Article(id=1208361640513352549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, articleNumber=null, orderNo=25, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736092800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-06, revisedDate=1744387200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-12, acceptedDate=1755446400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-18, onlineDate=1766025465371, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1757692800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762358400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766025465371, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079977208, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208361635656352181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757692800000', pubDateStr='2025-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766025464214, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330860874, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208361640840508274, articleId=1208361640513352549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=A new dimension of gene regulation——Ambros's and Ruvkun's research experience and implications, columnId=1150494646058185020, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Humanity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of miRNA and its role in post−transcriptional gene regulation". The article reviews the discovery journey of miRNA and its role of regulation, proposing that always pursuing one's own interests and constantly delving deeper, not afraid to pause temporarily, learning to simplify complex research are all crucial factor for supporting researchers to climb the peak of scientific research.

, authors=null, authorsList=Biao CHEN, Yuhao JIAO, Mengru SHEN, Anting PENG, Yuewei ZHU, Yangmenglin RUI, Chunxiu WANG, Xinying HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinying HAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208361642493064069, articleId=1208361640513352549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=微小RNA,大时代:安布罗斯与鲁夫昆的科研征途及启示, columnId=1150494646196597053, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技人文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

维克托·安布罗斯和加里·鲁夫昆因发现“miRNA及其在转录后基因调控中的作用”而获2024年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。梳理了2人发现miRNA及其调控作用的科研之路,总结出追寻兴趣深入、不惧暂时驻足、学会化繁为简3点对于科研人员勇攀科研高峰至关重要的影响因素。

, authors=

陈彪,副教授,研究方向为科技史、科技考古,电子信箱:

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郝锌颖(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技史、文物保护,电子信箱:
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微小RNA,大时代:安布罗斯与鲁夫昆的科研征途及启示
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陈彪 , 焦宇昊 , 申梦茹 , 彭安婷 , 朱玥玮 , 芮杨梦琳 , 王春秀 , 郝锌颖 *
科技导报 | 科技人文 2025,43(17): 141-144
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科技导报 |科技人文 2025 , 43 (17) : 141 -144
微小RNA,大时代:安布罗斯与鲁夫昆的科研征途及启示
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陈彪 , 焦宇昊, 申梦茹, 彭安婷, 朱玥玮, 芮杨梦琳, 王春秀, 郝锌颖*
作者信息
  • 中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026
通讯作者:
郝锌颖(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技史、文物保护,电子信箱:
A new dimension of gene regulation——Ambros's and Ruvkun's research experience and implications
Biao CHEN , Yuhao JIAO, Mengru SHEN, Anting PENG, Yuewei ZHU, Yangmenglin RUI, Chunxiu WANG, Xinying HAO*
Affiliations
  • Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
出版时间: 2025-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00025
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维克托·安布罗斯和加里·鲁夫昆因发现“miRNA及其在转录后基因调控中的作用”而获2024年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。梳理了2人发现miRNA及其调控作用的科研之路,总结出追寻兴趣深入、不惧暂时驻足、学会化繁为简3点对于科研人员勇攀科研高峰至关重要的影响因素。

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖  /  维克托·安布罗斯  /  加里·鲁夫昆  /  miRNA

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of miRNA and its role in post−transcriptional gene regulation". The article reviews the discovery journey of miRNA and its role of regulation, proposing that always pursuing one's own interests and constantly delving deeper, not afraid to pause temporarily, learning to simplify complex research are all crucial factor for supporting researchers to climb the peak of scientific research.

