Article(id=1146098715816727225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, articleNumber=null, orderNo=25, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00194, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=1739116800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-10, acceptedDate=1743609600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-03, onlineDate=1751180827282, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1749052800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180827282, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180827282, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079636164, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500022360707816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745769600000', pubDateStr='2025-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751276506271, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330523255, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195578088276195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195578088276196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022360707816, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098717112767170, articleId=1146098715816727225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Competitive landscape and challenges in key technologies basic research between China and the United States, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Basic research is the wellspring of major technological innovations. Against the backdrop of the increasingly fierce international competition in science and technology, it is urgent to scientifically evaluate the position of basic research in China's key technology fields within the global competitive landscape. Based on 26 million high−level scientific and technological documents collected by international authoritative databases over the past decade, this study comprehensively applies bibliometric, topic evolution and visual analysis methods. By independently constructing evaluation indicators for competitive concentration, leadership, and influence, it quantitatively characterizes the competitiveness of global key technology fields. This research reveals that the competitiveness of basic research in China's key technology fields has been significantly enhanced, and a "two−peak pattern" between China and the United States has initially taken shape. Meanwhile, China also faces practical challenges such as insufficient originality of basic research achievements, and the directions of a substantial increase in potential advantages and competitive concentration being more vulnerable to external shocks. Therefore, in line with the requirements of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is necessary to start by improving the institutional mechanisms for sci−tech innovation, strengthen the "twin−wheel drive" of sci−tech innovation and national security, and accelerate the shift of basic research in key technological fields from "high quantity" to "high quality", thus solidifying the foundation for fostering new forms of productive forces and attaining high−level self−reliance and strength in science and technology.

, authors=null, authorsList=Tian'an GU, Bin XU, Donghui ZHANG, Guoteng XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098721915245332, articleId=1146098715816727225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中美在关键技术基础研究领域的竞争态势与挑战, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基础研究是重大技术创新的源头。在国际科技竞争日趋激烈的背景下,科学评估中国关键技术领域基础研究在全球竞争格局所处位势刻不容缓。基于国际权威数据库近10年收录的2600万份高水平科技文献,综合运用文献计量、主题演化和可视化分析方法,通过自主构建竞争集中度、领先度和影响力评估指标,对全球关键技术领域竞争力进行定量刻画。研究发现,中国关键技术领域基础研究竞争力大幅提升,中国和美国两国“双峰格局”已初步形成,同时中国也面临着基础研究成果原创性不足等现实挑战。为此,应按照党的二十大要求,从完善科技创新体制机制入手,强化科技创新与国家安全“双轮驱动”,加快推动关键技术领域基础研究由“高数量”向“高质量”转变,为培育新质生产力、实现高水平科技自立自强奠定坚实基础。

, authors=

顾天安,研究员,研究方向为大数据与计算社会科学、智库建设与智能决策等,电子信箱:

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顾天安,研究员,研究方向为大数据与计算社会科学、智库建设与智能决策等,电子信箱:

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中美在关键技术基础研究领域的竞争态势与挑战
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顾天安 1, 2 , 许斌 2 , 章东辉 2 , 许国腾 3
科技导报 | 政策建议 2025,43(8): 100-105
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科技导报 | 政策建议 2025, 43(8): 100-105
中美在关键技术基础研究领域的竞争态势与挑战
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顾天安1, 2 , 许斌2, 章东辉2, 许国腾3
作者信息
  • 1. 国研大数据研究院, 北京 100010
  • 2. 北京科技大学文法学院, 北京 100083
  • 3. 贵州大学公共大数据国家重点实验室, 贵阳 550025
  • 顾天安,研究员,研究方向为大数据与计算社会科学、智库建设与智能决策等,电子信箱:

