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回顾了2024年天文学领域的重大成果与进展。天文仪器方面的进展包括木卫二快船启程探测地外海洋,开启太阳系行星探测新阶段;“天关”卫星与中法天文卫星升空,助力伽马暴等高能现象的观测;欧几里得空间望远镜发布迄今最精确“宇宙地图”的第一块地图;韦布空间望远镜首次观测到爱因斯坦之字形,并发现早期超大质量星系。天文领域其他进展包括月球洞穴与月壤研究揭示月球更多奥秘;太阳风与日冕加热机制得到新理解;人工智能推动系外行星发现,人类一窥气态巨星内部结构;FAST共发现逾千颗脉冲星,深化中子星与引力理论研究。黑洞研究进展显著,新观测揭示了质量间隙成因,发现银河系最大恒星级黑洞及最长黑洞喷流。暗能量光谱巡天项目制作最大宇宙三维地图,为暗能量与宇宙膨胀研究奠定基础。

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共同第一作者

赵桐,博士研究生,研究方向为恒星级黑洞爆发现象,电子信箱:

宋宇佳(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为恒星级黑洞爆发现象,电子信箱:

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苟利军(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高能天体物理,电子信箱:
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DESI 2024 Ⅶ: cosmological constraints from the full-shape modeling of clustering measurements[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2411. 12022, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242142077375558200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157774115345231994, awardId=2023YFA1607902, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFA1607902), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242142077438472761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157774115345231994, awardId=12273058, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12273058), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242142077505581626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157774115345231994, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=中国载人航天工程科学研究项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242142071566447080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157774115345231994, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242142071574835689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157774115345231994, companyId=1242142071566447080, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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(图片来源:NASA/JPL-Caltech)

