Article(id=1276203020597719735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00239, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=1762790400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200110815, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1781280000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200110815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200110815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200110815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276202956391313894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200095507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200147766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=122, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276203021205893817, articleId=1276203020597719735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research on the development trend and challenges of storage technology, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of rapidly growing global data volumes and the escalating demand for high−performance computing, storage technologies have continuously evolved as a critical component of information infrastructure. This study systematically reviews the development trajectories and key breakthroughs of mature storage technologies, including magnetic storage, semiconductor storage, and optical storage, and provides an in−depth analysis of the potential, development paths, and challenges associated with emerging storage technologies such as phase−change memory, resistive RAM, ferroelectric RAM, magnetic RAM, and DNA storage. The study further summarizes the current challenges faced by China's storage industry, including high investment risks, intense market competition, dependence on externally supplied critical materials and equipment, and the "performance–cost–ecosystem" constraints that limit the advancement of new storage technologies. Finally, it proposes development strategies such as enhancing strategic focus, cultivating localized supply chains for materials and equipment, and strengthening core technology research, aiming to provide decision−making references for promoting technological innovation and strategic planning in China's storage industry.

, correspAuthors=Sumei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yipeng JIAO, Sumei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276203024569725629, articleId=1276203020597719735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=存储技术的发展态势与中国发展对策, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在全球数据快速增长与高性能计算需求持续攀升的背景下,存储技术作为信息基础设施的核心组成部分,正处于持续演进与创新的关键阶段。首先,梳理了磁存储、半导体存储和光存储等成熟存储技术的发展脉络与关键突破,深入探讨了相变存储器、阻变存储器、铁电存储器、磁随机存储器以及DNA 存储等新兴存储技术的潜力、发展路径与面临的挑战。其次,总结了中国存储产业面临的关键问题,包括投资风险高、市场竞争激烈、关键材料和装备依赖外部供应,以及新型存储器件受“性能—成本—生态”三重制约等现实挑战。最后,提出了增强战略定力、培育本土化材料与设备供应链、强化核心技术攻关等发展对策,以期为推动中国存储行业的技术创新与战略布局提供决策参考。

, correspAuthors=王素梅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王素梅(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技创新战略与政策,电子信箱:
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矫亦朋,高级工程师,研究方向为计算光刻,电子信箱:

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Recent progress in spin−orbit torque magnetic random−access memory[J]. npj Spintronics, 2024, 2: 48., articleTitle=Recent progress in spin−orbit torque magnetic random−access memory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1276203035898540822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203020597719735, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nguyen T V A, Naganuma H, Honjo H, et al. Low write power and field−free sub−ns write speed SOT−MRAM cell with design technology of canted SOT structure and magnetic anisotropy for NVM[C]//Proceedings of IEEE International Memory Workshop (IMW). 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技术种类
数据载体非易
失性
写入
时间
读取
时间
擦写
次数
