Article(id=1296828806002659796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742486400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-21, revisedDate=1782316800000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787117681264, onlineDateStr=2026-08-19, pubDate=1785168000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787117681264, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787117681264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787117681264, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1296827250129784977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785168000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787117310316, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787117721595, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=152, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1296828806451450325, articleId=1296828806002659796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Study on key issues in the production and supply of medical isotopes produced by nuclear reactors, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the demand for nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment increases due to the population aging, a stable and reliable supply of medical isotopes, which serve as the material foundation for nuclear medicine, is a crucial prerequisite for promoting the development of nuclear medicine and safeguarding human health. This paper summarizes the current states of reactor−produced medical isotope production and supply, noting that China remains highly dependent on imports for the medical isotopes commonly used in clinical diagnostics and therapy. To address this, China has launched new projects to construct medical isotope production reactors. It is projected that China’s supply of key medical isotopes will continue to rely primarily on imports until 2027; after 2027, the self−sufficiency capacity for certain isotopes will significantly improve, and in the long term, it is expected to achieve complete self−sufficiency and even partial exports. However, the realization of the expected production capacity following the commissioning of these facilities still face multiple risks and challenges, such as the immaturity of production reactor operation management and supporting infrastructure, unclear pricing mechanisms for reactor−produced medical isotopes, and the incomplete spatial layout and commercial structure of research reactors and processing plants, which may lead to supply fluctuations or even shortages. It is proposed to strengthen the top−level design of medical isotope supply security, coordinate the planning, layout, and construction progress of production facilities; improve the operational management and supporting infrastructure of medical isotope production reactors, establish a pricing model and commercial structure for medical isotopes that aligns with national conditions, to promote the sustainable development of the supply chain.

, authors=Yingjie WANG1, Xianke PENG1, *, Shuming PENG2, Xiaomian HU3, authorsList=Yingjie WANG, Xianke PENG, Shuming PENG, Xiaomian HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xianke PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1296828807726518744, articleId=1296828806002659796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=堆产医用同位素生产供应关键问题研究, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着人口老龄化带来的核医学诊疗需求增加,医用同位素作为核医学诊疗的物质基础,其稳定可靠供应是促进核医学发展、保障人类生命健康的重要前提。综述了目前堆产医用同位素生产供应现状,中国临床诊疗常用医用同位素仍高度依赖进口。为此,中国部署实施了新的医用同位素生产堆建设项目,预计2027年前中国重点医用同位素供应仍主要依赖进口,2027年后部分核素的自主供应能力将显著提升,远期有望实现完全自主供应甚至部分出口。然而,部署设施投运后的预期产能实现仍面临多重风险挑战,如生产堆运行管理及配套支撑不成熟、堆产医用同位素定价机制不清晰、研究堆与处理厂的空间布局与商业结构不健全等,可能导致供应波动甚至短缺。提出加强医用同位素供应安全顶层设计,统筹生产设施的规划布局与建设进度;完善医用同位素生产堆运行管理与配套支撑体系;构建符合国情的医用同位素定价模式与商业结构,以推动产业链可持续发展。

, authors=王莹杰1, 彭现科1, *, 彭述明2, 胡晓棉3, authorsList=王莹杰, 彭现科, 彭述明, 胡晓棉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭现科, authorNote=

王莹杰,助理研究员,研究方向为核科学技术战略咨询,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
彭现科(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为科技创新与核科学技术战略咨询,电子信箱:
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王莹杰,助理研究员,研究方向为核科学技术战略咨询,电子信箱:

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王莹杰,助理研究员,研究方向为核科学技术战略咨询,电子信箱:

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Paris: OECD Publishing, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828812084400667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828806002659796, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈启兵. 我国研究堆运行维护管理策略探讨[C]//中国核学会研究堆与新堆分会第一届学术年会论文集. 惠州: 中国核学会, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828812155703836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828806002659796, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=NEA, journalName=The supply of medical radioisotopes: An economic study of the molybdenum−99 supply chain: Summary, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NEA. 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预测未纳入以下潜在变量:(1) 秦山三期重水堆的177Lu/99Mo产能(技术攻坚与辐照设施建设中,产能尚未披露);(2) 加速器制备技术的突破性进展。预测值相对保守

