Article(id=1207358806112183232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, articleNumber=null, orderNo=23, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765786371018, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1749744000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1750867200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765786371018, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079719023, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207293801786347529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749744000000', pubDateStr='2025-06-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765770872748, creator='system', updateTime=1774330933326, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197298025545972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197298025545973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207358806519030733, articleId=1207358806112183232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Review on technological innovation and typical safety evaluation of traction battery, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, advancements in energy density, charging speed, and lifespan have been achieved in traction batteries through material innovation, structural optimization, and management system upgrades. However, the safety design of traction batteries adopting new technologies remains a critical challenge, particularly in addressing risks associated with fast charging, bottom impacts, and thermal events. This paper systematically reviews key innovation directions in traction battery technology, including structural design and chemical system upgrades, while conducting analysis on corresponding safety enhancement strategies derived from these technological breakthroughs. From a testing and evaluation perspective, it explores frontier safety issues such as fast charging, bottom impact, and thermal propagation behaviors. A multi?level safety evaluation framework for traction batteries across their lifecycle was proposed, integrating experimental and simulation approaches. This study provides theoretical support and practical recommendations for advancing traction battery technology and optimizing testing and evaluation methods.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fang WANG, Ce HAN, Pengfei YAN, Weina WANG, Xiaole MA, Shiqiang LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207358808217722912, articleId=1207358806112183232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=动力电池技术革新与典型安全评价技术综述, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,通过材料创新、结构优化和管理系统升级,动力电池在能量密度、充电速度和使用寿命等方面取得了显著进展。然而,随着新技术的应用,动力电池的安全设计问题依然不容忽视,尤其在快充、底部磕碰和热事件等使用场景中仍存在较高的安全风险。系统梳理了动力电池技术革新的主要方向,包括结构设计创新及化学体系升级,并分析了由此引入的安全性能提升策略。从测试评价的角度,深入分析了电池快充、底部冲击及热扩散行为等前沿安全问题,并提出了针对电池全生命周期的安全评价技术。通过综述实验与仿真测试技术,构建了多层级的动力电池安全评价框架,为动力电池技术的进一步发展和测试评价的优化提供了理论支持与实践指导。

, authors=

王芳,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车及关键零部件测试技术,电子信箱:

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王芳,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车及关键零部件测试技术,电子信箱:

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王芳,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车及关键零部件测试技术,电子信箱:

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动力电池技术革新与典型安全评价技术综述
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王芳 1 , 韩策 2 , 闫鹏飞 2 , 王炜娜 1 , 马小乐 1 , 刘仕强 1
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(11): 87-96
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (11) : 87 -96
动力电池技术革新与典型安全评价技术综述
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王芳,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车及关键零部件测试技术,电子信箱:

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王芳,教授级高级工程师,研究方向为新能源汽车及关键零部件测试技术,电子信箱:

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王芳1 , 韩策2, 闫鹏飞2, 王炜娜1, 马小乐1, 刘仕强1
作者信息
  • 1. 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 2. 中汽研新能源汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司, 天津 300300
Review on technological innovation and typical safety evaluation of traction battery
Fang WANG1 , Ce HAN2, Pengfei YAN2, Weina WANG1, Xiaole MA1, Shiqiang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1. China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2. CATARC New Energy Vehicle Research and Inspection Center(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00015
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近年来,通过材料创新、结构优化和管理系统升级,动力电池在能量密度、充电速度和使用寿命等方面取得了显著进展。然而,随着新技术的应用,动力电池的安全设计问题依然不容忽视,尤其在快充、底部磕碰和热事件等使用场景中仍存在较高的安全风险。系统梳理了动力电池技术革新的主要方向,包括结构设计创新及化学体系升级,并分析了由此引入的安全性能提升策略。从测试评价的角度,深入分析了电池快充、底部冲击及热扩散行为等前沿安全问题,并提出了针对电池全生命周期的安全评价技术。通过综述实验与仿真测试技术,构建了多层级的动力电池安全评价框架,为动力电池技术的进一步发展和测试评价的优化提供了理论支持与实践指导。

动力电池  /  快速充电  /  底部防护  /  热扩散

In recent years, advancements in energy density, charging speed, and lifespan have been achieved in traction batteries through material innovation, structural optimization, and management system upgrades. However, the safety design of traction batteries adopting new technologies remains a critical challenge, particularly in addressing risks associated with fast charging, bottom impacts, and thermal events. This paper systematically reviews key innovation directions in traction battery technology, including structural design and chemical system upgrades, while conducting analysis on corresponding safety enhancement strategies derived from these technological breakthroughs. From a testing and evaluation perspective, it explores frontier safety issues such as fast charging, bottom impact, and thermal propagation behaviors. A multi?level safety evaluation framework for traction batteries across their lifecycle was proposed, integrating experimental and simulation approaches. This study provides theoretical support and practical recommendations for advancing traction battery technology and optimizing testing and evaluation methods.

