Article(id=1212410689789006686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=21, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00200, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740240000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-23, revisedDate=1758988800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766990833946, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1762963200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766678400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766990833946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080238998, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212410683682099946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='21', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762963200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766990832490, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330578192, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=102, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212410690174882663, articleId=1212410689789006686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Electronic structure insights into oriented external electric field effects on Diels-Alder reaction, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using Kohn–Sham density functional theory, we investigate the Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl vinyl ketone as a model system to elucidate the regulatory mechanism and microscopic origin of oriented external electric fields (OEEF) on cycloaddition reactivity. The results demonstrate that both the direction and magnitude (FZ) of the electric field significantly affect the reaction rate and selectivity: When FZ>0, the reaction rate accelerates and the endo product ratio increases, whereas FZ<0 leads to a slower reaction but favors exo product selectivity. Mechanistic analysis reveals that OEEF induces electronic polarization and decreases the HOMOCP−LUMOMVK gap, thereby improving the electron transfer capability between molecular orbitals, strengthening the interactions between bonding atoms in the transition state, and facilitating interfragment charge transfer. These effects stabilize the transition state and lower the activation barrier. Furthermore, electronic structure descriptors, including electrostatic potential, electron density difference, orbital energy gaps, fragment charges, and dipole moment, are provided to rationalize and predict the influence of OEEF on Diels−Alder reactivity.

