中,微暗条与大尺度环重联形成的热环被观测到,平均温度在8.3MK左右。在Yang等报道的事件中,微暗条通过与活动区环重联将纽缠转移到大尺度环中,在转移过程中引起了活动区环的横向震荡并在活动区环的另一端产生了增亮,转移的总纽缠数为0.34~0.53圈。Yang等[104]利用NVST和SDO数据进一步对受活动区环限制的复发性喷流进行了统计分析。研究结果显示,无论是标准喷流还是爆裂喷流均表现出旋转运动,但其旋转方向存在明显差异,约67% 的喷流呈逆时针旋转,其旋转方向与源区累计的负螺度一致;而剩余33% 的喷流则呈顺时针旋转,与源区累计的负螺度不符。研究者认为,这种现象可能是由于小尺度磁流绳不断浮现且其扭转方向彼此相反所致,亦或源区局部正磁流的累积所引发。为进一步揭示其内在物理机制,有必要采用更高时空分辨率的矢量磁场数据对该问题进行深入探讨。
太阳喷流的一个显著特征是:部分日冕喷流同时包含冷、热2种等离子体,其中冷成分通常相对于热成分存在一定的时间延迟,通常为2~15 min[105-106]。多数研究者将其归因于喷流的高温日冕物质冷却所致,但仍存在其他多种解释。如Nishizuka等[107]的数值模拟工作显示喷流中的冷(高密度)与热(低密度)等离子体源自阿尔芬速度差异,而非冷却效应;而Yokoyama等[108]的模拟则认为日冕喷流中的冷成分来源于被膨胀磁环抬升的色球冷等离子体,在磁场断裂后受张力作用而被加速。利用NVST和SDO的数据,Shen等[109]发现喷流的爆发分为2个阶段。在第1阶段,微暗条的上方束缚场与其周围的开放磁场发生重联,形成一次小喷流;第2阶段的喷发主要归因于持续磁重联逐步移除约束磁场,致使微暗条进一步爆发,在爆发过程中释放的冷暗条物质与重联区产生的热喷流直接耦合,形成了喷流中同时存在的冷热双重成分。喷流2个阶段的爆发也曾被Sterling等[100]报道过。在他们的研究中,第1阶段的磁重联过程被归类为“外部重联”,而第2阶段的喷发则归因于“内部重联”。实际上,喷流的这种2个阶段的爆发展示了与大尺度日冕物质抛射类似的磁爆裂机制。Wyper等[110]的磁流磁力学模型显示,在喷流的磁爆裂喷发过程中将依次形成爆裂电流片和耀斑电流片。利用NVST及其他卫星的观测资料,Yang等[111]在微暗条驱动的同一喷流过程中依次观测到爆裂喷流片和耀斑电流片,这一结果与上述的数值模拟研究高度一致。其中,耀斑电流片的长度和宽度分别为4.35~4.93 Mm(兆米)和1.31~1.45 Mm,而与此电流片相关的磁重联率为0.27~0.33。微分发射测量分析表明,爆裂电流片和耀斑电流片的峰值温度均为2.5 MK。
日冕喷流常发生在与寄生磁极相关的扇脊磁拓扑结构中[112-113],扇脊拓扑结构是一种复杂的磁场系统,由4个主要部分组成:日冕磁零点、穹顶状扇区、内脊和外脊[114]。在这种磁拓扑结构下,由磁重联加速的电子束轰击低层大气产生的明亮区域被称为耀斑带,其位置反应了磁分界面或磁准分界面的足点[115]。在扇脊拓扑结构主导的爆发过程中,通常会形成3条耀斑带:一条为标记内脊足点的内侧耀斑带,一条为标记外脊足点的环形耀斑带,还有一条是与外脊相关的远端耀斑带。
利用NVST和SDO的数据,Shen等[116]研究了伴随有C1.3级耀斑由微暗条驱动的喷流。磁场外推显示,该喷流位于扇脊磁结构中,在距离日面9 Mm处存在一个零点。在这个事件中,上述3条耀斑带均被观测到。值得注意的是,环形耀斑带的西侧表现出一种有趣的往返滑动运动,而内侧和环形耀斑带的东侧则表现为向北的滑动运动。研究结果表明,内侧和环形耀斑带的滑动运动反映了扇区准分界层内的滑动磁重联过程,而远端耀斑带则与磁零点处的磁重联相关,由磁对消触发的微暗条爆进一步推动了扇脊准分界层的滑动重联及零点处的磁重联过程。同时,Li等[117]也利用NVST的数据,研究了非轴对称的拓扑磁结构下环形微暗条的爆发及喷流的形成过程,发现微暗条表现出向磁零点扇脊偏移的运动,并在磁零点处发生碰撞,观测到双向流的磁重联特征。由于外部磁重联,微暗条物质注入日冕磁环中形成喷流并在喷流中观测到与撕裂膜不稳定性相关的等离子体团。研究人员认为,非对称扇脊结构对爆发的微暗条施加了侧向作用,使其运动偏转并引导其向磁零点运动,从而通过磁重联过程促进喷流的形成。此外,Huang等[118]利用NVST、IRIS和SDO的数据,研究了沿日冕环传播的喷流事件。喷流的传播速度大于100 km/s,在Hα图像中,冕环足点出现紧凑且呈圆形的增亮现象,而SDO/AIA94 Å图像显示远端增亮的辐射峰值比喷流源区的峰值滞后60s。该处的加热作用引发沿磁环向喷流源区延伸的亮化现象,被认为是色球蒸发的结果。当色球蒸发与喷流在环顶相遇,这种色球蒸发现象明显起到了制动作用,使喷流出现1.5~3.0 km/s2(误差为1.0 km/s2)的减速度。该喷流的动力学特性为从远端增亮诊断色球蒸发提供了独特的契机,色球蒸发的速度范围为330~880 km/s。