traction battery  /  fast charging  /  bottom protection  /  thermal runaway
王芳, 韩策, 闫鹏飞, 王炜娜, 马小乐, 刘仕强. 动力电池技术革新与典型安全评价技术综述. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (11) : 87 -96 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00015
Fang WANG, Ce HAN, Pengfei YAN, Weina WANG, Xiaole MA, Shiqiang LIU. Review on technological innovation and typical safety evaluation of traction battery[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (11) : 87 -96 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00015
新能源汽车作为现代交通领域的重要突破,其性能优化需要综合考虑安全性、续航里程、环境适应性、加速性能、便捷性和经济性等多维度因素。其中,动力电池作为新能源汽车的核心动力来源,其技术发展水平直接决定了整车的性能表现。因此,动力电池的技术研发重点聚焦于高安全性、高能量密度、宽温度适应范围、高倍率性能、长寿命以及低成本等方面,以满足日益多样化的车用需求[13]。动力电池产业通过多种手段持续开展技术革新,而该过程引入的新设计、新体系是否安全可靠,需要利用完善的测试评价技术对其进行检验分析。
近年来,动力电池技术持续快速迭代,通过材料创新、结构优化和管理系统策略升级,不断突破性能瓶颈[45]。其中,安全性设计作为动力电池研发的首要目标,已成为技术革新的重要驱动力之一[67]。在此过程中,测试评价技术发挥了基础性和指导性作用,为新材料、新结构的验证提供数据支持,还为标准制定和技术优化提供了科学依据。通过构建完善的测试评价体系,能够系统揭示动力电池在复杂工况中的失效机理,并量化不同设计优化的实际效果,实现理论研究与产业实践的紧密衔接[810]
然而,随着技术与应用场景的复杂化,仅满足基本安全测试要求已难以应对日益严苛的实际需求。测试评价技术的精确性和针对性决定了动力电池的技术上限和应用深度,特别是在高能量密度、高倍率性能和极端温度条件下,其重要性更加突出。经过多年的技术积累,动力电池安全评价体系逐步完善,并形成了国家强制性标准GB 38031及其他安全规范[11],然而,针对新型应用场景和技术方案的补充与扩展仍然至关重要,以应对未来技术发展的挑战。
动力电池的安全性研究已从关注新鲜电池的独立指标,逐步扩展至其全生命周期的安全评估,并将测试条件与车辆的实际工况相结合[1213]。在此背景下,测试评价技术成为连接实验室研究与实际应用的关键桥梁,不仅为动力电池技术革新提供验证支撑,也为新能源汽车产业的高质量发展奠定安全基石。目前,动力电池的安全性研究正引入更多新维度的考量,包括快充后安全性评估、底部结构防护以及热扩散行为分析等,为动力电池的安全性提供了更全面的保障。
本文面向动力电池新结构、新工艺、新材料等技术革新,系统性分析其技术优势对电池性能与安全性等外特性的影响机制,基于测试评价视角提出安全性提升策略;重点针对长期使用中易引发的快充失效、底部机械损伤及热扩散等关键安全隐患展开多维度研究。同时,结合多参数融合测试、虚拟仿真技术及智能化检测系统等前沿方向,前瞻性探讨动力电池测试评价技术的发展路径,通过构建更完善的测试体系促进产品迭代升级与行业技术突破。
动力电池技术革新主要体现在结构设计创新和化学体系升级2大方向,实现电池能量密度、安全性及充电能力的提升,更好地满足新能源汽车应用需求。