, authors=null, authorsList=Junchao LIAO, Weijie HUANG, Xiaofei XU, Weiqiang TANG, Shuangliang ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaofei XU, Weiqiang TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212410695266767855, articleId=1212410689789006686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=电子结构视角下的定向外部电场对Diels–Alder反应调控机理, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于Kohn−Sham密度泛函理论,以环戊二烯与甲基乙烯基酮的Diels−Alder反应为例,揭示了定向外部电场(OEEF)对Diels−Alder反应的调控机制及微观机理。结果表明,电场方向和强度(FZ)对反应速率与选择性均有显著影响:FZ>0时反应速率增加、内型产物占比上升;FZ<0时反应速率降低,但有利于提高外型产物的选择性。微观机制分析显示,OEEF通过诱导电子极化、降低HOMOCP−LUMOMVK能隙,进而提高分子轨道间的电子迁移能力,增强过渡态成键原子间的相互作用并促进片段间电荷转移,从而稳定过渡态并降低能垒。此外,给出了OEEF调控反应的静电势、电子密度差、轨道能隙、片段电荷与偶极变化等电子结构描述符,借助这些描述符可理解和预测OEEF对Diels−Alder反应的影响。

, authors=

廖俊超,硕士研究生,研究方向为化工热力学,电子信箱:

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徐小飞(共同通信作者),副教授,研究方向为化工热力学,电子信箱:
唐伟强(通信作者),讲师,研究方向为化工热力学,电子信箱:
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电场/(mV·Å−1 exo构型 endo构型
−257.1 9.788×10−10 6.563×10−9
0 2.524×10−8 8.652×10−7
257.1 2.142×10−7 2.940×10−5
514.2 6.098×10−6 1.963×10−3
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298.15 K下不同电场强度对应的反应速率常数 (M−1·s−1

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电场/(mV·Å−1 exo构型 endo构型
−257.1 9.788×10−10 6.563×10−9
0 2.524×10−8 8.652×10−7
257.1 2.142×10−7 2.940×10−5
514.2 6.098×10−6 1.963×10−3
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电子结构视角下的定向外部电场对Diels–Alder反应调控机理
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廖俊超 1 , 黄伟杰 1 , 徐小飞 1, * , 唐伟强 1, * , 赵双良 2
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(21): 102-110
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (21) : 102 -110
电子结构视角下的定向外部电场对Diels–Alder反应调控机理
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廖俊超1 , 黄伟杰1, 徐小飞1, * , 唐伟强1, * , 赵双良2
作者信息
  • 1华东理工大学化工学院,上海 200237
  • 2广西大学化学与化工学院,广西低碳技术与绿色化工材料实验室,南宁 530004
通讯作者:
徐小飞(共同通信作者),副教授,研究方向为化工热力学,电子信箱:
唐伟强(通信作者),讲师,研究方向为化工热力学,电子信箱:
Electronic structure insights into oriented external electric field effects on Diels-Alder reaction
Junchao LIAO1 , Weijie HUANG1, Xiaofei XU1, * , Weiqiang TANG1, * , Shuangliang ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
  • 2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Low−Carbon Technology and Green Chemical Materials Laboratory, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2025-11-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00200
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基于Kohn−Sham密度泛函理论,以环戊二烯与甲基乙烯基酮的Diels−Alder反应为例,揭示了定向外部电场(OEEF)对Diels−Alder反应的调控机制及微观机理。结果表明,电场方向和强度(FZ)对反应速率与选择性均有显著影响:FZ>0时反应速率增加、内型产物占比上升;FZ<0时反应速率降低,但有利于提高外型产物的选择性。微观机制分析显示,OEEF通过诱导电子极化、降低HOMOCP−LUMOMVK能隙,进而提高分子轨道间的电子迁移能力,增强过渡态成键原子间的相互作用并促进片段间电荷转移,从而稳定过渡态并降低能垒。此外,给出了OEEF调控反应的静电势、电子密度差、轨道能隙、片段电荷与偶极变化等电子结构描述符,借助这些描述符可理解和预测OEEF对Diels−Alder反应的影响。