Competitive landscape and challenges in key technologies basic research between China and the United States
Tian'an GU1, 2 , Bin XU2, Donghui ZHANG2, Guoteng XU3
Affiliations
  • 1. National Institute of Big Data, Development Research Center of the State Council, Beijing 100010, China
  • 2. School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00194
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基础研究是重大技术创新的源头。在国际科技竞争日趋激烈的背景下,科学评估中国关键技术领域基础研究在全球竞争格局所处位势刻不容缓。基于国际权威数据库近10年收录的2600万份高水平科技文献,综合运用文献计量、主题演化和可视化分析方法,通过自主构建竞争集中度、领先度和影响力评估指标,对全球关键技术领域竞争力进行定量刻画。研究发现,中国关键技术领域基础研究竞争力大幅提升,中国和美国两国“双峰格局”已初步形成,同时中国也面临着基础研究成果原创性不足等现实挑战。为此,应按照党的二十大要求,从完善科技创新体制机制入手,强化科技创新与国家安全“双轮驱动”,加快推动关键技术领域基础研究由“高数量”向“高质量”转变,为培育新质生产力、实现高水平科技自立自强奠定坚实基础。

关键技术  /  基础研究  /  竞争格局  /  高质量发展  /  SCP分析模型

Basic research is the wellspring of major technological innovations. Against the backdrop of the increasingly fierce international competition in science and technology, it is urgent to scientifically evaluate the position of basic research in China's key technology fields within the global competitive landscape. Based on 26 million high−level scientific and technological documents collected by international authoritative databases over the past decade, this study comprehensively applies bibliometric, topic evolution and visual analysis methods. By independently constructing evaluation indicators for competitive concentration, leadership, and influence, it quantitatively characterizes the competitiveness of global key technology fields. This research reveals that the competitiveness of basic research in China's key technology fields has been significantly enhanced, and a "two−peak pattern" between China and the United States has initially taken shape. Meanwhile, China also faces practical challenges such as insufficient originality of basic research achievements, and the directions of a substantial increase in potential advantages and competitive concentration being more vulnerable to external shocks. Therefore, in line with the requirements of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is necessary to start by improving the institutional mechanisms for sci−tech innovation, strengthen the "twin−wheel drive" of sci−tech innovation and national security, and accelerate the shift of basic research in key technological fields from "high quantity" to "high quality", thus solidifying the foundation for fostering new forms of productive forces and attaining high−level self−reliance and strength in science and technology.