传统的动力电池包由电芯、电池模组和电池包3个层级构成,各层级通过结构部件进行封装,并预留一定的安全间隙。这种多层级设计虽然在可维护性、安全阻隔方面占据优势,但内部空间利用率仅约为40%[14],限制了电池包能量密度的进一步提升。
为突破这一瓶颈,近年来提出了多种创新结构设计方案,诸如CTP(cell to pack)、CTB(cell to body)、CTC(cell to chassis)等[1517],相较于传统CTM(cell to module)结构,这些创新设计减少了结构部件的应用,显著提高了电池包内部空间利用率,从而在化学体系保持不变的情况下,实现了电池包能量密度的显著提升。例如,CTP技术通过直接将电芯集成到电池包中,省去了模组层级,使得空间利用率大幅提高,能量密度显著增加。然而,在追求高能量密度的同时,创新型结构设计必须平衡机械强度、散热能力和安全冗余等[4]。以大单体设计为例,通过增大电池单体尺寸来提升电池包内空间利用率,进而提高能量密度,但也可能导致电池使用中产热更集中,局部热管理难度增加,且大单体设计也对电池内部加工工艺提出更高要求,局部缺陷将对整块电池性能产生影响,进而影响电池安全性,因此,相应出现了电热分离、优化换热通道布局以及采用先进的电池管理系统等新设计,可以在提升散热能力的同时,增强整包的快速充电性能,为电池的高效运行提供支持[1819]。典型电池系统集成结构如图 1所示[20]
革新电池化学体系是提升动力电池能量密度的直接且有效途径。首先,高比能正负极材料的开发是提升电池能量密度的核心。在负极材料方面,硅基材料因其高达4200 mA·h/g的理论比容量(远高于传统石墨负极的372 mA·h/g)而备受关注。然而,硅基材料在充放电过程中存在严重的体积膨胀问题(可达300%),导致电极结构破坏和容量衰减,需要调控其颗粒尺寸并结合高导电、可控制形变的载体,使其满足电池内使用要求[2123];此外,金属锂复合或无锂负极以其极高理论比容量及超低电化学反应电势(−3.04 V vs. 标准氢电极)被认为是负极材料的发展方向[2426],但需要解决锂沉积均匀性问题,避免由锂枝晶过度生长所引发的内短路及热失控风险。在正极材料方面,高镍三元材料(如NCM811和NCA)和富锂锰基材料因其高比容量(大于200 mA·h/g)和高工作电压(大于3.8 V)成为体系革新方向[2730]。然而,高镍材料在高温和高电压下易发生相变和电解液分解,导致容量衰减和安全性问题;富锂材料则面临首次不可逆容量损失和电压衰减等问题,需要调控正极材料晶格结构,结合表面包覆等手段,使高比能正极材料应用于实际电池中。然而,高比能材料的引入显著增加了电池的热失控风险。以锂枝晶生长为例,其形成机制与局部电流密度不均匀、电解质分布不均以及界面副反应密切相关[3132],进而引发电池内短路,导致局部温度急剧升高,引发电解液分解和正极材料热分解,释放大量热量和气体,最终导致电池热失控[3335]。目前已有多种策略来应对高比能材料带来的安全性挑战。例如调控电解质,利用阻燃添加剂[3637]或使用离子液体[3839]可显著提高其热稳定性;进一步,利用电池固态化技术[4042],即应用高热稳定性的固态电解质能够有效避免液态电解液的泄漏和燃烧风险。
面向未来,固态电池被认为是下一代高能量密度电池的重要发展方向。一方面,其可以显著扩展电池安全窗口;另一方面,固态电池与高比能正负极材料配合,能进一步提升电池能量密度。然而,固态电池由于“固−固界面”的引入,在内部离子传输机制、界面反应特性上出现新的科学问题,且由于内部体系变化将导致固态电池在常规环境(室温、小于2 MPa的约束力)下应用面临挑战。目前国内外主要电池企业、车企均对固态电池开展布局,呈现硫化物类、聚合物类、氧化物类等体系多路线共同发展的局势,并加强对卤化物等新体系的前期研发,且多体系电解质的复合应用将成为未来发展方向之一。锂离子电池能量密度发展趋势如图 2所示[43]