写功耗成本问题与挑战代表企业
注:对于磁存储和光存储,写入时间和读取时间不包括寻道时间;光存储擦写次数参考主流产品。
磁存储2种磁化状态2~20 ns2~20 ns>1015进一步微缩困难希捷、西部数据、东芝
NAND浮栅存储的电荷10~103 ns~10 ns105非常高进一步微缩困难三星、美光、SK海力士、
西部数据、铠侠、长江存储
DRAM电容存储的电荷~0.8 ns~0.8 ns1016非常高进一步微缩困难三星、美光、SK海力士、
长鑫存储
光存储介质的光学特性10~50 ns10~50 ns只读存储密度低、成本高索尼、松下
相变存储晶态与非晶态100 ns~15 ns108可靠性、耐久性较差意法半导体、英特尔、美光
阻变存储高低电阻状态<10 ns~10 ns106可靠性、耐久性较差松下、Crossbar和昕原半导体
铁电存储2种电极化状态~10 ns~10 ns1012存储密度低德州仪器、富士通、英飞凌
磁随机存储隧道结的高低
电阻状态
2~20 ns2~20 ns>1014写入电流、
器件制造难度较高
Everspin、Avalanche、恩智浦
DNA存储4种碱基对4~6 min只读非常高高成本、读取写入慢Catalog Technologies、
DNA Script、Iridia,Inc
), ArticleFig(id=1276203030445945566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203020597719735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同存储技术的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术种类
数据载体非易
失性
写入
时间
读取
时间
擦写
次数
写功耗成本问题与挑战代表企业
注:对于磁存储和光存储,写入时间和读取时间不包括寻道时间;光存储擦写次数参考主流产品。
磁存储2种磁化状态2~20 ns2~20 ns>1015进一步微缩困难希捷、西部数据、东芝
NAND浮栅存储的电荷10~103 ns~10 ns105非常高进一步微缩困难三星、美光、SK海力士、
西部数据、铠侠、长江存储
DRAM电容存储的电荷~0.8 ns~0.8 ns1016非常高进一步微缩困难三星、美光、SK海力士、
长鑫存储
光存储介质的光学特性10~50 ns10~50 ns只读存储密度低、成本高索尼、松下
相变存储晶态与非晶态100 ns~15 ns108可靠性、耐久性较差意法半导体、英特尔、美光
阻变存储高低电阻状态<10 ns~10 ns106可靠性、耐久性较差松下、Crossbar和昕原半导体
铁电存储2种电极化状态~10 ns~10 ns1012存储密度低德州仪器、富士通、英飞凌
磁随机存储隧道结的高低
电阻状态
2~20 ns2~20 ns>1014写入电流、
器件制造难度较高
Everspin、Avalanche、恩智浦
DNA存储4种碱基对4~6 min只读非常高高成本、读取写入慢Catalog Technologies、
DNA Script、Iridia,Inc
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存储技术的发展态势与中国发展对策
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矫亦朋 1 , 王素梅 2, *
科技导报 | 政策建议 2026,44(11): 122-130
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科技导报 | 政策建议 2026, 44(11): 122-130
存储技术的发展态势与中国发展对策
全屏
矫亦朋1 , 王素梅2, *
作者信息
  • 1阿斯麦(ASML)美国硅谷分公司,圣何塞 95134
  • 2中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,北京 100190
  • 矫亦朋,高级工程师,研究方向为计算光刻,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

王素梅(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技创新战略与政策,电子信箱:
Research on the development trend and challenges of storage technology
Yipeng JIAO1 , Sumei WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1ASML Silicon Valley, San Jose 95134, USA
  • 2Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00239
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在全球数据快速增长与高性能计算需求持续攀升的背景下,存储技术作为信息基础设施的核心组成部分,正处于持续演进与创新的关键阶段。首先,梳理了磁存储、半导体存储和光存储等成熟存储技术的发展脉络与关键突破,深入探讨了相变存储器、阻变存储器、铁电存储器、磁随机存储器以及DNA 存储等新兴存储技术的潜力、发展路径与面临的挑战。其次,总结了中国存储产业面临的关键问题,包括投资风险高、市场竞争激烈、关键材料和装备依赖外部供应,以及新型存储器件受“性能—成本—生态”三重制约等现实挑战。最后,提出了增强战略定力、培育本土化材料与设备供应链、强化核心技术攻关等发展对策,以期为推动中国存储行业的技术创新与战略布局提供决策参考。

成熟存储技术  /  新兴存储技术  /  技术发展态势  /  中国发展挑战  /  中国发展对策

Against the backdrop of rapidly growing global data volumes and the escalating demand for high−performance computing, storage technologies have continuously evolved as a critical component of information infrastructure. This study systematically reviews the development trajectories and key breakthroughs of mature storage technologies, including magnetic storage, semiconductor storage, and optical storage, and provides an in−depth analysis of the potential, development paths, and challenges associated with emerging storage technologies such as phase−change memory, resistive RAM, ferroelectric RAM, magnetic RAM, and DNA storage. The study further summarizes the current challenges faced by China's storage industry, including high investment risks, intense market competition, dependence on externally supplied critical materials and equipment, and the "performance–cost–ecosystem" constraints that limit the advancement of new storage technologies. Finally, it proposes development strategies such as enhancing strategic focus, cultivating localized supply chains for materials and equipment, and strengthening core technology research, aiming to provide decision−making references for promoting technological innovation and strategic planning in China's storage industry.