key technologies  /  basic research  /  competitive landscape  /  high-quality development  /  structure-conduct-performance model
顾天安, 许斌, 章东辉, 许国腾. 中美在关键技术基础研究领域的竞争态势与挑战. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (8) : 100 -105 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00194
Tian'an GU, Bin XU, Donghui ZHANG, Guoteng XU. Competitive landscape and challenges in key technologies basic research between China and the United States[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (8) : 100 -105 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00194
近年来,新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速发展,新技术呈现爆发式增长的态势,关键核心技术攻坚任务更加艰巨和迫切。习近平总书记指出,应对国际科技竞争、实现高水平科技自立自强、打好关键核心技术攻坚战、加快培育新质生产力新动能、实现高质量发展,迫切需要我们加强基础研究,从源头和底层解决关键技术问题[1]。在全球产业格局深刻调整、中国和美国科技竞争日趋激烈的背景下,科学研判中国在关键技术领域基础研究竞争格局中所处位势刻不容缓。通过自主构建竞争集中度、领先度、影响力等多维评估指标对全球关键技术领域基础研究竞争力进行定量刻画,可以揭示中国在关键技术领域基础研究存在的差距,据此提升中国关键技术领域竞争力提出相应建议,为科技政策和战略发展提供决策参考。
针对国家基础研究竞争力的测度与评估一直是国内外关注的热点问题,特别是在两国科技竞争日趋激烈的背景下,这一主题成为了热点中的焦点。已有研究显示,国际上普遍使用高水平科技文献测度与评估他国基础研究产出及影响力,如美国国家科学院、美国众议院科技委员会等官方机构长期使用国际科技文献库动态监测、评估他国科技发展情况,并将结果运用及指导实践;全球知名智库兰德公司(RAND Corporation,简称RAND)基于国际科技文献数据库产出了一系列具有影响力的中国和美国科技竞争力的评估报告,如《21世纪中国创新倾向》和《美中量子技术产业基础评估》等[2-3]。中国学界亦有研究人员开展此类研究,如中国科学院文献情报中心杨立英和张晓林等曾使用数据库平台(Web of Science,简称WoS)记录的SCI论文为依据,从实际产出及影响力视角评估中国基础研究的年度表现,并得出科研产出规模猛增但效率不足的结论[4],为诊断中国基础研究发展态势奠定基础;国务院发展研究中心吕薇等[5]基于理论和政策视角研究基础研究的影响因素以及基础研究与原始创新的关系,为科学评估基础研究提供了重要理论支持。郑世林等[6]以美国、德国、法国、英国、日本和韩国为对比,从科技创新投入、产出和环境3个视角,分析中国与这些创新型国家在关键指标上的差异,为中国建设创新型国家提供目标指引和努力方向的借鉴,具有建设性意义。梁宗正等[7]基于2005—2019年中国科学十大进展相关数据,梳理中国科学进展相关成果,多维分析中国基础研究发展现状,提供了有益参考。
综上,已有文献针对基础研究的测度与评估涵盖了分国别、分领域、分年度等多类视角,为诊断和评估中国基础研究进展提供了有益经验和参考。但是,当前针对全球各国基础研究竞争力演变的长周期研究、针对中美科技竞争集中度高的关键核心技术领域的系统性研究十分匮乏,而且已有文献大都是基于“投入-产出”视角,对某一技术、国家或特征的单一层面分析,难以支撑国家科技政策精准实施、统筹强化关键核心技术攻关的迫切要求。本研究选取了人工智能、半导体、机器人、先进通信、量子信息、生物医药、先进能源、先进材料、灾害预防、数据治理等10大核心关键技术领域以及其涵盖的27个重点技术方向[8-9],结合基础研究的相关概念,采用布尔逻辑运算符(如AND、OR、NOT),运用主题词、关键词、作者、机构等多字段组合检索,获取Web of Science数据库2012—2021年期间收录的2650.9万份论文原始数据,在定量研究的基础上,借鉴产业组织理论“结构-行为-绩效”(structure-conduct-performance,简称SCP)分析范式[10],综合运用文献计量、主题演化和可视化分析方法[11],构建竞争集中度、领先度、影响力等多维评估指标,对全球关键技术领域基础研究竞争力演变态势及中国和美国关键技术领域基础研究竞争力对比进行定量刻画,旨在揭示中国在关键技术领域基础研究存在的差距与不足,就提升中国关键技术领域基础研究竞争力提供相应建议和决策参考。