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(图片来源:SECM/CNES/CEA)

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(图片来源:ESA)

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2024年天文学热点回眸
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赵桐 1, 2 , 宋宇佳 1, 2 , 王芝懿 3 , 苟利军 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题:2024年科技热点回眸 2025,43(1): 20-31
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科技导报 | 特色专题:2024年科技热点回眸 2025, 43(1): 20-31
2024年天文学热点回眸
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赵桐1, 2 , 宋宇佳1, 2 , 王芝懿3, 苟利军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院国家天文台, 北京 100012
  • 2. 中国科学院大学天文和空间科学学院, 北京 100049
  • 3. 中国科学院大学物理科学学院, 北京 100049
  • 赵桐,博士研究生,研究方向为恒星级黑洞爆发现象,电子信箱:

    宋宇佳(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为恒星级黑洞爆发现象,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

苟利军(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高能天体物理,电子信箱:
Top astronomy events in 2024
Tong ZHAO1, 2 , Yujia SONG1, 2 , Zhiyi WANG3, Lijun GOU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
  • 2. School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. School of Physical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-01-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01869
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回顾了2024年天文学领域的重大成果与进展。天文仪器方面的进展包括木卫二快船启程探测地外海洋,开启太阳系行星探测新阶段;“天关”卫星与中法天文卫星升空,助力伽马暴等高能现象的观测;欧几里得空间望远镜发布迄今最精确“宇宙地图”的第一块地图;韦布空间望远镜首次观测到爱因斯坦之字形,并发现早期超大质量星系。天文领域其他进展包括月球洞穴与月壤研究揭示月球更多奥秘;太阳风与日冕加热机制得到新理解;人工智能推动系外行星发现,人类一窥气态巨星内部结构;FAST共发现逾千颗脉冲星,深化中子星与引力理论研究。黑洞研究进展显著,新观测揭示了质量间隙成因,发现银河系最大恒星级黑洞及最长黑洞喷流。暗能量光谱巡天项目制作最大宇宙三维地图,为暗能量与宇宙膨胀研究奠定基础。

天文学  /  空间望远镜  /  月球  /  太阳  /  系外行星  /  射电  /  脉冲星  /  黑洞  /  暗能量
astronomy  /  space telescope  /  moon  /  sun  /  exoplanets  /  radio astronomy  /  pulsars  /  black holes  /  dark energy