计算化学  /  定向外部电场  /  Kohn−Sham密度泛函  /  Diels−Alder反应

Using Kohn–Sham density functional theory, we investigate the Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl vinyl ketone as a model system to elucidate the regulatory mechanism and microscopic origin of oriented external electric fields (OEEF) on cycloaddition reactivity. The results demonstrate that both the direction and magnitude (FZ) of the electric field significantly affect the reaction rate and selectivity: When FZ>0, the reaction rate accelerates and the endo product ratio increases, whereas FZ<0 leads to a slower reaction but favors exo product selectivity. Mechanistic analysis reveals that OEEF induces electronic polarization and decreases the HOMOCP−LUMOMVK gap, thereby improving the electron transfer capability between molecular orbitals, strengthening the interactions between bonding atoms in the transition state, and facilitating interfragment charge transfer. These effects stabilize the transition state and lower the activation barrier. Furthermore, electronic structure descriptors, including electrostatic potential, electron density difference, orbital energy gaps, fragment charges, and dipole moment, are provided to rationalize and predict the influence of OEEF on Diels−Alder reactivity.

computational chemistry  /  oriented external electric field  /  Kohn−Sham density functional theory  /  Diels−Alder reaction
廖俊超, 黄伟杰, 徐小飞, 唐伟强, 赵双良. 电子结构视角下的定向外部电场对Diels–Alder反应调控机理. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (21) : 102 -110 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00200
Junchao LIAO, Weijie HUANG, Xiaofei XU, Weiqiang TANG, Shuangliang ZHAO. Electronic structure insights into oriented external electric field effects on Diels-Alder reaction[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (21) : 102 -110 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00200
提高反应速率与产物选择性不仅有助于提升资源利用效率,更是减少副反应、降低能源消耗和环境负担的关键环节。在这一过程中,调控反应所处微环境成为提升反应效率的重要手段[14]。当前,最常见的微环境调控策略是借助不同溶剂的极性[5]或配位能力[6],以改变反应路径、稳定中间体及影响过渡态能量,从而优化反应动力学与热力学特征。然而,溶剂调控手段也存在明显局限。一方面,溶剂极性往往是固定的,缺乏动态可调性,难以对反应路径进行实时操控;另一方面,有机溶剂通常具有一定的毒性、易挥发性或不易回收性,这与绿色化学强调的环境友好性相悖。因此,探索新的、可控性更高且环境负担更小的微环境调控策略成为当前研究热点。
近年来,电场、微波等新兴物理场调控方法逐渐受到关注。其中,定向外部电场(oriented external electric field,OEEF)因其无需引入额外化学试剂、可动态实时施加且对特定反应路径具有选择性增强的能力,成为具有潜力的调控手段[711]。相比于传统溶剂调控方法,OEEF具备更强的空间选择性与可调节性,可以通过调控电场的方向与强度,实现对反应速率与选择性的精准操控,从而在不改变反应物或催化剂体系的前提下实现绿色、高效、可控的反应调节。