, figureFileSmall=YzQVulcuQMAbTg9Cj9K2XQ==, figureFileBig=fTfuapLPsuHOGBdLkt3fUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1296828810196963840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828806002659796, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
在运/在建地点可生产的医用同位素投运时间
注:*表示在建设施。
中国先进堆(China advanced research reactor,CARR)北京125I、131I、89Sr、99Mo、177Lu、14C等2010年
高通量工程试验堆(high flux engineering test reactor,HFETR)四川夹江89Sr、99Mo、131I、125I、14C等1979年
岷江试验堆(Mingjiang test reactor,MJTR)四川夹江131I、125I、99Mo、177Lu等1992年
中国绵阳研究堆(China Mianyang research reactor,CMRR)四川绵阳131I、177Lu、99Mo、14C、90Y等2012年
医用同位素生产堆(medical isotope production reactor,MIPR)*四川夹江99Mo、131I、89Sr2027年(预计)
天红堆*江西九江99Mo、131I、177Lu2030年(预计)
), ArticleFig(id=1296828810280849921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828806002659796, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内在运、新建医用同位素生产研究堆

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
在运/在建地点可生产的医用同位素投运时间
注:*表示在建设施。
中国先进堆(China advanced research reactor,CARR)北京125I、131I、89Sr、99Mo、177Lu、14C等2010年
高通量工程试验堆(high flux engineering test reactor,HFETR)四川夹江89Sr、99Mo、131I、125I、14C等1979年
岷江试验堆(Mingjiang test reactor,MJTR)四川夹江131I、125I、99Mo、177Lu等1992年
中国绵阳研究堆(China Mianyang research reactor,CMRR)四川绵阳131I、177Lu、99Mo、14C、90Y等2012年
医用同位素生产堆(medical isotope production reactor,MIPR)*四川夹江99Mo、131I、89Sr2027年(预计)
天红堆*江西九江99Mo、131I、177Lu2030年(预计)
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堆产医用同位素生产供应关键问题研究
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王莹杰 1 , 彭现科 1, * , 彭述明 2 , 胡晓棉 3
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(14): 152-157
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (14) : 152 -157
堆产医用同位素生产供应关键问题研究
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王莹杰1 , 彭现科1, * , 彭述明2, 胡晓棉3
作者信息
  • 1中国工程科技创新战略研究院,北京 100088
  • 2中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所,绵阳 621900
  • 3北京应用物理与计算数学研究所,北京 100094
通讯作者:
彭现科(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为科技创新与核科学技术战略咨询,电子信箱:
作者简介:

王莹杰,助理研究员,研究方向为核科学技术战略咨询,电子信箱:

Study on key issues in the production and supply of medical isotopes produced by nuclear reactors
Yingjie WANG1 , Xianke PENG1, * , Shuming PENG2, Xiaomian HU3
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese Academy of Engineering Innovation Strategy, Beijing 100088, China
  • 2Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
  • 3Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2026-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00107
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随着人口老龄化带来的核医学诊疗需求增加,医用同位素作为核医学诊疗的物质基础,其稳定可靠供应是促进核医学发展、保障人类生命健康的重要前提。综述了目前堆产医用同位素生产供应现状,中国临床诊疗常用医用同位素仍高度依赖进口。为此,中国部署实施了新的医用同位素生产堆建设项目,预计2027年前中国重点医用同位素供应仍主要依赖进口,2027年后部分核素的自主供应能力将显著提升,远期有望实现完全自主供应甚至部分出口。然而,部署设施投运后的预期产能实现仍面临多重风险挑战,如生产堆运行管理及配套支撑不成熟、堆产医用同位素定价机制不清晰、研究堆与处理厂的空间布局与商业结构不健全等,可能导致供应波动甚至短缺。提出加强医用同位素供应安全顶层设计,统筹生产设施的规划布局与建设进度;完善医用同位素生产堆运行管理与配套支撑体系;构建符合国情的医用同位素定价模式与商业结构,以推动产业链可持续发展。

