Article(id=1208356298182214279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766024191660, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1758297600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024191660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079872398, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208356297246879939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756310400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024191437, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330854827, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208356298559701642, articleId=1208356298182214279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Brief review on early achievements of ASO−S in orbit, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Kuafu-1, also known as the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S), is China's first comprehensive solar exploration satellite. It was successfully launched on October 9, 2022, from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. After nearly one year of in-orbit testing, the satellite was delivered to the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at the end of September 2023 and officially entered the scientific operation phase. This article summarizes in brief the preliminary observational research results achieved in less than one and a half years, up to February 2025, following the mission's delivery. Some findings are highlighted, including the pivotal role of magnetic cancellation in the dissipation of β-type sunspots, an exhaustive diagnostic on quasi-periodic pulsations (QPP) in flaring hard X-ray emissions, a joint analysis of dual-angle observed hard X-ray imagery, the features of white-light flares at 360 nm wavelength, Carriton maps in the Lyman-alpha (Lyα) band, and so on. In the future, by utilizing observation data from ASO-S and integrating it with data from other advanced solar observation satellites both domestically and internationally, joint research on multi-wavelength and even stereoscopic observations can be carried out. This is expected to yield significant progress in understanding the nature of and correlations between the "one magnetic field and two storms" (i.e., the solar magnetic field, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections).

, authors=null, authorsList=Weiqun GAN, Yang SU, Li FENG, Yu HUANG, Hui LI, Jiangtao SU, Ying LI, Suo LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208356304884712256, articleId=1208356298182214279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=“夸父一号”(ASO−S)卫星早期成果概述, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

“夸父一号”卫星(ASO-S)是中国首颗综合性太阳探测专用卫星,在轨测试和试运行近1年,2023年9月底正式进入科学运行阶段。以“夸父一号”卫星的3台载荷数据利用为主线,重点介绍了卫星科学运行不到一年半时间(截至2025年2月)所取得的初步观测研究成果: β型黑子衰减的磁对消作用、耀斑硬X射线准周期震荡的综合诊断、双视角硬X射线成像联合分析、360 nm白光耀斑的观测特性、Lyα卡林顿图等。未来,使用ASO-S观测数据,结合国内外其他先进太阳观测卫星数据,可联合开展多波段乃至立体观测研究,有望在“一磁两暴”的本质及关联性方面取得重要进展。

, authors=

甘为群,研究员,研究方向为太阳物理,电子信箱:

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2. 中国科学院大学南京学院,南京 211135, bio={"content":"

甘为群,研究员,研究方向为太阳物理,电子信箱:

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The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2024, 795: L25., articleTitle=Direct observations of a shock traversing preceding two coronal mass ejections, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242144320724218607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, awardId=12233012, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12233012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242144320787133168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, awardId=12333010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12333010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242144320862630641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, awardId=11921003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(11921003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242144320938128114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, awardId=XDB0560000, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院B类先导专项(XDB0560000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242144321009431284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, awardId=2022YFF0503002, language=CN, fundingSource=科技部国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0503002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144312616628866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144312625017475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, companyId=1242144312616628866, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144312796983946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, companyId=1242144312780206728, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242144316597023425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QG2pHEOI7Kzp2XjHmSohbg==, figureFileBig=ecKsQfALUUMeeMtZ2F05hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144316664132290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356298182214279, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HXI/ASO−S观测的HXR像(等值线)叠加在AIA 171/SDO像上(2022−11−11 01:49 UT)

高能图像: ASO-S “夸父一号”/HXI
背景图像: SDO/AIA 1700 Å 2022-11-11 01:49:16 UT

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(a)(b)为FMG/ASO−S观测的太阳像和视向磁图(2023−02−22 00:05 UT)与(c)(d)HMI/SDO观测的太阳像和视向磁图(2023−02−22 07:55 UT)的比较;(e)为SDI/LST/ASO−S和SCI/LST/ASO−S在莱曼阿尔法波段从日面到日冕的日珥无缝观测图像(2023−03−07 21:06 UT)

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(a)(c)为DLA算法重构的图像,(b)(d)为CLEAN结果

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HXI和STIX在相距31.5°视角差(b)的情况下对一个M1.5级耀斑在14~20 keV成像(a)的比较,(c)从三维结构上解释HXI和STIX的观测差异

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(a)HXI和STIX在相距18°视角差的情况下对一个X5级耀斑观测到的光变及热和(b)非热成像结果比较(为保持图像分辨率一致性,HXI未使用全部探测器);(c)能谱拟合的比较

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(a)C6.6级耀斑SRH微波、HXI HXR及GOES SXR光变曲线的比较;(b)SRH微波和HXI HXR像的比较

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加号为标定的连续谱增强比较位置

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蓝色等值线(20%)是HXI/ASO−S观测到的HXR源区