基于OEEF的独特优势,近年来关于其调控分子结构、反应速率及选择性的理论与实验研究不断涌现。在理论研究方面,Zhang等[12]发现氨硼烷(BH3NH3)的结构在电场中B—N键长变长,从而改变它的储氢能力。Lu等[13]发现C18的结构在电场下由圆环状变为椭圆环状。王川等[14]比较了2种等电子体C18和B9N9在电场中的分子构型,发现B9N9的结构更易受电场调控。Wang等[1516]观察到电场可加速置换反应以及不同方向施加OEEF还能影响产物的对映体选择性和立体选择性。Yadav等[17]探索到电场加速了C—N交叉偶联反应。王珞聪等[18]发现不同电场强度改变了偶氮苯衍生物分子的顺反异构。实验研究方面也取得了突破性进展,Aragonès等[19]利用扫描隧道显微镜断裂连接技术研究了Diels−Alder反应,发现当电场方向与电子转移方向一致时,反应速率显著提升。Huang等[20]指出Diels−Alder反应的电场方向与反应轴正交时,反应速率与溶剂相当,证明了OEEF的强度和方向对化学反应调控的重要性。Wang等[21]报道了电场强度的大小可改变刚性二苯乙烯的可逆异构化。Pan等[22]揭露了OEEF能够有效提高单原子Pt SAs−MoS2催化剂的析氢性能。综上,前期的理论与实验研究充分证明了OEEF在调控分子结构、反应速率及产物选择性等方面的独特优势。
在众多反应体系中,Diels−Alder反应因其原子经济性高、可在温和条件下构建六元环体系、具有良好的对映与立体选择性,在药物开发、高分子合成与功能材料设计中占据核心地位。例如,应用于药物萘环及其衍生物的合成[23]、合成具有自修复功能的树脂材料[24]等。Diels−Alder反应中内(endo)/外(exo)构型的选择性特征,也使其成为研究选择性调控机制的理想模型反应。因此,该反应体系为探索OEEF的调控机制提供了高度代表性的研究平台。
尽管已有研究初步揭示了OEEF对Diels−Alder反应速率与产物构型具有显著影响,但大多数仍停留在宏观观察或分子几何变化层面,缺乏从电子结构层面对其调控机制进行系统分析。事实上,OEEF通过诱导分子内电子极化、调节能级结构与调控电荷转移路径等方式,重塑反应的势能面与过渡态结构,是影响化学反应的根本因素。因此,从电子结构角度深入理解OEEF的调控机制,既有助于揭示其本征作用原理,也为反应选择性的理论预测与外场催化策略的合理设计提供理论支撑。
基于此,以环戊二烯(cyclopentadiene,CP)和甲基乙烯基酮(methyl vinyl ketone,MVK)发生的Diels−Alder反应为例,采用Kohn−Sham密度泛函理论系统研究了定向外部电场对该反应的调控机制。从电子结构出发,深入揭示电场影响Diels−Alder反应的微观机理,并给出了一系列反映电场调控效应的电子结构描述符。该研究不仅弥补了现有工作缺乏电子层面解释的不足,也为开发绿色、无需添加剂的物理场调控策略提供了理论依据。所揭示的微观电子机制为电场催化、分子精密设计与功能材料电子结构调控等领域提供了新的研究视角和方法工具。
图1(a)、(b)、(c)是本研究中的反应物、过渡态(transitional state,TS)及产物的分子结构。其中,CP作为共轭双烯组分,MVK作为亲双烯体参与反应。在反应过程中,CP与MVK通过2种不同的空间取向形成过渡态,对应图1(b)的endo与exo 2种构型,虚线标记了反应过程中待形成的新化学键位点。随着反应的进行,2个新C—C键逐步形成,最终CP与MVK经[4+2]环加成反应形成具有六元环结构的产物,如图1(c)所示。
本研究采用Kohn−Sham密度泛函理论,所有量子化学计算均在Gaussian 09 E.01[25]程序包中完成。初始结构采用M06−2X泛函[26],配合6−311+G(d, p)基组[2729],对反应物、TS及产物的几何结构进行了全面优化。针对TS的搜索采用Berny方法进行结构猜测与优化,并通过内禀反应坐标跟踪确认反应路径的连通性,确保TS连接正确的反应物与产物。所有的TS均经频率分析验证,确保仅存在一个虚频,反应物与产物均无虚频,表明均处于真实的局部最小点。为提高电子能量的计算精度,进一步在M06−2X/aug−cc−pVTZ[3031]基组对单点能进行校正,并引入GD3[32]色散校正以优化结果。外部电场的施加采用Gaussian内置的电场定义功能,通过关键字“field=Z±M”,Z表示沿着坐标轴Z轴,±表示方向,M表示大小。反应物、TS及产物热力学数据和产物构象分布通过Shermo程序[33]计算得到。电子结构分析利用Multiwfn 3.7软件[34]进行,结合VMD软件[35]绘制等值面图。需注意在Gaussian 09中电场方向的定义与物理学中的方向相反,图1(d)展示了Gaussian 09中电场方向的定义,FZ>0即为Gaussian中电场关键词“field=ZM”,本文均以FZ表示。固定反应轴为Z轴,沿着Z轴施加不同强度的电场以研究反应的变化。
首先研究了无OEEF作用下CP与MVK的反应能垒并与文献已报道的计算结果进行对比。随后考察了OEEF对反应速率及产物选择性的调控机制,明确电场强度和方向与反应性能的关系。最终从电子结构层面剖析电场调控反应的微观作用机理,揭示其内在规律。
在无外加电场条件下,endo和exo 2种构型的反应自由能垒分别为27.8和29.8 kcal/mol(1 kcal=4.184 kJ),与Jorgensen等[36]采用MP3/6−31G(d)模拟计算的反应自由能垒29.42和29.86 kcal/mol相符。验证了本研究结果具有较高的可信度与可靠性。endo和exo 2种构型反应自由能分别为−6.7和−5.9 kcal/mol,表明该反应是放热反应。值得说明的是,本研究中的自由能是相对自由能,即所有的自由能都是以反应物CP和MVK的自由能之和作为基准,TS的自由能减去反应物的自由能为反应自由能垒,产物的自由能减去反应物的自由能为反应自由能。
图2(a)是CP与MVK反应生成endo和exo构型的自由能变化。当电场强度FZ>0时,随着电场强度增加,反应自由能垒逐渐降低。当FZ=514.2 mV/Å(1 Å=10−10 m)时,endo构型的反应自由能垒由27.8 kcal/mol降低至23.2 kcal/mol,exo构型的反应自由能垒由29.8 kcal/mol降低至26.6 kcal/mol。而当电场强度FZ<0时,反应自由能垒也相应增加,抑制了反应的进行,此结果与实验观测的趋势一致[19]。此外,在图2(a)中发现,在电场中产物的自由能比无电场中的能量更低,因此在电场下的反应能更大。图2(b)进一步直观地展示了电场强度与反应自由能垒之间的关系:随着电场强度的增大,反应自由能垒持续减小,且endo构型的反应自由能垒始终低于exo构型,表明在相同的反应条件下更有利于endo构型产物。