2)扇形喷流。与普遍存在的日冕喷流不同,色球层扇形喷流通常出现在黑子亮桥以及半影区域之上[119-120]。先前的观测表明,这些扇形喷流的延伸尺度可达数十兆米,传播速度在几十至200 km/s之间。大部分喷流物质最终由于重力减速而回落至太阳表面[121]。在部分观测中,喷流足点伴随着脉冲加热现象,并与强电流重合,这表明此类喷流的驱动机制可能是下层大气中的磁重联[122]。利用NVST的Hα观测数据,Li等[123]首次报道了在原始扇形喷流与附近光斑磁场结构相互作用过程中产生的明显扇形喷流(图 10[123])。原始扇形喷流在黑子半影中间歇性喷发,伴随着喷流基部的脉冲性亮化。当传播中的喷流遇到并与位于西侧光斑的负极性磁场结构发生碰撞时,喷流物质在光斑东侧的密度显著增强,同时在喷流与光斑碰撞处喷流结构出现了向西北的偏转。随后,原始喷流分化为2部分,一部分被反射离开光斑,另一部分则形成了扇形喷流。与原始喷流明显区分开来,这一喷射出的扇形喷流结构更为有序,并在光斑处呈现明显的终止。该扇形喷流在脉冲加速作用下速度达100km/s,延伸长度最高达到40 Mm。所观测到的扇形喷流在形态上与黑子半影和光斑磁系统之间的扇形准分界层相似,这表明其物质主要沿准分界层的扇面运动。他们认为,该碰撞并未改变磁场线的连通性,仅导致喷流物质的再分布。
3)巨型针状体。巨型针状体是指在太阳低层大气中检测到的巨大针状体,其寿命为3~45 min,宽度为3~16 Mm,长度为7~70 Mm,最大速度为10~150 km/s[124]。Pike等[125]观测到,在巨型针状体轴线的两侧同时存在蓝移和红移的辐射,这说明巨针状体可能存在旋转。有研究人员将部分巨型针状体与微暗条爆发联系起来,而有些研究人员则认为巨型针状体和微暗条爆发是2种不同的活动形式[126-127]。此外,有报道称巨型针状体下方出现了极小尺度的亮斑,这些亮斑可能是磁重联的指示信号[128]。利用NVST、IRIS和SDO的数据,Duan等[129]研究了5组活动区巨型针状体。在每次巨型针状体喷发前,均在其基底观测到一个致密亮斑,该亮斑处新浮偶极磁场与预先存在的周围磁场发生接触并相互对消。IRIS对其中一个亮斑的光谱诊断显示,低层大气中存在磁重联。多波段成像观测表明,这些亮斑主要出现在磁通量浮现的上升阶段,并从色球层的下部缓慢上升至上部。显著的巨型针状体在亮斑出现时发生,并在AIA 304Å图像中亮斑消失时逐渐衰减。他们认为,这些巨型针状体及其相关的亮斑是在同一磁重联过程中形成的,其中新浮偶极磁场与周围磁场之间的磁重联高度逐渐增加,导致了亮斑到巨型针状体的演化特征。值得注意的是,大多数巨型针状体表现出与更大尺度的日冕喷流和更小尺度的普通针状体相似的特征,例如,旋转运动、喷发前存在微暗条和亮斑,以及磁通量的浮现和消失。因此,他们得出结论:巨型针状体的形成机制应与普通针状体和日冕喷流相同,即不同尺度上的太阳喷流现象具有相同的物理机制,均与磁重联过程密切相关。
4)双向喷流。双向喷流是由中心亮区发展出的2个大致反向的喷流或瞬态环状增亮。目前,仅有少量关于双向喷流的观测报告,这些观测支持Yokoyama等[108]提出的磁重联模型,即双向喷流源于浮现的双极磁场与水平磁场的重联[130]。与传统的磁重联模型不同,基于NVST和SDO的观测,Tian等[131]报告称双向喷流是由相邻纤维之间的磁重联引起;Zheng等[18]则认为,双向喷流是浮现磁环与缠绕暗条重联的结果;而Yang等[132]提出复发性双向喷流是由喷发的小型暗条与周围大型暗条之间的磁重联所驱动。