医用同位素  /  研究堆  /  生产供应  /  经济可持续性

As the demand for nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment increases due to the population aging, a stable and reliable supply of medical isotopes, which serve as the material foundation for nuclear medicine, is a crucial prerequisite for promoting the development of nuclear medicine and safeguarding human health. This paper summarizes the current states of reactor−produced medical isotope production and supply, noting that China remains highly dependent on imports for the medical isotopes commonly used in clinical diagnostics and therapy. To address this, China has launched new projects to construct medical isotope production reactors. It is projected that China’s supply of key medical isotopes will continue to rely primarily on imports until 2027; after 2027, the self−sufficiency capacity for certain isotopes will significantly improve, and in the long term, it is expected to achieve complete self−sufficiency and even partial exports. However, the realization of the expected production capacity following the commissioning of these facilities still face multiple risks and challenges, such as the immaturity of production reactor operation management and supporting infrastructure, unclear pricing mechanisms for reactor−produced medical isotopes, and the incomplete spatial layout and commercial structure of research reactors and processing plants, which may lead to supply fluctuations or even shortages. It is proposed to strengthen the top−level design of medical isotope supply security, coordinate the planning, layout, and construction progress of production facilities; improve the operational management and supporting infrastructure of medical isotope production reactors, establish a pricing model and commercial structure for medical isotopes that aligns with national conditions, to promote the sustainable development of the supply chain.