研究发现,2012—2021年期间10大关键技术领域基础研究整体呈现“三高”特征,即增长率高、竞争集中度高、中美竞争热度高。一是增长率方面,2012—2021年期间全球10大关键技术领域发文量年均复合增长率高达10.46%,是其他各领域科技文献总数年均复合增长率的2.28倍。二是集中度方面,2012—2021年期间10大关键技术领域排名前2位和前5位国家发文量占该领域文章总数的比例均值分别为51.59% 和73.66%,且排名第3~5位国家年均发文量占比仅为22.07%,不及排名前2位国家占比的50%,显示出具有高集中度的特征。三是在两国竞争方面,2012—2021年10大关键技术领域所涵盖的27个重点技术方向中,截至2021年中国排名第1的数量已达到18个,占比为66.7%;中美排名在前2位的达到25个,占比为89.3%。这一基本事实反映出:一方面,中国已从“跟跑”转化为“跟跑、并跑、领跑”并举的局面;另一方面,在全球范围内中美关键技术竞争将进入关键阶段。
基于数据分析结果显示,2012年以来中国在10大关键技术领域高水平论文的发文数量整体呈快速发展态势,在全球异军突起,年均增速约为20%。其中,人工智能领域增速最快,位居10大关键技术领域之首,仅2021年1年中国人工智能领域高水平论文发文量约为2.97万篇,占过去10年总发文量比重达29.8%,较2012年增长了10倍(图 1),同时约占全球发文总量的1/4,位居世界第1。这反映出中国在多个关键技术领域基础研究投入力度持续增强,高水平专业人才队伍日益壮大[12],成果数量大幅提升[13]
采用集中度指标定量刻画竞争结构和竞争的激烈程度是国际上的普遍做法,即某领域中竞争方的数量越少,产出所占份额越高,表明竞争集中度越高。研究显示,2012年两国在27个重点技术方向中竞争集中度高于0.5的仅8个,且其中6个重点技术方向美国高水平论文数量明显高于中国(图 2)。除美国外,英国、法国、德国、韩国、以色列、日本、加拿大等均是强有力的竞争者,占据了大部分重点技术方向排名前5的位置,这反映出2012年之前中国在10大关键技术领域的基础研究竞争力不强,科技创新的基础还较为薄弱。
按同口径比较,截至2021年末中国和美国两国在27个重点技术方向竞争集中度指数高于0.5的共21个、高于0.6的共10个,按照两国竞争集中度由高到低排序前5位的重点技术方向依次为:灾害预防与减灾(0.82)、先进材料(0.71)、高性能计算(0.69)、先进制造(0.67)和基因组学(0.67)(图 3),表明中国在多个关键技术领域基础研究实现赶超,中美两国“双峰格局”已初步形成,这也反映出两国在关键技术高科技领域竞争日趋激烈。
学科规范化引文影响力是对基础研究原创性及其质量的标准化测度指标,分值越高代表影响力越大[14]。研究显示,2012—2021年美国在10大关键技术领域基础研究影响力指标排名始终位居全球首位,这反映出美国科技创新的全球中心地位依旧相对稳固,仍掌握着基础科学发展前沿话语权。经测算,2021年10大关键领域基础研究影响力指数美国为20.75,英国(19.94)、德国(19.47)、以色列(19.45)、加拿大(19.43)、韩国(19.28)、日本(19.13)等依次紧随其后,中国影响力指数从2012年15.34上升到2021年15.49。尽管近年来保持上升趋势,但与全球主要经济体国家相比仍存在差距,这反映出中国基础研究的重心迫切需要从“高数量”向“高质量”发展转变。
经深入分析领先度指标变化规律发现,中国较美国在10大关键技术领域27个重点技术方向中主要呈现“后发赶超”“持续跟进”“重点突破”3大类别。其中,“后发赶超”是指2012—2021年中国高水平论文发文量从落后到逐步超过美国的重点技术方向,包括人工智能、先进计算机硬件及软件、先进能源、电池/蓄电池组等11个重点技术方向;“持续跟进”是指2012—2021年中国高水平论文发文量相较美国虽落后却始终跟进的重点技术方向,包括自治技术(human autonomy)、机器人、自动化、先进通信和沉浸式技术等9个重点技术方向;“重点突破”是指2012—2021年中国高水平论文发文量始终领先于全球其他国家的重点技术方向,包括先进材料、复合材料、先进制造、量子科学与技术等6个重点技术方向。美国为保持其在全球关键技术领域竞争中的领先地位和绝对优势,往往采取的是一段时间摸底评估、后续一系列策略跟进和不断升级加码的方式,最终实现其全球创新链、产业链去中国化的意图[15]。鉴于此,后续不排除美国会对中国潜在优势领域重点技术方向进行更大力度精准打击和全面打压,如人工智能、机器人等,对此须有清醒的认识并提前布局应对。
经深入分析集中度指标变化规律发现,两国在先进制造、半导体等11个重点技术方向竞争集中度大幅提升,中国在上述技术方向或将面临更为严峻的自主创新与技术安全双重挑战。具体来看,2021年两国在27个重点技术方向的竞争集中度相较于2012年均有所提升,其中11个重点技术方向集中度高于0.5且增幅超过0.1,按集中度指标从高到低排序前5位依次是:分布式账本技术、先进制造、先进能源、二维材料、先进材料。这意味着,一方面在两国竞争集中度快速提升的重点技术方向中,中国步入基础研究“无人区”的技术方向日益增多,亟需提升原始创新能力;另一方面,海量基础研究成果及核心数据长期被美西方跟踪监测的重大风险将日益凸显,关键核心技术安全问题值得高度关注[16]
经深入分析中国较美国高被引文章影响力差距指标变化规律发现,2012—2021年期间,在27个重点技术方向中中国仅有基因组学、自治技术这2个技术方向较美国高被引文章影响力差距有所缩小,而其余25个方向较美国高被引文章影响力差距均呈现扩大趋势。按照较2012年两国影响力差距扩大程度从高到低排序前5位依次为:先进计算机硬件及软件(1.05)、灾害预防与减灾(0.88)、机器人(0.84)、先进核技术(0.83)、先进能源(0.82),这反映出在一些关键领域中国可能仍将面临引领性和原创性基础研究成果短缺、高质量基础研究内生动力不足等多重挑战,值得高度关注。