赵桐, 宋宇佳, 王芝懿, 苟利军. 2024年天文学热点回眸. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (1) : 20 -31 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01869
Tong ZHAO, Yujia SONG, Zhiyi WANG, Lijun GOU. Top astronomy events in 2024[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (1) : 20 -31 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01869
天文学作为研究宇宙起源、演化与结构的科学,不断借助技术突破和多学科交叉取得令人瞩目的进展。从太阳系边界到遥远的暗能量现象,从高能物理观测到智能算法的应用,天文学家通过观测、实验和理论推导,深入挖掘宇宙的复杂性与规律性。2024年,木卫二快船发射启程,标志着太阳系行星探测迈向了新的阶段。新一代空间望远镜的发射和运行,开启了人类对深空的全新视野,为星系形成、暗能量分布及行星系统特性等各领域提供了关键数据。FAST的技术升级和算法优化,带来了关于脉冲星、中子星的精确测量和理论突破。临近地球,在太阳和月球研究领域,新的观测手段让人类对这些邻近天体的动力学机制和资源潜力有了更深入的了解。而在遥远宇宙中,更多独特的黑洞被人类发现,暗能量光谱巡天项目也逐步描绘着更精确的宇宙历史。此外,人工智能的快速发展,正逐步融入天文学的各个领域,提高了数据处理与新发现的效率。这些成就不仅延续了人类数千年来对星空的追问,也反映了现代科学对宇宙认识的深度与广度。
许多独立的证据显示,木星的卫星木卫二(Europa,欧罗巴)的冰冷外壳下存在液态水海洋,水量是地球上所有海洋总和2倍多。除此之外,木卫二的表面下还可能具备形成生命所需的条件[1]。木卫二快船(Europa Clipper)是有史以来,第一个致力于研究地外海洋世界的任务(图 1),也是美国国家航天局(NASA)为行星任务开发的有史以来最大探测器[1]。2024年10月14日,搭载木卫二快船的SpaceX猎鹰重型火箭从肯尼迪航天中心发射升空,开启了前往木星的长途旅行。预计在2025年2月飞越火星,期间多次利用引力弹弓,预计在2030年4月抵达木星。到达后,它将会飞越木卫二近50次进行更加详尽的探索[2]。木卫二快船携带了9台科学仪器,包括摄像机、光谱仪、热成像仪、冰穿透雷达、磁力计等,将会记录木卫二的化学性质以及磁场、地质情况,并且绘制木卫二表面地图[3]。但木卫二快船在执行任务时将面临诸多挑战,如木星周围强磁场引发的仪器退化、信号发回控制中心的延迟以及探测器供电的保持等[4]
木卫二快船可以帮助我们更好地了解太阳系以外的数十亿颗卫星和行星是否具有存在生命的潜力,在寻找地外宜居世界的道路上前进一大步。
2024年,2颗性能优越的新卫星发射升空,分别是“天关”卫星与中法天文卫星。
“天关”卫星,别名爱因斯坦探针(Einstein Probe,简称EP),由中方主导研制,欧洲航天局(ESA)、德国马普地外物理研究所(MPE)和法国航天局(CNES)以国际合作形式参与,旨在发现宇宙中X射线暂现源,并发布预警引导其他天文设备进行后随观测。EP具有软X射线高灵敏度和实时动态巡天检测的能力,填补了国际上在该波段的大视场全天检测设备的空白[5]
2024年1月9日,EP在中国西昌卫星发射中心使用长征二号丙运载火箭发射升空[6]。在测试和运行的初期阶段,2台有效载荷宽视场X射线望远镜(WXT)和后随X射线望远镜(FXT)获取了多组天体的X射线科学观测数据,已探测到60多例确认的暂现源,上千例暂现源候选体,以及480多例恒星耀发,并发布全球电报100余条[7]。观测结果得到了国际同行的高度认可和关注[8]
“天关”源于中国北宋至和元年(公元1054年)记录的“天关客星”超新星,其遗骸为蟹状星云。将EP命名为“天关”,体现了中国在超新星爆发观测记录方面的深厚渊源和对世界天文学的卓越贡献。
2024年4月,EP团队发表编号为EP240315a的伽马射线暴(gamma ray burst,GRB),该源位于红移z=4.859的位置,这是EP目前探测到的最远天体,如图 2[9]所示。该GRB的X射线通量峰值位于先前已知的高红移伽玛射线暴的微弱端,证明了EP通过GRB研究早期宇宙的巨大潜力[10]