medical isotopes  /  research reactor  /  production and supply  /  economic sustainability
王莹杰, 彭现科, 彭述明, 胡晓棉. 堆产医用同位素生产供应关键问题研究. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (14) : 152 -157 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00107
Yingjie WANG, Xianke PENG, Shuming PENG, Xiaomian HU. Study on key issues in the production and supply of medical isotopes produced by nuclear reactors[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (14) : 152 -157 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00107
医用同位素作为核医学诊疗的物质基础,广泛应用于恶性肿瘤、心脑血管和神经退行性等疾病的诊断治疗和医学研究[1]。随着放射性药物获批品种不断增加和市场规模不断扩大[23],医用同位素作为放射性药物发展的前提,其持续稳定生产与安全可靠供应是保障放射性药物满足市场需求的关键因素,可为促进核医学发展、保障人类生命健康发挥重要作用。
2021年,国家原子能机构等8部门联合印发《医用同位素中长期规划(2021—2035年)》(以下简称《规划》),首次针对核技术在医疗卫生领域的应用制定了战略规划。按照《规划》部署,近几年中国在医用同位素生产制备关键技术方面已取得系列突破,相关生产设施建设正在有序推进。面向2035年,为确保医用同位素生产供应切实满足国民健康需要,并在全球供应体系中占有一席之地,亟需构建自主可控、安全可靠且可持续发展的医用同位素供应体系。历史上,即使在医用同位素产能足够、部分出口的欧洲国家,也曾多次出现供应短缺问题[4],这表明单纯提高产能并不足以保障供应安全,因此有必要结合中国实际情况,对医用同位素生产供应过程中的关键问题开展研究。
已有研究主要聚焦于同位素产能和供需情况调研[57]、同位素生产制备技术分析[812],以及放射性药物临床应用现状[1316]等,对医用同位素生产供应链的系统性研究较为欠缺。一方面对供应链关键环节的自主可控能力、风险防御措施及协调管理机制缺乏深度剖析;另一方面对供应链稳定性及经济可持续性风险评估尚不充分。考虑到反应堆在医用同位素生产中的主导地位、供应中断风险及中国对这类同位素的进口依赖,聚焦堆产同位素供应链关键问题,在调研堆产医用同位素生产供应现状的基础上,围绕供应链面临的风险挑战展开分析,重点关注供应链稳定性及经济可持续性。研究成果可为构建中国自主可控的医用同位素供应体系提供理论支撑,同时也为落实《规划》的2035战略目标提供决策参考。
目前,中国具备医用同位素辐照能力的在役设施主要包括4座研究堆及秦山三期核电站的2座重水堆,可生产的医用同位素种类如表1所示。尽管这些研究堆具备多种医用同位素的辐照能力,但因运行管理限制、配套处理设施欠缺和审批许可等问题,部分研究堆的实际生产能力受限。现阶段仅中国绵阳研究堆(China Mianyang research reactor,CMRR)实现了131I和177Lu的规模化生产,高通量工程试验堆(high flux engineering test reactor,HFETR)具备小批量89Sr生产能力,国内医用同位素仍高度依赖进口。为缓解医用同位素供应短缺压力、提升自主供应能力,国家正推进2大新建设施,分别是中国核动力研究设计院的医用同位素生产堆(medical isotope production reactor,MIPR,也称溶液堆)和国家电力投资集团的天红堆项目。
根据公开报道,MIPR预计于2027年投入运行,99Mo、131I预计产能分别为10万居里/年和2万居里/年;天红堆预计于2030年投入运行,99Mo、131I、177Lu预计产能分别为12万居里/年、4万居里/年、1万居里/年。参考经合组织核能署(Organisation for Economic Co−operation and Development/Nuclear Energy Agency,OECD/NEA)对99Mo供需开展的预测分析方法[17],根据MIPR和天红堆的预期投运时间及规划产能,图1展示了产能增加情景下(即新建设施按期投运,且满足以下条件:基于传统技术的辐照设施实现100%目标产能;采用新兴技术的设施因技术成熟度与市场接受度尚未充分验证,产能按设计值的50%计算)99Mo、131I和177Lu的供需趋势(2035年之前)。分析假设MIPR 2027年顺利投入运行,但受限于技术成熟度、后处理配套及市场验证,产能按设计值的50%计算;假设天红堆2030年顺利投入运行,因需兼顾辐照实验、科研及单晶硅生产任务,产能按设计值的50%计算。由图1可知,对于99Mo而言,2027年前全部依赖国外进口;2027年MIPR投产后,国内产能可覆盖需求(需配套后处理设施保障);2029年实现供需平衡,天红堆投产后进一步扩大供应裕度。对于131I而言,2027年前的自主供应存在显著缺口(当前80%依赖进口)。由于131I主要是99Mo生产过程中的副产品,其产能受限于配套政策缺位与企业投入不足,可能滞后于99Mo的国产化进程,未来可能导致131I的自主供应产能无法满足需求。虽然131I作为一种传统的治疗同位素,未来可能面临新兴α、β治疗类同位素的竞争,但其重要性不容忽视。对于177Lu而言,虽然国内有一定自主供应能力,新建设施也能满足一定市场需求,但在需求强劲增长情况下仍可能需要部分进口。