mature storage technologies  /  emerging storage technologies  /  technology development trends  /  development challenges in China  /  development strategies for China
矫亦朋, 王素梅. 存储技术的发展态势与中国发展对策. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (11) : 122 -130 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00239
Yipeng JIAO, Sumei WANG. Research on the development trend and challenges of storage technology[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (11) : 122 -130 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00239
随着信息化、数字化与智能化的持续演进,全球数据量正以前所未有的速度爆发式增长(图1)。国际数据公司(International Data Corporation,IDC)预测全球数据量至2028年将达到393.8 ZB规模,复合年增长率为24.4%[1],在这一背景下,存储芯片市场规模持续扩大,世界半导体贸易统计组织(World Semiconductor Trade Statistics,WSTS)预计2024年其规模为1670.53亿美元,占半导体行业总规模的26.6%[2]。同时,大数据、人工智能与云计算等新兴应用对存储系统在性能、容量、可靠性和成本方面提出了更高要求,传统存储方式已难以全面满足发展需要,存储技术正经历着从底层介质到系统架构的全面革新。本研究系统分析当前存储技术的发展现状与趋势,深入剖析中国存储技术发展面临的关键挑战,并提出具有针对性的发展对策,以期为中国存储产业的技术创新与产业发展提供决策参考。
当前已经商业化的信息存储方式主要有磁存储、半导体存储、光存储、磁随机存储4类,其中光存储在发展到蓝光存储之后进展缓慢,市场份额较小,以硬盘为代表产品的磁存储持续伴随信息技术演进,以基于与非门结构(NAND)的闪存和动态随机存取存储器(dynamic random access memory,DRAM)为代表产品的半导体存储凭借其在读写速度方面的优势及非机械形式的固态结构,逐渐在一般消费类电子产品中取代硬盘。新型存储器包括相变存储器(phase change memory,PCM)、阻变存储器(resistive random access memory,RRAM)、铁电存储器(ferroelectric random access memory,FeRAM)、磁随机存储器(magnetic random access memory,MRAM)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)存储器等。目前,尚无任何一种新型存储器能够取代DRAM和NAND。其中,铁电存储器因写入能耗最低,有望应用于物联网与低功耗设备;阻变存储器与磁随机存储器则凭借高密度、高速度与非易失性等特点,可能在嵌入式领域替代难以微缩的基于或非门结构(NOR)的闪存与静态随机存取存储器(static random−access memory,SRAM),并逐步部分取代DRAM和NAND市场。表1对上述存储方式的核心参数进行了系统性对比[46],需要说明的是,表中数据为典型数值,将随着存储技术的进步而动态变化。
硬盘存储技术经过60多年的发展,经历了水平磁记录、垂直磁记录、叠层瓦片式磁记录和能量辅助磁记录的迭代发展。相比发明之初,当前硬盘的磁记录密度增加了接近108倍。凭借在容量、总体拥有成本和安全性方面的优势,硬盘在安防监控设备、服务器、数据中心等领域仍广泛使用,在可预见的未来,硬盘仍将保持一定的市场地位。