反应速率常数是化学反应的另外一个重要性质,可定量描述反应快慢。本研究基于过渡态理论计算了不同电场强度对反应速率常数的影响,它的表达式为[37]
$ k^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}}=\sigma\frac{\mathrm{k}_{\mathrm{B}}T}{\mathrm{h}}\left(\frac{\mathrm{R}T}{P_0}\right)\mathrm{e}^{-\Delta G^{0,\ne}/\mathrm{k}_{\mathrm{B}}T} $
式中,$ \sigma $为反应路径简并度值,在本研究中$ \sigma =1 $$ {\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{B}} $为玻尔兹曼常数;$ T $为温度,单位为K;$ \mathrm{h} $为普朗克常数;$ \mathrm{R} $为理想气体常数;$ {P}_{0} $为气相标准态压力,0.1 MPa;$ {\Delta G}^{0,\ne } $为标准态活化自由能,单位为kJ/mol。在前文中,计算了它们的反应自由能垒,现利用式(1)得出相应的反应速率常数,并分析电场强度对反应速率常数的影响。表1结果显示,当电场强度增大时,反应速率常数均增大,每当FZ增大257.1 mV/Å时,endo增加近2个数量级,exo增加近1个数量级。若FZ<0,反应速率常数则相应减小。
在统计热力学中,通常采用Boltzmann分布计算分子的构象分布
$ p_i=\frac{n_i}{\displaystyle\sum_j^{ }n_j}=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-E_i/\mathrm{R}T}}{\displaystyle\sum_j^{ }\mathrm{e}^{-E_j/\mathrm{R}T}}=\frac{Q_i}{Q} $
$ {\mathrm{式}\mathrm{中},p}_{i} $为构象所占比例,其中$ i $为构象的编号;$ {n}_{i} $为处于第$ i $构象的分子数;$ j $为总构象数;$ {E}_{i} $为构象的能量;$ Q $为配分函数。将构象的绝对能量替代为不同构象间相对能量,式(2)可改写为
$ p_i=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-\Delta E_i/\mathrm{R}T}}{\displaystyle\sum_j^{ }\mathrm{e}^{-\Delta E_j/\mathrm{R}T}}=\frac{Q_{i\left(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\right)}}{Q_{\left(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\right)}} $
式中,$ \Delta E $是能量的相对值,通常以能量最低的构象为基准;$ {Q}_{\left(\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\right)} $是相对配分函数。从图2(b)中可观察到,不同电场强度下,endo构型的反应自由能垒低于exo构型。因此,endo产物始终占据主导地位,而exo产物则相对较少(图3)。具体而言,当电场强度FZ=−514.2 mV/Å时,exo产物的占比达到34.3%,然而随着电场强度的增加,exo产物逐渐减少,endo产物相应增加。当电场强度达到FZ=514.2 mV/Å时,exo产物的比例降至仅为0.31%,而endo产物的占比则高达99.69%。因此,利用外部电场可以有效调控该反应的选择性。
图4(a)是反应物分子CP和MVK在电场强度FZ=514.2 mV/Å下的静电势分布。反应物分子CP和MVK的上表面静电势均低于下表面,表明在电场作用下反应物的电子云均向上表面偏移。为更直观地展示在电场作用下反应物分子内电子云的偏移情况,绘制了电子密度差值图。图4(b)是在电场FZ=514.2 mV/Å与无电场FZ=0 mV/Å条件下的电子密度差值图。绿色表示电子密度增加,蓝色表示电子密度减少。结果显示,CP和MVK的上表面电子密度均增加,下表面电子密度均减少。
为探索反应物分子中电子云发生偏移后的影响,计算了电场强度对分子轨道能量的影响。在前线分子轨道理论中认为,化学反应的发生涉及电子从最高占据分子轨道(highest occupied molecular orbital,HOMO)跃迁到最低未占据分子轨道(lowest unoccupied molecular orbital,LUMO)。HOMO能量值越大,分子越容易失去电子;LUMO能量值越小,分子越易接受电子。图5(a)展示了HOMOCP和LUMOMVK的轨道能量以及它们之间的能量差值随电场强度变化的情况。图5(b)是无电场下HOMOCP和LUMOMVK轨道,由此可知CP提供电子,MVK提供空轨道,发生化学反应时,电子由HOMOCP跃迁到LUMOMVK轨道。结果显示,HOMOCP的能量随着电场强度的增大而增大,由−6.4 eV增加到−5.8 eV,意味着CP分子在电场强度FZ>0下更容易失去电子。另一方面,LUMOMVK的能量随着FZ的增大而减小,由−1.6 eV减小到−2.8 eV,表明MVK分子在电场强度FZ>0时更容易接受电子。重要的是HOMOCP−LUMOMVK能隙差,即电子从占据轨道跃迁到空轨道所需克服的能量差。随着电场强度的增加,HOMOCP−LUMOMVK能隙差从4.8 eV减小到2.9 eV,与图2(b)的反应自由能垒随电场强度的增大而降低的趋势相一致。这一现象充分表明,电场可减小HOMOCP−LUMOMVK能隙差,有效促进了电子跃迁。