构建自主可控、安全可靠、可持续发展的医用同位素供应体系,既依赖充足稳定的产能,也关乎经济可持续性。堆产医用同位素产能主要受前体核素靶件的持续供应能力、堆照资源的可及性及运行生产效率、处理厂的分离纯化能力3大因素制约,而经济可持续性则主要由定价机制与市场结构决定。得益于关键技术积累与自主化突破,中国在前体靶材国际垄断[18]、低浓铀转型产能衰减[1920]及设施老化停堆[2123]等导致产能波动的全球性风险方面所受影响较小。然而,在构建自主可控的医用同位素供应链实践中,仍面临医用同位素生产堆运行管理与配套支撑体系不成熟、医用同位素定价机制不清晰、研究堆与处理厂空间布局与商业结构待优化等问题,亟需通过顶层设计与跨部门协作予以解决。
从运行经费层面看,中国的研究堆运行支撑主要来自国家大型设施经费和纵向科研项目,缺乏稳定多元的经费支持渠道,在运研究堆运行成本的资金缺口平均超过1600万元/(年·堆)[24],运行效能难以最大化发挥。从配套设施建设层面看,中国正有序推进MIPR、天红堆等研究堆项目建设,但由于其采用先建造堆本体、后期再配套医用同位素生产设施的分阶段模式,这种建设时序可能导致处理厂的建设速度滞后于反应堆的建设步伐,如热室扩容进展缓慢、分离纯化能力无法及时匹配辐照产能,从而导致产能释放滞后等。从运行任务统筹层面看,一些研究堆运行任务十分饱满(如HFETR、MJTR),而另一些研究堆间歇运行甚至长期停堆。国际上典型的医用同位素生产堆年运行天数普遍超过200 d,一些研究堆运行天数甚至超过300 d,如澳大利亚池式轻水研究堆(open pool Australian lightwater reactor,OPAL)、密苏里大学研究堆(University of Missouri research reactor,MURR)、南非基础原子研究设施(South Africa fundamental atomic research installation,SAFARI−I)等,而中国研究堆仅有MJTR和CMRR突破200 d运行天数,最高记录不超过300 d。此外,中国医用同位素生产堆通常还承担重要科研和燃料考验等任务,分配到医用同位素生产的资源不充分。从管理协同层面看,研究堆辐照生产审批、运行与监管涉及环保、交通、卫生等多部门协作,但跨领域信息共享平台尚未建立,可能造成设备运行/检修周期与医疗需求高峰错位。从监管与产业适配情况看,安全监管与产能提升的矛盾突出,监管部门对放射性物质管理的严格限制虽保障了安全,但也使得生产堆难以灵活调整运行参数以适应市场需求变化。从技术标准层面看,堆产医用同位素生产过程的技术标准有待完善、工艺流程缺乏优化、研究堆的核安全导则远少于核电能源行业标准。
基于OECD/NEA对堆产99Mo开展的经济性评估[25],医用同位素的成本核算需全面考虑生命周期内的各项成本,包括基础设施建设、运营维护、原料耗材等。对于医用同位素生产专用堆而言,其全生命周期成本应完全由同位素生产活动承担;对于多用途研究堆,由于同位素生产仅是其部分任务,相关成本需按比例合理分摊。早期堆产医用同位素主要依赖政府全额资助的多用途研究堆,这些反应堆建设之初主要用于科学研究和材料辐照考验等,同位素生产仅是后期附加功能。当这些研究堆开始生产同位素时,反应堆建造成本已通过其他途径分摊,同位素生产仅按边际成本定价,导致反应堆辐照售价较低。OECD/NEA的评估结果[25]表明,堆产99Mo的辐照售价明显低于反应堆辐照成本,而处理厂分离纯化售价远高于成本,这种成本倒挂现象实际上是由政府在承担,而运营商通过分离纯化环节的高价弥补损失,对反应堆辐照环节的长期亏损感知不清。随着政府资助水平下降和反应堆老化加剧,这种不可持续性定价结构将对医用同位素市场产生深远影响。如新建项目融资困难,商业投资意愿低迷,供应链稳定性将面临严峻挑战。虽然堆产同位素关乎民生健康福祉,具有重要的“社会价值”,经济收益可能不是关键核心要素,但建立经济可持续的定价结构可为供应链提供更高的灵活性和可靠性,支撑市场变化和基础设施开发。
近些年,NEA提出一系列99Mo全成本回收方案[23],例如政府资助分阶段退出、价格透明化、服务定价保护及替代技术开发等措施,但在实施中均面临技术成熟度或产业链协同障碍,需平衡成本补偿与供应稳定性双重目标。未来,实现医用同位素市场的经济可持续性仍需产业链各方的共同努力。
由于医用同位素的放射性强度随时间逐渐衰减,研究堆与处理厂的空间地理分布直接影响医用同位素的生产效率,而研究堆与处理厂的商业结构(即辐照服务结构,包括垂直整合供应结构和网络化供应结构)则直接决定了医用同位素的供应韧性。从全球实践来看,阿根廷、澳大利亚和南非等国家采用垂直整合结构,即研究堆和处理厂同属一个运营主体,研究堆作为处理厂的独家辐照服务提供者,辐照服务不直接向处理厂收费,辐照和处理厂分离纯化的总成本分摊至整合运营商。这种结构虽然提高了运营效率,但也带来了系统脆弱性风险,即一旦研究堆停运,将直接导致处理厂停产,反之亦然。同时,内部成本分摊机制可能削弱市场竞争和创新动力,也降低了运营商对辐照价格和服务质量的敏感性。相比之下,欧洲地区形成了独特的网络化供应结构,通过构建多对多的市场关系,研究堆与处理厂在组织架构和空间位置上相对独立。这种网络化供应结构增强了供应链的灵活性和抗风险能力,但加大了研究堆的全成本回收压力,也对处理厂分离纯化设施提出了更高要求。中国目前已实现国产化供应的堆产医用同位素主要采用垂直整合供应结构。这种结构在国产化突破阶段的供应保障方面可以发挥重要作用,但随着产业规模扩大,这种单一供应结构的市场集中风险将日益凸显。特别是在关键设施突发运行问题时,缺乏备用供应渠道可能导致供应链中断。虽然理论上可以通过商业协议约定备用产能来增强稳定性,但实践表明这一机制的实际应用仍面临挑战[26]。因此,在推进医用同位素供应体系建设过程中,需要根据产业发展阶段特点,科学设计成本分摊和风险共担机制,在保障供应安全的同时提升经济可持续性。