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(a)2个日珥的SDI观测;(b)2个日珥的CHASE观测;(c)2个日珥的SDO观测;(d)切片图;(e)~(g)2个日珥演变过程及联系

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(i)为(h)中沿虚线切片

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HXR源呈现明显的不对称性

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“夸父一号”(ASO−S)卫星早期成果概述
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甘为群 1, 2 , 苏杨 1 , 封莉 1 , 黄宇 1 , 黎辉 1 , 苏江涛 3 , 李瑛 1 , 刘锁 3
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(16): 43-61
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“夸父一号”(ASO−S)卫星早期成果概述
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甘为群1, 2 , 苏杨1, 封莉1, 黄宇1, 黎辉1, 苏江涛3, 李瑛1, 刘锁3
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文院重点实验室,南京 210023
  • 2. 中国科学院大学南京学院,南京 211135
  • 3. 中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101
Brief review on early achievements of ASO−S in orbit
Weiqun GAN1, 2 , Yang SU1, Li FENG1, Yu HUANG1, Hui LI1, Jiangtao SU3, Ying LI1, Suo LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
  • 3. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00203
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“夸父一号”卫星(ASO-S)是中国首颗综合性太阳探测专用卫星,在轨测试和试运行近1年,2023年9月底正式进入科学运行阶段。以“夸父一号”卫星的3台载荷数据利用为主线,重点介绍了卫星科学运行不到一年半时间(截至2025年2月)所取得的初步观测研究成果: β型黑子衰减的磁对消作用、耀斑硬X射线准周期震荡的综合诊断、双视角硬X射线成像联合分析、360 nm白光耀斑的观测特性、Lyα卡林顿图等。未来,使用ASO-S观测数据,结合国内外其他先进太阳观测卫星数据,可联合开展多波段乃至立体观测研究,有望在“一磁两暴”的本质及关联性方面取得重要进展。

夸父一号  /  太阳空间探测  /  太阳耀斑  /  日冕物质抛射  /  太阳磁场

Kuafu-1, also known as the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S), is China's first comprehensive solar exploration satellite. It was successfully launched on October 9, 2022, from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. After nearly one year of in-orbit testing, the satellite was delivered to the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at the end of September 2023 and officially entered the scientific operation phase. This article summarizes in brief the preliminary observational research results achieved in less than one and a half years, up to February 2025, following the mission's delivery. Some findings are highlighted, including the pivotal role of magnetic cancellation in the dissipation of β-type sunspots, an exhaustive diagnostic on quasi-periodic pulsations (QPP) in flaring hard X-ray emissions, a joint analysis of dual-angle observed hard X-ray imagery, the features of white-light flares at 360 nm wavelength, Carriton maps in the Lyman-alpha (Lyα) band, and so on. In the future, by utilizing observation data from ASO-S and integrating it with data from other advanced solar observation satellites both domestically and internationally, joint research on multi-wavelength and even stereoscopic observations can be carried out. This is expected to yield significant progress in understanding the nature of and correlations between the "one magnetic field and two storms" (i.e., the solar magnetic field, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections).