在太阳极区冕洞的网络场区域内,色球喷流、过渡区网络喷流、冕羽和日冕喷流等动态特征十分丰富,但它们之间的关系还不是很明确[133-135]。利用NVST和SDO的数据,Qi等[136]研究了色球喷流与日冕活动之间的关系。他们发现Hα喷流在网络场内持续存在,但仅有部分区域与可辨认的冕羽相关联。他们采用自动化方法,在网络场区域中识别并跟踪了1320个Hα喷流。分析发现,Hα喷流的平均寿命、最大高度和上升速度分别为75.38s、2.67 Mm和65.6 km/s。其中,一部分Hα喷流比其他区域的喷流更高、更快。此外,他们发现冕羽中的传播扰动与Hα喷流存在密切关联,在29个与传播扰动相关的Hα喷流中,有28个的速度超过50 km/s。对于日冕喷流,他们发现日冕喷流和Hα喷流的速度均超过150 km/s,这表明冷喷流和热喷流可能是耦合的。基于上述分析,可以确定更具动态性的Hα喷流能够向日冕释放能量,这可能是由于开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性的演化,或是小尺度磁活动的作用。他们认为色球喷流、过渡区网络喷流和日冕喷流是相互关联的现象,并且在太阳大气中起到了循环能量和质量的重要作用。
5)黑子亮桥上的喷流。半影纤维和亮桥是太阳黑子内部的重要结构,对于理解黑子的磁场特性以及其下方的磁对流至关重要。Hou等[137]利用NVST、IRIS和SDO的数据,对侵入亮桥的半影纤维及其产生的喷流的辐射特性、运动学特性和磁拓扑结构进行了研究。研究发现,在亮桥的西部,侵入的半影纤维穿透了亮桥两侧的本影,同时观测到2组喷流。这些喷流与侵入的半影纤维具有相同的投影形态,并伴随着间歇性的足点增亮(图 11[137])。同步的光谱成像观测表明,在喷流的基部存在与磁重联相关的加热和双向流,并给出了喷流的矢量速度。此外,非线性无力场外推结果表明,侵入的半影纤维沿着强而高度倾斜的磁场延伸,这一结果与喷流的矢量速度推导出的结果高度一致。因此,他们提出,这些喷流可能是由亮桥内部新浮磁场与侵入纤维的近水平磁场发生磁重联所产生的,随后沿着更强的纤维磁场向外喷射。研究表明,磁重联可能发生在半影纤维的磁场与亮桥内部的新浮磁场之间,并在更强的纤维磁场方向上产生喷流。这些结果进一步补充了关于太阳黑子内部磁重联和动态活动的研究。
借助高时空分辨率的成像观测,能够深入探究光球精细结构特征及其动态演化,如太阳黑子、米粒、亮点等特征。它们不仅反映了太阳内部磁场和能量传输的过程,也与太阳大气活动密切相关。近年来,基于NVST观测数据的研究取得了诸多进展,不仅加深了对光球结构和动力学特征的理解,也推动了太阳图像自动识别与追踪方法的开发,为太阳物理研究提供了更加精准和高效的分析手段。
利用NVST的TiO波段观测数据,Ji等[138]研究了太阳黑子中的本影亮点(UDs)。如图 12[138]所示,他们将本影亮点分为中央本影亮点(CUDs)和边缘本影亮点(PUDs)。研究发现,UDs的直径、亮度、寿命与其强度呈正相关,但速度与强度无关。此外,UDs的这些性质还依赖于其周围的磁场强度。在较弱的本影磁场环境中,CUDs的直径更大、亮度更高、寿命更长,但运动速度更慢。研究还发现,PUDs的性质与CUDs类似,但样本数量较少,统计结果不够显著。本研究为理解UDs的对流性质及其与磁场的相互作用提供了重要的观测依据。
利用NVST的高分辨率TiO波段图像,Ji等[139]研究了太阳光球层中米粒间亮点(igBPs)的特性。研究使用拉普拉斯和形态膨胀算法(LMD)检测igBPs(图 13[139]),并通过三维分割算法自动跟踪它们,分析了igBPs的形态学、光度学和动力学特性,包括等效直径、强度对比度、寿命、水平速度、扩散指数、运动范围和运动类型。统计结果表明,igBPs的面积覆盖率为0.2%~2%,等效直径范围为168~195 km,强度对比度为0.99~1.06,平均寿命为104~141 s,水平速度为1.04~1.35 km/s。此外,研究还发现igBPs的特性与其嵌入的磁场环境密切相关。
在高磁场区域,igBPs的面积覆盖率、尺寸和强度对比度较大。而在低磁场区域,igBPs的动力学特性(如水平速度、扩散指数、运动范围和运动类型)更为显著。Liu等[140]研究了活动区附近的光球亮点(BPs)特性,并开发了一种新的识别和跟踪算法,识别并追踪了2010个BPs,其中约35.1% 为非孤立BPs(发生分裂和合并行为)。研究发现,BPs的亮度变化范围为背景平均强度的0.8~1.3倍,寿命呈对数正态分布,平均寿命分别为267±140s(孤立BPs)和421±255 s(非孤立BPs)。BPs的面积也呈对数正态分布,平均面积分别为2.15×104 km2(孤立BPs)和3.00×104 km2(非孤立BPs)。此外,研究还发现背景磁场较强的区域具有更高的BPs数密度和面积覆盖率,但BPs的亮度和大小与背景磁场无关。平均而言,强背景磁场区域的BPs寿命较短。