天基多波段空间边缘监视器,也称为中法天文卫星(Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor,SVOM),是中法合作的空间观测项目,主要目标是伽玛射线暴的多波段研究,同时包括瞬时和余辉观测,以获取完整的高质量的GRB爆发过程数据[11]。SVOM的有效载荷由2台高能仪器GRM(Gamma Ray Burst Monitor)和ECLAIR以及2台低能仪器MXT(Microchannel X-ray Telescope)和VT(Visible Telescope)组成,可以进行GRB定位以及从keV到MeV的光谱观测,仪器结构如图 3[11]所示。宽带光谱范围可以尽可能准确地确定GRB的峰值,这是利用GRB作为标准烛光测量大红移下宇宙学参数的关键[12]。因此,SVOM是目前用于研究最远GRB多波段综合观测能力最强的卫星。
两国科学家和工程团队历经18年的合作,搭载SVOM的长征二号丙运载火箭在北京时间2024年6月22日从中国西昌卫星发射中心发射升空。该卫星总质量930 kg,运行在距离地球625 km的轨道上,轨道周期为96 min[13]。预计未来每年能够观测到大约70次GRB。2024年6月24日,搭载的高能仪器GRM正式开机,6月27日开启探测器高压,进行在轨测试,当天就成功捕捉到该仪器的首个在轨科学探测成果(GRB240627B)。而随后,剩余的3台仪器也逐渐进入了试运行阶段[14]
2024年10月15日,欧空局的欧几里得太空任务在第75届国际宇航大会上公布了迄今为止最精确的“宇宙地图”的第一块拼图。这是一张具有2080亿像素的巨大图片,包含了从2024年3月25日至4月8日的260次观测结果,共132平方度的南方天空,覆盖面积超过满月的500倍[15]
欧几里得空间望远镜灵敏的相机捕捉到了许多惊人的细节,放大600倍仍能看到螺旋星系的复杂结构。这张照片中,包含了约1亿个光源,既有银河系的恒星,也有遥远的星系。其中约1400万个星系足够明亮,可以测量它们被引力透镜扭曲的形状,了解宇宙中暗物质的分布;同时,它们在宇宙时间上的分布也能反映暗能量的信息。图像中还能看到许多淡蓝色的云层,这些是气体与尘埃的混合物,由于看起来像卷云,因此也被称为“银河卷云”[15]
欧几里得空间望远镜于2023年7月1日乘坐SpaceX猎鹰9号火箭从美国佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角太空军基地发射到日地拉格朗日点L2,主镜口径为1.2 m,视场达0.5平方度[16]。目前欧几里得空间望远镜已完成12%的巡天任务,图 4为欧几里得空间望远镜拍摄的“宇宙地图”的一块拼图,这张照片只是“宇宙地图”的1%[15]。接下来的6年里,欧几里得空间望远镜将自动扫描大约1/3的夜空。研究人员预计,最终地图将显示约80亿个星系,每个星系都有数十亿颗恒星,跨越100亿年的宇宙历史[17]。欧几里得太空任务计划于2025年3月发布53平方度的巡天数据,包括欧几里得深场区域的预览。第1年的宇宙学数据将于2026年全面公开。
韦布空间望远镜(JWST)再一次带来新的惊喜。
利用JWST,天文学家发现了第一个“爱因斯坦之字形”(图 5[18]),一个类星体的图像在一张图像中重复出现6次。这个系统被命名为J1721+8842,它由1个类星体与2个相距遥远却完美排列的星系透镜组成,是一种极其罕见的透镜结构。在这6个类星体图像中,有2个在经过第一个透镜星系的一边和第二个透镜星系的另一边时发生了相反方向的偏转,2个透镜星系之间形成了一个曲折的之字形光路[18]
J1721+8842是已知最北的引力透镜,因此能够从地面进行连续监测。此外,它的源星系具有一个变化的活动星系核(AGN),这使得所有6个图像之间的时间延迟测量成为可能。因此,它的透镜模型能够非常好地约束观察者、透镜和2个光源之间的距离比,由此可以精确测量宇宙的膨胀历史。通过在这个系统上结合时间延迟宇宙学和双源平面透镜建模,天文学家期望借此得到对哈勃常数和暗能量方程的更严格的约束[19]
借助JWST强大的近红外光谱能力,由日内瓦大学领导的国际天文学家研究小组确认了3个超大质量星系(图 6[20]), 每个星系几乎和银河系一样大,但它们在宇宙诞生后的10亿年内就已经形成了[20]。这一发现令人惊讶,表明早期宇宙中恒星的形成比以前认为的要高效得多,这一发现发表在2024年11月13日的《Nature》。