随着结构设计优化与化学体系革新的持续推进,动力电池技术在多个领域取得突破性进展。从动力电池产品升级的结果来看,主要体现在安全性提升、能量密度提升、快速充电能力增强等方面。
首先,构建了动力电池多层级防护体系,电池安全性显著提升。电池安全性设计体现在材料选型、结构设计优化及系统控制策略的升级等方面。在化学体系上,利用高安全化学体系(如电极表面处理、电解质添加剂等)显著降低了电池热失控风险[40, 4445];在电池包结构设计上,在单体间使用气凝胶等新型阻燃隔热材料,有效提升了电池系统的抗热扩散能力[4546];在电池管理系统方面,采用多维度传感网络(如温度、电压等多参数监测)结合智能算法优化[4749],实现了对电池安全隐患的提前预警及对电池包内异常的快速响应。
然后,通过材料创新与结构优化,共同推进电池系统能量密度提升。使用高比能正负极材料,如高镍三元、富锂锰基正极与硅基、金属锂基负极,并在结构设计上通过CTP、CTC等创新设计,实现体系本征能量密度及系统内空间利用率的提升,电池系统能量密度可达到250 W·h/kg以上,未来将可进一步突破至300 W·h/kg,将显著提升电动汽车的续航能力。
最后,通过材料改性及热管理系统的突破,实现了充电性能的革新[5053]。在材料体系上,优化电极/电解液界面特性,使动力电池单体可实现6C峰值充电倍率;在热管理方面,采用新型相变材料和液冷技术,将电池包传热效率提升30% 以上,支持800 V高压充电平台。对电动汽车而言,可实现整包在10 min内补能至80% 电池荷电状态(stage of charge,SOC),充电速度较传统方案提升2~3倍。
通过结构优化和化学体系升级,动力电池技术正朝着更高能量密度、更优性能和更强安全性的方向快速发展,推动新能源汽车向更安全、更便捷、更长续航的方向发展,加速交通领域的电动化转型。
面向动力电池安全,需要在设计层面加强,也需要通过测试评价技术保障动力电池在全生命周期内的安全。新能源汽车使用中面临复杂路况行驶、多气候环境下静置或充电等复杂应用场景,并可能面临碰撞、涉水、振动、快充等多变工况。为保证动力电池全生命周期安全,测试评价技术需要具备模拟实车应用场景的能力,针对典型场景开展安全类测评。
在充电过程中,锂离子电池中锂离子从正极脱嵌,以溶剂化离子的形式通过电解液传输至负极,并在负极表面去溶剂化后嵌入负极材料中。锂离子在电极内的扩散速率、电解液中的迁移数以及去溶剂化能力均对电池的充电倍率性能产生重要影响。目前可支持快速充电的电池设计中,通过电极及界面改性优化锂离子的传输通道,或通过改进电解液配方提高锂离子迁移数与调控溶剂化行为,利用合理的电极结构设计与电解液优化实现锂离子的快速迁移[50, 5455]。然而,当充电倍率超出电池设计能力时,会引发一系列不良后果。首先,部分锂离子无法顺利嵌入负极,而是在负极表面沉积形成锂枝晶,这些枝晶在后续循环中可能继续生长,甚至刺穿隔膜,导致内部短路及电池损伤;其次,锂离子的快速脱嵌和嵌入会引起正负极材料的结构变化,例如正极晶体结构损伤和负极层间距不可逆膨胀,进而降低活性材料利用率并加速电池失效;再次,高倍率充电还会导致电解液分解及界面副反应加剧,导致SEI/CEI(固态电解质界面膜)增厚并伴随内部产气,严重影响电池性能和安全性;最后,充电过程中的产热效应在上述副反应的作用下会进一步加剧,导致内阻增大,后续充电时产热量增加,从而提升电池热失控的风险。快速充电过程中锂沉积示意如图 3所示[56]