ASO-S  /  solar space mission  /  solar flare  /  CME  /  solar magnetic field
甘为群, 苏杨, 封莉, 黄宇, 黎辉, 苏江涛, 李瑛, 刘锁. “夸父一号”(ASO−S)卫星早期成果概述. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (16) : 43 -61 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00203
Weiqun GAN, Yang SU, Li FENG, Yu HUANG, Hui LI, Jiangtao SU, Ying LI, Suo LIU. Brief review on early achievements of ASO−S in orbit[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (16) : 43 -61 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00203
中国天文界早在20世纪70年代中后期就提出要发射中国自己的天文卫星,当时拟定的卫星名字为“天文一号”,主要科学目标是观测太阳耀斑及宇宙伽马暴。项目进行到一定阶段(相当于现在的工程样机阶段),由于多种原因而终止。之后,中国太阳物理界在太阳空间探测方面先后进行了多次尝试[1],直到2021年10月14日和2022年10月9日,中国首颗太阳探测科学技术试验卫星“羲和号”(太阳Hα光谱与双超平台科学技术试验卫星,Chinese Hα Solar Explorer,CHASE)[2]和中国首颗综合性太阳探测专用卫星“夸父一号”(先进天基太阳天文台,Advanced Space−based Solar Observatory,ASO−S)[34]相继成功发射,开启了中国太阳空间探测的时代。
“夸父一号”卫星于2011年提出[56],在中国科学院空间科学先导专项[7]支持下,先后经历了预先研究(2011—2013)、背景型号研究(2014—2016)、综合立项论证(2016—2017)、工程立项(2017年底)、方案设计阶段(2017年9月至2019年4月)、初样研制阶段(2019年5月至2021年8月)、正样研制阶段(2021年9月至2022年8月),于2022年10月9日在酒泉卫星发射中心成功发射。之后,开展了近1年的在轨测试,并于2023年9月底正式交付用户单位中国科学院紫金山天文台管理。一系列文献[814]记载了ASO−S各个阶段的主要工作,更详细的记载参见ASO−S科学团队编制的“ASO−S科学简报”合订本。
“夸父一号”卫星的科学目标可简称为“一磁两暴”,即在一个卫星平台上同时观测太阳磁场、太阳耀斑和日冕物质抛射(CME),研究它们的形成、演化、相互作用和彼此关联。“夸父一号”卫星上共有3台有效载荷: “全日面矢量磁像仪”(FMG),用来观测全日面光球磁场; “硬X射线成像仪”(HXI),主要用来观测太阳耀斑所产生硬X射线(HXR)辐射; “莱曼阿尔法太阳望远镜”(LST),由3台望远镜(SDI: 莱曼阿尔法波段全日面成像仪; WST: 3600 Å白光全日面成像仪; SCI: 莱曼阿尔法和白光双波段日冕仪)组成,主要用来观测CME的形成、近日面传播及其他日面活动现象。图 1显示了HXI/ASO−S早期观测的一个耀斑(2022−11−11 01:49 UT)HXR像(等值线)叠加在AIA(大气成像组件) 171/SDO(太阳动力学天文台)像上,展示了HXI的成像能力及空间分辨率; 图 2显示了SDI/LST和SCI/LST在莱曼阿尔法波段从日面到日冕的日珥无缝观测图像举例(2023−03−07 21:06 UT),以及FMG/ASO−S观测的太阳局部像和视向磁图与HMI(日震与磁场成像仪)/SDO观测的太阳像和视向磁图比较(2023−02−22 00:05 UT)。
卫星发射前团队曾在《Research in Astronomy andAstrophysics》(《RAA》)和《天文学报》上发表过2期ASO−S专刊[1516],介绍卫星设计和研制的方方面面,尤其是《RAA》上的ASO−S专刊,详细介绍了卫星方案设计阶段成果和科学准备[1729]。截至2025年2月,有关ASO−S本身和利用其数据发表的论文合计130余篇。卫星发射后,在《Solar Physics》上组织了ASO−S在轨测试和早期成果专刊,共收录了30篇论文,包含正样卫星总体性能指标及卫星发射后各载荷的首图[30]、FMG在轨性能及定标[31]、HXI在轨性能及定标[32]、LST在轨性能及定标[33],以及ASO−S数据运行和分析中心[34]等5篇卫星在轨测试总体性文章,全面介绍了“夸父一号”在轨的状态和卫星科学团队所能提供的数据和服务。本文主要综述卫星交付不到一年半时间利用ASO−S数据及关于卫星本身的主要研究成果。