在当前的宇宙学理论中,星系是在俘获气体的暗物质晕中逐渐形成的,这些气体会被转化成恒星。通常,原始星系中只有低于20%的气体转化为恒星。但此次发现挑战了这一观点,这些大质量星系将更多的气体转化为恒星,它们形成恒星的效率几乎是低质量星系的2倍[20]。由于高尘埃含量,它们在望远镜图像中呈现出明显的红色,因此被称为“红色怪物”[21]
这些发现提出了关于星系形成的新问题:早期宇宙中星系“太多、太大”。目前的模型可能需要考虑不同的过程,以便能够描述某些早期的大质量星系高效产生恒星、快速成形的现象。研究小组总结说,JWST和阿塔卡马大型毫米波阵列未来的观测将更深入了解这些超大质量的“红色怪物”,并搜寻此类星系的更大样本。“红色怪物”只是人类探索早期宇宙的一个新时代的开始[21]
2024年,人类对月球的研究热度依然不减,取得一系列亮眼突破。
研究月壤对了解月球结构和演化、探索月球资源具有重要意义。得益于充足的样本支撑,月壤研究取得众多突破。目前,嫦娥五号月壤样品已向40家科研机构的114个科研团队发放258份共77.7 g,且已有多个领域70余项相关研究成果在中外重要学术期刊发表[22]。例如,在月壤中发现一种富含水分子和铵的矿物晶体,标志着首次在月壤中发现分子水,揭示l水分子在月球上的一种存在形式[23]。此外,在月壤玻璃珠表面的微陨石撞击坑中发现了一系列含钛颗粒,揭示了月球表面太空风化过程可以改变月壤的光催化特性,从而完善了对月壤风化过程的认识[24]
2024年6月,嫦娥六号月球探测器从月球背面的南极-艾特肯盆地成功带回1935.3 g月壤样品,填补了人类月背研究的空白(图 7[25]。该样品不仅包括记录采样点火山活动历史的玄武岩,还混合来自其他区域的非玄武质物质,这为研究月球早期演化、月背火山活动和撞击历史提供直接证据,也为理解月球背面与正面地质差异开辟新视角[26]。目前,嫦娥六号月壤样品的相关研究已经揭示月背约28亿年前仍存在的年轻岩浆活动[27],以及首个月背古磁场信息[28],为月球演化提供了关键证据。未来,基于嫦娥六号月球样品的研究还有望解答月球正面与背面差异、月球内部深层结构等重要问题。
除月壤的研究成果外,月球洞穴的发现同样令人惊喜。2024年7月15日,意大利一研究团队在《Nature》发表文章,提出月球上很可能存在一个能够进入地下的洞道(图 8[29]。该团队分析了来自月球勘测轨道飞行器的静海坑雷达数据,观察到该坑西侧的雷达亮度上升,进一步模拟后认为该现象的最好解释是存在一个洞穴空隙或管道。这一发现刷新了人们对月球地质的认知,且或将成为月球基地的理想选址[29]。但也有研究者指出,这一洞穴作月球基地优劣并存,优势在于其深度可以保证温度稳定并阻隔辐射,而缺点则为抵达洞穴的困难性和洞穴的未知性[30]
这一发现还唤起人们对“月球城”的遐想。但要建立适合人类居住的基地,仍需克服重重困难:不仅需要拥有可供人类呼吸的大气,抵御宇宙射线的辐射,还应具备足够的隔热性能,维持稳定舒适的温度,并且基础设施、水和食物供应等问题也需逐一解决。正因为这些技术困难,NASA建立首个月球城的计划一再推迟[31]
太阳风在离开太阳后会持续加速,并最终以超音速穿越太空,这一加速过程的具体机制一直是科学研究中的难题。近年来,随着先进探测器提供的关键线索,科学家终于对这一现象有了更加深入的认识。帕克太阳探测器(Parker Solar Probe)轨道靠近太阳,能够捕捉太阳风刚从日冕喷射出时的状态,而太阳轨道探测器则在更远的金星轨道附近记录太阳风的性质。基于2颗探测器的轨道分布和太阳风等离子体的传播路径,科学家发现它们先后穿越了同一团太阳风等离子体。利用2者的数据,科学家对太阳风在大约2 d内的变化进行了详细分析。
太阳风的加速和加热一直被认为与阿尔芬波密切相关[32],2024年8月发表在《Science》上的一篇研究给出了支持这一假设的证据[33]。阿尔芬波是一种磁场振荡,它能携带大量能量在等离子体中传播。帕克太阳探测器曾在太阳风中识别到大量的磁力线回旋结构,科学家将其解释为大幅度的阿尔芬波动[34]。在这次观测中发现,当太阳风从日冕边缘向外扩展时,这些大幅度的阿尔芬波逐渐衰减并释放能量。进一步计算显示,这些能量的减少正好与太阳风所获得的动能和热能相匹配[33]图 9展示了此次观测的航天器轨迹和模拟的太阳风传播路径[33]。这项研究为太阳风的加速机制提供了直接的证据,揭示了复杂的太阳风系统中一个重要的能量传递过程。