尽管目前通过多种设计手段已显著提升锂离子电池的快速充电能力,但在全生命周期应用中,容量衰减和内部损伤的累积仍难以避免,快充能力随之下降,原本适用于新电池的充电策略可能不再适用,进而影响快充后的电池安全性。由于电池内部为“黑箱”系统,对在役电池内部损伤情况的在线分析技术目前难以普及,因此,面向电池快充后的安全评价,通常基于运行过程中可采集的外部参数(如电压、温度、内阻等)的变化,开发模型监控电池内部副反应行为,实现失效的早期预警。在GB 38031的最新修订稿中,已针对电池单体增加了快充后安全的试验方法及相关要求,对于具备快速充电能力的单体(从20% SOC充电至80% SOC,总充电时间不超过15 min),在进行300次快速充电循环后进行外部短路试验,应不起火、不爆炸。通过标准修订加强了对电池单体快充后安全的监测,降低了因长期快充循环后安全边界收缩而引发的安全风险。此外,从电池设计端考虑,可基于长期测试结果,改进智能化电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS),结合实际电池状态(电池健康状态、SOC、温度分布等),动态调整电池快速充电策略,降低高倍率充电对电池的损伤。
机械安全测试是动力电池全生命周期安全评价中的关键环节。车辆在行驶过程中可能面临多种机械应力的作用,包括路面振动、底部磕碰或遭受冲击等,这些外力可能对电池包的结构完整性和内部电池单体造成潜在威胁[5758]。其中,考虑到电动乘用车的动力电池包通常安装于车辆底部位置,底部防护是机械安全性的典型场景,通过底部防护设计可提高电池包的结构强度与抗冲击性能,有效保护电池单体免受外力作用,从而避免因外力导致的电池失效及其可能引发的安全隐患[59]。利用底部安全测试能够有效模拟复杂路况对电池包的冲击与损伤,以应对包括颠簸路面、井盖弹起、撞击路缘石或雨中撞击未知障碍物等复杂工况,为评估电池包的抗外力能力和优化防护设计提供直接依据。因此,针对动力电池机械安全的测试技术研究,不仅是完善电池安全评价体系的必要步骤,更是确保动力电池在真实应用中安全可靠运行的技术保障。
在基于实车场景的测试中,电池包底部防护的验证主要集中在2个方向:车辆行驶方向(X方向)的正向冲击和垂直方向(Z方向)的底部撞击[60]X方向的冲击模拟主要涉及车辆行驶过程中与障碍物的正向碰撞,其影响因素包括行驶速度、障碍物高度、材质及厚度等。利用跑道试验场地模拟正向冲击场景,通过牵引设备控制电池包移动速度,并设计可替换的典型冲击头,以再现常见的冲击工况,如台阶磕碰、障碍物撞击等。利用高速摄像机记录试验全过程,通过逐帧分析图像数据,精确测量异物对电池包的侵入量;结合力学仿真技术,进一步评估冲击过程中电池内部形变量。进一步,试验后通过电池包拆解技术定位失效点,并利用断层扫描等无损检测手段分析异物侵入对电池内部电极结构的破坏程度,从而实现从电池外壳到电池内部的跨层级损伤分析,揭示损伤在电池包内部的传递路径,为防护设计优化提供指导。模拟实车场景的底部正向冲击试验及仿真结果如图 4所示[60]
Z方向的底部撞击主要评估垂直方向上外力对电池包的破坏效果,其试验关键变量包括撞击头尺寸、撞击能量等。当前常用的底部撞击能量为150 J,对应典型工况为10 kg冲击质量以约20 km/h速度产生的撞击能量。通过调节撞击头形状和冲击条件,模拟不同工况下对电池包的垂直撞击场景。结合试验验证与仿真分析,量化撞击能量对电池包底部防护性能的影响,重点评估电池外壳变形、电池单体损伤及可能的电化学行为变化。
在试验测试技术应用于底部防护设计验证的同时,也需要结合仿真技术等综合分析,以提升底部防护设计的有效性。利用多物理场耦合仿真技术,将力学仿真与热−电耦合仿真结合,预测外力作用下电池内部结构及电化学性能的变化,可评估失效风险;基于实验与仿真结果,利用机器学习算法挖掘影响电池包底部防护性能的关键变量,指导材料选择和结构设计。
考虑车用需求,电池包底部防护设计需兼顾轻量化、经济性与安全性的平衡。通过将新材料(如复合材料或高强度铝合金)与新结构引入电池包设计,并结合智能检测技术实现对电池包受力状态的实时监控,有望全面提升动力电池的耐久性和安全性,为电动汽车在复杂路况下的安全运行提供保障。