FMG的设计是采用弱场近似来线性定标磁场,但由于ASO−S卫星本身的轨道速度以及太阳本身的自转会影响观测谱线波长的位置,从而改变偏振信号的强弱,这样定标的磁场强度会受到卫星轨道速度变化的调制。Liu等[35]通过FMG和HMI的交叉定标,研究了卫星轨道速度对磁场定标系数的影响,提出了随卫星轨道速度变化而修正的线性定标系数,从而解决了FMG磁场测量受ASO−S卫星轨道速度影响的问题,大大提高了FMG磁场测量的精度。
滤光器型磁像仪工作谱线必须是磁敏感谱线,FMG沿用之前怀柔地面太阳磁场望远镜的工作谱线FeI 5324.19 Å,但如何选择工作谱线中对磁场最敏感的具体波长位置进行单点偏振测量分析是关键,选择得好意味着能够获得更加可靠的磁场测量结果。Liu等[36]针对FMG为什么选择在−0.08 Å进行具体的偏振测量阐述了原因,包括从偏振辐射转移理论、怀柔地面磁场望远镜实测数据以及FMG空间实测数据等方面进行了合理性分析。
FMG针对太阳黑子中心的强磁场测量会显示表观变弱(又称磁饱和)的现象。Xu等[37]对此进行了研究并发展了一种校正方法,应用到FMG观测到的20个活动区,发现变弱在705 G开始显现,变弱最大可达124%。校正后的FMG强磁场测量结果恢复了预期的强度,与HMI的观测结果基本一致。Chen等[38]还研究了一种基于Zeeman分裂直接推求纵向磁场的方法,其对活动区的有效性可望直接应用于FMG的观测。
作为磁像仪的FMG,在轨工作后与地面和空间其他磁像仪观测结果的对比,无疑是重要的一步。对于太阳光球磁场,不同的仪器测量结果应该大体一致。Xu等[39]将FMG的观测与HMI以及怀柔地面磁场望远镜(SMAT)的观测进行了对比,发现3台设备对太阳视向磁场结构和空间分布的观测结果基本一致,磁场相关系数达到0.9;如果只考虑黑子半影,视向磁场相关系数则达到0.98;在太阳宁静区,FMG比HMI更能观测到弱的磁场信号,说明FMG具有更高的磁场信号灵敏度。图 3[39]给出了一个例子,显示了FMG与HMI、FMG与SMAT以及HMI与SMAT的磁场相关性比较。正如前文所述[38],由于饱和的原因,FMG对黑子本影视向磁场强度的测量显得比HMI的测量结果要弱。
FMG视向磁场观测结果在多波段太阳爆发现象研究中发挥重要作用。如Hou等[40]研究了一个太阳暗条部分爆发事件,通过对多波段观测资料的分析,全方位展示了暗条爆发前的结构及形成过程,构建了包含2个磁流绳的新的一类“双层”暗条形成图像,FMG纵向磁场及单色像观测结果结合HMI的矢量磁场观测结果,在诊断暗条磁拓扑结构和性质方面发挥了作用。Sun等[41]研究了一个造成强地磁暴的太阳源头(SOL2023−11−28)情况,使用多设备(包括FMG和ASO−S上其他设备)观测结果,分析出日面上存在3个磁流绳,发现它们的滑动和相互作用导致2个耀斑和2个CME的形成,而2个CME在传输过程中的相互作用使地磁暴变强。Song等[42]研究了一个初始过程不同于以往的特殊暗条爆发,横跨活动区的大尺度暗条的爆发受到下面2个稍小尺度暗条爆发的驱动,如此多暗条爆发还导致了一个M6.4级耀斑的产生,AIA观测到的暗条叠加在FMG视向磁图上(图 4[42])清楚显示出暗条与磁场的空间位置关系,暗条F1和F2先爆发,F1、F2及与大暗条F3的相互作用致F3爆发,该事件还伴随着一个晕状CME,并产生了强烈的地磁效应。这类爆发不仅为理解太阳爆发提供了一个新的样本,也为从观测上预报空间天气提供了一条新的线索。
Idrees等[43]利用FMG和HMI观测数据详细研究了活动区NOAA 13229中β型黑子的衰减,包括黑子面积的衰减和磁通量的衰减,分别考察了磁对消、磁消散、碎片化、水平流汇聚和水平流旋转等因素对黑子衰减的影响,不同黑子的衰减主导机制可以不同,衰减时间也大不相同,如图 5[43]中的S2黑子的衰减中磁对消发挥主要作用,而S1黑子的衰减则是碎片化和磁消散起主要作用。
磁螺度是反映日冕磁场结构和演化的一个重要参数,磁螺度的积累与非势磁能相关,最终导致耀斑和CME等爆发现象。Yang等[44]尝试利用FMG视向磁场观测数据来推求磁螺度流量,并将所得结果与基于HMI的结果进行对比,两者符号相同且相关性达到0.98,这一结果表明,FMG的视向磁场观测数据可以用来可靠计算磁螺度。
HXI是基于空间调制的傅里叶变换间接成像设备,成像最高空间分辨率达到3.1″。调制函数的获取直接决定图像重构的质量,其中涉及一系列的影响因素。Jiang等[45]首先在理想假设下,针对HXI构造了一个可以用来全面分析调制函数的完备数学解析模型,进而拓展到含入准直器的变形(扭曲、倾斜、平移)和光栅的厚度等多种非理想因素,其结果不仅得到GEANT4模拟的证实,也与之前在地面开展的HXI一系列试验结果相吻合。该模型应该是迄今为止这类望远镜最完备的数学模型,直接指导了地面束流实验的方案改进,成功获得了HXI准直器正样的调制曲线,国际上首次实现全系统端到端硬X射线束流调制测试。该模型在基于HXI在轨观测数据的图像重构中发挥了重要作用。