the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  /  Victor Ambros  /  Gary Ruvkun  /  miRNA
陈彪, 焦宇昊, 申梦茹, 彭安婷, 朱玥玮, 芮杨梦琳, 王春秀, 郝锌颖. 微小RNA,大时代:安布罗斯与鲁夫昆的科研征途及启示. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (17) : 141 -144 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00025
Biao CHEN, Yuhao JIAO, Mengru SHEN, Anting PENG, Yuewei ZHU, Yangmenglin RUI, Chunxiu WANG, Xinying HAO. A new dimension of gene regulation——Ambros's and Ruvkun's research experience and implications[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (17) : 141 -144 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00025
马萨诸塞大学医学院教授维克托·安布罗斯(Victor Ambros)和哈佛大学医学院教授加里·鲁夫昆(Gary Ruvkun)(图1[1]),因发现“miRNA及其在转录后基因调控中的作用”获2024年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖[1]
1953年,维克托·安布罗斯出生于美国新罕布什尔州的汉诺威[2]。父母为了培养他对科学的兴趣,购买了望远镜设备并订阅了科学系列丛书[3]
1971年,怀揣着成为科学家的梦想,安布罗斯进入麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology,MIT)先后攻读物理学和生物学,毕业后在戴维·巴尔的摩(David Baltimore,1975年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主)的实验室做了1年技术员,后师从其继续攻读博士[4]
1978年,在听完罗伯特·霍维茨(H. Robert Horvitz,2002年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主)在MIT关于秀丽隐杆线虫的演讲后,安布罗斯对其萌生了浓厚的兴趣,并于次年博士毕业后加入霍维茨的课题组研究线虫中的lin−4基因[34],发现lin−4突变体在发育过程中具有与lin−14相反的发育缺陷[5]
1983年,安布罗斯完成了博士后研究,于次年到哈佛大学,在过往研究的基础上继续深入[3],发现lin−14调控决定线虫正常发育的蛋白,决定线虫的正常发育过程。
鲁夫昆于1952年出生于美国加利福尼亚州的伯克利市,1969年进入加州大学伯克利分校攻读电气工程专业,后受物理学课程吸引改学物理[6]。“伯克利分校的物理教学方式比电气工程的更具启发性;这些课程以一场又一场的科学革命为特色。”[7]“我有种感觉,那才是真东西,是真正的科学。”[6]
1973年,鲁夫昆获得生物物理学学士学位[6]。彼时美国的经济、社会和政治都处于动荡,嬉皮士运动盛行。对未来迷茫的他选择驾驶一辆道奇面包车,沿太平洋海岸漫无目的地漂泊,并先后尝试了核电站的工作、担任广播电台的DJ,后又在俄勒冈州尤金市郊外的一家植树合作社植树。
1974年,他又应邀从墨西哥出发,开始了穿越南美洲之旅[78],途中路过玻利维亚科恰班巴的一家友谊俱乐部时,被《Scientific American》杂志吸引,读了一天后,心中关于前路的迷雾完全散去,“是时候回去了”[8]
1982年,鲁夫昆作为生物物理学博士毕业后,同时在霍维茨和沃特·吉尔伯特(Walter Gilbert)的实验室兼职博士后工作[56],期间通过分子克隆方法,克隆了lin−14。
1989年,鲁夫昆与安布罗斯就“lin−14编码一种调控细胞正常发育的蛋白质”这一现象交流后,认为lin−4的基因产物可能与lin−14功能获得突变体中缺失的负调控位点相互作用。同年,安布罗斯观察到,携带lin−4突变和lin−14突变的双突变体仅表达lin−14相关的早熟缺陷,认为lin−4是lin−14的负调节因子。此时,2人均已意识到lin−4具有对lin−14的调控作用。