利用NVST和SDO/AIA的高时空分辨率观测数据,Wang等[141]研究了太阳黑子本影上方大气中的高频振荡现象。他们研究采用了一种新颖的时间-频率分析方法——同步挤压变换(SST),以表示和重建不同太阳大气层中的高频信号。通过合成信号的验证实验,证明了SST方法能够有效解析被高频噪声严重干扰的弱信号。他们发现在10~14 mHz(约1 min周期)之间存在显著的功率增强,且这种高频振荡仅存在于本影内部,与光球层的本影扰动相关。通过AIA171Å图像显示,这些振荡表现为间歇性向外传播的波,最初出现在冕羽结构的足点附近,然后沿结构向外传播。结合时间-距离图和亚声速传播速度(约49km/s),这些冕扰动被解释为向上传播的慢模磁声波。这项研究揭示了在本影上方不同高度处存在约1min周期的高频振荡现象。Feng等[142]研究了太阳黑子中的传播型的慢腊肠模波动。他们选取了2013年8月6日活动区NOAA 11809的TiO和Hα波段的图像序列。通过SST分析了黑子本影区域的面积和总辐射强度变化。结果表明,面积和强度变化均呈现出3 min和5 min的周期性振荡,且两者在相位上一致,这与传播型慢腊肠模波的特征相符。研究还通过结合TiO和Hα通道的数据,估算了波的传播速度约为8km/s,并推测该黑子本影区域的温度可能低至2800~3500 K。这一发现不仅为理解太阳黑子中的磁流体动力学波提供了新的观测证据,也为探测太阳黑子的温度结构提供了有效工具。
Liu等[143]基于NVST的TiO波段原始观测数据,提出了一种基于非刚性对齐的太阳图像高分辨率重建算法NASIR(non-rigidalignment based solar imagereconstruction),旨在解决地面太阳观测中大气湍流干扰导致的分辨率受限问题。NASIR结合了Shift-Add方法的快速性和斑点掩模方法的准确性,通过建立几何畸变与强度分布之间的计算模型,分别重建目标图像的相位和振幅。结果表明,NASIR在视宁度良好时重建质量接近斑点掩模,而在视宁度较差时表现出更强的鲁棒性。此外,NASIR能够一次性并行重建整个视场,无需相位递归和分块重建,计算时间不到斑点掩模的一半。因此,NASIR被认为是一种快速、鲁棒且高质量的重建方法,可作为数据过滤和快速查看的有效工具。刘辉等[144]又开发了基于Demons配准的NVST太阳高分辨图像横向速度场测量方法。通过Demons方法可以测量图像之间的光流场,并计算横向速度场。研究结果表明,Demons方法在测量小尺度运动时,精度明显优于传统的基于傅里叶变换的局部相关跟踪法(FLCT)和微分仿射速度估计(DAVE)方法。通过光球和色球图像的亚像素和超像素模拟位移实验,验证了Demons方法的逐点测量精度可达0.1像素量级。该方法在高分辨率太阳图像处理中表现出良好的适应性和准确性,为太阳光球和色球表面特征的动力学分析提供了更精确的测量工具。韩翠翠等[145]提出了一种基于相位一致性的米粒识别算法,用于研究太阳表层的米粒结构。传统方法因米粒强度分布不均匀和边缘模糊而难以准确识别,而该算法通过提取图像的相位一致性特征,结合二值化和形态学滤波,能够有效识别米粒结构。该算法能够准确提取低对比度的米粒特征。通过对2组观测数据的分析,发现米粒存在2种尺度:直径小于780 km的“迷你米粒”和大于780 km的“常规米粒”。该算法的准确性和鲁棒性得到了验证,为研究太阳表层对流运动和磁场活动提供了有力工具。
自2010年以来,NVST观测了大量光球和色球高分辨率数据,但是大多数据是TiO和Hα波段的成像数据。原来的光学系统因设计原因,成像和光谱不能同时观测。2021年经过光路系统改造,成功地实现了成像和光谱的同时观测。目前,成像系统有7058、6563和10830 Å这3个波段,光谱有8542和5324 Å这2个波段的观测。由于Hα成像观测用的是里奥滤光器,如果在Hα线翼也进行多点同时观测,会导致观测数据的时间分辨率比较低。