Mayer键级是衡量键级强度的常用指标,其值越大,表明2个原子之间相互作用越强。通常键级强度与键长之间存在一定联系,键的长度增加或减少,相应的键级强度会减小或增大。图6(a)展示了过渡态分子成键区域的原子(C1CP—C1MVK和C4CP—C4MVK)的Mayer键级和键长随电场强度的变化关系。结果表明,随着电场强度的增加,C4CP—C4MVK的键长由2.26 Å增加到2.39 Å,Mayer键级强度由0.32减小到0.27,C4CP—C4MVK之间的相互作用在减小。而C1CP—C1MVK则呈现与C4CP—C4MVK相反的结果,C1CP—C1MVK键长由2.16 Å减小到2.08 Å,Mayer键级的强度由0.38增加到0.43,C1CP—C1MVK之间的相互作用在增强。为了进一步探明C1CP—C1MVK和C4CP—C4MVK键长之间的变化,分别分析了C1CP、C1MVK、C4CP和C4MVK在电场中受力的情况。图6(b)是过渡态分子从无电场弛豫到施加电场FZ=514.2 mV/Å过程中的某一帧,黄色箭头表示此时原子受力的方向。C1CP—C1MVK之间存在指向对方的分力,而C4CP—C4MVK之间分力的方向是相反的。这一现象表明,电场促进了C1CP—C1MVK电子耦合,抑制了C4CP—C4MVK,使得反应的异步性增加。
进一步对过渡态的电荷进行了分析。将过渡态分为2个片段,计算了它们在不同电场强度下的限制性静电势电荷(restrained electrostatic potential,RESP)。由图5(b)分子轨道可知,发生化学反应时,电子由CP转移到MVK中,即在此处电子由片段2转移到片段1。图7是过渡态的片段在不同电场强度下的电荷量。当FZ=514.2 mV/Å时,片段1的负电荷由−0.13 e变化到−0.35 e,而片段2的正电荷由0.13 e增加到0.35 e,此时电场促进了电子从片段2转移到片段1。当FZ =−257.1 mV/Å时,片段1的负电荷由−0.13 e变化到−0.03 e,片段2的正电荷由0.13 e变化到0.03 e,电场此时抑制了电子从片段2转移到片段1。
最后,分析了过渡态能量降低的过程。将总能量变化进行了分解,具体形式如下[13]
$\begin{split} & E\left[{\Psi }^{0}\left({A}^{0}\right),{\widehat{H}}^{0}\right]\stackrel{\mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}}}{\to }E\left[{\Psi }^{0}\left({A}^{F}\right),{\widehat{H}}^{0}\right]\stackrel{\mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}}}{\to }\\ &E\left[{\Psi }^{0}\left({A}^{F}\right),{\widehat{H}}^{F}\right]\stackrel{\mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}{\to }E\left[{\Psi }^{F}\left({A}^{F}\right),{\widehat{H}}^{F}\right] \end{split}$
式中,$ \Psi $$ {A}$$ \widehat{H} $分别为电子波函数、原子坐标和哈密顿算符;0和F分别表示无OEEF和有OEEF的情况。$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}} $是在OEEF作用下分子的结构变形能,$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}} $是分子体系的偶极矩与外电场相互作用造成的能量变化,$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $是在OEEF作用下电子密度松弛消耗的能量。总能量变化则表示为
$\begin{split} \Delta {E}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}=&\;E\left[{\Psi }^{F}\left({R}^{F}\right),{\widehat{H}}^{F}\right]-E\left[{\Psi }^{0}\left({R}^{0}\right),{\widehat{H}}^{0}\right]\\=&\;\Delta {E}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}}+\Delta {E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}}+\Delta {E}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} \end{split}$
计算结果如图8(a)所示,过渡态分子的总能量随着电场强度的增加逐渐减小,当FZ=514.2 mV/Å时,总能量$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}} $下降了8.6 kcal/mol。这一过程中并非所有能量组分均同步下降,如$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}} $,是因结构变形而引起的能量变化,随着电场强度的增加而增加。当FZ=514.2 mV/Å时,$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}} $增加了1.1 kcal/mol,$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}} $下降了5.8 kcal/mol,$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $下降了3.9 kcal/mol,因此过渡态总体的能量呈现降低的趋势。另一方面,当存在外电场时,哈密顿算符引入了额外的外势算符,表达形式如下
$ {\widehat{H}}^{F}={\widehat{H}}^{0}-\widehat{\mu }F $