1991年,鲁夫昆在研究中发现,lin−14基因3'非翻译区(3'UTR)的特定突变可消除lin−4在秀丽隐杆线虫L1中期的负调控作用,从而推测,lin−4产物可能是结合该区域的反式作用因子[910]。同年,安布罗斯通过Northern印迹杂交法(Northern blot)和RNA酶保护试验(RNase protection assay,RPA)检测lin−4转录本,发现了61 nt和22 nt长的2个短RNA转录本[5]
1992年,安布罗斯离开哈佛大学到达特茅斯学院任教[2,11]。当年6月11日晚,安布罗斯和鲁夫昆通过比较发现:22 nt的lin−4 RNA和lin−14 3'UTR部分互补[3,5]。由此提出lin−4 miRNA通过碱基配对抑制lin−14翻译的假说。1993年,2人在《Cell》上发表了开创性论文,首次揭示由miRNA介导的全新基因调控原理。但当时甚至包括安布罗斯在内的大多数研究人员都怀疑这种调控过程仅限于该线虫[3],他们的工作并未引起太多关注[11]
1999年,英国植物学家戴维•查尔斯•鲍尔库姆爵士对植物中转录后基因沉默(post−transcriptional gene silencing,PTGS)现象进行研究时,发现了类似的微小RNA,并推测其可能是转录后基因沉默的系统信号和特异性决定因素的组成部分[12]。这表明,miRNA及其在转录后对基因进行调控的过程并非秀丽隐杆线虫独有。
直至2000年,鲁夫昆在秀丽隐杆线虫体内发现了第2种miRNA——let−7,其在包括人类在内的多种动物中进化保守且功能广泛。这表明,miRNA可能在调节发育过程中细胞谱系形成的阶段特异性时间方面发挥更广泛的作用[5]。对此,安布罗斯感到非常惊讶,“这是一个分水岭式的发现”。该发现让科学家们对miRNA的兴趣大增[5],逐渐意识到2人研究的重要性。
2001年10月26日,《Science》杂志上同时发表了安布罗斯等3个研究组的关于秀丽隐杆线虫miRNA的研究成果。他们商议后决定,将这种新发现的RNA称作——miRNA。
进行开创性研究时,每一步前进都面临着巨大的不确定性和常人难以理解的孤独。正如巴尔的摩所说:“回想起来,这一发现具有开创性,这是一个开创性发现的本质所在,你无法提前预知。”[11]
从安布罗斯初次接触秀丽隐杆线虫,到miRNA的调控原理的重要性被学界广泛认可[5],历时近1/4个世纪。期间,安布罗斯自己都没发现该研究的潜力[3]。然而,吸引他的并非即时的学术回报,而是模式生物在揭示发育规律中的独特魅力——他始终保持好奇与热情,耐心推进研究。“我真的被用一种非常简单的动物来探索动物发育中新事物所蕴含的潜力所迷住了”“当我还是个孩子的时候,我想属于一些重要的事情,我觉得我非常幸运能够做到这一点。”[3]达特茅斯学院的杰伊·C·邓拉普(Jay C. Dunlap)教授评价安布罗斯:“当他开始坚持研究这种有趣的生物时,他只是保持着一种好奇心。无论它把他带往何处,他都会坚持下去。”[2]
对于获诺奖,安布罗斯表示:“我不倾向于把奖项看作是对个人的奖励,而想看作是对一种事业——科学的认可,其中包括人们追寻自己的好奇心,共同合作,彼此竞争和展现人性中最优秀、最强大的那些方面,并发现新事物。”[11]
这种理念也可与2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主、mRNA疫苗先驱——卡塔琳·卡里科(Katalin Karikó)的科研经历相互印证:她曾数次遭遇因成果达不到预期被解雇、想法过于超前被嘲笑、失去资金和实验设备无法继续科研等重重困境。但她同样选择怀揣对学术的热情与兴趣,几十年如一日地坚守在科研之路上,最终成为mRNA疫苗关键技术的突破者,在新冠疫苗BNT162b2的研发过程中起到了重要的奠基作用[13]
安布罗斯和卡里科的经历也再次说明,在未知领域探赜索隐的过程中,心怀坚韧、忠于兴趣、享受探索未知这一过程,才能超越短期成果的焦虑,度过无人问津的漫长前夜。这种纯粹的求索精神,恰是推动科学领域不断前进的原动力。
回顾鲁夫昆的成长经历,可以看出早在本科期间他就对科学有着不懈的追求。然而毕业后,面对动荡的社会[7]时,他却心生迷茫,“我不知道要去哪里”[8]
随后的漂泊之旅,固然为他的科研之路按下了“暂停键”,但也正是通过这两年旅途经历的沉淀,他得以摆脱外界噪音,直面内心,并最终以阅读《Scientific American》杂志为契机找回并坚定了初心。他也借此找到了内心的宁静,对前路更加坦然:“事实证明,做科学与漂泊者的生活并没有太大不同:‘这就像跳上公共汽车,看它驶向何方’。”[8]此外,旅行也帮助他培养了人际交往能力、探索了其他文化、拓宽了视野,从而使他的注意力更加聚焦,进而他决定追寻自身的使命[7]。植树工作教会了他享受团队合力解决难题的过程;南美洲之旅碰见的成千上万的陌生人又训练了对他人的即时评估,进而有助于招募最聪明有趣的学生和博士后。