能量辅助磁记录是利用外界输入的能量来降低介质的反转场而实现记录的,包括热辅助磁记录(heat assisted magnetic recording,HAMR)和微波辅助磁记录(microwave assisted magnetic recording,MAMR)两种。硬盘厂商西部数据于2019年推出了20 TB企业级MAMR硬盘[7],而希捷在2020年底推出20 TB HAMR硬盘[8],2026年左右市面上可能出现容量为50 TB的硬盘[9]。为了提高记录密度,就需要减小磁道宽度、提高磁道密度,叠层瓦片式磁记录不改变垂直磁记录的磁头和介质设计,只是改变写入方式。从2016年开始,西部数据、希捷和东芝先后推出了面向消费类市场的叠层瓦片式硬盘,适用于容量大、对价格敏感和对随机读写要求不高的存储场合。随着磁道密度的提升,相邻磁道之间的读出信号存在相互干扰。为了解决这个问题,在叠层瓦片式磁记录的基础上又发展出了二维磁记录[1011]。比特图形磁记录与传统的磁记录方式不同,它的记录介质由分立的纳米尺度磁性比特组成。比特图形磁记录可与热辅助磁记录相结合,实现更高的记录密度[11]。比特图形磁记录在制备工艺、读写过程、成本等方面仍面临很大的挑战,还需要产业界和学术界的共同努力才可能得到商业化应用。
半导体存储技术从20世纪60年代开始起步,1967年IBM提出DRAM产品原型以及之后的持续演进,形成了当今的内存产品[12]。1984年日本东芝的舛冈富士雄博士提出了闪存(flash memory)技术以及之后演进中英特尔提出的NOR[13]和东芝提出的NAND架构[1415]形成了目前外设存储器的主流,其中NAND闪存颗粒与主控芯片封装之后构成的固态硬盘(solid−state drive,SSD),在个人电脑、服务器、手机和数据中心等应用领域替代了很大一部分的传统机械硬盘。中国于2017年启动国家存储器基地项目,逐步形成了以长江存储和长鑫存储为龙头的半导体存储器制造企业,其中长江存储重点发展NAND,长鑫存储专注于发展DRAM产品。
在DRAM方面,工艺制程进入20 nm以下时,存储单元的微缩变得越来越困难,经历了1x、1y、1z等3代十几纳米制程之后,在向第4代1α−nm、第5代1β−nm和第6代1γ−nm制程持续推进,不断逼近10 nm[16]。伴随着人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)发展的热潮,通过硅通孔技术工艺将8层、12层或者更多层DRAM裸片连接起来,构成高带宽存储器(high bandwidth memory,HBM),以满足AI服务器对高性能计算的需求。目前DRAM的发展趋势主要有2个方向,一是引入极紫外(extreme ultra−violet,EUV)光刻技术在2D平面内进一步实现结构的微缩和存储密度的提高,但EUV光刻会带来生产成本的增加,主要生产厂家都尽量减少EUV光刻层数[1718];二是引入3D−DRAM的结构,包括通过3D封装结构来实现堆叠,采用氧化铟镓锌(IGZO)来制作多层晶体管两种路径。
目前NAND已经实现了存储单元的三维堆叠,并已超过200层,从而使得存储容量迅速增长。3D−NAND的发展趋势比较明确,即继续增加三维堆叠的层数,最终可能达到500层以上,进一步提升存储容量[1920];以及将外围电路和存储单元分别在两片独立的晶圆上进行制造,然后通过晶圆键合的方式连接在一起,以提升读写速度和存储密度[21]。值得一提的是,目前长江存储采用Xtracking技术已经成功制造了232层的NAND闪存颗粒并进入市场销售[22]
光存储技术在20世纪60年代末70年代初期开始发展,主要经历了光盘(CD)、数字通用光盘(DVD)和蓝光光盘(BD)三代产品的更新迭代。目前,第三代蓝光光盘采用波长为405 nm的短波激光与数值孔径高达0.85的物镜组合,可在一张单面单层的12 cm光盘上存放15~27 GB的信息。然而,受限于衍射极限,继续提升面密度需依赖更短波长的激光源和更大数值孔径的物镜系统,面临成本、热稳定性及系统集成方面等多重挑战,使蓝光光盘已逐步接近其理论容量上限[23]
为了突破衍射极限的限制,进一步提升记录密度,光存储技术的发展趋势表现为从二维存储向多维存储方向发展[24],正在产业化推进和研发的新型光存储技术有以下4类:(1) 多层蓝光光存储技术[25]。通过引入透明度可调层间材料、动态聚焦机制及读写算法优化,在一张光盘中构建数十甚至百层数据层,实现容量从100 GB向TB级扩展。(2) 全息存储技术[26]。利用激光干涉在光敏介质中形成体相位光栅,以体全息方式存储信息,可实现高密度、高速读写和并行寻址,理论容量可达数TB,当前主要用于WORM(write once read many,一次写入,多次读取)型存档类存储。(3) 多波长多阶光存储技术[27]。通过控制激光波长、脉冲能量或焦点深度,在同一位置产生不同状态响应,实现多级存储编码(例如5D编码技术),可在玻璃或聚合物材料中长期稳定存储数百TB甚至PB级信息。(4) 近场光存储技术[28]。借助纳米尺度近场探针突破衍射极限,实现低于50 nm的空间分辨率,有望将传统面密度提升10倍以上,但对系统稳定性与读写头纳米定位提出较高要求。此外,近年来新兴的飞秒激光直写与量子材料存储(如稀土离子、金纳米棒、量子点与色心)也为光存储开辟了新的发展方向。