HXI记录的是来自91对光栅的计数,要实现成像还需要选择一定的算法来进行图像重构。在对拉马第高能太阳分光镜成像探测器(RHESSI)的数据处理中,国际上已经发展了超过10种具体的成像算法。实际观测中由于不知道真实的源到底怎样,难以判断不同成像算法结果的优劣。Yu等[46]采用AIA/SDO观测到的极紫外像计算出DEM(微分发射度),将由此推得的热X射线源作为输入图像,结合模拟的点源、双足点源、环状源等,在RHESSI框架下通过图像重建来全面比较10种成像算法,对图像重建质量的评估采用了多种方法,包括了Li等[47]针对硬X射线调制成像新提出的QuIX方法。结果显示,EM、PIXON和CLEAN算法最好。该工作还展示了HXI的现有算法和成像结果,分析了CLEAN算法的一个重要参数CLEAN beam size,并分别为RHESSI和HXI获得了该参数的最佳初始设置。这一工作对HXI成像算法的开发和改进具有直接的指导意义,已经体现在HXI分析软件中。
Xia等[48]提出了一个基于深度学习的图像重构新算法(DLA),通过HXI光栅响应函数和模拟观测数据构建训练集,获取满意的深度学习模型,进而应用到HXI实际观测的耀斑事例中,所得耀斑硬X射线图像与传统方法CLEAN所得结果可以相比拟甚至更好(图 6[48]),成像过程速度极快且无需额外参数。基于深度学习的该算法的提出是国际上首次,经过进一步的改进和完善,将为用户提供一个全新的选择,成为HXI图像重构的基本软件之一。
不同的太阳HXR探测仪器观测同一个对象,应该得到相同的结果。这个看似简单的问题实际证明起来却并不容易,这需要就实际观测的合适样例进行交叉定标,只有完成了交叉定标,才能在不同的观测结果之间进行物理上的比较,这对于不同视角方向上的立体观测比较,得到可靠的诸如加速电子的方向性和三维结构方面的结论尤为重要。Li等[49]将HXI与在轨的太阳轨道飞行器上的X射线成像光谱仪(STIX/SolO)、费米伽马射线太空望远镜上的爆发监测器(GBM/Fermi)、Konus−Wind等设备进行了能谱的交叉定标研究,这种绝对效率的定标由于不同设备探测器的材料、设计、电子学、轨道环境的差异往往显得非常困难。通过HXI多探测器的自定标和多设备间的交叉定标,他们改进了其中一个探测器D94的响应矩阵(适当含入铝蒙皮的影响),结果显示HXI与其他设备观测的耀斑能谱达到可以接受的一致性。这为接下来不同设备之间的联合研究,尤其是STIX/SolO和HXI首次HXR联合立体诊断加速电子的方向性提供了基础,人们对这一重要成果予以期待。
此外,这期间还产出了一些HXI技术相关的成果,如: HXI副镜的设计、测试、算法和在轨状态[5051]; HXI量能器测试系统[52]; HXI准直器系统[53]; 束流实验[5455]等。
HXI提供了具有空间分辨的不同能量的HXR像,这使得研究HXR源随时间的变化成为可能。作为HXI的一个重要研究成果,Chen等[56]详细研究了HXI观测到的一个M6.5级耀斑(SOL2023−05−09 03:54 UT)空间分辨HXR源的准周期震荡(QPP)。HXR源沿着耀斑带滑动,滑动过的地方随即出现EUV增亮,通过对图像的小波分析显示HXR流量呈现约23 s的QPP特征,更惊人的发现是,耀斑带所在地方的磁场强度和磁通量具有大概相同周期的QPP变化。三维MHD模拟自洽重现了这一QPP重联过程,从而第一次细致展现了QPP的一种全新的图像: HXR的QPP来自耀斑带的滑动磁重联的准周期能量释放,而QPP磁重联本身磁场呈现出周期性的变化,图 7[56]显示了该耀斑的总体情况。
HXR的QPP受到很多人的关注。Li等 [57]和Shi等[58]分别研究了HXI观测到的另外2个X级耀斑的QPP: X1.1(SOL2023−06−20 16:42 UT)和X1.2 (SOL2023−01−06 00:57 UT)。结合AIA/SDO等其他观测,前者呈现出日冕环的无衰减Kink震荡,先后连续5个脉动振幅没有明显衰减(图 8[57]),紫外、HXR、微波等多波段光变均显示周期在100~130 s的QPP特征,不同温度的日冕环具有相同周期的震荡且与脉冲相HXR的QPP同时观测到,意味着能量的重复释放是触发这类QPP的主要原因; 后者从HXI对足点成像中找到约27 s的HXR QPP,且与HXR流量成负相关的HXR能谱指数也呈同周期QPP特征,说明注入耀斑环足点的非热电子束本身是观测QPP的原因。一个对HXI观测到的更长准周期(200 s)X6.4耀斑(SOL2024−02−22 22:08 UT)研究[59]也显示,其QPP同样是由周期性磁重联致电子加速所造成的。