式中,$\widehat{\mu}$是偶极矩算符。图8(b)是过渡态和反应物的偶极矩沿着Z轴的变化。结果表明,当FZ>0时,偶极矩$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}} $的数值随着OEEF的增大而增大。$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}} $又与哈密顿算符相关,这也解释了$ \mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}} $能量降低的特点。因此,过渡态分子能量降低的主要原因是:当施加的电场方向作用于偶极矩方向时(图8(c)),会使分子能量降低。再者,在电场中电子密度松弛过程会消耗能量,2者的共同作用最终导致过渡态能量降低。此外,除了过渡态的能量降低,反应物以及产物的能量也会降低,原因也是如此。但下降速率没有过渡态快,原因在于过渡态的偶极矩更易受电场的影响。
另一方面,在熵效应忽略不计时,在外加电场下能量的Taylor展开式,最低阶是$ -\mu F $。反应能垒$ \Delta E\left(F\right)=\Delta E-\Delta \mu F $$ \Delta E $是无OEEF的反应能垒,$ \Delta \mu = {\mu }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{R}} $。当FZ=257 mV/Å时$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}} $=−4.42 D,$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{R}} $=−1.93 D, $ {\mu }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}^{2}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}^{2} > 0 $,此时反应自由能垒降低,当FZ=−257 mV/Å时$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}} $=0.4 D,$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{R}} $=1.05 D$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}^{2}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{R}}^{2} < 0 $,反应自由能垒升高。
本研究考察了OEEF对Diels−Alder反应的调控机制与微观机理,基于电子结构分析揭示其本质作用,主要结论如下。
1) OEEF对Diels−Alder反应的调控机制。电场方向和强度对反应速率及产物选择性均存在显著影响。当FZ>0时,2种构型的反应速率均增强,其中exo构型的占比逐渐降低,而endo构型的占比与生成效率同步提升;当FZ<0时,反应速率减慢,但这一条件有利于提高exo构型产物的选择性。
2) OEEF对Diels−Alder反应的微观机理。对于反应物而言,改变了反应物中的电子分布。当FZ>0时,HOMOCP−LUMOMVK能隙差逐渐降低,进而促进了轨道间的电子跃迁。对于过渡态而言,当FZ>0时,有利于C1CP—C1MVK之间的电子耦合,促进了电子从片段2转移到片段1。通过能量分解分析可知偶极矩影响过渡态的能量变化,在电场下分子内部发生电子极化进而偶极矩发生变化,同时电子密度弛豫过程会消耗能量,二者共同作用促使过渡态能量降低,最终反应能垒降低。
3) OEEF调控反应电子描述符的整合。静电势与电子密度差图直观反映电场引起的电子重新分布;HOMO−LUMO能隙差量化评估电场对轨道间电子跃迁能力的调控效果;片段电荷转移量衡量分子间电子转移程度;而偶极矩揭示电子极化对过渡态能量与反应能垒变化的贡献。这些描述符为理解和预测OEEF对反应路径与反应性调控的机制提供了关键的理论工具。
未来电场催化的研究将持续向“精准调控反应速率与选择性”的方向深入发展。通过系统探索不同反应类型对电场强度与方向的响应规律,结合理论模拟与实验验证,有望推动电场催化在绿色合成领域的实际应用。同时,对电子结构响应机制的深入理解,将为不同反应体系中最优电场参数的设定提供理论依据与实践指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(22108070)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程(2022QNRC001)
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2025年第43卷第21期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00200
  • 接收时间:2025-02-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-23
  • 修回日期:2025-09-28
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(22108070)
中国科协青年人才托举工程(2022QNRC001)
作者信息
    1华东理工大学化工学院,上海 200237
    2广西大学化学与化工学院,广西低碳技术与绿色化工材料实验室,南宁 530004

通讯作者:

徐小飞(共同通信作者),副教授,研究方向为化工热力学,电子信箱:
唐伟强(通信作者),讲师,研究方向为化工热力学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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