相变存储器是一种基于硫系化合物(主要为Ge–Sb–Te,即GST)的新型非易失随机存储器,其工作机制是通过电流脉冲加热诱导相变存储材料在高电阻的非晶态与低电阻的晶态之间进行可逆转变,实现“0/1”数据的写入、擦除和读出。由于其固态相变具有高速性、可重复性和良好的可扩展性,PCM不仅支持纳秒级写入,还具备优异的耐写性(可达108次以上)和数据保持能力(>10年),在性能上远优于传统的闪存技术。同时,相变材料可通过垂直方向的3D堆叠结构提升单位芯片的存储密度,满足未来高密度集成的发展需求。由于相变存储器的写入涉及相变过程,因此会存在与相变相关联的一些问题,比如非晶态向晶态转化的时间长、非晶态在高温时的稳定性差、数据可擦写次数少、写入电流偏大等问题,经过器件结构和材料工程的优化,这些问题得到了明显改善[2930]
自2006年以来,英特尔和美光一直合作研发相变存储器作为独立存储器,并于2016年推出傲腾系列存储产品,命名为三维交叉点(3D XPoint)技术。3D XPoint采用交叉点阵列结构(cross−point array),速度和寿命是NAND的1000倍,密度是DRAM的10倍,单位成本只有DRAM的1/2[31]。受限于性能、成本与容量及软件生态的缺失,2021年美光退出3D XPoint的开发,并出售其相关工厂;英特尔也在2022年宣布停止傲腾(Optane)产品线的发展[32]
当前,尽管3D XPoint项目终止,但相变存储的研究仍在持续推进。相变存储器在嵌入式存储器应用领域,具有高存储密度和低功耗的优势,可以为单片机提供更多的存储空间和更高的集成度,目前已经在意法半导体的微控制器上使用[33]。新型材料体系(如In–Sb–Te、Ag–In–Sb–Te等)和异质结构设计(如PCM与逻辑单元或AI计算单元集成)被用于探索更快的切换速度与更低的能耗;在新兴应用场景方面,如存内计算[34]、神经形态计算[35]等领域,PCM仍具有长期技术价值和研究意义。
阻变存储器是一种利用材料电阻状态可逆变化来实现信息存储的新型非易失性存储器件。根据其导电机制不同,RRAM主要分为2类,一种是通过金属离子迁移和还原在绝缘体中形成金属导电桥的导电桥阻变存储器(conductive bridge RAM,CBRAM);另一种则是通过氧离子的迁移调控氧空位浓度,改变导电路径的氧空位型阻变存储器(OxRRAM)。阻变存储器可通过在标准互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺上沉积特定材料(如HfOx、TiOx、TaOx)与图形化金属电极来实现,与传统逻辑电路工艺兼容性良好。目前,台积电和格罗方德可提供嵌入式RRAM工艺服务,并已被应用于低功耗物联网芯片、嵌入式安全存储器等领域。富士通与松下也推出了量产化的独立RRAM产品,分别面向工业级控制器与低功耗微控制器市场[3637]
为了进一步提升存储密度与读写效率,RRAM器件已从2D平面结构向3D垂直堆叠结构拓展,使其具备与3D NAND类似的高密度潜力。此外,RRAM具有多值存储能力[38],适用于构建类脑计算系统。在神经网络训练和推理过程中,RRAM可以通过模拟突触权重调节,实现存内计算架构,显著提升数据吞吐效率并降低能耗。例如,2022年,研究人员基于RRAM的片上计算系统,实现了对稀疏神经网络的高能效加速[39];同年,研究人员提出了基于RRAM阵列的图神经网络硬件实现方案,展示了其在边缘智能领域的应用前景[40]
然而,阻变存储器在写入一致性、可靠性、耐久性、数据保持能力及高温环境稳定性等方面仍面临挑战。通过调整介质层的化学组成和结构、改进金属电极的界面状态、优化擦写电压的大小和时间、采用误差纠正算法和机器学习预测模型等方式[4143],可以提升阻变存储器的可靠性和循环耐久性,目前已有28 nm工艺节点的读写循环大于107次、在125℃时数据保持10年的嵌入式阻变存储器[44]
铁电存储器是一类基于铁电材料自发极化方向可逆切换原理的非易失性存储技术。铁电存储器的存储单元结构有2种类型,一种是由2个晶体管和2个铁电体电容器组成的2T2C型,另一种是由1个晶体管和1个铁电体电容器组成的1T1C型。采用1T1C结构可显著提高集成度,但是对外围电路如感知放大器有更高的要求。铁电存储器采用了锆钛酸铅的铁电材料,在施加电压后,锆钛酸铅晶体内部的Zr和Ti原子会发生上下位移,产生极化现象,原子会在两个稳定点之间切换,不涉及相变和物质形态变化,因而具有非常高的可靠性,通过相关工艺技术的发展,实现了100万亿次的高重写耐久性及可耐受125℃高温的特性[4546]