HXR光变研究的另一个例子是耀斑Neupert效应。Li等[60]利用HXI最初7个月所获得的149个耀斑事例,统计研究了太阳活动25周上升期的耀斑Neupert效应。通过20~50 keV的HXR时间积分(fluence)与GOES软X射线(SXR)流量比较,证明HXI观测到太阳活动25周上升期的耀斑满足Neuper效应。
自从HXI投入观测以来,HXI与STIX同时观测到的耀斑已达数百例,其中不乏时间结构完整和观测视角合适的事例。结合能谱和图像交叉定标结果的进展,这些事例为接下来的立体成像联合诊断耀斑加速粒子机制和三维结构提供了史无前例的机会。Mrozek等[61]对一个失败暗条爆发所伴随的M1.5级耀斑(SOL2023−02−08 20:05 UT)初步尝试了HXI和STIX立体观测三维形态诊断研究,当时ASO−S和SolO观测的夹角为31.5°,如此大的夹角足以反映立体探测形态上的差异。图 9[61]显示了HXI和STIX各自成像的结果(图 9(a)),图 9(c)是卡通式解释两者观测结果在三维结构上的一致性,即HXR源所在的耀斑环并不垂直于太阳表面,两者观测的自洽性可以定出耀斑环真实的三维结构。
Ryan等[62]研究了HXI和STIX同时观测到的另一个X5.0级大耀斑(SOL2023−12−31 21:55 UT),ASO−S和SolO当时观测视角差为18°,虽然视角差不大,但HXI和STIX的观测时间段相对完整,成像细节上的差异仍能反映出三维几何信息,联合HXI和STIX立体成像(图 10[62]),精确获取了热环顶源和2个非热足点源的位置,得到耀斑环为椭圆几何形状且与法向存在22.8°的夹角。随着仪器交叉定标的完善,三维联合观测研究将呈现更多重要的结果。
Shamsutdinova等[63]利用西伯利亚射电日像仪(SRH)和HXI对一个C6.6级东边缘耀斑(SOL2023−02−5 3:36 UT)的同时观测,研究了耀斑能量释放过程的自洽经验模型。通过对微波和HXR能谱和成像的分析,得到耀斑主要能量释放结构是一个致密的环,谱分析显示耀斑早期是热辐射,很快由加热转为粒子的加速,推求的微波和HXR能谱一致性说明它们来自同源的加速粒子束,且呈现典型的软硬软变化特征。图 11[63]显示了该耀斑SRH微波、HXI HXR及GOES SXR光变曲线的比较,以及SRH微波和HXI HXR像的比较。Kuznetsov等[64]对SRH观测到的一个M5.8耀斑(SOL2023−03−06 2:32 UT)以及Wu等[65]对SRH观测到的一个M6.5耀斑(SOL2023−05−09 03:54 UT)研究中也使用了HXI的观测,前者阐述了耀斑与暗条爆发的关系,后者揭示耀斑加速电子起源于环顶。
Zheng等[66]从另一个侧面研究了X5.0级大耀斑(SOL2023−12−31 21:55 UT),提出了爆发日珥瓦解的“双响鞭炮”模型,即爆发日珥的瓦解伴生了CME两个不同的核分量。在这个图像中,HXI光变所表征的能量释放过程以及SCI/LST在弥补CME演化视场空缺方面发挥了一定的作用。Zhang等[67]在对2023年9月11日暗条相互作用产生CME及Ⅱ型射电暴研究中,使用了HXI光变来标定暗条的爆发。Hou等[68]利用多波段观测诊断耀斑电流片双向流,以及Gou等[69]研究一个M1.2耀斑中日冕喷流与迷你暗条的关系时,均采用了HXI观测对耀斑进行HXR成像,以确定耀斑的源区。
Hudson等[70]使用了包括HXI和SDI在内的观测数据,研究了一个早期脉冲耀斑的地磁效应,该地磁效应耀斑与通常地磁效应耀斑不同,后者的电离层过电离往往与耀斑SXR时间轮廓相对应,而所研究的SOL2024−03−10(M7.4)地磁效应耀斑却与耀斑早期脉冲高能辐射相对应。这被认为是一种新现象。此外,HXI观测也被应用到太阳高能粒子(SEP)事件的研究中,Firoz等[71]研究了2023年8月5日与M1.6和X1.6耀斑相对应的2个SEP事件,HXI光变和成像对判断SEP是源于耀斑还是CME起到关键作用。
白光耀斑(WLF)研究应该是现阶段ASO−S卫星的一个标志性观测研究成果之一。众所周知,WLF曾经被认为是一个比较罕见的现象,后来随着观测事例逐渐增多,WLF慢慢褪去神秘的面纱,但实际上,有关WLF的观测和研究非常有限。Jing等[72]利用WST/LST最初约7个月的观测数据,提取了共205个M1.0以上耀斑,从中发现有49个耀斑存在360 nm连续谱增强,即23.9% 的M1.0级以上耀斑是WLF,这一结果给出了白光耀斑不再罕见的一个具体指标,《Solar Physics》主编为此推荐该文为亮点文章。此外,他们还发现耀斑级别越高,是WLF的概率越大,大于X1.0的7个耀斑样本均是WLF; 360 nm连续谱增强平均为19.4%;平均持续时间为10.3 min; 平均增强和平均持续时间均与SXR峰值流量具有一定的相关性; 连续谱增强的峰值在时间上与HXR峰值相对应; WLF呈现边缘增多(图 12[72])且连续谱增强也临边变大的趋势等。这一系列的结果,大大丰富了人们对WLF,特别是对巴尔末连续谱WLF的认识。