太阳的最外层大气——日冕,温度高达数百万开尔文,且远远超过下方光球层,表现出“距离核聚变热源越远的太阳大气反而越热”的奇异现象。因此,必须存在某种或多种额外的加热机制,持续地为日冕补充能量。这一基本的加热问题引发了数十年的争论,科学界尚未达成一致意见。
日冕中的等离子体分布并不均匀,尤其在太阳活动区,其核心部分往往包含温度更高的“超高温”成分,甚至高达千万开尔文。多波段的观测结果表明,即使在持续数小时的时间尺度上,这些超高温等离子体依然维持在高温状态。然而,由于热导损失与温差的3次方成正比,日冕中的等离子体通过热传导和辐射快速散失能量,这些“超高温”成分难以长时间存在。解析这些等离子体得以维持高温的机制成为日冕加热研究中的一大挑战。
为全面揭示日冕加热的物理机制,2024年4月发表在《Natrue Astronomy》的一项研究采用了三维辐射磁流体动力学模拟,提出了一种自洽的日冕加热模型[35]。模拟结果显示,日冕活动区的磁场不断从对流区浮现,引发持续的磁重联(图 10[35]。这些重联事件释放了足够的能量来加热等离子体,并形成稳定的高温结构——日冕环。该模型不仅成功解释了超高温日冕等离子体的来源,也揭示了活跃区域日冕环的长期稳定性,为解决日冕加热问题提供了突破性的视角。
通过JWST获得的最新观测数据,科学家首次深入揭示了系外行星WASP-107b的内部特征。WASP-107b是一颗低密度的“温暖海王星”行星,距地球约200光年,体积接近木星的3/4,但质量仅为木星的1/10。其异常的膨胀大气使其看起来如同“棉花糖”(图 11[36],长期以来这一现象让科学家困惑不解。
JWST的观测揭示,WASP-107b大气中甲烷的含量远低于预期,表明它的内部温度比此前估计的要高得多。这一温度升高可能源自行星和恒星之间的潮汐力引起的对行星内部的加热[37]。此外,WASP-107b的大气中还检测到了二氧化硫、水蒸气、二氧化碳和一氧化碳等分子,表明其大气中存在复杂化学非平衡反应[38]
JWST的精确数据使科学家能够推测出WASP-107b的核心质量,结果显示其核心质量约为地球的12倍,远高于此前的预期。研究表明,这颗行星的膨胀现象无需依赖极端的行星形成假说,而是可以通过增加核心质量和内部温度来解释[36]
这些发现不仅揭示了WASP-107b的内在结构,也为理解低密度系外行星的形成和演化提供了新的视角,相关研究成果发表在《Nature》上[37-38]
利用人工智能技术,研究人员从开普勒太空望远镜2017年的恒星测光数据中发现了5颗超短周期行星,直径均小于地球,轨道周期短于1 d,这一突破性成果发表在《Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》[39]
超短周期行星是指公转周期小于1 d、距离主星极近的行星。这些行星的表面温度极高,通常体积小、质量低,被称为“熔岩世界”(图 12[40]。2011年首次发现了此类行星,但目前为止,仅共发现了约145颗,其中只有30颗行星的半径小于地球[40]。此次新发现的5颗超短周期行星中,4颗为迄今为止发现的体积最小的超短周期行星,且它们的轨道均位于主星的5个恒星半径以内[39]
研究团队创新性地开发了一种结合图像处理单元(GPU)相位折叠方法与卷积神经网络(CNN)的算法(GPFC),显著提高了凌星信号的识别速度和精度。与传统的盒拟合最小二乘(Box-fitting Least Squares)算法相比,GPFC算法的搜索速度提高了约15倍,准确度和完备度分别提高了约7%[39]
这一研究不仅为超短周期行星的发现提供了新的技术路径,还为行星形成理论和行星系统的早期演化研究提供了宝贵的实验数据。超短周期行星的独特存在提供了全新的视角,促使科学家重新审视和完善现有的行星形成模型。
截至2024年11月,FAST发现脉冲星数量已突破1000颗,超过同期国际其他望远镜发现脉冲星数量总和。其中包括大量的毫秒脉冲星和脉冲星双星,对于理解脉冲星的形成和演化具有重要意义[41]
自2020年来,中国科学院国家天文台韩金林团队通过新的FAST观测模式,在银河盘区进行了高效的脉冲星巡天,发现了超过750颗多个重要类别的脉冲星[42]。该团队还通过测量夏皮罗延迟实现了双星质量的精确测定,为引力理论提供了高精度验证[43]