在产业层面,FeRAM已实现一定程度的商用落地。英飞凌和富士通推出了多款分立式 FeRAM存储器产品,广泛应用于工业自动化、智能电网和数据记录设备中[4748],而德州仪器和富士通也将FeRAM作为嵌入式存储器集成到其主流低功耗微控制器(如MSP430FR 系列)中,用于替代Flash实现更快速且能耗更低的数据写入[4950]。尽管FeRAM在存储密度方面仍不及DRAM或NAND Flash,但凭借其写入速度快、低功耗、高耐久和断电数据保持等特性,在物联网终端设备、可穿戴设备、医疗监测、轨道交通等领域具有广泛的应用前景,比如在可重写的射频识别技术卡(radio frequency identification,RFID)中集成铁电存储器,使用询问无线电信号的低能量实现信息写入。
磁随机存储器是通过调控磁性隧道结的自由层和固定层之间自旋方向差异来实现信息存储和读取的非易失性存储器。自20世纪80年代发明以来,磁随机存储器历经了翻转式(Toggle−MRAM)、自旋转移矩(STT−MRAM)和自旋轨道矩(SOT−MRAM)3种器件类型,其中Toggle−MRAM和STT−MRAM已实现批量出货。Toggle−MRAM是一种磁场驱动型磁随机存储器[51],具有非常快的读写速度和非常高的循环耐久性和可靠性,缺点是功耗偏高。当存储单元尺寸微缩100 nm以下时,功耗的问题变得更加严重,存储容量难以继续提升,单芯片最大存储容量为32 Mb。而STT−MRAM利用自旋转移力矩翻转自由层的磁矩来实现数据的写入,由于不需要外加电流产生磁场,因此显著降低了功耗,同时存储单元的尺寸可以不断微缩,目前单芯片存储容量已达1 Gb[52]。SOT−MRAM是利用自旋轨道耦合作用将普通电流转化为自旋极化电流,再通过自旋极化电流的自旋转移力矩改变自由层的磁矩状态来实现数据的写入[53]。SOT−MRAM具有更快的写入速度和更低的写入电流,但其必要的三端口结构使其存储密度会低于STT−MRAM。SOT−MRAM要实现大规模量产,还需要克服以下难点[54],一是使自由层和钉扎层具备垂直各向异性;二是降低写入电流;三是增强与CMOS后道工艺的兼容性。日本东北大学采用倾斜结构(canted structure)的SOT−MRAM原型在基于12英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)晶圆工艺下实现了0.35 ns的写入时间和156 fJ/次的超低写入功耗,且无需外部磁场辅助[55]
MRAM具有读取/写入速度近似SRAM、断电不失数据、耐用性高等优势,未来可能替代高速SRAM[54],并在嵌入式存储器和AI硬件加速器中得到广泛使用[5657]。在产业布局方面,台积电、格罗方德与三星等芯片代工巨头持续建设MRAM(包括嵌入式STT−MRAM与SOT−MRAM)制造平台,面向工业、汽车等市场的1 Gb STT−MRAM以及用于空间探测的宇航级MRAM也投入市场应用[52,58]
DNA存储通过将二进制数据编码为4种碱基(A、T、C、G)序列并人工合成DNA分子实现高密度存储[59],通过测序技术读取碱基排列并解码还原数据。DNA存储器的显著优点为容量大、存储时间长、能耗低,DNA存储密度高达1 bit/nm3,在合适的环境下可以稳定保持非常长的时间,适合于需要长期保存的档案存储[11]
DNA读写过程是采用生物化学的方法来实现的,读写速度和单位比特的成本(1 TB的阵列合成成本约为8亿美元)还不具有竞争力,与传统存储器之间的兼容性存在很大的问题。DNA数据存储要达到商业云存储系统的性能水平,其写入和读取速度需达到GB/s,这要求写入速度提升6个数量级,读取(测序)速度提升2~3个数量级。DNA存储虽然潜在应用前景广泛,但整体上仍处于早期研发阶段。
当前,中国存储技术正处在加速追赶、局部并跑领跑的关键阶段。发展自主可控的存储技术,是保障国家信息安全、提升产业链韧性、提高产业竞争力的战略支撑。当前,中国存储产业整体自主化水平不高,市场由海外领军企业主导。具体而言,在磁存储领域,硬盘驱动器市场高度集中在西部数据、希捷、东芝3家企业;在半导体存储领域,DRAM市场由三星、SK海力士与美光科技主导,NAND市场也主要由三星、SK海力士、铠侠、西部数据等国际企业占据关键地位。中国存储器产业起步较晚,在多数细分领域仍处于追赶探索阶段,构建安全可靠的产业体系仍面临诸多挑战。