针对中国医用同位素生产供应现状及面临的风险挑战,建议从国家层面进一步加强顶层规划,统筹医用同位素产能布局及研究堆扩建,优化研究堆运行管理机制,强化医用同位素生产配套设施建设与运行支持,构建可持续的医用同位素定价机制与商业结构,建立健全医用同位素生产协同与监管协调机制。
一是加强医用同位素供应安全的顶层设计与统筹规划。一方面,建议国家原子能机构联合国家核安全局等部门制定研究堆发展顶层规划,实施研究堆分类管理制度。针对医用同位素生产堆与处理厂,采用垂直整合与网络化结构相结合的方式,科学规划设施建设地点、辐照能力及处理能力,确保生产设施的同步规划与建设。同时,评估老旧设施的生产潜力与价值,制定针对性的优化改造或退役方案。另一方面,建议国家原子能机构联合中华医学会核医学分会成立医用同位素供应安全委员会,负责监测和跟踪研究堆的建造、运行及生产进展,重点关注99Mo、131I、177Lu等关键医用同位素的国内供应情况,全面评估供应能力与市场需求的差距,前瞻性预判新旧设施交替阶段可能出现的供应危机,并向政府部门及时提出解决方案建议。
二是完善医用同位素生产堆运行管理与配套支撑体系。一方面,建立多元化的运营经费保障机制。对于新建或拟建的医用同位素专用堆,强化政府资金保障,探索在政府担保下引入社会资本(如放射性药物企业等)的多元投入机制。对于具备医用同位素生产能力的多功能研究堆,在项目批复经费中划分医用同位素专用模块,提供资金保障。另一方面,建立堆群任务调度平台,动态监测与共享研究堆运行状态与辐照资源存量,自动匹配医疗需求与辐照产能,合理安排生产任务与检修窗口。再者,强化监管部门与产业部门的沟通与交流,打通从靶件辐照到药品备案的全链条申报与许可通道。
三是探索符合国情的医用同位素定价模式与商业结构。建议由国家原子能机构牵头,联合相关行业协会及科研院所,基于在运研究堆的医用同位素实际生产与销售数据,系统评估垂直市场结构下医用同位素供应链各环节的收益分配现状。在此基础上,探索建立科学的成本分摊机制,推动处理厂合理分担辐照成本,并引入“市场定价+社会补偿”的定价模式,即以放射性药物的临床报销比例及社会效益为基础,同位素基础价格由市场供需决定,同时根据药物社会价值向生产商提供专项补偿,确保医用同位素生产的可持续性。在四川夹江、乐山和浙江海盐等重点医用同位素相关产业集群区域开展试点,验证机制适配性。
医用同位素的稳定可靠供应,直接决定核医学诊疗的质量与可及性,其中大多数治疗用同位素高度依赖反应堆生产。当前,中国堆产医用同位素供应安全的核心矛盾,已从“有无设施生产”转变为“设施产能能否可靠释放并转化为稳定、可负担的临床供应”。短期内,重点核素仍将主要依赖进口,2027年前后,自主产能将进入关键放量期,远期具备完全自主保障乃至部分出口的潜力。但必须清醒地认识到,这一过渡期也是风险集中暴露的窗口,生产堆运行管理与配套支撑尚不成熟,定价机制缺失,研究堆与处理厂的空间布局与商业结构不健全,这些深层问题可能使预期产能大打折扣,甚至导致供应波动与短缺,削弱自主供应体系的可持续性。因此,保障医用同位素供应安全,不能停留于建设生产设施的工程思维,而应转向系统性的制度构建——以供应安全顶层设计为统领,统筹设施布局与建设节奏,完善运行管理与技术支撑体系,并建立符合国情的定价模式与商业结构,形成“可靠运行—合理定价—高效流通”三位一体的供应保障格局。唯有如此,才能将设施能力转化为真正的供应韧性,实现从被动进口到自主保障、从产能提升到体系安全的根本跨越,为中国核医学高质量发展筑牢物质基础。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00107
  • 接收时间:2025-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-08-19
  • 出版时间:2026-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-21
  • 修回日期:2026-06-25
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中国工程院咨询项目(2023−HYZD−03)
中国工程院咨询项目(2025−HZ−11)
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    1中国工程科技创新战略研究院,北京 100088
    2中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所,绵阳 621900
    3北京应用物理与计算数学研究所,北京 100094

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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