无独有偶,1957年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者、著名理论物理学家杨振宁,早年求学时同样遇挫受阻。在芝加哥大学攻读博士期间,他的实验物理水平不高,甚至有人戏称“凡是有爆炸的地方一定有杨振宁”。后受爱德华•泰勒(Edward Teller)的建议启发,他转而专攻理论物理,取得了宇称不守恒定律、非阿贝尔规范场论、杨−巴克斯特方程等一系列不朽的成就[14]
科研如登山,前路漫漫,途中挫折坎坷常有,科研人员们应保持韧性、坦然面对前路。同时,也要留心感悟日常中的经验与建议并将其转化,才能为更好地应对前路的种种挑战增添力量,更加坦然地大步向前。
剖析2人斩获诺奖的种种因素,不难发现,挑选实验对象时的敏锐眼光至关重要。安布罗斯说,诺贝尔奖和自己的工作证明了“模式生物绝对是生命科学新知识的驱动力”“这类对实验室生物的研究对于进一步了解生物学至关重要且基础”[2]
秀丽隐杆线虫作为模式生物,具有自我繁殖、细胞少、拥有完整的神经系统、生命周期短等一系列优点,无疑是研究基因调控的理想实验对象。安布罗斯和鲁夫昆2人一接触到秀丽隐杆线虫,就不约而同地对其产生了兴趣。“我真的被可以冷冻线虫的想法所吸引。你可以忽略它们几个月,然后回来解冻蠕虫继续研究。没有必须维持不同苍蝇品系的负担”[4],安布罗斯回忆道。鲁夫昆则说“发育生物学刚刚起步,线虫似乎足够小,可以用某种数字化的方式来描述”[7]
自孟德尔豌豆实验以来,大部分对遗传、发育等生理学过程的了解都是通过模式生物实验。正如化学中常用理想模型来简化实验,以此揭示原型的特征和本质。生物研究中,合适的模式生物作为“把复杂的问题简单化”的手段同样必不可少,如斑马鱼因其神经传导系统、神经元和神经胶质细胞类型及疾病相关基因同源性都与人类十分相似,近年来越来越多的研究人员以其为模式生物,研究神经退行性疾病。
  • 安徽省新时代育人质量工程项目(2022szsfkc010,2022jyjxggyj031,2023zyxwjxalk002);安徽省高等学校省级质量工程项目(2019jyxm0014);中国科协2024年度研究生科普能力提升项目(KXYJS2024002);中国科学技术大学校级教学研究项目(2024xjyxm002,2024ycjg14,2023xjyxm060,2025xxskc02)
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2025年第43卷第17期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00025
  • 接收时间:2025-01-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-06
  • 修回日期:2025-04-12
  • 录用日期:2025-08-18
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安徽省新时代育人质量工程项目(2022szsfkc010,2022jyjxggyj031,2023zyxwjxalk002);安徽省高等学校省级质量工程项目(2019jyxm0014);中国科协2024年度研究生科普能力提升项目(KXYJS2024002);中国科学技术大学校级教学研究项目(2024xjyxm002,2024ycjg14,2023xjyxm060,2025xxskc02)
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    中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026

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郝锌颖(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为科技史、文物保护,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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