科技文献是重要的科研条件和战略资源[17]。长期以来,美国等西方国家基于国际期刊构建形成了完备的全球科技文献基础数据库体系,如Web of Science、Incites、Scopus、Google Scholar、SCI、EI等科技文献检索引擎及数据库,既涵盖了全球各个国家科技文献全量数据,还可以分国别、分地区、分学科、分机构及科学家、高被引等多元视角,支持开展精准监测与评估,为美国等西方国家战略界科学研判全球科技创新态势、分析他国关键技术实力等提供了重要支撑。反观中国,中国知网、万方数据、维普网、中国科学引文数据库等科技文献数据库仍以国内科技文献数据存储和检索为主,难以支撑国家科学研判全球科技创新态势、健全科技创新体系,服务保障国家战略的科技能力亟待加强[18]
第一,深化基础研究体制机制改革。当前中国正处于“三跑”并存阶段,优化基础研究布局和资源配置是提升竞争力的关键。一是加强统筹规划,更好发挥新型举国体制优势,构建协同高效的决策指挥体系和组织实施体系,强化国家战略科技力量,突出全国重点实验室基础研究主定位,打造高水平科研平台,推动多学科交叉融合,围绕战略性关键技术部署重大科学研究任务。二是优化国家科技计划体系,充分发挥国家自然科学基金牵引作用,加大对基础研究的投入,引导地方、企业、社会资金参与,形成多元化投入格局。三是强化科技资源共享,推进国家科技资源共享服务平台建设,构建完善的国家科技文献信息保障服务体系,加强常态化智能化监测与评估,构筑形成支撑科技高水平自立自强的数字底座,强化科技文献资源保障服务国家科技战略能力。
第二,激发各类科研主体创新活力。科研主体的创新活力是基础研究创新发展的动力源泉。一是对于科研人员,要落实其在项目选题、经费使用等方面的自主权,建立符合基础研究特点的人才评价激励机制,对自由探索和颠覆性创新活动建立免责机制,加强科研诚信建设,弘扬科学精神与创新文化,增强“从0到1”的原始创新能力。二是对于企业,吸纳关键技术领域头部企业基础研究力量,引导其加大基础研究投入,支持企业承担国家科研项目,发挥以重点企业为依托的国家工程研究中心成果转化纽带作用,形成多元互补关键技术领域科技创新生态圈。三是对于新型研发机构,在科研模式、人才评价等方面给予创新空间,支持其先行先试,建设创新平台,承担科研任务,营造良好的创新生态。
第三,健全基础研究项目管理机制。科学的项目管理是基础研究高效开展的保障。一是着力推进基础研究项目管理改革,提升基础研究科研组织程度,强化部门协同工作机制,激发基础研究活力动力,提升基础研究综合竞争力。二是重点关注中国和美国竞争集中度快速提升的关键领域,对于长周期、高风险、颠覆性基础研究与战略性关键核心技术研发,应研究制定国家科技创新战略管理专项计划,推动自主创新与国家安全“双轮驱动”,全面落实全生命周期管理理念,由专业机构负责项目的过程管理,建立跨部门常态化国家科技创新战略管理机制,明确实施流程,有效防范各类风险和挑战。
第四,广泛开展基础研究国际合作。在国际科研合作面临少数国家单边主义、保护主义冲击的背景下,中国要聚焦关键领域“卡脖子”环节,坚持独立自主和国际合作“两条腿走路”,分领域精准制定科技创新路线图。一是针对先进材料、先进能源、量子科学等中国较美国基础研究成果具备潜在优势领域,应进一步加强基础研究多元化投入,大力推动中国科技期刊卓越行动计划,发挥创新要素集聚效应,为深入实施自主创新高质量发展提供有力保障。二是针对先进核技术、网络安全、生物技术等全球竞争集中度较低、竞争格局尚不稳定的关键领域,实施“与技术领先友好国合作开展科技创新”为主的发展策略,加快培育新形势下中国参与国际基础科学研究竞争和合作新优势,不断提升国际化水平和影响力。
  • 国务院发展研究中心2021年重大课题
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2025年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00194
  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
  • 修回日期:2025-02-10
  • 录用日期:2025-04-03
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国务院发展研究中心2021年重大课题
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    1. 国研大数据研究院, 北京 100010
    2. 北京科技大学文法学院, 北京 100083
    3. 贵州大学公共大数据国家重点实验室, 贵阳 550025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
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种数
Number of
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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