第一,投资风险高。存储器行业具有资金投入大、技术难度高的特点,是典型的资金和技术密集型行业,需要投入大量的资金用于工厂建设和产品研发。以月产能为 12 万片的3D NAND 一期工厂为例,投资额高达108亿美元。作为新进入存储器行业的公司,还要投入大量的人力和资金去实现技术突破。存储器企业一般是集成设计与制造一体化的IDM公司,产能与设备不能与其他半导体企业共享,成本也不能分担,一旦出现运营效率下降和产品良率不高的情况,就会有巨额亏损。
第二,产品竞争激烈。存储器作为一种工业标准品,其生存与发展依赖于采用最前沿工艺技术和设计,同时必须具备容量与成本的双重优势。与其他集成电路产品可以根据不同应用场景调整性能参数的特性不同,同一时期市场上的同类型存储器在性能、成本和容量方面往往呈现出高度的同质化。
第三,在材料和设备等方面面临着断供风险。2022年10月7日,美国商务部升级对中国出口管制措施,管制14/16 nm以下的逻辑半导体、128层以上的NAND及18 nm以下的 DRAM的制造设备,除非得到许可,不然不得对中国出口。与此同时,美国还联合日本、荷兰等国,对由日本、荷兰生产的并出口到中国的设备和材料进行限制。这些外部不利因素,都极大影响了中国半导体存储器企业的发展和壮大。
第四,新型存储技术面临“性能−成本−生态”的定位困境。国际市场上,英特尔与美光共同开发的3D XPoint存储技术也因为没有足够明确的市场定位导致客户接受度低。如果新型存储在性能和成本上不具备显著比较优势,其进入独立存储器市场的难度将较大;相对而言,嵌入式存储领域可能更适合作为其优先发展的方向,在特定场景中实现差异化竞争。因此,发展新型存储需要有清晰的市场定位,具有独特的竞争优势,否则将在高度集中的全球存储产业格局中难以形成可持续的发展基础。
经过数十年的发展,全球存储产业已形成由美国、韩国、日本少数几家企业主导的高度集中格局,中国在该领域对外依存度较高。加快培育自主可控的存储产业,成为破解外部依赖、突破技术瓶颈、保障产业链安全的重要途径。
一是产业规律,保持战略定力。存储器是资金与技术高度密集的行业,投入大、门槛高,中国在这一领域的技术水平与国际领先水平尚存在一定差距。在思想上,做好持续投资持续亏损的准备,保持战略定力,久久为功;在发展策略上,着眼长远,避免盲目扩大产能,待具备盈利能力后逐步扩大规模,实现自我造血循环;在支持方式上,技术攻关阶段以国家投入为主提供支持,产能扩张阶段应广泛吸引地方政府与社会资本参与。
二是培育本土化材料与设备供应链。存储器的制造依赖高纯度材料和精密设备,需加快国内上游企业培育,补充关键短板。建立关键材料设备清单,推动实现自主供应能力;对尚属空白的领域,鼓励通过联合攻关、孵化培育等方式补齐短板。同时,为国产材料设备提供更多产线验证与迭代机会,并配套财税与资金政策,加速其技术成熟与规模化应用。
三是构建行业创新联合体,强化关键核心技术攻关。发挥新型举国体制优势,由科技领军企业牵头,联合高校、科研机构及产业链力量,组建存储产业创新联合体,系统布局、协同攻关。加快建立中国自主的存储器技术标准体系与技术路线图,掌握发展主导权;同时加强基础研究与前沿技术储备,在未来存储技术领域赢得战略主动。
  • 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长基金项目(E5X0621Q)
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2026年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00239
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
  • 修回日期:2025-11-11
基金
中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长基金项目(E5X0621Q)
作者信息
    1阿斯麦(ASML)美国硅谷分公司,圣何塞 95134
    2中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,北京 100190

通讯作者:

王素梅(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技创新战略与政策,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00239
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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