作为WLF重要成果的组成部分,Li等[73]对WST/LST观测到的一个C2.3级WLF(SOL2022−12−20 04:10 UT)开展个例研究,辅以CHASE和HMI观测,获得了在宽波段范围连续谱的增强: 对白光增强区1,在360 nm、617.3 nm、656.9 nm连续谱增强分别为4.7%、3.2%、3.9%; 对白光增强区2,在360 nm、617.3 nm、656.9 nm连续谱增强分别为1.9%、3.0%、4.3%。结合HXI对该耀斑的观测,发现白光增强区与HXR足点在空间位置上相一致,说明是非热电子束加热大气深层致连续谱增强。
除了小级别WLF个例研究,Li等 [74]研究了WST观测到的2个X级WLF: X2.1 (SOL2023−03−03 17:52 UT)和X1.5(SOL2023−08−07 20:46 UT),前者连续谱增强来自于耀斑带(图 13[74]),连续谱增强极大与HXR峰在时间上相对应,说明是非热电子束直接加热或间接加热致连续谱增强; 后者发生在日面边缘,连续谱增强来自耀斑环,其连续谱光变与1700 Å像对应且持续到耀斑后相,与耀斑热等离子体紧密相关。X2.1WLF连续谱平均增强为: 56%(360 nm)、13% (617.3 nm)、30%(656.9 nm)。Li等 [75]在一个X6.4 (SOL2024−02−22 22:08 UT)的WLF连续谱光变中还发现长周期的QPP现象,研究得出白光QPP是由于逃逸自黑子半影中慢磁声波的调制。2024年5月,NOAA 13664活动区连续产生了12个X级耀斑,这为研究WLF提供了非常好的样本,Li等[76]发现其中11个有白光连续谱增强,360 nm(WST/ASO−S)和617.3 nm(HMI/SDO)增强区可发生在黑子外、半影区和本影区,可来自耀斑带和耀斑环(乃至物质喷发),且前者的持续时间、强度增强水平,甚至与HXR的关联都比后者要显著。图 14[76]显示了WST/ASO−S观测到的这12个耀斑360 nm差分像,图中蓝色等值线(20%)是HXI/ASO−S观测到的HXR源区。
ASO−S卫星发射前,针对LST莱曼阿尔法观测解释的预先研究就已经开展。例如,Zhao等[77]利用日珥—暗腔的MHD模拟结果作为输入,合成了日珥—暗腔莱曼阿尔法辐射,以模拟日面边缘SCI/LST观测视场内的爆发日珥情况,展示出LST可以观测到从爆发日珥到CME产生,特别是CME的亮核和空洞结构,这在LST后来的观测中得到证实。Ying等[78]为了获取CME的温度,精确计算了莱曼阿尔法波段的强度,在三维MHD模拟CME和其所驱动的激波基础上,通过合成了UV、WL像的形态研究它们与各种假设的关系,得到诸如日面莱曼阿尔法强度如何影响日冕莱曼阿尔法强度、几何散射对日冕莱曼阿尔法强度的影响以及不同温度假设对CME结构莱曼阿尔法强度的影响等一系列有意义的结果,这些结果可望应用到LST观测中。
Lu等[79]针对SDI/LST观测如何自动识别太阳耀斑事件,提出了一个新的算法,该算法基于当地的强度变化,可以自动提取包括事件的位置、开始时间、结束时间,特别是可以提取同时发生的不同事件。以一个月的SDI观测为例,共识别出226个事件,与GOES同期结果相比较,M级以上事件的重合率为73%。这一差异隐含着SXR事件和莱曼阿尔法事件背后物理的不同,值得深入研究。李敬伟等[80]展示了WST和SDI在轨平场定标的偏摆方案及获得的平场图像和随时间的演化情况。
有关LST观测数据改进的一个重要进展是数据重构,SDI/LST和WST/LST在轨结果显示实际空间分辨率远未达到设计和地面的测试值,这使得基于LST观测研究日面细节困扰纷纷。Liu等[81]采用点扩散函数和一个特别的图像优化方法(SPIBOA)来改善SDI的观测数据,在无法获取在轨点扩散函数的情况下,借鉴机器学习,估算出比较准确的点扩散函数,进而反卷积获得校正后的SDI图像,通过大量数据实验,证明校正后的SDI空间分辨率可以提高3倍以上。该校正算法已经集成到SDI常规数据处理软件中,为基于SDI观测研究提供了一个强有力的支撑。
实际上,目前已经存在一些太阳莱曼阿尔法波段观测,但基本上都局限于总流量观测,Greatorex等[82]以3个M级耀斑为例,比较了不同仪器观测结果,发现不同仪器间相对流量差异有限,但流量增强等参数差异可以很大,甚至相差5倍,这可能与仪器光谱响应及波段范围等因素有关,这一结果更加说明SDI在莱曼阿尔法波段成像的重要性。
Lyα卡林顿图可提供跨越360°经度范围的全球日面莱曼阿尔法辐射强度分布,是日冕莱曼阿尔法辐射的关键输入源,为国内外莱曼阿尔法日冕观测设备提供更准确的入射日面辐射数据,从而精确诊断太阳爆发如日冕物质抛射、日珥爆发的相关物理过程。但之前并没有直接的莱曼阿尔法波段辐射的卡林顿图,有关莱曼阿尔法卡林顿图是从30.4 nm的卡林顿图推演出来。基于SDI/LST观测,Li等[83]首次获取了直接的莱曼阿尔法卡林顿图(图 15[83]),这是LST的代表性成果之一。与之前用间接方法所得到的结果进行对比,发现有38% 的差异; 与磁场的卡林顿图比较,活动区呈现的莱曼阿尔法辐射较强,但黑子本影处莱曼阿尔法辐射弱。