随着GB 38031中热扩散测试方法及相关要求的提出,动力电池热安全性能得到了显著提升。统计数据显示,能够满足单体热失控后5 min内电池包不起火、不爆炸要求的产品占比已从2020年的不足7%提升至2024年的80% 以上。这一进步显著降低了电池因热失控引发的安全风险。在GB 38031最新修订稿中,已面向电池包热扩散提出更严格的要求,要求电池包在热失控触发后不仅不起火、不爆炸,还考虑了能量和物质释放过程,要求热事件报警信号之后的5 min内无可见烟气进入乘客舱,以确保安全性能。
热安全问题作为电池失效累积的最终表现形式,需要从失效触发、失效行为及失效结果3个方面进行全面的综合评价。在失效触发方面,目前标准针对电池包或系统开展测试,推荐的热扩散触发路径包括外部加热、内置加热及针刺试验,能够有效模拟单体热失控对电池包的热扩散影响。然而,在复杂实车场景中,电池包起火的诱因往往并非单一单体热失控,而可能源于外部极端条件下的多重因素叠加。因此,除了电池包层级的测试,还需考虑整车级别的热安全测试。例如,通过模拟侧面炙烤、底部火烧等极端工况,评价整车层级热失控的触发路径及传播规律,进一步完善现有测试技术。动力电池滥用−热失控−热扩散全过程如图 5所示[61]
对失效行为的评价需要综合评估能量释放和物质释放2个主要方面。在热失控过程中,电池电压迅速下降,储存的化学能以热能形式大量释放,导致电池温度骤升,并伴随起火和物质燃烧。副反应生成的高温气体喷发产生动能,可进一步加剧燃烧和扩散,且在实车场景下,动力电池包可近似认为处于半封闭环境中,可燃气体的积累将显著提升电池爆炸的风险。测试评价过程需要分析电池失控过程的能量释放量及速率,监测电池包及周围环境温度,并利用影像采集分析电池失效的起火过程,分析系统薄弱点位。在整车级别评价中,在车内外多点布置摄像头,可观察车辆中控台热报警信号。电池包热安全评价设备与流程如图 6所示[62]
从物质释放的角度上看,电池热失控过程会释放大量烟和气体,其中包括CO、HF等有毒气体。在整车级测试评价上,通过在乘员舱、车外等多处布置气体传感器,可监测上述气体在热失控过程中的含量变化,评价失控产气对乘员健康及外界环境的影响;同时,利用试验场地布置的烟气排放通道可对产生的烟气进行收集及处理,对采集到的气体样本可进一步通过气相色谱、质谱等手段分析气体成分,实现对烟气成分及各组分含量的定量分析。
面向动力电池的热安全评价,不仅需要从电池包或整车层级评价电池热扩散现象,也需要考虑从电池材料、电池单体等各层级的热特性,利用测试技术指导产品优化设计。例如,在材料层级,利用DSC(差示扫描量热技术)评价正负极关键材料在不同气氛下的热稳定性,并利用电极与电解质的组合测试评价材料间热稳定关系;在电池单体层级,利用ARC(绝热加速量热技术)分析电池失控的关键温度点,评价电池热失控触发难易程度及热失控发生后的能量释放行为,利用对电池比热容、导热系数、产热功率等基础参数的测试可指导电池系统热管理设计,通过系统有效控制降低电池单体热失控的概率。
尽管测试评价技术的发展能推动动力电池安全水平的提升,然而全生命周期内的安全性则是处于动态变化的系统工程。动力电池的安全边界随材料体系、使用工况及失效机制的耦合作用持续迁移,不存在绝对的“本征安全”,未来将基于应用场景驱动的安全分级体系,例如面向乘用车及商用车采用差异化电池系统设计,通过多维风险评估实现精准防护。
未来,动力电池测试评价技术需要进一步发展,以更全面地覆盖复杂的使用工况并满足更加严格的安全性要求。一方面,从技术发展趋势看,测试体系将加速向多物理场耦合建模与跨层级协同验证方向延伸,通过集成数字孪生、人工智能与高精度传感技术,构建覆盖材料−单体−模组−系统的全链条虚拟验证平台;另一方面,智能化测试系统将突破传统评价局限,借助多类型、多条件工况叠加分析,实现对复杂场景下电池衰减规律的精准模拟。
第一,测试技术将覆盖更多应用场景,针对实际工况中可能发生的多种失效模式,需完善适配不同场景的综合测试技术。例如,在快充场景下,开发结合充电倍率、环境温度与电池老化程度的联合测试方法;针对复杂机械冲击条件,测试技术应进一步结合多物理场耦合仿真技术,构建高精度的数字孪生模型,模拟电池包在极端机械载荷下的动态响应,为电池包的结构设计提供科学依据。但需解决高精度传感器植入工艺兼容性差、多物理场耦合模型计算复杂度高等技术瓶颈。