通过创新的噪声注入技术,清华大学/中国科学院国家天文台李菂研究团队实现了脉冲星、中性氢成像、快速射电暴等多科学目标的同步巡天,取得了包括发现208颗脉冲星和FAST首个双中子星在内的原创性成果[44]。此外,还提出一种全新的分析架构——“Pincus-Lyaponov相图”,发现快速射电暴在时间-能量二维空间上的运动呈现出高度随机性,挑战了现有的快速射电暴星震起源理论[45]
在毫秒脉冲星的精密测时研究方面,北京大学/中国科学院国家天文台李柯伽团队与中国脉冲星测时阵列合作,取得了脉冲星噪声分析、引力波探测等领域的重要进展,并对毫秒脉冲星的偏振特性进行了普查,推翻了部分原有的假设[46]
利用FAST,中国科学院新疆天文台王娜团队在脉冲星辐射物理、形成与演化等领域取得了重大突破,成果包括首次测量年轻脉冲星的三维速度,并发现脉冲星自转与其速度之间存在共线性[47]
2017年启动的由中国科学院国家天文台潘之辰负责的球状星团脉冲星巡天项目,显著提高了FAST在球状星团脉冲星探测方面的能力。该项目已发现近60颗脉冲星,其中包含轨道周期最短的脉冲星双星系统、球状星团脉冲星中自转最慢以及轨道周期最长等奇特脉冲星[48]
通过观测脉冲星,可检验广义相对论、探测低频引力波等,为脉冲星物理、测时等理论研究提供重要的数据支持,未来FAST将探索通过在望远镜周围增加辅助天线的方式来提升望远镜的灵敏度及空间分辨能力,实现射电暂现源定位和综合孔径成像的跨越式能力提升,并显著增加FAST的覆盖天区,全面革新对中子星演化的认识,揭示不同类型和状态脉冲星的物理特性,开启强引力场中检验广义相对论的新纪元。
基于传统的X射线方法测量到的恒星级黑洞的质量分布为缺少3~5倍太阳质量的黑洞,该区间被称为黑洞质量间隙。这与小质量黑洞数量多于大质量黑洞的形成理论大相径庭。此外,小质量黑洞是否可以存在于双星系统也存在争议。
2024年9月10日,《Nature Astronomy》在线发表了一项研究成果,基于郭守敬望远镜(LAMOST)光谱数据和盖亚太空望远镜(Gaia)的天体测量数据,在双星系统G3425中发现了1颗小质量恒星级黑洞。该双星系统中,可见星为质量约2.7倍太阳质量的红巨星,而不可见星的质量约为3.6倍太阳质量,这表明包含小质量黑洞的双星系统是可以存在的。结合引力波等方法发现的小质量黑洞系统,研究认为质量间隙可能是单一观测方法所致的选择效应[49-50]
通过Gaia的精确观测,天文学家发现银河系中迄今为止质量最大的恒星黑洞——Gaia BH3。这颗黑洞的质量约为太阳的33倍,超出了目前银河系已知的任何恒星起源黑洞的质量范围,相关论文发表于《天文学与天体物理学》。Gaia BH3位于天鹰座,距离地球约1926光年,处于休眠状态,未产生可观测的辐射,因此传统的黑洞探测方法无法直接发现它。科学家通过观察其伴星的运动轨迹,成功推测出黑洞的存在[51]
Gaia BH3的伴星是一颗贫金属巨星,其成分几乎完全由氢和氦组成。这表明,这颗伴星可能来自银河系晕,而形成Gaia BH3的黑洞很可能是由1颗第一代恒星坍缩而成。这一发现支持了近年来引力波望远镜探测到的低金属大质量恒星是高质量黑洞的祖先的假设。与银河系中典型的恒星级质量黑洞相比,Gaia BH3的巨大质量难以用现有的恒星演化理论解释。这一发现不仅挑战了传统的黑洞形成理论,也为研究超大质量黑洞提供了新的线索。Gaia高精度数据为黑洞质量的测定提供了前所未有的精度,揭示了银河系中可能存在更多类似的休眠黑洞。随着Gaia数据的进一步发布,预计将有更多此类黑洞及其伴星被发现[52]
2024年9月18日《Naure》发表的一篇论文描述了一个黑洞喷射出的一对巨大喷流Porphyrion(图 13[53]。它是迄今为止发现的最大黑洞喷流,喷流总长度约为2300万光年(7百万秒差距),相当于将140个银河系排列在一起。这个喷流系统来自大爆炸后约6.3亿年的一个遥远星系,其规模远超之前已知的喷流,打破了过去认为黑洞喷流不能超越5百万秒差距的理论限制[53]
这些喷流不仅具有巨大的空间尺度,而且对星系际介质产生了重要影响。黑洞喷流向周围环境注入电子、原子核和磁场,影响物质和磁场的分布,在早期宇宙时期对星系的形成与演化起到了关键作用。以往的研究表明,喷流的长度通常受限于磁流体不稳定性,这些不稳定性会抑制喷流扩展。然而,Porphyrion的存在表明,即使在早期宇宙的密集环境中,喷流依然能够稳定地延伸出非常遥远的距离[54]