为了实现高时间分辨率观测,抚仙湖基地于2024年购置了珐伯滤光器,目前正在调试阶段,计划2025年底把里奥滤光器更换为珐伯滤光器,更新成像观测系统。自适应光学系统也计划根据望远镜的特点做进一步升级改造,实现光谱观测常规化和操作简单化。虽然NVST在成像和光谱观测系统都进行了升级改造,但是由于望远镜自身设计原因,很难进行高精度的偏振测量。为了弥补NVST没有磁场观测的缺陷,云南天文台又建设一台2米环形太阳望远镜,2024年该望远镜在云南天文台本部完成机械调试,现阶段正准备搬迁到澄江抚仙湖基地。该望远镜主要功能是实现对太阳局部高分辨率的磁场观测,同时也作为8米中国巨型太阳望远镜的重要实验平台。NVST高分辨率成像和光谱与2米环形太阳望远镜高分辨磁场观测形成互补,有望在太阳小尺度活动起源方面取得创新性研究成果。同时,国内太阳高分辨观测设备也在快速发展。2019年,中国科学院光电技术研究所研制了一台1.8米高分辨太阳望远镜实现了初光[146]。国家天文台于2023年在青海冷湖赛什腾山天文观测基地建成一米中红外磁场望远镜(AIMS)。太阳的观测除了需要高分辨率以外,还需要大的视场。南京大学主持设计了2.5米太阳望远镜[147],同时兼顾了高分辨和大视场,该望远镜不但可以对太阳观测还兼顾了夜天文观测,可望2026年建成。这几个望远镜未来几年将成为中国太阳物理观测的主力设备,有望使中国太阳物理高分辨率观测和研究取得更大的进步。
虽然中国地基太阳望远镜得到了一定程度的继承和发展,但是和欧美发达国家相比,还有一定差距。美国除了2009年在大熊湖建成1.6米古迪太阳望远镜(GST),2020年还在夏威夷建成了4米太阳望远镜(DKIST),把观测的空间分辨率又提高了一个量级。欧洲也正准备建设4米太阳望远镜(EST)。为了解决太阳物理国际前沿科学问题,就必须进一步提升太阳望远镜的观测能力,建造更大口径的太阳望远镜。经过多方论证,云南天文台联合国内多家单位早在2012年提出建设8米中国巨型太阳望远镜。该望远镜把观测的空间分辨率提升到更高一个层次,达到10km,磁场测量精度达到10-4,有望在日冕加热、局地发电机、太阳爆发活动触发机制等方面取得突破,使得中国的太阳物理观测和研究处在国际领先地位,并引领国际太阳物理的发展,抢占太阳物理和空间物理研究的制高点。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12325303)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12473059)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12203097)
  • 中国科学院B类先导专项(XDB0560000)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA1612001)
  • 云南省太阳物理与空间目标监测重点实验室项目(202205AG070009)
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2025年第43卷第16期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00033
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
  • 修回日期:2025-05-23
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12325303)
国家自然科学基金项目(12473059)
国家自然科学基金项目(12203097)
中国科学院B类先导专项(XDB0560000)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA1612001)
云南省太阳物理与空间目标监测重点实验室项目(202205AG070009)
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    1. 中国科学院云南天文台, 昆明 650216
    2. 云南省太阳物理与空间目标监测重点实验室, 昆明 650216
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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