第二,数据监测体系需向多维参数动态采集升级。通过分布式光纤传感、微电极阵列等技术,有望实现对阻抗、气体、内部压力等更多关键参数的实时捕获。通过多点传感器的部署和在线监测技术的应用,测试过程可以实现全程记录和即时分析,为测试评价提供更加全面的动态数据支持。结合相关数据驱动的计算技术,测试评价有望实现对电池状态实时评估和预警的能力,进一步提升测试效率和数据利用率[63]。基于数据的测试评价技术仍面临多源异构数据融合困难的挑战,且需要发展低成本传感器来提升系统内传感密度,提升数据驱动测评的可靠性。
第三,借助数字孪生、人工智能与大数据分析等技术,实现从实验数据到失效机理的精确解析。通过构建电化学−热−力耦合的虚拟电池模型,实现从实验数据到失效机理的精准映射[6465]。利用数字孪生技术模拟不同工况下的电池行为,如快充、低温环境或机械冲击等[6667],可实现对潜在风险的提前识别。进一步,利用机器学习算法可挖掘海量数据中的失效早期特征,提升对电池寿命预测的准确度,在该方向上仍需突破模型精度与计算效率的平衡、多尺度数据关联验证等问题。
第四,进一步加强跨层级测试评价能力,通过热特性−热管理−热扩散的多级分析,形成热失控风险评估闭环。例如,通过电池单体级测试的热特性分析,结合电池包的热管理设计和整车级的热扩散行为测试,形成完整的热失控风险评估链条。此外,可结合失效模式与效应分析(failure mode and effect analysis,FMEA)方法,建立跨层级的失效树模型,识别关键失效节点并评估其影响权重,为系统安全设计提供量化依据。
本文分析了动力电池技术革新方向及面向其安全评价的诸多挑战。技术革新方面已呈现化学体系革新与结构创新双轨并行发展的态势,并体现了将安全居于首位的设计思路。针对动力电池安全的测试评价,就快充后安全性、底部冲击防护和热扩散行为等实际问题,提出了系统化的测试评价框架,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。通过覆盖多场景、跨层级和动态化的测试技术,以及智能化、数字化的分析工具,动力电池的安全评价能力将持续提升,为电池技术的持续优化和新能源汽车的高质量发展提供关键支持。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2505004)
  • 天津市科技计划项目(24YZJDSS00140)
  • 天津市青年科技人才项目(QN20230201)
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2025年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.03.00015
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-13
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-05
  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2505004)
天津市科技计划项目(24YZJDSS00140)
天津市青年科技人才项目(QN20230201)
作者信息
    1. 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
    2. 中汽研新能源汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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