Porphyrion的喷流结构包括多个部分。科学家通过射电望远镜(如LOFAR)对这些部分的精确测量,发现其长度可能比最初估计的还要更长,达到7.3百万秒差距。在宇宙早期物质密度比如今高出数倍的情况下,为何它能够在如此遥远的距离保持稳定,现在仍是一个未解之谜。这一发现为理解黑洞与星系之间的共演化提供了新的视角,也为研究喷流如何在宇宙中传播和影响物质的分布提供了重要线索[54]
北京时间2024年4月4日晚,暗能量光谱巡天(DESI)国际合作团队发布新闻表示,该项目首年的科学观测制作出了目前最大的宇宙3D地图,此前所未有的细节绘制了星系和类星体的分别,并给出了宇宙膨胀历史的最精确测量(图 14[55-56]。这是科学家第一次以超过1%的精度测量那个遥远时期(80亿~110亿年前)的膨胀历史,为研究暗能量提供了一种有力的方法[56]
目前,主流的宇宙模型被称为ΛCDM,它包括弱相互作用类型的物质(冷暗物质,CDM)和暗能量(Λ)。物质和暗能量都决定了宇宙膨胀的方式,它们的数量影响着宇宙的演化。这个模型很好地描述了以前的实验结果。然而,若将DESI第1年的数据跟宇宙微波背景或超新星的数据结合,得到的暗能量演化方程与ΛCDM的结果存在微妙的差异。随着DESI在为期5年的调查中收集到更多的信息,这些结果将变得更加精确。更多的数据也将改善DESI的其他早期结果,包括哈勃常数和中微子的质量。
DESI项目是美国能源部和基金会支持的大型国际合作项目,中国科学院国家天文台开展了北京—亚利桑那图像巡天,并作为实物贡献加入了该项目[57]。DESI于2021年5月开始实施正式巡天,目前已经很快要完成第3年的观测。凭借第1年的数据,DESI已经超越了之前所有3D光谱图的总和。研究人员在多篇论文中分享了他们对第1年收集数据的分析,并在美国物理学会会议和意大利Rencontres de Moriond会议上发表[55, 58-63]
2024年,天文学领域产生了许多重要进展。这些科学进展不仅推动了基础物理学的发展,还促使我们重新思考宇宙的本质。从脉冲星的多样性到黑洞的质量差异,再到暗能量的神秘影响,天文学家的努力让我们看到了更广阔的宇宙景象。每一个发现都在挑战着传统认知,揭示了更多尚未解开的谜题。随着望远镜技术的不断进步,未来的天文观测将更加精确,提供更多的宇宙信息。无论是通过对系外行星的大气组成研究,还是通过对暗能量和暗物质的深度探索,都在不断地接近宇宙最深层的奥秘。未来几年,随着数据的不断积累,天文学的研究必将带来更多意想不到的发现,将深刻影响我们对宇宙和自身的认知。天文学的探索是无尽的,每一个新发现都是人类智慧与探索精神的结晶,标志着对宇宙的理解进入了新的时代。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFA1607902)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12273058)
  • 中国载人航天工程科学研究项目
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01869
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-31
  • 出版时间:2025-01-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
  • 修回日期:2025-01-08
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFA1607902)
国家自然科学基金项目(12273058)
中国载人航天工程科学研究项目
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院国家天文台, 北京 100012
    2. 中国科学院大学天文和空间科学学院, 北京 100049
    3. 中国科学院大学物理科学学院, 北京 100049

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苟利军(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高能天体物理,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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