Xue等[84]研究了2022年10月26日2个感应的失败日珥爆发(图 16[84]),这也是LST开机后最早观测到的莱曼阿尔法日珥案例。2个看似无关的日珥实际上联系紧密,南边的日珥由于Kink不稳定性而爆发,解扭曲过程中形成下面的耀斑带,但随后发生的磁重联使得爆发失败。南边的日珥上方与北边的日珥有磁流管相通,爆发带动北面的日珥也出现上升,但由于南面日珥爆发出现的质量“真空”,使得北边日珥的物质通过磁流管灾变式向南边日珥排放。这就提出了一个新的图像,日珥爆发可以终止于通过磁流管的质量排放。
Wei等[85]研究了SDI观测到的一对相交的日珥(图 17[85]),它们同时上升。下方的日珥在上升过程中上部出现扭曲增加并随后消失,很可能通过重联传递到上方日珥,这一扭曲的转移导致下方日珥爆发失败,而上方日珥开始出现转动,且腿部出现剪切运动。这说明,扭曲的转移和释放在限制日珥爆发方面具有重要作用。
Shi等[86]利用SDI观测研究了一个X射线源在耀斑双带上不对称的耀斑(C4.4,SOL2023−03−20 15:34 UT),这个耀斑热辐射占主导,X射线辐射在一个带上很弱(图 18[86])。结合AIA 304和STIX/SolO观测结果,并通过非线性磁场外推,结果显示环顶距离双带足点的距离相差很大,热电子更容易注入距离较近的足点,从而对X射线源不对称性给出一个解释,即环顶距离两足点的不对称性是造成X射线源不对称性的主要原因,磁镜效应占次要因素。
此外,Zhang等[87]在多波段研究耀斑触发的EUV波引起周边宁静暗条震荡时用到SDI观测到的光变曲线; 宁静暗条随后失去平衡,上升到SCIUV/ASO−S观测到的直至2.2个太阳半径处的形态(图 19[88]),进而形成一个典型三分量结构的CME[88]; Chi等[89]研究了相继发生的3个CME及激波与CME的相互作用,其中SCIUV/ASO−S观测到第2个CME形成早期的形态。
在ASO−S完成在轨测试和交付不到1年半的时间节点上,总结了利用ASO−S观测数据或与ASO−S仪器性能本身有关的研究成果。基于ASO−S观测数据所展开的研究工作呈现蓬勃发展之势,其学术产出与科学影响持续扩大。随着ASO−S数据分析中心服务功能的进一步完善,特别是ASO−S在完成HXI定标和SCI非正常观测数据处理能力进一步提升之后,可以预期越来越多的国内外同行将使用ASO−S观测数据开展研究,结合国际上其他先进的太阳观测卫星及中国的“羲和号”卫星、“风云3号”卫星、搭载仪器“SUTRI”以及地面观测设备,联合开展多波段乃至立体观测研究,可望在“一磁两暴”的本质及关联性方面取得重要进展。ASO−S设计寿命为4年,期待它能在轨运行更长的时间,以完整覆盖太阳活动25周峰年,最终实现ASO−S卫星“一磁两暴”的科学目标。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12233012)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12333010)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11921003)
  • 中国科学院B类先导专项(XDB0560000)
  • 科技部国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0503002)
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2025年第43卷第16期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00203
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12233012)
国家自然科学基金项目(12333010)
国家自然科学基金项目(11921003)
中国科学院B类先导专项(XDB0560000)
科技部国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0503002)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文院重点实验室,南京 210023
    2. 中国科学院大学南京学院,南京 211135
    3. 中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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